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Chapter 3
2D Simulations
3.1 Step-by-Step: Triangular Plate
3.2 Step-by-Step: Threaded Bolt-and-Nut
3.3 More Details
3.4 More Exercise: Spur Gears
3.5 More Exercise: Filleted Bar
3.6 Review
Chapter 3 2D Simulations Section 3.1 Triangular Plate 2
Section 3.1
Triangular Plate
Problem Description
Project Schematic
Generate 2D Mesh
2D Solid Elements
Loads>Pressure
Weak Springs
Solution>Total Deformation
Solution>Equivalent Stress
Tools>Symmetry
Coordinate System
Chapter 3 2D Simulations Section 3.2 Threaded Bolt-and-Nut 4
Section 3.2
Threaded Bolt-and-Nut
Problem Description
[1] Bolt.
[2] Nut.
[3] Plates.
[4] Section
view.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations Section 3.2 Threaded Bolt-and-Nut 5
The plane of symmetry
T
h
e
a
x
i
s
o
f
s
y
m
m
e
t
r
y
17 mm
[1] The 2D
simulation
model.
[6] Frictionless
support.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations Section 3.2 Threaded Bolt-and-Nut 6
Techniques/Concepts
Hide/Show Sketches
Display Model/Plane
Add Material/Frozen
Axisymmetric Problems
Contact/Target
Frictional Contacts
Edge Sizing
Loads>Force
Supports>Frictionless Support
Solution>Normal Stress
Radial/Axial/Hoop Stresses
Nonlinear Simulations
Chapter 3 2D Simulations Section 3.3 More Details 7
Section 3.3
More Details
Plane-Stress Problems
Z
= 0,
ZY
= 0,
ZX
= 0
X
=
X
E
Y
E
Y
=
Y
E
X
E
Z
=
X
E
Y
E
XY
=
XY
G
,
YZ
= 0,
ZX
= 0
XY
XY
XY
XY
X
Y
Z
Y
Stress state at a point
of a zero thickness
plate, subject to in-plane
forces.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations Section 3.3 More Details 8
Plane-Strain Problems
[2] Strain state at
a point of a plane-
strain structure.
X
Y
Z
XY
XY
Z
= 0,
ZX
= 0,
ZY
= 0
X
=
E
(1+)(1 2)
(1)
X
+
Y
Y
=
E
(1+)(1 2)
(1)
Y
+
X
Z
=
E
(1+)(1 2)
X
+
Y
XY
= G
XY
,
YZ
= 0,
ZX
= 0
RZ
RZ
RZ
RZ
[1] Strain
state at a
point of a
axisymmetric
structure.
[2] Stress
state at a
point of a
axisymmetric
structure.
Axisymmetric Problems
In such a case,
R
= 0,
Z
= 0
R
= 0,
Z
= 0
both
and
Pull-down Menus
and Toolbars
Outline of Project
Tree
Details View
Geometry
Graph
Tabular Data
Status Bar
Separators
Chapter 3 2D Simulations Section 3.3 More Details 11
Project Tree
Contacts
Frictionless
Symmetric (Contact/Target)
Adjust to Touch
Loads>Moment
True Scale
Chapter 3 2D Simulations Section 3.5 Filleted Bar 17
100
100
1
0
0
5
0
R15
50 kN
50 kN
Section 3.5
Filleted Bar
Problem Description
[2] The bar has
a thickness of
10 mm.
[1] The bar is
made of steel.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations Section 3.5 Filleted Bar 18
Part A. Stress Discontinuity
Displacement eld is
continuous over the
entire body.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations Section 3.5 Filleted Bar 19
[2] Original
calculated stresses
(unaveraged) are not
continuous across
element boundaries,
i.e., stress at boundary
has multiple values.
[4] By default, stresses are
averaged on the nodes, and the
stress eld is recalculated. That
way, the stress eld is
continuous over the body.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations Section 3.5 Filleted Bar 20
Part B. Structural Error
For an element, strain energies calculated using averaged stresses and unaveraged
stresses respectively are different. The difference between these two energy values is
called <Structural Error> of the element.
The ner the mesh, the smaller the structural error. Thus, the structural error can be
used as an indicator of mesh adequacy.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations Section 3.5 Filleted Bar 21
0.0779
0.0780
0.0781
0.0782
0.0783
0.0784
0.0785
0.0786
0.0787
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
(
m
m
)
Number of Nodes
Part C. Finite Element Convergence
[1] Quadrilateral
element.
[2] Triangular
element.
[3] Increasing
nodes.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations Section 3.5 Filleted Bar 22
Part D. Stress Concentration
[1] To accurately
evaluate the
concentrated stress,
ner mesh is needed,
particularly around the
corner.
[2] Stress
concentration.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations Section 3.5 Filleted Bar 23
Part E. Stress Sigularity
The stress in this
zero-radius llet
is theoretically
innite.
Stress singularity is not limited
to sharp corners.
Any locations that have stress
of innity are called singular
points.
Besides a concave llet of zero
radius, a point of concentrated
forces is also a singular point.