PART1Introduction

ThepurposeofthisDataAnalysisprojectistotieinalltheconceptsthatIhave/willbelearningin
duringthissummersemester(2014).Theyincludecollectingsamples,organizingandanalyzing
data,drawingconclusions,andpresentingtheendresultinawellorganizedpaper.Thisproject
hastwosidestoit:onethatiscompletedinagroupsettingwhiletheotherisfortheindividualto
complete.Inordertoworkonthisproject,mygroupandIhadtodecidewhichdatasetprovided
wastheonewewantedtouse.Intheend,wedecidedonBodyMeasurementData.

PART2Sampling

ForPart2,mygroupandIhadtoselectacategoricalvariabletoworkwith,whichwechose
Gender,asitwastheonlycategoricalvariableinourdataset.Fromthis,wecountedthe
frequencyofeachgender.Then,wethencreatedaParetoandPieChart,asinstructed.Inorder
togetoursample,mygroupandIdecidedwewoulduserandomsamplingandsystematic
sampling.Then,usingtheoriginaldata,wepluggedthenumbersintoStatCrunchtogeneratea
randomsampleofsize50.Asforsystematicsampling,wewereunabletofindafunctionforthis
onStatCrunch,sowedecidedtocounttoevery10thtermandincludethatnumberasour
samplesize.

Afterthis,Iproceededtorecordthefrequencyforeachsampleandcreateaparetochartandpie
chartfortherandomsampleandsystematicsampledatathatIcollected.Inoticedafew
differencesbetweenthesampleobtainedfromthesimplesamplingandsystematicsampling.
Forexample,therandomsamplegenerateda40%maleand60%femalepiechartwhereasthe
systematicsamplegenerateda48%maleand52%malepiechart,whichisacloser
representativeoftheactualpopulation(247males,260females).Thiswasinterestingto
observeasIdthoughtthatthedifferencewouldntbeasbig.However,fromlearningabout
probability,Inowseehowthisispossible.Notonlythat,Ihaveafeelingthattheonlyreasonthe
systematicsamplingmethodworkedsowellisbecauseoftheorderinwhichthedatawas
given:males,followedbyfemales.Thisallowedforamoreaccuratesample.
RandomSample

SystematicSample

PART3Boxplot&FrequencyHistogram

Summary statistics:
Column Median Min Max Q1 Q3
Systematic Sample 28 19 60 23 33
Random Sample 26 19 65 22 34

Thedistributionforthesystematicsamplelookslikeithasamildrightskew.

Thesimplerandomsampledistributionlookslikeithasamildrightskewaswell,(althoughnot
aspronouncedasthesystematicsamplingdata),verymuchlikethegraphsofthesystematic
sampledistribution.However,thesimplerandomsampleseemstohavelesservariationwhen
comparedtothesystematicsample.
PopulationData

Whencomparingthedistributionfromthepopulationtotheprevioustwographs,itisevidentthat
thepopulationgraphhasmorevariance,fromlookingatboththeboxplotandthehistogram.
Thereisarightskew(longerrighttail)andthegraphsarenotmissinganyagegroup(nogaps
unliketheprevioustwosamples.)

Part4LevelofConfidence

Gender(chose0Femalesforp)
p=0.51
q=0.49
=0.05

Sample1:SystematicSample
n=50
x=26
p=0.52
q=0.48

1.96 0.138 E =

50
(0.52)(0.48)
=

.I. .52 .138 .52 .138 C = 0 0 < p < 0 + 0

.38 .66 = 0 < p < 0

Sample2:SimpleRandomSample
n=50
x=30
p=0.60
q=0.40

1.96 .136 E =

50
(0.60)(0.40)
= 0

.I. .60 .136 .60 .136 C = 0 0 < p < 0 + 0
.46 .74 = 0 < p < 0

Age
0.18 = 3
.61 = 9
=0.05

Sample1:SystematicSample
n=50
=29.16 x
s=8.42

.96 .664 E = 1
50
9.61
= 2
.I.() 9.16 .664 9.16 .664 C = 2 2 < < 2 + 2
6.50 1.82 = 2 < < 3
.I.() C =

71.420
(501)8.42
2

< <

32.357
(501)8.42
2

.97 0.36 = 6 < < 1

Sample2:SimpleRandomSample
n=50
=29.06 x
s=9.47

.96 .664 E = 1
50
9.61
= 2
.I.() 9.06 .664 9.06 .664 C = 2 2 < < 2 + 2
6.40 1.72 = 2 < < 3
.I.() C =

71.420
(501)9.47
2

< <

32.357
(501)9.47
2

.84 1.65 = 7 < < 1

Themeanconfidenceintervalsusingthecalculatedmarginoferrorhelpedtoshowanintervalof
95%confidencelevelthatthemeanofthepopulationwouldbecaptured(usingthesample
mean,s.)Inthecaseofthemeanconfidenceintervals,bothsamplesdidcapturethepopulation
mean,as30.18waswithinbothintervals.

Thestandarddeviationintervalusingthechisquaredtablewasquitelikethemeanconfidence
interval,inthatitusedthesampledatatocomputeaconfidenceintervalthatwouldsupposedly
capturethepopulationparameter( ).Inthecaseofthestandarddeviationintervals, =9.61
waswithinbothboundariesoftheconfidenceintervalsforbothsamplesandthereforewas
capturedintherespectiveintervals.

