ADVANCE MATERIAL APPLICATION

Construction application

Polymer matrix composites and especially fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) are widely utilized
inconstruction applications, including industrial and agricultural buildings.




BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION
Stainless steels for metal implants have been further developed to be Ni-free. Replacing Ni
with other alloying elements while maintaining the stability of austenitic phase,corrosion
resistance, magnetism and workability, has lead to the use of nitrogen creating FeCrN,
FeCrMoN and FeCrMnMoN systems.
Application
CFR(carbon-fiber-reinforced composites) epoxy tubing has been used to replace stainless
steel in artificial arms.
Fibrous poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) felts and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) fibers have
been used as surfaces and scaffolds for cartilage cell growth, where the cells produce the bulk
matrix when implanted at the site of the cartilage defect.
Alginate and Gelatin have been used to thoroughly wet Dacron fibers and seal the vascular
prosthesis, and over time they are biodegraded.( Soft-Tissue Engineering)
All-ceramic dental composites are used for stress-bearing restorations of dental crowns and
bridges.(eg. Alumina-glass composite known as In-Ceram).
For permanent implants like artificial hip joints, artificial knee joints, bone plates, screws for
fracture fixation, cardiac valve prostheses, pacemakers, and artificial hearts new alloys
include Ti-6Al-7Nb (ASTM F1295), Ti-13Nb-13Zr (ASTM F1713), and Ti-12Mo-6Zr
(ASTM F1813) are used.








Division Example of implants Type of metal
Cardiovascular Stent, Artificial valve 316L SS; CoCrMo; Ti
Ti6Al4V
Orthopaedic Bone fixation (plate, screw, pin)
Artificial joints
316L SS; Ti; Ti6Al4V
CoCrMo; Ti6Al4V; Ti6Al7Nb
Dentistry Orthodontic wire
Filling
316L SS; CoCrMo; TiNi; TiMo
AgSn(Cu) amalgam, Au
Craniofacial Plate and screw 316L SS; CoCrMo; Ti; Ti6Al4V
Otorhinology Artificial eardrum 316L SS
HIGH TEMPERATURE MATERIALS

Materials that allow operation at high temperature are essential in many industries from material
producing and processing to transportation and power generation.A metal or alloy which serves
above about 1500C. More specifically, the materials which operate at such temperatures consist
principally of some stainless steels, superalloys, refractory metals, and certain ceramic
materials. Stainless steels, superalloys, refractory metals, and certain ceramic materials are used
at high temperature. The high temperature alloys of interest included Ni-, Fe-, Co-base
superalloys,
Cr-base alloys, and stainless steels. that offer excellent stability at temperatures exceeding 2000
C
[1]
being investigated as possible thermal protection system materials, coatings for materials
subjected to high temperatures, and bulk materials for heating elements.
Advanced ceramics are distinguished by their purity and performance. They include both oxides
and non oxides and various particulate, whisker, and continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic
composites. High-purity ceramic coatings are also part of the advanced ceramics family.
Advanced ceramics encompass a set of materials that offer many of the desirable characteristics
of conventional ceramics without many of the flaws. They are best suited for high-temperature
applications in power generation, transportation, aerospace, and manufacturing where their
superior performance can justify their higher cost. For most purposes, advanced ceramic
materials can be classified as monolithics, coatings, or composites.
ceramic coatings-The objective of this concept, however, is the same as creating an entire part
from advanced ceramics: high reliability for the life of the part. Some standard ceramic coating
technologies that are used today include plasma spray, high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOC), flame
spray ceramic coating, electron beam physical vapor deposition (EBPVD), and chemical vapor
deposition (CVD).

Refractory metal
The strength of refractory metals at high temperatures, in combination with their hardness,
makes them ideal for cutting and drilling tools.
Refractory metals are also very resistant to thermal shock, meaning that repeated heating and
cooling will not easily cause expansion, stress and cracking.
The metals all have high densities (they're heavy) as well as good electrical and heat conducting
properties.
Another important property is their resistance to creep, the tendency of metals to slowly deform
under the influence of stress.
Owing to their ability to form a protective layer, the refractory metals are also resistant to
corrosion, although they do readily oxidize at high temperatures.


