Ism Chapter 25

`Electric Current and Direct-Current Circuits
Chapter 25
Electric Current and Direct-Current Circuits
Conceptual Problems
*1
Determine the Concept When current flows, the charges are not in equilibrium. In that
case, the electric field provides the force needed for the charge flow.
2
Determine the Concept Water, regarded as a viscous liquid flowing from a water tower
through a pipe to ground is another mechanical analog of a simple circuit.
3
Picture the Problem he resistances of the wires are given b!
, A L R
where L is
the length of the wire and A is its cross-sectional area. We can e"press the ratio of the
resistances and use our #nowledge of their lengths and diameters to find the resistance of
wire $.
E"press the resistance of wire $%
$
$
$
A
L
R

where is the resistivit! of the wire.

E"press the resistance of wire &%
&
&
A
L
R

Divide the first of these equations

b! the second to obtain%
$
&
&
$
&
&
$
$
$
A
A
L
L
A
L
A
L
R
R

or, because L$ ' L&,
R
A
A
R
$
&
$

()*
E"press the area of wire $ in terms
+
$ ,
)
$
d A
--
Chapter +.
of its diameter%
E"press the area of wire & in terms
of its diameter%
+
& ,
)
&
d A
/ubstitute in equation ()* to obtain%
R
d
d
R
+
$
+
&
$

or, because d$ ' +d&,
( )
R R
d
d
R
,
)
+
&
+
&
$
+

and
correct. is * (e

4
Determine the Concept $n emf is a source of energ! that gives rise to a potential
difference between two points and ma! result in current flow if there is a conducting path
whereas a potential difference is the consequence of two points in space being at different
potentials.
*5
Picture the Problem he resistance of the
metal bar varies directl! with its length and
inversel! with its cross-sectional area.
0ence, to minimi1e the resistance of the
bar, we should connect to the surface for
which the ratio of the length to the contact
area is least.
Denoting the surfaces as a, b, and c,
complete the table to the right%
/urface L A L2A
a )3 4 3.4
b , +3 3.+
c + ,3 3.3.
&ecause connecting to surface c
minimi1es R%
correct. is * (c
6
Picture the Problem he resistances of the wires are given b!
, A L R
where L is the length of the wire and A is its cross-sectional area. We can e"press the ratio
of the resistances and use the definition of densit! to eliminate the cross-sectional areas
of the wires in favor of the ratio of their lengths.
-4
E"press the resistance of wire $%
$
$
$
A
L
R

where is the resistivit! of copper.

E"press the resistance of wire &%
&
&
&
A
L
R


$
&
&
$
&
&
$
$
&
$
A
A
L
L
A
L
A
L
R
R

or, because L$ ' +L&,
&
$
&
$
+ R
A
A
R
()*
5sing the definition of densit!,
e"press the mass of wire $%
$ $ $ $
A 'L 'V m
where is the densit! of copper.
E"press the mass of wire & & & & &
A 'L 'V m
&ecause the masses of the wires are
equal%
& & $ $
A 'L A 'L
or
&
$
$
&
L
L
A
A

( )
& & &
&
$
$
, + + + R R R
L
L
R
and
correct. is * (b
7
Picture the Problem he power dissipated in the resistor is given b! P ' I
+
R. We
can e"press the power dissipated when the current is 6I and, assuming that the
resistance does not change, e"press the ratio of the two rates of energ! dissipation
to find the power dissipated when the current is 6I.
-7
Chapter +.
E"press the power dissipated in the
resistor when the current in it is I%
R I P
+

resistor when the current in it is 6I%
( ) R I R I P'
+ +
7 6
Divide the second of these
equations b! the first to obtain%
7
7
+
+

R I
R I
P
P'
or
P P' 7 and
correct. is * (d

Picture the Problem $ssuming the current (which depends on the resistance* to
be constant, the power dissipated in a resistor is directl! proportional to the
voltage drop across it.
resistor when the voltage drop
across it is V%
R
V
P
+

resistor when the voltage drop
across it is increased to +V%
( )
R
V
R
V
P'
+ +
, +

Divide the second of these equations
b! the first to obtain%
,
,
+
+

R
V
R
V
P
P'
P P' ,

correct. is * (c
!
Determine the Concept 8ou should decrease the resistance. &ecause the voltage across
the resistor is constant, the heat out is given b! R V P
+
. 0ence, decreasing the
resistance will increase P.
*1"
Picture the Problem We can find the equivalent resistance of this two-resistor
combination and then appl! the condition that R) 99 R+.
E"press the equivalent resistance of
R) and R+ in parallel% + ) eq
) ) )
R R R
+
43
/olve for Req to obtain%
+ )
+ )
eq
R R
R R
R
+
:actor R) from the denominator and

simplif! to obtain%
)
+
+
)
+
)
+ )
eq
)
)
R
R
R
R
R
R
R R
R
+
,
_
If R) 99 R+, then% + eff eq

R R R
and
correct is * (b
11
Picture the Problem We can find the equivalent resistance of this two-resistor
combination and then appl! the condition that R) 99 R+.
R) and R+ in series%
+ ) eq
R R R +
:actor R) to obtain%
,
_
+
)
+
) eq
)
R
R
R R
If R) 99 R+, then% ) eff eq
R R R
and
correct is * (a
12
Picture the Problem &ecause the potential difference across resistors connected in
parallel is the same for each resistor; we can use <hm=s law to relate the currents through
the resistors to their resistances.
5sing <hm=s law, e"press the
current carried b! resistor $% & $
$
+R
V
R
V
I
current carried b! resistor &% &
&
R
V
I
+
+
&
&
$
&

R
V
R
V
I
I
and
$ &
+I I and
correct. is * (b
4)
Chapter +.
*13
Determine the Concept In a series circuit, because there are no alternative
pathwa!s, all resistors carr! the same current. he potential difference across each resistor, in
#eeping with <hm=s law, is given b! the product of the current and the
resistance and, hence, is not the same across each resistor unless the resistors
are identical.
correct. is * (a
14
Picture the Problem &ecause the potential difference across the two combinations
of resistors is constant, we can use R V P
+
to relate the power delivered b! the
batter! to the equivalent resistance of each combination of resistors.
E"press the power delivered b! the
batter! when the resistors are
connected in series%
eq
+
s
R
V
P
>etting R represent the resistance of
the identical resistors, e"press Req%
R R R R +
eq
+
/ubstitute to obtain%
R
V
P
+
+
s
()*
batter! when the resistors are
connected in parallel%
eq
+
p
R
V
P
the identical resistors connected in
parallel%
( ) ( )
R
R R
R R
R
+
)
eq

+
R
V
R
V
P
+
+
)
+
p
+
(+*
Divide equation (+* b! equation ()*
to obtain%
,
+
+
+
+
s
p

