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Sappho ersuaslon ls AphrodlLe's daughLer: lL ls she who begulles our morLal
hearLs."
laLo Lhe arL of wlnnlng Lhe soul by dlscourse."
ArlsLoLle Lhe faculLy of dlscoverlng ln any parLlcular case all of Lhe avallable
means of persuaslon."
Clcero one greaL arL comprlsed of flve lesser arLs: !"#$"%!&, '!()&(!%!&, $*&+,%!&,
-$-&.!/, and ).&","+!/%!&."
speech deslgned Lo persuade."
CulnLllllan Lhe arL of speaklng well."
Anonymous 1he sclence whlch refreshes Lhe hungry, renders Lhe muLe arLlculaLe,
makes Lhe bllnd Lo see, and Leaches one Lo avold every llngual
lnepLlLude."
8acon Lhe appllcaLlon of reason Lo lmaglnaLlon for Lhe movlng of Lhe wlll."
Locke 8heLorlc-LhaL powerful lnsLrumenL of error and decelL."
Campbell LhaL arL or LalenL by whlch dlscourse ls adapLed Lo lLs end. 1he four
ends of dlscourse are Lo enllghLen Lhe undersLandlng, please Lhe
lmaglnaLlon, move Lhe passlon, and lnfluence Lhe wlll."
8lchards Lhe sLudy of mlsundersLandlngs and Lhelr remedles."
8urke Lhe use of language as a symbollc means of lnduclng cooperaLlon ln
belngs LhaL by naLure respond Lo symbols."
Weaver LhaL whlch creaLes an lnformed appeLlLlon (deslre) for Lhe good."
Llndemann a form of reasonlng abouL probablllLles, based on assumpLlons people
share as members of a communlLy."
Lunsford Lhe arL, pracLlce, and sLudy of human communlcaLlon."
ChrlsLensen narrowlng Lhe posslble down Lo Lhe deslrable or effecLlve."
how Lo know whaL ls deslrable."
McCloskey merely speech wlLh deslgns on Lhe reader."
Murphy A rheLorlclan ls someone who provldes hls fellows wlLh useful precepLs
or dlrecLlons for organlzlng and presenLlng hls ldeas or feellng[s] Lo
Lhem."
Lhnlnger 1haL dlsclpllne whlch sLudles all of Lhe ways ln whlch men may
lnfluence each oLher's Lhlnklng and behavlor Lhrough Lhe sLraLeglc use
of symbols."
______________________________________________________________________________
Ldward Channlng, LecLures 8ead Lo Lhe Senlors aL Parvard College" (c. 1836)

[8heLorlc ls] a body of rules derlved from experlence and observaLlon, exLendlng Lo all
communlcaLlon by language and deslgned Lo make lL efflclenL. lL does noL ask wheLher a man ls
Lo be a speaker or wrlLer, a poeL, phllosopher, or debaLer, buL slmply, [wheLher] lL hls wlsh Lo
be puL ln Lhe rlghL way of communlcaLlng hls mlnd wlLh power Lo oLhers, by words spoken or
wrlLLen. lf so, rheLorlc underLakes Lo show hlm rules or prlnclples whlch wlll help Lo make Lhe
expresslon of hls LhoughLs effecLlve.
______________________________________________________________________________
kenneLh 8urke, A 8heLorlc of MoLlves (1930)

1he mosL characLerlsLlc concern of rheLorlc [ls] Lhe manlpulaLlon of men's bellefs for pollLlcal
ends. 1he baslc funcLlon of rheLorlc [ls] Lhe use of words by human agenLs Lo form aLLlLudes or
Lo lnduce acLlons ln oLher human agenLs.
______________________________________________________________________________
Lloyd 8lLzer, 1he 8heLorlcal SlLuaLlon" (1968)

ln shorL, rheLorlc ls a mode of alLerlng reallLy, noL by Lhe dlrecL appllcaLlon of energy Lo ob[ecLs,
buL by Lhe creaLlon of dlscourse whlch changes reallLy Lhrough Lhe medlaLlon of LhoughL and
acLlon.
______________________________________________________________________________
Mlchael Pyde and Cralg SmlLh, PermeneuLlcs and 8heLorlc: A Seen buL unobserved
8elaLlonshlp" (1979)

1he prlmordlal funcLlon of rheLorlc ls Lo make-known" meanlng boLh Lo oneself and Lo oLhers.
Meanlng ls derlved by a human belng ln and Lhrough Lhe lnLerpreLlve undersLandlng of reallLy.
8heLorlc ls Lhe process of maklng known LhaL meanlng. ls noL rheLorlc deflned as pragmaLlc
communlcaLlon, more concerned wlLh Lhe conLemporary audlences and speclflc quesLlons Lhan
wlLh unlversal audlences and general quesLlons?
______________________________________________________________________________
aolo valeslo, novanLlqua (1980)

8heLorlc ls Lhe funcLlonal organlzaLlon of dlscourse, wlLhln lLs soclal and culLural conLexL, ln all
lLs aspecLs, excepLlon made for lLs reallzaLlon as a sLrlcLly formal meLa-language-ln formal
loglc, maLhemaLlcs, and ln Lhe sclences whose meLa-languages share Lhe same feaLures. ln
oLher words: rheLorlc ls all of language, ln lLs reallzaLlon as dlscourse.
______________________________________________________________________________
C. P. knoblauch, Modern 8heLorlcal 1heory and lLs luLure ulrecLlons" (1983)

8heLorlc ls Lhe process of uslng language Lo organlze experlence and communlcaLe lL Lo oLhers.
lL ls also Lhe sLudy of how people use language Lo organlze and communlcaLe experlence. 1he
word denoLes boLh dlsLlncLlve human acLlvlLy and Lhe sclence" concerned wlLh undersLandlng
LhaL acLlvlLy.
______________________________________________________________________________
Cerard A. Pauser, lnLroducLlon Lo 8heLorlcal 1heory (1986)

8heLorlc ls an lnsLrumenLal use of language. Cne person engages anoLher person ln an
exchange of symbols Lo accompllsh some goal. lL ls noL communlcaLlon for communlcaLlon's
sake. 8heLorlc ls communlcaLlon LhaL aLLempLs Lo coordlnaLe soclal acLlon. lor Lhls reason,
rheLorlcal communlcaLlon ls expllclLly pragmaLlc. lLs goal ls Lo lnfluence human cholces on
speclflc maLLers LhaL requlre lmmedlaLe aLLenLlon.
______________________________________________________________________________
Charles 8azerman, 01/)!"2 4.!%%$" 5"&6*$'2$ (1988)

1he sLudy of how people use language and oLher symbols Lo reallze human goals and carry ouL
human acLlvlLles . . . ulLlmaLely a pracLlcal sLudy offerlng people greaL conLrol over Lhelr
symbollc acLlvlLy.
______________________________________________________________________________
Ceorge kennedy, A PooL ln Lhe uark" (1992)

8heLorlc ln Lhe mosL general sense may perhaps be ldenLlfled wlLh Lhe energy lnherenL ln
communlcaLlon: Lhe emoLlonal energy LhaL lmpels Lhe speaker Lo speak, Lhe physlcal energy
expanded ln Lhe uLLerance, Lhe energy level coded ln Lhe message, and Lhe energy experlenced
by Lhe reclplenL ln decodlng Lhe message.