Nickel based superalloy
Nickel alloys and nickel-based superalloys are known for superior resistance to both heat and
corrosion as well as low thermal expansion properties. These properties make it useful in
industries that require parts to retain stability as well as the ability to resist corrosion over a wide
range of temperatures. nickel alloys, nickel aluminum, titanium Ni3(Al,Ti) ordered intermetallic
second phase embedded in a predominantly nickel solid solution matrix such as boron, carbon
and hafnium are added to modify the grain boundaries with the intent of inhibiting grain
boundary sliding and therefore inhibiting creep which is the tendency of turbine blades (in
particular) to elongate under stress at elevated temperatures.

Aerospace and Nickel Alloy
The aerospace and aviation industries rely on nickel-based superalloys for their ability to retain
strength and resist metal fatigue in high temperatures and during drastic temperature change.
Also strong, lightweight, and aesthetic in appearance, nickel alloys are an excellent choice for
the parts and components needed for aerospace and aviation operations.

Molybdenum alloys
Molybdenum (Mo) is a refractory metallic element that readily forms hard, stable carbides and
has the sixth-highest melting point of any element. Molybdenum is most commonly used as a
high temperature, corrosion resistant metal alloy in steel, cast iron and super alloys for the
military and defense, semiconductor and specialty machine shops.
Titanium-Zirconium-Molybdenum
Niobium alloys
It can also be found in electrolytic capacitors and in the most practical superconducting alloys.
Niobium can be found in aircraft gas turbines, vacuum tubes and nuclear reactors. An alloy used
for liquid rocket thruster nozzles

Ceramic
Class of refractory ceramics that offer excellent stability at temperatures exceeding 2000 C
,

being investigated as possible thermal protection system (TPS) materials
hafnium diboride ,zirconium diboride, thorium dioxide. Alumina, Alumina-Silica and other
refractory oxide fiber materials, heating elements, plus furnace insulation.
TABLE 1 TYPICAL MELTING POINTS OF UHTC CERAMICS

Melting point,C (F) Density, g/cm3
B4C 2445 (4430) 2.52
SiC 2730 (4950) 3.2
TiB2 2970 (5380) 4.52
NbB2 3050 (5520) 6.97
Zr B2 3200 (5790) 6.08
HfB2 3250 (5880) 10.5
NbC 3500 (6330) 7.6
ZrC 3530 (6390) 12.2
HfC 3890 (7030) 6.8




Material used -
metallic- Nickel-based superalloys,Copper-nickel-indium
aluminum Titanium, steel, nickel,bronze alloy disks & housings(Galling,
fretting wear resistance)

ceramic - boron nitride,hafnium carbide,
fire clay,bricks,silicate,
yttria-stabilized zirconia,
Tungsten carbide(Thermal barrier)Chrome carbide (Sliding, fretting wear
resistance) (Overheating, wear resistance)
borides, carbides, nitrides, and oxides of early transition metals
Application - 1 high velocity oxygen fuel and high energy plasma methods
2 aero-engine parts(They are specifically designed to reduce heat loss from
engine exhaust)
3 jet engines the turbine blades,exhaust pipes, headers, manifolds, turbo
housings, intakes and brackets.
4 nickel-based superalloys are the high pressure turbine blade, disc and
protect gas turbine components, increasing their efficiency and reliability
at
higher temperatures and under severe conditions.



figure1-turbine blade(nickel superalloy)

figure 2 turbine blade with coatings



Sensors and actuators
1)Piezoelectricity
Materials -Quartz ,Rochelle salt,Barium titanate, lead zirconate, and lead titanate,lead
zirconatetitanate (PZT).
Application -
Quartz crystals are used for watch crystals and for precise frequency reference
crystals for radio transmitters.
Rochelle salt produces a comparatively large voltage upon compression and was used
in early crystal microphones.
Barium titanate, lead zirconate, and lead titanate are ceramic materials which exhibit
piezoelectricity and are used in ultrasonic transducers as well as microphones. which
provide the ultrasonic sound source.
The standard piezoelectric material for medical imaging processes has been lead
zirconatetitanate (PZT).
Piezoelectric ceramic materials have found use in producing motions on the order of
nanometers in the control of scanning tunneling microscopes.