R
V
R
V
P
P
/olve for and evaluate Pp%
( ) W 43 W +3 , ,
s p
P P
and
correct. is * (e
15
4+
Determine the Concept While ?irchhoff=s loop rule is a statement about potential
differences around a closed loop in a circuit, recall that electric potential at a
point in space is the wor# required to bring a charged ob@ect from infinit! to the
given point. 0ence, the loop rule is actuall! a statement that energ! is conserved
around an! closed path in an electric circuit.
correct. is * (b
16
Determine the Concept $n ideal voltmeter would have infinite resistance. $ voltmeter
consists of a galvanometer movement connected in series with a large resistance. he
large resistor accomplishes two purposes; )* it protects the galvanometer movement b!
limiting the current drawn b! it, and +* minimi1es the loading of the circuit b! the
voltmeter b! placing a large resistance in parallel with the circuit element across which
the potential difference is being measured.
correct. is * (a
*17
Determine the Concept $n ideal ammeter would have 1ero resistance. $n ammeter
consists of a ver! small resistance in parallel with a galvanometer movement. he small
resistance accomplishes two purposes% )* It protects the galvanometer movement b!
shunting most of the current in the circuit around the galvanometer movement, and +* It
minimi1es the loading of the circuit b! the ammeter b! minimi1ing the resistance of the
ammeter.
correct. is * (b
1
Determine the Concept $n ideal voltage source would have 1ero internal resistance. he
terminal potential difference of a voltage source is given b! Ir, V where is the
emf of the source, I is the current drawn from the source, and r is the internal resistance
of the source.
correct. is * (b
1!
Determine the Concept If we appl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule with the switch closed, we
obtain IR VC = 3. Immediatel! after the switch is closed, I ' 3 and we have = VC.
correct. is * (b
2"
Determine the Concept he energ! stored in the full! charged capacitor is
+
+
)
C U .
During the charging process, a total charge Qf ' C flows through the batter!. he batter!
therefore does wor# W ' Qf ' C
+
. he energ! dissipated in the resistor is the difference
between W and U.
correct. is * (b
46
Chapter +.
*21
Determine the Concept $ppl!ing ?irchhoff=s loop rule to the circuit, we obtain
3
C
V V
R
, where VR is the voltage drop across the resistor. $ppl!ing <hm=s law
to the resistor, we obtain VR ' IR. &ecause I decreases as the capacitor is charged, VR
decreases with time.
correct. is * (e
22
Picture the Problem We can e"press the variation of charge on the discharging capacitor
as a function of time to find the time T it ta#es for the charge on the capacitor to drop to
half its initial value. We can also e"press the energ! remaining in the electric field of the
discharging capacitor as a function of time and find the time t for the energ! to drop to
half its initial value in terms of T.
E"press the dependence of the
charge stored on a capacitor on time%
( )
t
e Q t Q

3
where ' RC.
:or Q(t* ' A Q3%
T
e Q Q

3 3 +
)
or
T
e
+
)
a#e the natural logarithm of both
sides of the equation and solve for T
to obtain%
+ ln T
E"press the dependence of the
energ! stored in a capacitor on the
potential difference VC across its
terminals%
( )
+
C +
)
CV t U
E"press the potential difference
across a discharging capacitor as a
function of time%

RC t
e V V

3 C
( ) ( )
RC t
RC t RC t
e U
e CV e V C t U
+
3
+ +
3 +
)
+
3 +
)

:or U(t* ' A U3%
RC t'
e U U
+
3 3 +
)

or
RC t
e
B +
+
)

a#e the natural logarithm of both T t'

+
)
+
)
+ ln
4,
sides of the equation and solve for t
to obtain%
23
Determine the Concept $ small resistance because P '
+
2R.
*24
Determine the Concept he potential difference across an e"ternal resistor of resistance
R is given b! V,
R r
R
+
where r is the internal resistance and V the voltage supplied b!
the source. he higher R is, the higher the voltage drop across R. Cut differentl!, the
higher the resistance a voltage source sees, the less its own resistance will change the
circuit.
25
Determine the Concept 8es. ?irchhoff=s rules are statements of the conservation of
energ! and charge and hence appl! to all circuits.
26
Determine the Concept $ll of the current provided b! the batter! passes through R),
whereas onl! half this current passes through R+ and R6. &ecause P ' I
+
D, the power
dissipated in R) will be four times that dissipated in R+ and R6.
correct. is * (c
Estimation and #ppro$imation
27
Picture the Problem We can use <hm=s law and the definition of resistivit! to find the
ma"imum voltage that can be applied across ,3 m of the )E-gauge copper wire. In part (b*
we can find the electric field in the wire using E ' V2L. In part (c* we can use
R I P
+
to
find the power dissipated in the wire when it carries E $.
(a* 5se <hm=s law to relate the
potential difference across the wire
to its ma"imum current and its
resistance%
R I V
ma" ma"

5se the definition of resistivit! to
relate the resistance of the wire to its
length and cross-sectional area%
A
L
R
A
L
I V
ma" ma"

4.
Chapter +.
/ubstitute numerical values (see
ables +.-) and +.-+* for the
resistivit! of copper and the cross-
sectional area of )E-gauge wire%
( ) ( )
F )+ . 6
mm ).637
m ,3
m G )3 ).- $ E
+
4
ma"
,
_

V
(b* Delate the electric in the wire to
the potential difference between its
ends and the length of the wire%
mF2m -4.3
m ,3
F 6.)+

L
V
E
(c* Delate the power dissipated in
the wire to the current in and the
resistance of the wire%
R I P
+
/ubstitute for R to obtain%

A
L
I P
+
/ubstitute numerical values and

evaluate P%
( ) ( )
W - . )4
mm ).637
m ,3
m G )3 ).- $ E
+
4 +
,
_

P
2
Picture the Problem We can use the definition of resistivit! to find the resistance of the
@umper cable. In part (b*, the application of <hm=s law will !ield the potential difference
across the @umper cable when it is starting a car, and, in part (c*, we can use the
e"pression for the power dissipated in a conductor to find the power dissipation in the
@umper cable.
(a* Hoting that a @umper cable has
two leads, e"press the resistance of
the cable in terms of the wire=s
resistivit! and the cable=s length,
and cross-sectional area%
A
L
R
able +.-) for the resistivit! of
copper* and evaluate R%
( )

3)3+ . 3
mm )3
m E
m )3 - . )
+
4
R
(b* $ppl! <hm=s law to the cable to
obtain%
( ) ( ) F 3.7)4 G 3.3)3+ $ 73 IR V
(c* 5se the e"pression for the power
dissipated in a conductor to obtain%
( ) ( ) W 4+.E F 3.7)4 $ 73 IV P
4E
2!
Picture the Problem We can combine the e"pression for the rate at which energ! is
delivered to the water to vapori1e it (P '
+
2R* and the e"pression for the resistance of a
conductor (
A L R
* to obtain an e"pression for the required length L of wire.
5se an e"pression for the power
dissipated in a resistor to relate the
required resistance to rate at which
energ! is delivered to generate the
steam%
P
R
+
Delate the resistance of the wire to

its length, cross-sectional area, and
resistivit!%
A
L
R
Equate these two e"pressions and
solve for L to obtain%
P
A
L
E"press the power required to

generate the steam in terms of the
rate of energ! deliver!%
( )
t
m
L
t
mL
t
E
P
v
v
t
m
L
A
L
v
+

Hichrome and able )4-+ for the
latent heat of vapori1ation of water*
and evaluate L%
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
m 36 . +
g2s 4 #I2#g ++.- m )3
mm 43 . )
,
F )+3
E
+ +
L
*3"
Picture the Problem We can find the annual savings b! ta#ing into account the costs of
the two t!pes of bulbs, the rate at which the! consume energ! and the cost of that energ!,
and their e"pected lifetimes.
E"press the !earl! savings% t fluorescen nt incandesce
Cost Cost J
()*
E"press the annual cost with the
incandescent bulbs%
energ! bulbs nt incandesce
Cost Cost Cost +
4-
Chapter +.
E"press and evaluate the annual cost of the incandescent bulbs%
( ) ( ) -, . E. J .3 . ) J
h )+33
d
h +,
d 6E..+,
E
bulb per cost bulbs of n consumptio annual use in bulbs of number Cost
bulbs
,
_

:ind the cost of operating the incandescent bulbs for one !ear%
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
E, . ,.6 J
h #W 2 )). . 3 J h2d +, d 6E..+. W -. E
energ! of unit per cost consumed energ! Cost
energ!