PART5HypothesisTesting

.05 = 0

Gender
Sample1:SystematicSample
n=50
x=26
p=0.52
q=0.48

.51 H : p = 0
= .51 H : p / 0

TestStatistic:
z =
0.520.51

50
(0.51)(0.49)

.14 = 0

Pvalue(usingcalc):0.888
ConclusionofNullHypothesis:Failtorejectnullhypothesisbecausepvalueof0.888is
greaterthan . .05 = 0
Conclusionofvariable:Thereisinsufficientevidencetodisprovethattheclaimthatthetrue
populationproportionoffemalesisactually0.51.

Sample2:SimpleRandomSample
n=50
x=30
p=0.60
q=0.40

.51 H : p = 0
= .51 H : p / 0

TestStatistic:
z =
0.600.51

50
(0.51)(0.49)

.27 = 1
Pvalue(usingcalc):0.999
ConclusionofNullHypothesis:Failtorejectnullhypothesisbecausepvalueof0.999is
greaterthan . .05 = 0
Conclusionofvariable:Thereisinsufficientevidencetodisprovethattheclaimthatthetrue
populationproportionoffemalesisactually0.51.

Age
Sample1:SystematicSample
n=50
=29.16 x
s=8.42

0.18 H : = 3
= 0.18 H : / 3

TestStatistic:
t =
50
8.42
29.1630.18

.86 = 0

Pvalue(usingcalc):0.396
ConclusionofNullHypothesis:Failtorejectthenullhypothesisbecausethepvalueof0.396is
greaterthan .05. = 0
Conclusionofvariable:Thereisinsufficientevidencetorejecttheclaimthatthetruemeanfor
thepopulationis30.18

Sample2:SimpleRandomSample
n=50
=29.06 x
s=9.47

0.18 H : = 3
= 0.18 H : / 3

TestStatistic:
t =
50
9.47
29.0630.18

.84 = 0

Pvalue(usingcalc):0.407
ConclusionofNullHypothesis:Failtorejectthenullhypothesisbecausethepvalueof0.407is
greaterthan .05. = 0
Conclusionofvariable:Thereisinsufficientevidencetorejecttheclaimthatthetruemeanfor
thepopulationis30.18

Reflection

Thesamplesmeettheconditionsforperformingthesetestsbecauseitshowsthatthesample
meansandproportionarenottoomuchdifferent(thattheywarrantrejection)fromthetrue
populationmeansandproportion.Theconclusionsdiscussedaboveshowthatthereisnot
enoughevidencetodisprovethesaidpopulationproportionsandmeans,whichisagoodthing,
becausetheclaimistrue(asitistakenfromrawdata.)Becausewefailedtorejectthenull
hypothesisinallfourcases,weavoidfallingintoaTypeIerrorwhichwouldberejectingthenull
hypothesiswhenthehypothesiswasactuallytruefortheaforementionedsamples.

PART6SummaryReflectionPaper

IhadstartedworkingonthisprojectaboutthethirdweekintomyMATH1040course.
Sinceitwassummersemester,everythingwasprettymuchacceleratedwhichgoeswithout
sayingtheassignmentsaswell(thisprojectincluded.)However,asIhavegonethroughthe
processforcompletingthisproject,Ihavelearntquiteabit.NotonlyhaveIgottentobecloserto
theclassmatesinmygroup(ofwhichthisprojectwasacatalystof),Iwasalsoabletoapplythe
conceptsandformulasthatIhavelearntinthisstatisticsclass,whichIfeltwasprettycool.
IhavenodoubtthatIwillbeusingtheskillsandconceptsthatIhavelearntinthisclassin
theverynearfutureasIknowIwillcometofindthemhandy.TheseskillsthatIhavelearnthave
givenmeafreshnewtakeonrawdataandnumbersingeneralIamlesshesitanttoapproach
them.SinceIplantoworkasalabtechnicianinthecomingmonths,IknowthattheskillsIhave
learntfromstatisticsareinvaluableandwillgivemeanedgeinmyfuturestudiesaswell.
IhavetoadmitthatIstruggledabitincompletingthisproject,becauseIdalwayswantto
startonitbutIhadntyetlearntenoughconceptstowarrantprogression.However,nowthatI
havereachedtheconclusionofthisproject,IfindthatIunderstandtheconceptsbetterandhow
theytieinwithoneanother.Likewise,thismentalityoftryingtofitthingsintoabiggerpicturewill
helpmeinmyfutureclassesasIwontbelimitedtothecurrenttopicdiscussedabout.
Furthermore,theseskillsthatIhavelearntwillonlyaddtomyschemaofunderstanding.Quite
literally,ithascausedmetoviewtheworldinthiscase,numbersinasubtlydifferentlight.
Thisprojecthelpedtodevelopmyproblemsolvingskillsbecauseitwasverymuchabout
tyinginconceptsthatIhavelearntaswellaskeepinginmindtheendgoal.Notonlythat,it
helpedimprovemyorganizational,teambuildingandcommunicationskillsasIhelpedto
coordinate,lead,listenandsometimesfollowalongwiththeideasproposedbymyteammates.
Iwillsayitloudandsayitproud:Ilovemath.IhavehadaloveformathforaslongasI
canremember.Itcontinuestogrowindepthandwidth.Thisprojecthasonlyreaffirmedmyawe
formathanditsrealworldapplications.ItblowsmymindeverytimeIthinkaboutthegreatand
lastingimpactmathhashad(andcontinuestohave)onourhumanrace.Icantwaittolearn
moremath!!Sototheold,andtrustysagecalledMath,IsayMore,please!