2) MEMS
MEMS (Micro-electromechanical systems) are miniature smart system constituting of a
multitude of mechanical devices that are integrated with large number of electrical elements
on a substrate of silicon.
SiC, GaAs, InP,Ge and glass are the materials used in manufacturing micro devices of
MEMS. SiO2, SiN and Polysilicon are used as structural material for biomedical and fluidic
application of MEMS.
Research is being conducted to into using ceramic materials which are tougher,more
refractory,more inert.
Application
Accelerometer(accelerator/decelerator sensors).
Electronic display.
Data storage units.
Energy conversion devices.
Chemical detectors.
Pressure sensors(to measure blood pressure tire pressure etc.)
Mobile silicon microphones,3D accelerator, gyroscope, micro-fuel cell.
Automobile-crash sensor, vehicle dynamic control, navigation system, antitheft
system,etc.
ACTUATORS

An actuator is a type of motor for moving or controlling a mechanism or system. It is operated
by a source of energy, typically electric current, hydraulic fluid pressure, or pneumatic pressure,
and converts that energy into motion. An actuator is the mechanism by which a control system
acts upon an environment. The control system can be simple (a fixed mechanical or electronic
system), software-based (e.g. a printer driver, robot control system), or a human or other agent.

In engineering, actuators are frequently used as mechanisms to introduce motion, or to clamp
an object so as to prevent motion. In electronic engineering, actuators are a subdivision of
transducers. They are devices which transform an input signal (mainly an electrical signal)
into motion. Electrical motors, pneumatic actuators, hydraulic pistons, relays, comb drives,
piezoelectric actuators,thermal bimorphs, digital micromirror devices and electroactive
polymers are some examples of such actuators.

fig-basic principle of an actuator

fig- control system of an actuator


fig -piezoelectric actuator

figure -carbon nanotube polymer actuator



TYPES OF ACTUATORS
Electro-Mechanical
Electromagnetic
Electric motors
DC motors
Stepper motors
AC induction motors
Servomotors
Solenoid and relays
Piezoelectric
Hydraulic and Pneumatics
Valves
Actuators pumps, motors, and cylinders



fig- thermal actuators



fig- Underwater marine Linear Actuator





APPLICATIONS - air flow control valves in a gas turbine combustor.
clocks to compensate the error in time.
thermostat.
miniature circuit breakers to protect circuits from excess current.
patio thermometer or a meat thermometer, Electrical devices,thermocouple .
Bimetallic and Pneumatic Control pressure sensor.
Breguet's thermometer consists of a tri-metallic helix.
fluorescent lamp starters


MATERIALS USED-
bimetallic actuator
copper-steel,copper-silver,silver-nickel,nickel-copper,brass-steel
graphene and graphene oxide,stainless steel-silver ,
Aluminum / Aluminum Alloy
Copper, Brass or Bronze Alloy
Pt-TiNicu,stainless steel
flexible polymer,
piezoelectric materials such as quartz,
materials with high thermal expansion,and materials of low elastic strength.
and high sensitive to magnetic,electric,thermal feilds.

Thermostats utilize snap-acting bimetallic disc actuator. Thermostat with
bimetal coil at (2).











Shape Memory Alloy
A shape memory alloy(SMA, smart metal, memory metal, memory alloy, muscle wire, smart
alloy) is an alloy that "remembers" its original, coldforged shape: returning the conventional
actuators such as hydraulic, pneumatic, and motorbased systems. Shape memory alloys have
applications in industries including medical and aerospace.
The three main types of shape memory alloys are the copper-zinc-aluminium-nickel, copper-
aluminium-nickel, and nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloys but SMA's can also be created by
alloying zinc, copper, gold, and iron.