E"press the annual cost with the
fluorescent bulbs%
energ! bulbs t fluorescen
Cost Cost Cost +
E"press and evaluate the annual cost of the fluorescent bulbs%
( ) ( ) ,. . 67 J E J
h 4333
d
h +,
d 6E..+,
E
bulb per cost bulbs of n consumptio annual use in bulbs of number Cost
bulbs
,
_

:ind the cost of operating the fluorescent bulbs for one !ear%
( ) ( )
7- . )+3 J
h #W 2 )). . 3 J
d
h +,
d 6E..+, W 3 + E
energ! of unit per cost consumed energ! Cost
energ!

,
_

/ubstitute in equation ()* and evaluate the cost savings J%
( ) ( )
7E . 6.4 J
7- . )+3 J ,. . 67 J E, . ,.6 J -, . E. J Cost Cost J
t fluorescen nt incandesce
+ +
31
Picture the Problem We can use an e"pression for the power dissipated in a resistor to
relate the Ioule heating in the wire to its resistance and the definition of resistivit! to
relate the resistance to the length and cross-sectional area of the wire.
E"press the power the wires must
dissipate in terms of the current the!
R I P
+
44
carr! and their resistance%
Divide both sides of the equation b!
L to e"press the power dissipation
per unit length%
L
R I
L
P
+
5sing the definition of resistivit!,

relate the resistance of the wire to its
resistivit!, length and cross-
sectional area%
+ +
,
,
d
L
d
L
A
L
R

+
+
,
d
I
L
P
/olve for d to obtain%

( ) L P
I d
2
+

copper wire* and evaluate d%
( )
( )
mm 34 . +
W2m +
m )3 - . )
$ +3 +
4
d
*32
Picture the Problem >et r be the internal resistance of each batter! and use <hm=s law
to e"press the current in laser diode as a function of the potential difference across r. We
can find the power of the laser diode from the product of the potential difference across
the internal resistance of the batteries and the current delivered b! them I and the time-to-
discharge from the combined capacities of the two batteries and I.
(a* 5se <hm=s law to e"press the current
in the laser diode% r
V
I
+
resistance internal
he potential difference across the internal

resistance is%
F 6 . +
resistance internal
V
r
I
+
F 6 . +

$ssuming that r ' )+. %
( )
( )
m$ +3 . 6
)+. +
F 6 . + .. . ) +
I
(b* he power delivered b! the batteries is
given b!%
( ) ( ) mW 6E . - F 6 . + m$ + . 6 IV P
47
Chapter +.
he power of the laser is half this
value%
( ) mW E4 . 6 mW 6E . -
+
)
+
)
laser
P P
E"press the ratio of Plaser to Pquoted%
+6 . )
mW 6
mW E4 . 6
quoted
laser

P
P
or
quoted laser
K )+6 P P
(c* E"press the time-to-discharge%
I
t
Capacit!

&ecause each batter! has a capacit!
of +3 m$h, the series combination
has a capacit! of
,3 m$h and%
h . . )+
m$ +3 . 6
h m$ ,3
t
Current and the %otion o& Char'es
33
Picture the Problem We can relate the drift velocit! of the electrons to the current densit!
using
A nev I
d
. We can find the number densit! of charge carriers n using

, M N n
$
where is the mass densit!, N$ $vogadro=s number, and M the molar
mass. We can find the cross-sectional area of )3-gauge wire in able +.-+.
5se the relation between current and
drift velocit! to relate I and n%
A nev I
d
/olve for vd%

neA
I
v
d
he number densit! of charge
carriers n is related to the mass
densit! , $vogadro=s number N$,
and the molar mass M%
M
N
n
$
:or copper, ' 4.76 g2cm

6
and
M ' E6.. g2mol. /ubstitute and
evaluate n%
( ) ( )
6 +4
+6 6
atoms2m )3 ,- . 4
g2mol E6..
atoms2mol )3 E.3+ g2cm 4.76

n
5sing able +.-+, find the cross-
sectional area A of )3-gauge wire%
+
mm +E) . . A
73
/ubstitute and evaluate vd%
( ) ( ) ( )
mm2s +4) . 3
mm +E) . . C )3 E3 . ) m )3 ,- . 4
$ +3
+ )7 6 +4 d

v
34
Picture the Problem Hote that, while the positive and negative charges flow in opposite
directions, the total current is their sum.
E"press the total current I in the
tube as the sum of the electron
current and the ion current%
ion electron
I I I +
he electron current is the product
of the number of electrons through
the cross-sectional area each second
and the charge of each electron%
( )
( )
$ 6+3 . 3
C2electron )3 E3 . )
s electrons2 )3 +
)7
)4
electron
ne I
Croceed in the same manner to find
the ion current%
( )
( )
$ 3433 . 3
C2electron )3 E3 . )
s electrons2 )3 . . 3
)7
)4
ion ion ion
q n I
$ ,33 . 3 $ 3.3433 $ 6+3 . 3 + I
35
Picture the Problem We can solve
+
e +
)
v m for the velocit! of an electron in the
beam and use the relationship between current and drift velocit! to find the beam current.
(a* E"press the #inetic energ! of the
beam%
+
e +
)
v m
/olve for v%
e
+
m
v
evaluate v%
( ) ( )
m2s )3 76 . .
#g )3 )) . 7
I2eF )3 E3 . ) #eF )3 +
-
6)
)7

v
(b* 5se the relationship between
current and drift velocit! (here the
velocit! of an electron in the beam*
A nev I
d
7)
Chapter +.
to obtain%
E"press the cross-sectional area of
the beam in terms of its diameter !%
+
,
)
! A
+
d ,
)
! nev I
evaluate I%
/ubstitute numerical values and evaluate I%
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) $ 6 . 6- m )3 m2s )3 76 . . C )3 E3 . ) cm )3 .
+
6 - )7 6 E
,
)

I
36
Picture the Problem We can use the definition of current, the definition of charge
densit!, and the relationship between period and frequenc! to derive an e"pression for
the current as a function of a, , and .
5se the definition of current to
relate the charge Q associated with
a segment of the ring to the time t
it ta#es the segment to pass a given
point%
t
Q
I
&ecause each segment carries a

charge Q and the time for one
revolution is T%
Q"
T
Q
I
()*
5se the definition of the charge
densit! to relate the charge Q to
the radius a of the ring%
a
Q
/olve for Q to obtain% a Q +

" a I +
&ecause
" +
we have%
a I
*37
Picture the Problem he current will be the same in the two wires and we can relate the
7+
drift velocit! of the electrons in each wire to their current densities and the cross-
sectional areas of the wires. We can find the number densit! of charge carriers n using
, M N n
$
where is the mass densit!, N$ $vogadro=s number, and M the molar
mass. We can find the cross-sectional area of )3- and ),-gauge wires in able +.-+.
Delate the current densit! to the drift
velocit! of the electrons in the )3-
gauge wire%
d
gauge )3
gauge )3
nev
A
I
/olve for vd%

gauge )3
gauge )3
)3 d,
neA
I
v
he number densit! of charge
carriers n is related to the mass
densit! , $vogadro=s number N$,
and the molar mass M%
M
N
n
$
:or copper, ' 4.76 g2cm

