Walker, J.D., and Geissman, J.W., compilers, 2009, Geologic Time Scale: Geological Society of America, doi: 10.1130/2009.CTS004R2C.

2009 The Geological Society of America.

235
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
210
200
220
230
240
250
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
3000
3250
3500
3750
260
280
300
320
340
380
360
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
2009 GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
PALEOZOIC
P
E
R
M
I
A
N
D
E
V
O
N
I
A
N
O
R
D
O
V
I
C
I
A
N
S
I
L
U
R
I
A
N
MISSIS-
SIPPIAN
PENNSYL-
VANIAN
C
A
M
B
R
I
A
N
*
C
A
R
B
O
N
I
F
E
R
O
U
S
AGE
(Ma)
EPOCH AGE
PICKS
(Ma)
PERIOD
251
260
254
266
268
271
276
284
297
304
306
299.0
318
326
345
359
374
385
392
398
407
411
416
419
421
428
426
436
439
423
444
446
455
461
472
468
479
488
496
501
503
507
492
510
517
521
535
542
GZELIAN
KASIMOVIAN
MOSCOVIAN
BASHKIRIAN
SERPUKHOVIAN
VISEAN
TOURNAISIAN
FAMENNIAN
FRASNIAN
GIVETIAN
EIFELIAN
EMSIAN
PRAGHIAN
LOCKHOVIAN
312
PRECAMBRIAN
P
R
O
T
E
R
O
Z
O
I
C
A
R
C
H
E
A
N
AGE
(Ma)
EON ERA
BDY.
AGES
(Ma)
1000
1200
1800
2050
2300
1400
1600
2500
2800
3200
3600
3850
L
M
M
E
E
E
E
Furon-
gian
Series 3
Series 2
Terre-
neuvian
L
L
L
M
M
542
630
850
MESOZOIC
T
R
I
A
S
S
I
C
J
U
R
A
S
S
I
C
C
R
E
T
A
C
E
O
U
S
AGE
(Ma)
EPOCH AGE
PICKS
(Ma)
MAGNETIC
POLARITY
PERIOD PERIOD
H
IS
T
.
A
N
O
M
.
C
H
R
O
N
.
LATE
EARLY
LATE
EARLY
MIDDLE
LATE
EARLY
MIDDLE
MAASTRICHTIAN
65.5
70.6
83.5
85.8
89.3
93.5
99.6
112
125
130
136
140
145.5
151
156
165
161
CAMPANIAN
SANTONIAN
CONIACIAN
TURONIAN
CENOMANIAN
ALBIAN
APTIAN
BARREMIAN
HAUTERIVIAN
VALANGINIAN
BERRIASIAN
TITHONIAN
KIMMERIDGIAN
OXFORDIAN
CALLOVIAN
BATHONIAN
BAJOCIAN
AALENIAN
TOARCIAN
PLIENSBACHIAN
SINEMURIAN
HETTANGIAN
NORIAN
RHAETIAN
CARNIAN
LADINIAN
ANISIAN
OLENEKIAN
INDUAN
C31
C32
C33
31
32
33
M0r
M1
M5
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M25
M29
M3
168
172
176
197
190
201.6
204
241
228
251.0
250
245
R
A
P
I
D

P
O
L
A
R
I
T
Y

C
H
A
N
G
E
S
30 C30
C34 34
CENOZOIC
AGE
(Ma)
EPOCH AGE
PICKS
(Ma)
MAGNETIC
POLARITY
PERIOD
H
IS
T
.
A
N
O
M
.
C
H
R
O
N
.
QUATER-
NARY PLEISTOCENE
M
I
O
C
E
N
E
O
L
I
G
O
C
E
N
E
E
O
C
E
N
E
P
A
L
E
O
C
E
N
E
PLIOCENE
PIACENZIAN
0.01
1.8
3.6
5.3
7.2
11.6
13.8
16.0
20.4
23.0
28.4
33.9
37.2
40.4
48.6
55.8
58.7
61.7
65.5
L
E
L
M
E
L
M
M
E
E
L
ZANCLEAN
MESSINIAN
TORTONIAN
SERRAVALLIAN
LANGHIAN
BURDIGALIAN
AQUITANIAN
CHATTIAN
RUPELIAN
PRIABONIAN
BARTONIAN
LUTETIAN
YPRESIAN
DANIAN
THANETIAN
SELANDIAN
CALABRIAN
HOLOCENE
T
E
R
T
I
A
R
Y
P
A
L
E
O
G
E
N
E
N
E
O
G
E
N
E
1 C1
C2
C2A
C3
C3A
C4
C4A
C6
C6A
C6B
C6C
C7
C8
C9
C10
C11
C12
C13
C15
C16
C17
C18
C19
C20
C21
C22
C23
C24
C25
C26
C27
C28
C29
C7A
C5
C5A
C5B
C5C
C5D
C5E
2
2A
3
3A
4
4A
5
5B
5A
5C
6
6A
6B
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
28
29
26
27
7A
6C
5D
5E
30 C30
GELASIAN
2.6
183
CHANGHSINGIAN
WORDIAN
ROADIAN
WUCHIAPINGIAN
CAPITANIAN
KUNGURIAN
ASSELIAN
SAKMARIAN
ARTINSKIAN
PRIDOLIAN
LUDFORDIAN
GORSTIAN
HOMERIAN
RHUDDANIAN
TELYCHIAN
AERONIAN
SHEINWOODIAN
HIRNANTIAN
SANDBIAN
KATIAN
DARRIWILIAN
DAPINGIAN
STAGE 10
STAGE 9
PAIBIAN
GUZHANGIAN
DRUMIAN
STAGE 5
STAGE 4
STAGE 3
STAGE 2
FORTUNIAN
FLOIAN
TREMADOCIAN
EDIACARAN
CRYOGENIAN
TONIAN
STENIAN
ECTASIAN
CALYMMIAN
STATHERIAN
OROSIRIAN
RHYACIAN
SIDERIAN
NEOPRO-
TEROZOIC
MESOPRO-
TEROZOIC
PALEOPRO-
TEROZOIC
NEOARCHEAN
MESO-
ARCHEAN
PALEO-
ARCHEAN
EOARCHEAN
HADEAN
*International ages have not been fully established. These are current names as reported by the International Commission on Stratigraphy.
Sources for nomenclature and ages are primarily from Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., Smith, A., et al., 2004, A Geologic Time Scale 2004: Cambridge University Press, 589 p. Modifications to
the Triassic after: Furin, S., Preto, N., Rigo, M., Roghi, G., Gianolla, P., Crowley, J.L., and Bowring, S.A., 2006, High-precision U-Pb zircon age from the Triassic of Italy: Implications for
the Triassic time scale and the Carnian origin of calcareous nannoplankton and dinosaurs: Geology, v. 34, p. 10091012, doi: 10.1130/G22967A.1; and Kent, D.V., and Olsen, P.E.,
2008, Early Jurassic magnetostratigraphy and paleolatitudes from the Hartford continental rift basin (eastern North America): Testing for polarity bias and abrupt polar wander in
association with the central Atlantic magmatic province: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 113, B06105, doi: 10.1029/2007JB005407.