Applications
Aircraft-Boeing, General Electric Aircraft Engines, Goodrich Corporation, NASA, and All
Nippon Airways developed the Variable Geometry Chevron using shape memory alloy that
reduces aircraft's engine noise.
Robotics-There have also been limited studies on using these materials in robotics (such as
"Roboterfrau Lara"), as they make it possible to create very light robots. Weak points of the
technology are energy inefficiency, slow response times, and large hysteresis.
Medicine-Shape memory alloys are applied in medicine, for example, as fixation devices for
osteotomies in orthopaedic surgery, in dental braces to exert constant toothmoving forces on
the teeth and in stent grafts where it gives the ability to adapt to the shape of certain blood
vessels when exposed to body temperature.








Composite material








1)Polymer Matrix Composite
Two types of polymers are used as matrix materials for fabrication
composites: Thermosets (epoxies, phenolics) and Thermoplastics (Low Density Polyethylene
(LDPE), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene, nylon, acrylics).
Application
PMCs area more mature technology than structural ceramics. With the experience gained in
military applications such as fighter aircraft androcket motor casings beginning in the 1970s,
advanced composites now have a good record of performance and reliability. They are
rapidly becoming the baseline structural material of the defense/ aerospace industry.
Boat decking - boat hulls, submersibles pressure hull, propeller shafts, masts,
bulkheads, rudders
Transport car & rail body panels, bumper fascia, radiator grills, instrument panels,
engine components, fuel lines
Civil engineering bridges, column wraps, cladding, repair of concrete
General engineering pipe systems, air ductwork, power transmission drive shafts,
storage tanks, pressure vessels
Aerospace General & military aviation fuselage, bulkhead & floor, cargo liner, wings,
landing gear, doors, rotor blades & hubs, satellite structure.
Sport bike frames, canoes, fishing rods, archery bows, golf clubs, ski poles & skis,
surf boards, racquets
Domestic consumer sanitary ware baths & shower units, furnitures.


PMCs in airplanes



2)Metal Matrix Composites
The principal matrix materials for MMCs are aluminium and its alloys. To a lesser extent,
magnesium and titanium are also used, and for several specialised applications a copper, zinc
or lead matrix may be employed.
Application
Aerospace-Struts, undercarriage, guided weapons, satellites
Rail Engineering -Engine and braking components
Military-Gun barrel overwraps, missiles (aerofoils and fins, bodies and blast pipes), military
diesel component.
Electronic-Substrates and packaging, thermal management, racking, power sources and
storage
Marine-Propellers, impellers, pressurised hulls, marine diesel components
Industrial-Reciprocating and high speed machinery, precision equipment
Sport/Leisure-Rackets, cycles and frames, motor racing, golf clubs





3)Ceramic matrix composite





Carbon (C),specialsilicon carbide (SiC), alumina (Al
2
O
3
) and mullite (Al
2
O
3
SiO
2
)
The important commercially available CMCs are C/C, C/SiC, SiC/SiC and Al
2
O
3
/Al
2
O
3
.
CMC names include a combination of type of fiber/type of matrix. For example, C/C stands
for carbon-fiber-reinforced carbon (carbon/carbon), or C/SiC for carbon-fiber-reinforced
silicon carbide. Sometimes the manufacturing process is included, and a C/SiC composite
manufactured with the liquid polymer infiltration (LPI) process is abbreviated as LPI-C/SiC

Application
C/SiC or SiC/SiC composites in aerojet or rocket engines
CMC braking systems (C/C for aircraft and C/C SiC for cars)
The use of SiC/SiC composites in high temperature nuclear re (fission and fusion) for
power generation.
CMCs for Friction Applications(C / S i C Pads for Advanced Friction Systems)

Bidirectional reinforced brake disks and pads made of C/SiC (first generation







4)Natural Composite
Tree (A tree is a good example of a natural composite, consisting of cellulose (the fibrous
material) and lignin (a natural polymer) forming the woody cell walls.