6
and
M ' E6.. g2mol. /ubstitute and
evaluate n%
( ) ( )
6 +4
+6 6
atoms2m )3 ,- . 4
g2mol E6..
atoms2mol )3 E.3+ g2cm 4.76

n
5se able +.-+ to find the cross-
sectional area of )3-gauge wire%
+
)3
mm +E) . . A
/ubstitute numerical values and evaluate vd.)3%
( ) ( ) ( )
mm2s +)3 . 3
mm +E) . . C )3 E3 . ) m )3 ,- . 4
$ ).
+ )7 6 +4 )3 d,

v
E"press the continuit! of the current
in the two wires%
gauge ), gauge )3
I I
or
gauge ), d,), gauge )3 d,)3
A nev A nev
/olve for vd,), to obtain%
gauge ),
gauge )3
d,)3 d,),
A
A
v v
5se able +.-+ to find the cross-
sectional area of ),-gauge wire%
+
),
mm 34) . + A
76
Chapter +.
evaluate vd,),%
( )
mm2s .6) . 3
mm +.34)
mm ..+E)
mm2s 3.+)3
+
+
d,),
v
3
Picture the Problem We can use neAv I to relate the number n of protons per unit
volume in the beam to current I. We can find the speed of the particles in the beam from
their #inetic energ!. In part (b* we can e"press the number of protons N stri#ing the target
per unit time as the product of the number of protons per unit volume n in the beam and
the volume of the c!linder containing those protons that will stri#e the target in an elapsed
time t and solve for N. :inall!, we can use the definition of current to e"press the charge
arriving at the target as a function of time.
(a* 5se the relation between current
and drift velocit! to relate I and n%
neAv I
/olve for n to obtain%
eAv
I
n
E"press the #inetic energ! of the
protons and solve for v%
+
p +
)
v m
p
+
m
v

Delate the cross-sectional area A of
the beam to its diameter !%
+
,
)
! A
/ubstitute for v and A to obtain%
m
e!
I
m
e!
I
n
+
,
+
p
+
p
+
,
)

/ubstitute numerical values and evaluate n%
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
6 )6
)7
+-
+ )7
mm )3 +) . 6
I2eF )3 E3 . ) LeF +3 +
#g )3 E- . )
mm + C )3 E3 . )
m$ ) ,

n
(b* E"press the number of protons N
stri#ing the target per unit time as the
product of the number n of protons
per unit volume in the beam and the
volume of the c!linder containing
those protons that will stri#e the
target in an elapsed time t and solve
( ) vA n
t
N
t nvA N
7,
for N%
/ubstitute for v and A to obtain%
p
+
,
)
+
m
t n ! N
/ubstitute numerical values and evaluate N%
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
)-
+-
)7
6 )6 +
,
)
)3 -. . 6
#g )3 E- . )
I2eF )3 E3 . ) LeF +3 +
min ) m )3 +) . 6 mm +
N
(c* 5sing the definition of current,
e"press the charge arriving at the
target as a function of time%
( )
( ) t
t It Q
mC2s )
m$ )

*3!
Picture the Problem We can relate the number of protons per meter N to the number n of
free charge-carr!ing particles per unit volume in a beam of cross-sectional area A and then
use the relation between current and drift velocit! to relate n to I.
(a* E"press the number of protons
per meter N in terms of the number
n of free charge-carr!ing particles
per unit volume in a beam of cross-
sectional area A%
nA N ()*
5se the relation between current and
drift velocit! to relate I and n%
enAv I
/olve for n to obtain%
eAv
I
n
ev
I
eAv
IA
N
evaluate N%
( ) ( )
) 4
4 )7
m )3 3, . )
m2s )3 6 C )3 ).E3
m$ .

N
(b* :rom equation ()* we have%
6 ),
+ E
) 4
m )3 ).3,
m )3
m )3 ).3,

A
N
n
7.
Chapter +.
(esistance and )hm*s +a,
4"
Picture the Problem We can use <hm=s law to find the potential difference between the
ends of the wire and V ' EL to find the magnitude of the electric field in the wire.
(a* $ppl! <hm=s law to obtain%
( ) ( ) F 33 . ) $ . + . 3 RI V
(b* Delate the electric field to the
potential difference across the wire
and the length of the wire%
F2m 3.)33
m )3
F )

L
V
E
41
Picture the Problem We can appl! <hm=s law to both parts of this problem, solving first
for R and then for I.
(a* $ppl! <hm=s law to obtain%
6 . 66
$ 6
F )33
I
V
R
(b* $ppl! <hm=s law a second time
to obtain%
$ 3.-.)
G 66.6
F +.

R
V
I
42
Picture the Problem We can use
A L R
to find the resistance of the bloc# and <hm=s
law to find the current in it for the given potential difference across its length.
(a* Delate the resistance of the bloc#
to its resistivit! , cross-sectional
area A, and length L%
A
L
R
able +E+.-) for the resistivit! of
carbon* and evaluate R%
( )
( )

m 3 . ,+
cm 3..
cm 6
m )3 6.33
+
4
R
(b* $ppl! <hm=s law to obtain%
$ +33
mG ,+.3
F 4.,

R
V
I
43
Picture the Problem We can solve the relation
A L R
for L to find the length of the
carbon rod that will have a resistance of )3 .
7E
Delate the resistance of the rod to its
resistivit! , cross-sectional area A,
and length L%
A
L
R
/olve for L to obtain%
R r AR
L
+

carbon* and evaluate L%
( ) ( )
mm 74 . 4
m )3 6.33
)3 mm ) . 3
4
+
L
*44
A L R
to find the resistance of the trac#.
(a* Delate the resistance of the trac#
A
L
R
evaluate R%
( )

)4+ . 3
cm ..
#m 3 )
m )3
+
-
R
45
Picture the Problem We can use <hm=s law in con@unction with
A L R
to find the
potential difference across one wire of the e"tension cord.
potential difference across one wire
of the e"tension cord%
IR V
Delate the resistance of the wire to
its resistivit! , cross-sectional area
A, and length L%
A
L
R
A
LI
V
copper and able +.-+ for the cross-
sectional area of )E-gauge wire* and
evaluate V%
( )
( ) ( )
F 7. . )
mm ).637
$ . m 63
m )3 - . )
+
4

V
7-
Chapter +.
46
A L R
to find the length of a ),-gauge copper wire
that has a resistance of + .
(a* Delate the resistance of the wire
A
L
R
RA
L
copper and able +E+.-+ for the
cross-sectional area of ),-gauge
wire* and evaluate L%
( ) ( )
m +,.
m )3 - . )
mm 34) . + +
4
+
L
47
A L R
to e"press the resistances of the glass
c!linder and the copper wire. E"pressing their ratio will eliminate the common cross-
sectional areas and leave us with an e"pression we can solve for the length of the copper
wire.
Delate the resistance of the glass
c!linder to its resistivit!, cross-
sectional area, and length%
glass
glass
glass glass
A
L
R
Delate the resistance of the copper
wire to its resistivit!, cross-sectional
area, and length%
Cu
Cu
Cu Cu
A
L
R
Divide the second of these
equations b! the first to obtain%
glass
Cu
glass
Cu
glass
glass
glass
Cu
Cu
Cu
glass
Cu
L
L
A
L
A
L
R
R

or, because Aglass ' ACu and RCu ' Rglass,

glass
Cu
glass
Cu
)
L
L

74
/olve for LCu to obtain%
glass
Cu
glass
Cu
L L
/ubstitute numerical values (see able +.-

