Você está na página 1de 7

Http://www.globalspec.

com/reference/81469/203279/40-9-some-types-of-flow-behavior

The concept of fluid
There are two classes of fluids:
Liquids: are composed of relatively closepacked molecules with strong cohesive forces. Liquids have constant
volume (almost incompressible) and will form a free surface in a gravitational field if
unconfined from above.
Gases: molecules are widely spaced with negligible cohesive forces. A gas is free to expand until
it encounters confining walls. A gas has no definite volume, and it forms an atmosphere when it is not confined.

Properties of fluid
1. Density or mass density
Density or mass density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of the mass of a fluid to its volume. Thus mass per unit
volume of a fluid is called density.
It is denoted by the symbol (rho). The unit of mass density in si unit is kg per cubic meter. The density of
liquids may be considered as constant while that of gases changes with the variation of pressure and
temperature.

The value of density of water is 1gm per cubic centimeter or 1000 kg per cubic meter.
2. Specific weight and weight density
Specific weight or weight density of a fluid is the ratio between the weight of a fluid to its volume. Thus weight
per unit volume of a fluid is called weight density and it is denoted by the symbol .


The value of specific weight of specific density ( ) of water is
3. Specific volume
Specific volume of a fluid is defined as the volume of a fluid occupied by a unit mass or volume per unit mass
of a fluid.
Specific volume =
Thus, specific volume is the reciprocal of mass density. It is expressed as . It is commonly applied to
gases.
4. Specific gravity
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight density (or density) of a fluid to the weight density (or
density) of a standard fluid. For liquids, the standard fluid is taken as water and for gases, the standard fluid is
taken as air. Specific gravity is also called relative density. It is a dimensionless quantity and is denoted by the
symbol s.
S (for liquids) =
S (for gases) =
Thus, weight density of a liquid = s x weight density of water = s x
The density of liquid = s x density of water = s x 1000 .
If the specific gravity of a fluid is known, then the density of the liquid will be equal to specific gravity of fluid
multiplied by the density of water. For example, the specific gravity of mercury is 13.6. Hence density of
mercury = 13.6 x 1000 .

5. Viscosity of liquid:
Viscosity is defined as the property of a fluid which offers resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over
another adjacent layer of fluid. When two layers of a fluid, a distance apart move over one other at different
velocities, the viscosity together with relative velocity causes a shear stress acting between the fluid layers.
The top layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent layer while the lower layer causes a shear stress on the top
layer. This shear stress is proportional to the rate of change of velocity. It is denoted by the symbol .

Where (mu) is the constant of proportionality and is known as the coefficient of dynamic viscosity or only
viscosity, represents the rate of shear strain or rate of shear deformation or velocity gradient.

The viscosity is also defined as the shear stress required to produce unit rate of shear strain.
Units of viscosity:
In mks system, unit of viscosity =
Cgs unit of viscosity (also called poise) =
Si unit of viscosity = =pa-s
Unit conversion
Conversion between mks and cgs system


1 n = 1000 x 100 dyne



Kinematic viscosity
It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of fluid. It is denoted by the greek symbol (
) called nu. Thus,

In mks and si, the unit of kinematic viscosity is while in cgs units, it is written as . In
cgs system, kinematic viscosity is also known as stoke.
One stoke =1
Newtons law of viscosity:
It states that the shear stress ( ) on a fluid element layer is directly proportional to the rate of change of shear
strain. The constant of proportionality is called the co-efficient of viscosity.

Fluids which obey the above relation are known as newtonian fluids and the fluids which do not obey the above
relation are called non-newtonian fluids.
Variation of viscosity with temperature:
The viscosity of liquids decreases with the increase in temperature, while the viscosity of gases increases with
the increase in temperature.
(i) for liquids:

Where, = viscosity of liquid at in poise
= viscosity of liquid at in poise
are constants for the liquid.
For water,
(ii) for gases

For air,
Types of fluids based on viscosity:
The fluids may be classified into following five types:
1. Ideal fluid
2. Real fluid
3. Newtonian fluid
4. Non-newtonian fluid
5. Ideal plastic fluid

Figure: type of fluids
1. Ideal fluid:
A fluid which is incompressible and is having no viscosity is known as ideal fluid. Ideal fluid is only an
imaginary fluid as all the fluids which exist have some viscosity.
2. Real fluids:
A fluid which possesses viscosity is known as real fluid. All the fluids in actual practice are real fluids.
3. Newtonian fluids:
A real fluid in which the shear stress is directly proportional to rate of shear strain (or velocity gradient)
4. Non-Newtonian fluid:
A real fluid in which the shear stress is not proportional to the rate of shear strain
5. Ideal plastic fluid:
A fluid in which shear stress is more than the yield value and shear stress is proportional to the rate of shear
strain (or velocity gradient).
Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids
Newtonian fluids:
Fluids which obey the newton's law of viscosity are called as newtonian fluids. Newton's law of viscosity is
given by
T = dv/dy
Where t = shear stress
= viscosity of fluid
dv/dy = shear rate, rate of strain or velocity gradient
All gases and most liquids which have simpler molecular formula and low molecular weight such as water,
benzene, ethyl alcohol, ccl
4
, hexane and most solutions of simple molecules are newtonian fluids.

Non-newtonian fluids:
Fluids which do not obey the newton's law of viscosity are called as non-newtonian fluids.
Generally non-newtonian fluids are complex mixtures: slurries, pastes, gels, polymer solutions etc.,

Various non-Newtonian behaviours:
Time-independent behaviors:
Properties are independent of time under shear.
Bingham-plastic: resist a small shear stress but flow easily under larger shear stresses. E.g. tooth-paste, jellies,
and some slurries.

Pseudo-plastic: most non-newtonian fluids fall into this group. Viscosity decreases with increasing velocity
gradient. E.g. polymer solutions, blood. Pseudoplastic fluids are also called as shear thinning fluids. At low
shear rates(du/dy) the shear thinning fluid is more viscous than the newtonian fluid, and at high shear rates it is
less viscous.

Dilatant fluids: viscosity increases with increasing velocity gradient. They are uncommon, but suspensions of
starch and sand behave in this way. Dilatant fluids are also called as shear thickening fluids.

Time dependent behaviors:


Those which are dependent upon duration of shear.
Thixotropic fluids: for which the dynamic viscosity decreases with the time for which shearing forces are
applied. E.g. thixotropic jelly paints.
Rheopectic fluids: dynamic viscosity increases with the time for which shearing forces are applied. E.g. gypsum
suspension in water.
Visco-elastic fluids: some fluids have elastic properties, which allow them to spring back when a shear force is
released. E.g. egg white.
Types of flow behavior
Take a look at fig. 40.7. This should give you an idea of some of the variations of fluid flow behavior. The
gradients or slopes of these lines or curves are variable within the identified flow regime. It is whether or not the
curves pass through the origin and the general shape of the curve that defines the type of behavior.

figure 40.7: examples of variations of fluid flow behavior.
The diagram shown in fig. 40.8 is also included to guide you as we take a little closer, qualitative look at some
of these types of non-newtonian flow (for more detailed information we suggest you begin with the references 4,
5, and 6 at the end of this chapter).

figure 40.8: some types of fluid flow behavior.

Você também pode gostar