Bones (In bone, the collagen acts like the resin and the mineral crystals act like the
reinforcing fibre. The mineral crystals are about 20 nanometers long (20 x 10
-9
m), they are
exceptionally strong in tension, and are naturally easily bent and therefore not suitable for
structural purposes. But the combination of collagen and mineral crystals can make our bone
stronger in all dimensions)

Silky threads spun by a spider (They consist of a gel core encased by a solid structure of
aligned molecules. They can be as strong as steel)

Other Natural fibers such as sisal, hemp, flax and coconut. Flax has been used in a
flax/polypropylene under body cover for Mercedes-Benz.

Fig. showing house made up of natural composite
5) Laminates
Materials -graphite, glass, boron, and silicon carbide, and some matrix materials are
epoxies, polyimides, aluminium, titanium, and alumina.



THIN FILMS

Layer of material with one dimension much smaller than the other two is called a thin film. Here
we focus mainly on thin films attached to substrates, usually much thicker than the film.
A thin film is a layer of material ranging from fractions of a nanometer to several micrometers
in thickness. There are different kind of thin films like ceramic, metallic, organic etc. ceramic
thin films are in wide use, they have relatively high hardness and inertness of ceramic materials
make this type of thin coating of interest for protection of substrate materials against corrosion,
oxidation and wear. In particular, the use of such coatings on cutting tools can extend the life of
these items by several orders of magnitude. The other major type of optical coating is the
dielectric coating (i.e. using materials with a different refractive index to the substrate). thin
layers of materials such as magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, and various metal oxides,
Reflection coefficients of surfaces can be reduced to less than 0.2%,The versatility of dielectric
coatings leads to their use in many scientific optical instruments (such as lasers, optical
microscopes, refracting telescopes, and interferometers) as well as consumer devices such as
binoculars, spectacles, and photographic lenses.

Product Name: Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide(battery)
Generic Name: Manganese Dioxide
Chemical Formula / Diagram: MnO2
Applications: Dry Cells
Lithium Manganese Oxide


Product Name: Thin Film Deposition Materials


Applications: Semiconductors
Solar and photovoltaics
Flat panel displays
Magnetic recording media (rigid disks, rewritable-optical disks)
Recording heads
Thermal print heads
Thin film resistors


Material used - thorium fluoride, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, chromium and ceramic-
based
materials, silicon mono oxide(ceramic)
Titanium aluminum nitride,Titanium nitride,PdCr,
Magnesium fluoride(transparent coatings)
polyacrylic polymer,nanodiamond coatings
nano-alumina, with an average particle size of 46, 5060, and ~50 nm,
(for scratch resistant coatings),inorganic nanosheets.
Application - electronic semiconductor devices,optical fibers,mirrors anti-reflective
coatings
cutting tools.Low-cost photovoltaic cell,Thin-film batteries
Insulating / conducting films; e.g. for resistors, capacitors.
Dielectric layers are sometimes applied over top of metal films, either to
provide
a protective layer (as in silicon dioxide over aluminium), or to enhance the
reflectivity of the metal film.

Application Field Examples
Optics Antireflection coating; on lenses or solar cells, ..
Reflection coatings for mirrors.
Coatings to produce decorations (color, luster, ...),
Interference filters.
CD's, DVD's and upcoming D's.
Waveguides.
Photosensitive coating of "analog" film for old camry
Chemistry Diffusion barriers.
Protection against corrosion / oxidation.
Sensors for liquid / gaseous chemicals.
Mechanics "Hard" layers (e.g. on drill bits).
Adhesion providers.
Friction reduction.
Magnetics "Hard" discs.
Video / Audio tape.
"SQUI DS"
Electricity
(without semiconductors)
Insulating / conducting films; e.g. for resistors,
capacitors.
Piezoelectric devices



fig -scratch resistant thin film coating fig-thin film coatings on ic boards






COATINGS

A coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object, usually referred to as the
substrate. The purpose of applying the coating may be decorative, functional, or both. The
coating itself may be an all-over coating, completely covering the substrate, or it may only cover
parts of the substrate.An example of all of these types of coating is a product label on many
drinks bottles- one side has an all-over functional coating (the adhesive) and the other side has
one or more decorative coatings.
Functional coatings may be applied to change the surface properties of the substrate, such as
adhesion, wettability, corrosion resistance, or wear resistance. In other cases, e.g. semiconductor
device fabrication (where the substrate is a wafer), the coating adds a completely new property
such as a magnetic response or electrical conductivity.Coatings may be applied as liquids, gases
or solids.