) for the resistivities of glass and copper*
and evaluate LCu%
( )
! c E+.+
m )3 7.,E)
! c )
m )3 44 . .
cm )
m )3 - . )
m )3
).
)-
4
)+
Cu

L
77
Chapter +.
4
Picture the Problem We can use <hm=s law to relate the potential differences across the
two wires to their resistances and
A L R
to relate their resistances to their lengths,
resistivities, and cross-sectional areas. <nce we=ve found the potential differences across
each wire, we can use
L V E
to find the electric field in each wire.
(b* $ppl! <hm=s law to e"press the
potential drop across each wire%
Cu Cu
IR V
and
:e :e
IR V
Delate the resistances of the wires to
their resistivit!, cross-sectional area,
and length%
Cu
Cu
Cu Cu
A
L
R
and
:e
:e
:e :e
A
L
R
I
A
L
V
Cu
Cu Cu
Cu

and
I
A
L
V
:e
:e :e
:e


able +E+.-) for the resistivities of
copper and iron* and evaluate the
potential differences%
( ) ( )
( )
( )
F .,E 6
$ +
mm )
m 43 m )3 - . )
+
,
)
4
Cu
V
and
( ) ( )
( )
( )
F . . )+
$ +
mm )
m ,7 m )3 )3
+
,
)
4
:e
V
(a* E"press the electric field in each
conductor in terms of its length and
the potential difference across it%
Cu
Cu
Cu
L
V
E
and
:e
:e
:e
L
V
E
evaluate the electric fields%
mF2m 6 . ,6
m 43
F ,E . 6
Cu
E
and
)33
mF2m +..
m ,7
F . . )+
:e
E
*4!
Picture the Problem We can use <hm=s law to e"press the ratio of the potential
differences across the two wires and
A L R
to relate the resistances of the wires to
their lengths, resistivities, and cross-sectional areas. <nce we=ve found the ratio of the
potential differences across the wires, we can use
L V E
to decide which wire has the
greater electric field.
(a* $ppl! <hm=s law to e"press the
potential drop across each wire%
Cu Cu
IR V
and
:e :e
IR V
b! the second to e"press the ratio of
the potential drops across the wires%
:e
Cu
:e
Cu
:e
Cu
R
R
IR
IR
V
V

()*
Delate the resistances of the wires to
their resistivit!, cross-sectional area,
and length%
Cu
Cu
Cu Cu
A
L
R
and
:e
:e
:e :e
A
L
R
b! the second to e"press the ratio of
the resistances of the wires%
:e
Cu
:e
:e
:e
Cu
Cu
Cu
:e
Cu

A
L
A
L
R
R
because LCu ' L:e and ACu ' A:e.
:e
Cu
:e
Cu
V
V
able +E+.-) for the resistivities of
copper and iron* and evaluate the
ratio of the potential differences%
)-3 . 3
m )3 )3
m )3 - . )
4
4
:e
Cu
V
V
(b* E"press the electric field in each
conductor in terms of its length and
the potential difference across it%
Cu
Cu
Cu
L
V
E
and
:e
:e
:e
L
V
E
)3)
Chapter +.
)-3 . 3
:e
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
:e
Cu

V
V
L
V
L
V
E
E
or
Cu
Cu
:e
44 . .
)- . 3
E
E
E
&ecause E:e ' ..44ECu%
iron wire. in the greater is E
5"
A L R
to relate the resistance of the salt solution to
its length, resistivit!, and cross-sectional area. o find the resistance of the filled tube
when it is uniforml! stretched to a length of + m, we can use the fact that the volume of
the solution is unchanged to relate the new cross-sectional area of the solution to its
original cross-sectional area.
(a* Delate the resistance of the filled
tube to the resistivit!, cross-
sectional area, and length of the salt
solution%
A
L
R
evaluate R%
( )
( )

E . -7
mm +
m )
m )3
+
6
R
(b* Delate the resistance of the
stretched tube to the resistivit!,
cross-sectional area, and length of
the salt solution%
A'
L
A'
L'
R'
+
()*
>etting V represent volume, e"press
the relationship between the before-
stretching volume V and the after-
stretching volume V%
V' V
or
L'A' LA
/olve for A to obtain%
A A
L'
L
A'
+
)

( )
,
_

6)4 E . -7 ,
,
+
+
)
A
L
A
L
R'
)3+
51
A L R
to relate the resistance of the wires to their
lengths, resistivities, and cross-sectional areas. o find the resistance of the stretched wire,
we can use the fact that the volume of the wire does not change during the stretching
process to relate the new cross-sectional area of the wire to its original cross-sectional
area.
Delate the resistance of the
unstretched wire to its resistivit!,
cross-sectional area, and length%
A
L
R
Delate the resistance of the stretched
wire to its resistivit!, cross-sectional
area, and length%
A'
L'
R'
A'
A
L
L'
A
L
A'
L'
R
R'

or
R
A'
A
R' + ()*
>etting V represent volume, e"press
the relationship between the before-
stretching volume V and the after-
stretching volume V%
V' V
or
L'A' LA
/olve for A2A to obtain%
+
L
L'
A'
A
( ) ( ) +3 . ) 6 . 3 , , + + R R R'
)36
Chapter +.
52
A L R
to find the resistance of the wire from its
length, resistivit!, and cross-sectional area. he electric field can be found using E ' V2L
and <hm=s law to eliminate V. he time for an electron to travel the length of the wire can
be found from L ' vdt, with vd e"pressed in term of I using
d
neAv I
.
(a* Delate the resistance of the
unstretched wire to its resistivit!,
cross-sectional area, and length%
A
L
R
sectional area of )3-gauge wire* and
evaluate R%
( )

6+6 . 3
mm ..+E)
m )33
m )3 - . )
+
4
R
(b* Delate the electric field in the
wire to the potential difference
between its ends%
L
V
E
5se <hm=s law to obtain%
L
IR
E
evaluate E%
( ) ( )
mF2m 7E.7
m )33
G 3.6+6 $ 63
E
(c* E"press the time t for an
electron to travel a distance L in the
wire in terms of its drift speed vd%
d
v
L
t
Delate the current in the wire to the
drift speed of the charge carriers%
d
neAv I
/olve for vd to obtain%
neA
I
v
d
I
neAL
t
/ubstitute numerical values (in E"ample +.-) it is shown that n ' 4.,-)3
+4
m
6
* and
evaluate t%
)3,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
s )3 64 . +
$ 63
m )33 mm ..+E) C )3 ).E m )3 4.,-
.
+ )7 6 +4

t
53
A L R
to find e"press the resistance of the wire
from in terms of its length, resistivit!, and cross-sectional area. he fact that the volume of
the copper does not change as the cube is drawn out to form the wire will allow us to
eliminate either the length or the cross-sectional area of the wire and solve for its
resistance.
E"press the resistance of the wire in
terms of its resistivit!, cross-
sectional area, and length%
A
L
R
Delate the volume V of the wire to
its length and cross-sectional area%
AL V
A
V
L
+
A
V
R
sectional area of ),-gauge wire* and
evaluate R%
( )
( )
( )

36), . 3
mm 34) . +
cm +
m )3 - . )
+
+
6
4
R
*54
$ spreadsheet program to plot I as a function of V is shown below. he formulas used to
calculate the quantities in the columns are as follows%
Cell Content2:ormula $lgebraic :orm
&) + I3
$. +33 V (mF*
$E $. M +. V M V
&. J&J)N(EOC($.2+.* )*
( ) )
mF +. 2
3

V
e I
)3.
Chapter +.
$ & C
) IP3' + n$
+
6 F I
, (mF* (n$*
. +33.3 +.33
E )-..3 +.33
- ).3.3 +.33
). .3.3 )+.-4
)E -..3 64.)-
)- )33.3 )3-.+3
he following graph was plotted using the data in spreadsheet table shown above.
$ spreadsheet program to plot ln(I* as a function of V for V 9 3.6 F follows. he
formulas used to calculate the quantities in the columns are as follows%
Cell Content2:ormula $lgebraic :orm
&) + + n$
$. 633 V
$E $. M )3 V M V
&. >H(J&J)N(EOC($.2+.* )**
( ) [ ] ) ln
mF +. 2
3

V
e I
)3E
$ & C
IP3' + n$
F ln(I*
(mF*
633 )+.E7
6)3 )6.37
6+3 )6.,7
663 )6.47
6,3 ),.+7
6.3 ),.E7
7-3 67.,7
743 67.47
773 ,3.+7
)333 ,3.E7
$ graph of ln(I* as a function of V follows. Licrosoft E"cel=s rendline feature was used
to obtain the equation of the line.
:or V 99 +. mF%
mF +. 2 mF +. 2
)
V V
e e
and
mF +. 2
3
V
e I I
sides of the equation to obtain%
( ) ( )
( ) V I
e I I
V
mF +.
)
ln
ln ln
3
mF +. 2
3
+
which is of the form # ' m$ M b,

where
( )
)
mF 3, . 3
mF +.
)

m
in agreement with our graphical result.
55
)3-
Chapter +.
Picture the Problem We can use the first graph plotted in Croblem .. to conclude that, if
V Q 3.. F, then the diode=s resistance is effectivel! infinite. We can use <hm=s law to
estimate the current through the diode.
(a*
. resistance infinite ! essentiall has diode the and negligible is current the
then F, 3.. if that, see we .. Croblem in plotted graph first the :rom < V
(b* 5se <hm=s law to e"press the
current flowing through the diode%
R
V
I
resistor
:or a potential difference across the

diode of appro"imatel!
3.. F%
m$ 3 . 73
.3
F 3.. - F .
I
56
Picture the Problem We can use, as our element of resistance, a semicircular strip of
width t, radius r, and thic#ness dr. hen ( ) dr t r dR . &ecause the strips are in
parallel, integrating over them will give us the reciprocal of the resistance of half ring.
Integrate dR from r ' a to r ' b to
obtain%

,
_
a
b t
r
dr t
R
b
a
ln
)

a#e the reciprocal of both sides of
the equation to obtain%

,
_
a
b
t
R
ln
57
Picture the Problem he element of resistance we use is a segment of length d$ and
cross-sectional area Ra M (b a*$2LS
+
. &ecause these resistance elements are in series,
integrating over them will !ield the resistance of the wire.
E"press the resistance of the chosen
element of resistance% ( ) ( ) [ ]
d$
L $ a b a A
d$
dR
+
+

)34
Integrate dR from $ ' 3 to $ ' L and
simplif! to obtain% ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( )
( )
( )
ab
L
ab
a b
a b
L
b a a b
L
a b a a a b
L
L $ a b a
d$
R
L
,
_
,
_
,
_
) )
) )
3
+
*5
Picture the Problem he diagram shows a
cross-sectional view of the concentric
spheres of radii a and b as well as a
spherical-shell element of radius r. 5sing
the %&nt we can e"press the resistance dR
of the spherical-shell element and then
integrate over the volume filled with the
material whose resistivit! is given to find
the resistance between the conductors.
Hote that the elements of resistance are in
series.
E"press the element of resistance
dR%
+
, r
dr
A
dr
dR

obtain%

,
_
b a r
dr
R
b
a
) )
, ,
+

evaluate R%

,
_
7
7
)3 -) . 6
cm .
)
cm . . )
)
,
m )3
R
5!
)37
Chapter +.
cross-sectional view of the coa"ial
c!linders of radii a and b as well as a
c!lindrical-shell element of radius r. We
can e"press the resistance dR of the
c!lindrical-shell element and then integrate
over the volume filled with the material
whose resistivit! is given to find the
resistance between the two c!linders. Hote
that the elements of resistance are in series.
E"press the element of resistance
dR%
rL
dr
A
dr
dR

+

obtain%

,
_
a
b
L r
dr
L
R
b
a
ln
+ +
(b* $ppl! <hm=s law to obtain%
,
_
,
_

a
b
LV
a
b
L
V
R
V
I
ln
+
ln
+


evaluate I%
( ) ( )
( )
$ 3. . +
cm )..
cm +..
ln m 63
F )3 cm .3 +
,
_

I
-emperature Dependence o& (esistance
*6"
Picture the Problem We can use R ' L2A to find the resistance of the rod at +3C.
Ignoring the effects of thermal e"pansion, we can we appl! the equation defining the
temperature coefficient of resistivit!, , to relate the resistance at ,3C to the resistance at
+3C.
(a* E"press the resistance of the rod
at +3C as a function of its
resistivit!, length, and cross-
sectional area%
A
L
R
+3 +3

evaluate R+3%
( )
( )

m . . +-
mm )
m . . 3
m )3 . . .
+
4
+3
R
))3
(b* E"press the resistance of the rod
at ,3C as a function of its
resistance at +3C and the
temperature coefficient of resistivit!
%
( ) [ ]
( )
( ) [ ] +
+
+
C +3 )
C +3
C +3 )
C +3
C +3 +3
C +3
,3 ,3
t R
t
A
L
A
L
A
L
t
A
L
R
/ubstitute numerical values (see able +.-) for the temperature coefficient of resistivit!
of tungsten* and evaluate R,3%
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] +

m 3 . 63 C +3 ? )3 . . , ) m . . +-
) 6
,3
R
)))
Chapter +.
61
Picture the Problem he resistance of the copper wire increases with temperature
according to
( ) [ ] + C +3 )
C +3
C
t R R
t

. We can replace
C
t
R
b! ).)R+3 and solve for tC
to find the temperature at which the resistance of the wire will be ))3K of its value at
+3C.
E"press the resistance of the wire at
).)R+3%
( ) [ ] + C +3 ) ) . )
C +3 +3
t R R
/implif! this e"pression to obtain%
( ) + C +3 ) . )
C +3 +3 +3
t R R R
or
( ) C +3 ) . 3
C
t
/olve to tC to obtain%
+ C +3
) . 3
C
t
able +.-) for the temperature
coefficient of resistivit! of copper*
and evaluate tC%
C E . ,.
C +3
? )3 7 . 6
) . 3
) 6 C