Organic Coatings

Organic coatings, applied on properly pretreated surfaces, are the most common and most
effective mode of corrosion protection for metallic objects and structures. The exterior
surfaces of corrodible metals such as iron and steel are effectively protected from their
environment by a coating system. Organic coatings have also been used for protection of
porous refractory surfaces such as cement mortar or concrete structures, which are pervious to
moisture or gases.
Organic coating provides protection either by the formation of a barrier action from the layer
or from active corrosion inhibition provides by pigments in the coating. Surface condition of
metal converted to more stable state by coating with organic compounds. These coatings delay
the generation of electromotive force, causing the corrosion of the substrate (Schweitzer, 2001).
Cathodic deposition of organic coatings has gained worldwide acceptance as a coating process
for automotive, appliance and general industrial coatings which has been adopted in
technology to provide the first prime coat to a variety of products. Among the large number of
electroconducting polymers, polypyrrole and polyaniline are the most promising conducting
polymers for corrosion protection.ex paints,lacquers ,varnishes


fig-metal coated with paints
Inorganic Coatings
Inorganic coatings can be produced by chemical action, with or without electrical assistance.
The treatments change the immediate surface layer of metal into a film of metallic oxide or
compound which has better corrosion resistance than the natural oxide film and provides an
effective base or key for supplementary protection such as paints. In some instances, these
treatments can also be a preparatory step prior to painting.
Appearance: Products look finished, cleaner, better and longer. Color enhances metal
and promotes a solid, well-built appearance while removing the harsh metal look. Any
aluminum product can be color anodized
Corrosion resistance: A smooth surface is retained while weathering is retarded.
Useful for food handling and marine products;
Ease in cleaning: Any anodized product will stay cleaner longer and are easier to
clean when they do get dirty;
Abrasion resistance: The treated metal is tough, harder than many abrasives, and is
ideal for caul plates, tooling and air cylinder applications;
Non-galling: Screws and other moving parts will not seize, drag or jam while wear in
these areas is diminished. Gun sights, instruments and screw threads are typical
applications;
Heat absorption: Can provide uniform or selective heat absorption properties to
aluminum for the food processing industry;
Heat Radiation: Used as a method to finish electronic heatsinks and radiators.

Ceramic coatings
Ceramic coating is something that is used to protect parts of a vehicle or other items that are
going to get extremely hot. It is inorganic and non metallic. They are also resistant to
becoming corroded by other compounds. Something that has been coated with ceramic is
going to last longer than something that is not. In order for the ceramic to work with other
surfaces, they are usually coated. Ceramic coating can be applied by spraying or brushing on
the surface of the item needing the protection.
Ceramic coatings are typically made up of special compounds that possess stronger properties
than regular coating. Compounds in ceramic coatings include carbides, borides, nitrides, and
silicides that are hard enough to keep the material from accumulating residue and becoming
prone to breakage while in use. The sputtering process is used on the coating. This removes
certain portions of the coating material, and deposits a thin and securely bonded film onto the
surface.
Ceramic coatings protect metal parts against high temperatures, typically above 2012 degrees
Fahrenheit. When plasma-sprayed zirconia ceramic coating is used on auto parts, it works.