+

t
62
Picture the Problem >et the primed quantities denote the current and resistance at the
final temperature of the heating element. We can e"press R in terms of R+3 and the final
temperature of the wire tC using ( ) [ ] + C +3 )
C +3
t R R' and relate I, R, I+3, and
R+3 using <hm=s law.
E"press the resistance of the heating
element at its final temperature as a
function of its resistance at +3C and
the temperature coefficient of
resistivit! for Hichrome%
( ) [ ] + C +3 )
C +3
t R R' ()*
$ppl! <hm=s law to the heating
element when it is first turned on%
+3 +3
R I V
$ppl! <hm=s law to the heating
element when it has reached its final
temperature%
I'R' V
&ecause the voltage is constant, we +3 +3
R I I'R'
))+
have% or
+3
+3
R
I'
I
R'
( ) [ ] + C +3 )
C +3 +3
+3
t R R
I'
I
or
( ) + C +3 )
C
+3
t
I'
I
/olve for tC to obtain%

+
C +3
)
+3
C
I'
I
t
coefficient of resistivit! of
Hichrome* and evaluate tC%
C ,3. C +3
? )3 , . 3
)
6 . )
. . )
) 6 C
+

A
A
t
63
Picture the Problem We can appl! <hm=s law to find the initial current drawn b! the
cold heating element. he resistance of the wire at )333C can be found using
( ) [ ] + C +3 )
C +3 )333
t R R and the power consumption of the heater at this
temperature from P ' V
+
2R)333.
(a* $ppl! <hm=s law to find the
initial current I+3 drawn b! the
heating element%
$ )..3
G 4
F )+3
+3

R
V
I
(b* E"press the resistance of the
heating element at )333C as a
function of its resistance at +3C and
the temperature coefficient of
resistivit! for Hichrome%
( ) [ ] + C +3 )
C +3 )333
t R R
coefficient of resistivit! of
Hichrome* and evaluate R)333%
( ) ( ) [
( ) ]

+

) . ))
C +3 C )333
? )3 , . 3 ) 4
) 6
)333
R
(c* E"press and evaluate the
operating wattage of this heater at
)333C%
( )
#W ).63
G )).)
F )+3
+
)333
+

R
V
P
))6
Chapter +.
64
Picture the Problem We can find the resistance of the copper leads using
A L R
Cu Cu

and e"press the percentage error in neglecting the resistance of the leads
as the ratio of RCu to RHichrome. In part (c* we can e"press the change in resistance in the
Hichrome wire corresponding to a change tC in its temperature and then find tC b!
substitution of the resistance of the copper wires in this equation.
(a* Delate the resistance of the
copper leads to their resistivit!,
length, and cross-sectional area%
A
L
R
Cu Cu

copper* and evaluate RCu%
( )
( )

m ) . 63
mm 3.E
cm .3
m )3 - . )
+
,
)
4
Cu
'
R
(b* E"press the percentage error as
the ratio of RCu to RHichrome%
K 63) . 3
)3
m ) . 63
error K
Hichrome
Cu
R
R
(c* E"press the change in the
resistance of the Hichrome wire as
its temperature changes from tC to
tC%
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
C +3
C +3
C +3
C +3 )
C +3 )
t R
t R
' t R
R R' R

+
+

/olve for tC to obtain%
+3
C
R
R
t

/et R equal to the resistance of the
copper wires (see able +.-) for the
temperature coefficient of resistivit!
of Hichrome wire* and evaluate tC%
( ) ( )

C .6 . -
? )3 3., G )3
mG 63.)
) 6 C
t
*65
Picture the Problem E"pressing the total resistance of the two current-carr!ing (and
hence warming* wires connected in series in terms of their resistivities, temperature
coefficients of resistivit!, lengths and temperature change will lead us to an e"pression in
which, if )L)) M +L++ ' 3, the total resistance is temperature independent. In part (b*
we can appl! the condition that )L)) M +L++ ' 3 to find the ratio of the lengths of the
carbon and copper wires.
)),
(a* E"press the total resistance of these two wires connected in series%
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ( ) ] T L T L
A
T
A
L
T
A
L
R R R
+ + + + + + +
+
+ + + ) ) ) +
+
+ )
)
)
+ )
) )
)
) )
E"pand and simplif! this e"pression to obtain%
[ ( ) ] T L L L L
A
R + + +
+ ) ) ) ) ) + + ) )
)

If )L)) M +L++ ' 3, then%
[ ]
re. temperatu the
of tl! independen
)
+ + ) )
L L
A
R +
(b* $ppl! the condition for
temperature independence obtained
in (a* to the carbon and copper
wires%
3
Cu Cu Cu C C C
+ L L
/olve for the ratio of LCu to LC%
Cu Cu
C C
C
Cu

L
L
/ubstitute numerical values (see able +.-) for the temperature coefficient of resistivit!
of carbon and copper* and evaluate the ratio of LCu to LC%
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
+E,
? )3 7 . 6 m G )3 - . )
? )3 3.. m G )3 6.33
) 6 4
) 6 4
C
Cu

L
L
66
Picture the Problem We can use the relationship between the rate at which energ! is
transformed into heat and light in the filament and the resistance of and potential
difference across the filament to estimate the resistance of the filament. he linear
dependence of the resistivit! on temperature will allow us to find the resistivit! of the
filament at +.33 ?. We can then use the relationship between the resistance of the
filament, its resistivit!, and cross-sectional area to find its diameter.
(a* E"press the wattage of the
lightbulb as a function of its
resistance R and the voltage V
supplied b! the source%
R
V
P
+

/olve for R to obtain%
P
V
R
+
)).
Chapter +.
evaluate R%
( )
+.3
W ,3
F )33
+
R
(b* Delate the resistance R of the
filament to its resistivit! , radius r,
and length %
+
r
R
/olve for r to obtain%

R
r
and the diameter d of the filament is

R
d
+
()*
&ecause the resistivit! varies
linearl! with temperature, we can
use a proportion to find its value at
+.33 ?%
6+3-
++3-
? +76 ? 6.33
? +76 ? +.33
? +76 ? 6.33
? +76 ? +.33

/olve for +.33 ? to obtain%
( )
? +76 ? +76 ? 6.33 ? +.33
6+3-
++3-
+
/ubstitute numerical values and evaluate +.33 ?%
( ) m n . . -, - m n .E m n .E m ) . )
6+3-
++3-
? +.33
+
/ubstitute numerical values in
equation ()* and evaluate d%
( ) ( )
( )
m ,, . ,
+.3
cm . . 3 m n . . -, -
+

d
67
Picture the Problem We can use the relationship between the rate at which an ob@ect
radiates and its temperature to find the temperature of the bulb.
(a* $t a temperature T, the power
emitted b! a perfect blac#bod! is%
,
AT P
where ' ..E-)3
4
W2m
+
?
,
is the
/tefan-&olt1mann constant.
/olve for T%
, ,
dL
P
A
P
T

or, because P ' V
+
2R,
,
+
dLR
V
T
Delate the resistance R of the

filament to its resistivit! %
+
,
d
L
A
L
R

))E
/ubstitute for R in the e"pression for
T to obtain%
,
+
+
,
+
+
,
,

L
d V
d
L
dL
V
T
/ubstitute numerical values and evaluate T%
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
? E6E
m )3 6 m 36 . 3 ? W2m )3 E- . . ,
m )3 ,3 F .
,
. + , + 4
E +
T
(b*
. controlled not if filament out the burn can runawa! thermal his etc.
perature, higher tem a to leading heat, further to leading , dissipated being
power more to leading increases, resistance its up, heats filament the $s
Ener'. in Electric Circuits
*6
Picture the Problem We can use R V P
+
to find the power dissipated b! the
two resistors.
E"press the power dissipated in a
resistor as a function of its resistance
and the potential difference across it%
R
V
P
+
(a* Evaluate P for V ' )+3 F and