Advanced ceramics are distinguished by their purity and performance. They include both
oxides and non oxides and various particulate, whisker, and continuous fiber-reinforced
ceramic composites. High-purity ceramic coatings are also part of the advanced ceramics
family.Advanced ceramics encompass a set of materials that offer many of the desirable
characteristics of conventional ceramics without many of the flaws. They are best suited for
high-temperature applications in power generation, transportation, aerospace, and
manufacturing where their superior performance can justify their higher cost. For most
purposes, advanced ceramic materials can be classified as monolithics, coatings, or
composites.

ceramic coatings-The objective of this concept, however, is the same as creating an entire
part from advanced ceramics: high reliability for the life of the part. Some standard ceramic
coating technologies that are used today include plasma spray, high-velocity oxy-fuel
(HVOC), flame spray ceramic coating, electron beam physical vapor deposition (EBPVD),
and chemical vapor deposition (CVD).


Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) are highly advanced material systems usually applied to
metallic surfaces, such as gas turbine or aero-engine parts, operating at elevated temperatures,
as a form of exhaust heat management. These coatings serve to insulate components from
large and prolonged heat loads by utilizing thermally insulating materials which can sustain
an appreciable temperature difference between the load-bearing alloys and the coating
surface.
[1]
In doing so, these coatings can allow for higher operating temperatures while
limiting the thermal exposure of structural components, extending part life by reducing
oxidation and thermal fatigue. In conjunction with active film cooling, TBCs permit working
fluid temperatures higher than the melting point of the metal airfoil in some turbine
applications.

fig metallic coated bolts




figure -pistons coated with thermal barrier fig- ceramic coated jet blade

fig ceramic coated exhaust
Functions of coatings
1. Adhesive
2. Catalytic e.g. some self-cleaning glass
3. Light-sensitive as previously used to make photographic film
4. Protective
5. Most paints are to some extent protecting the substrate
6. Hard anti-scratch coating on plastics and other materials e.g. of titanium nitride to
reduce,scratching,
7. improve wear resistance, etc.
8. Anti-corrosion, Underbody sealant for cars ,Many plating products ,Waterproof
fabric and waterproof paper
9. Magnetic properties such as for magnetic media like cassette tapes and floppy disks
10. Electrical or electronic properties
11. Conductive coatings e.g. to manufacture some types of resistors, Insulating coatings
e.g. on magnet wires used in transformers ,Scent properties such as scratch

Coatings can be applied to metal components in order to enhance their functional properties.
Most ceramic coatings are electrically nonconductive (making them excellent insulators), have a
significantly higher level of abrasion resistance than most metals, and are capable of
maintaining their integrity under severely elevated temperatures, sometimes up to 4,500 degrees
Fahrenheit. Wear-resistant ceramics, such as titanium nitride and chromium carbide, can be
applied to work steels.Coatings are used to protect all kinds of electronic circuitry from
moisture, dust, chemicals, solvents or other types of harsh environments.
The first purpose of coatings was therefore to palliate for the poor oxidation resistance of the
base alloy (aluminide, Pt-aluminide, MCrAlY). A second type of coatings applied to high-
temperature parts are known as thermal barrier coatings (TBC). These are ceramic coatings with
very low thermal conductivity. Despite being typically 1/5 mm thin, the allow for a drop of 100-
300
o
C between the gas and metal surface temperatures.

fig-coatings on tools fig steel with composite coatings



materials used - Organic coating- Paints and lacquers ,acrylic, polyurethane, epoxy,
poly-par-xylylene.
metallic coating- molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, niobium and chromium
Sialons (based on the elements silicon, aluminium, oxygen and
nitrogen),boron carbide, copper gallium,CdTe,Cu InGa
sialon- high thermal resistance, some have extreme hardness and
others have extreme toughness.
yttria(Y2O3)-stabilised zirconia(ZrO2)
Ceramic coating- zirconia(ZrO2),3Al2O3 2SiO2 NiCrAl/Bentonite,
applications - solar cells,furnace,internal surfaces of aircrafts and
carbon steel heat exchanger tube
The HPT blades in jet engines mainly suffer from oxidation; Pt-aluminide
coatings are preferred in these conditions and are commonly used to coat
the
main surface.


jet engine blade. Pt- Aluminised jet engine blade.