R ' . %
( )
#W 44 . +
.
F )+3
+
P
(b* Evaluate P for V ' )+3 F and
R ' )3 %
( )
#W ,, . )
)3
F )+3
+
P
6!
Picture the Problem We can solve R I P
+
ma" ma"
for the ma"imum current the
resistor can carr! and appl! <hm=s law to find the ma"imum voltage that can be
placed across the resistor.
(a* E"press the ma"imum power the
resistor can dissipate in terms of the
current flowing through it%
R I P
+
ma" ma"

/olve for Ima" to obtain%
R
P
I
ma"
ma"

))-
Chapter +.
evaluate Ima"%
m$ 33 . .
#G )3
W 3.+.
ma"
I
(b* $ppl! <hm=s law to relate the
ma"imum voltage across this
resistor to the ma"imum current
through it%
R I V
ma" ma"

evaluate Vma"%
( ) ( ) F .3.3 #G )3 m$ .
ma"
V
7"
Picture the Problem We can use R V P
+
to find the resistance of the heater and
<hm=s law to find the current it draws.
(a* E"press the power output of the
heater in terms of its resistance and
its operating voltage%
R
V
P
+
/olve for and evaluate R% ( )

E . .-
#W )
F +,3
+ +
P
V
R
$ppl! <hm=s law to find the current
drawn b! the heater%
$ ,.)-
G .-.E
F +,3

R
V
I
(b* Evaluate the power output of the
heater operating at )+3 F%
( )
W +.3
G .-.E
F )+3
+
P
71
Picture the Problem We can use the definition of power and the relationship between the
batter!=s power output and its emf to find the wor# done b! it under the given conditions.
5se the definition of power to relate
the wor# done b! the batter! to the
time current is drawn from it%
t
W
P
/olve for the wor# done

in time t%
t P W
E"press the power output of the
batter! as a function of the batter!=s
emf%
I P
))4
/ubstitute to obtain% t I W
evaluate W%
( ) ( ) ( ) I )43 s . $ 6 F )+ W
72
Picture the Problem We can relate the terminal voltage of the batter! to it emf,
internal resistance, and the current delivered b! it and then solve this relationship
for the internal resistance.
E"press the terminal potential
difference of the batter! in terms of
its emf and internal resistance%
Ir V V
b a

/olve for r% ( )
I
V V
r
b a

evaluate r%

3633 . 3
$ +3
F ))., F )+
r
*73
Picture the Problem We can find the power delivered b! the batter! from the
product of its emf and the current it delivers. he power delivered to the batter!
can be found from the product of the potential difference across the terminals of
the starter (or across the batter! when current is being drawn from it* and the
current being delivered to it. In part (c* we can use the definition of power to
relate the decrease in the chemical energ! of the batter! to the power it is
delivering and the time during which current is drawn from it. In part (d* we can
use conservation of energ! to relate the energ! delivered b! the batter! to the heat developed in
the batter! and the energ! delivered to the starter
(a* E"press the power delivered b!
the batter! as a function of its emf
and the current it delivers%
( ) ( ) W +,3 $ +3 F )+ I P
(b* Delate the power delivered to the
starter to the potential difference
across its terminals%
( ) ( ) W ++4 $ +3 F )).,
starter starter

I V P
(c* 5se the definition of power to
e"press the decrease in the chemical
( ) ( ) #I ,6.+ min 6 W +,3
t P E
))7
Chapter +.
energ! of the batter! as it delivers
current to the starter%
(d* 5se conservation of energ! to
relate the energ! delivered b! the
batter! to the heat developed in the
batter! and the energ! delivered to
the starter%
starter to delivered
starter to delivered
heat into d transforme batter! b! delivered
E Q
E
E E
+
+
E"press the energ! delivered b! the

batter! and the energ! delivered to
the starter in terms of the rate at
which this energ! is delivered%
t P Q t P +
s
/olve for Q to obtain%
( ) t P P Q
s
evaluate Q%
( ) ( )
#I )E . +
min 6 W ++4 W +,3
Q
74
Picture the Problem We can use conservation of energ! to relate the emf of the
batter! to the potential differences across the variable resistor and the energ!
converted to heat within the batter!. /olving this equation for I will allow us to
find the current for the four values of R and we can use P ' I
+
R to find the power delivered b! the
batter! for the four values of R.
$ppl! conservation of energ!
(?irchhoff=s loop rule* to the circuit
to obtain%
Ir IR +
/olve for I to obtain%
r R
I
+

batter! as a function of the current
drawn from it%
R I P
+
(a* :or R ' 3%

$ +3
G 3.6
F E

+
r R
I

and
( ) ( ) 3 3 $ +3
+
P
)+3
(b* :or R ' . %
$ )6 . )
G 3.6 .
F E
r R
I

and
( ) ( ) W 64 . E . $ )6 . )
+
P
(c* :or R ' )3 %
$ .46 . 3
G 3.6 3 )
F E
r R
I

and
( ) ( ) W ,3 . 6 )3 ..46$ 3
+
P
(d* :or R ' %
3
G 3.6
F E
lim
+

R r R
I
R
and
3 P
75
Picture the Problem We can e"press the total stored energ! U in the batter! in terms of
its emf and the product It of the current it can deliver for a period of time t. We can
appl! the definition of power to relate the lifetime of the batter! to the rate at which it is
providing energ! to the pair of headlights
(a* E"press U in terms of and the
product It%

t I U
evaluate U%
( ) ( )
LI 7) . E
h #W
LI 6.E
h #W 7+ . )
h #W 7+ . ) h $ )E3 F )+

U
(b* 5se the definition of power to
relate the lifetime of the batter! to
the rate at which it is providing
energ! to the pair of headlights%
P
U
t

evaluate t%
h 4 . )+
W ).3
h #W ).7+
t
76
Picture the Problem We can use conservation of energ! (a#a ?irchhoff=s loop
Dule* to relate the emf at the fuse bo" and the voltage drop in the wires to the
)+)
Chapter +.
voltage at the outlet bo" (delivered to the space heater*. We can find the number of E3-W light
bulbs that could be supplied b! the this line without blowing the fuse b!
dividing the current available b! the current drawn b! each E3-W bulb.
(a* $ppl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to
the circuit to obtain%
3
outlet wires
V V
or
3
outlet wires
V IR
/olve for Voutlet to obtain%
wires outlet
IR V
Delate the resistance of the copper
wires to the resistivit! of copper, the
length of the wires, and the cross-
sectional
area of )+-gauge wire%
A
L
R
Cu wires

A
L I
V
Cu
outlet

able +. -) for the resistivit! of
sectional area of
)+-gauge wire* and evaluate Voutlet%
( ) ( ) ( )
F ))E
mm 6.637
m E3 m G )3 ).- $ )+..
F )+3
+
4
outlet
V
(b* Delate the number of bulbs N to
the ma"imum current available and
the current drawn b! each E3-W
bulb%
bulb
ma"
$ . . )+
I
I
N

()*
5se <hm=s law to relate the current
drawn b! each bulb to the potential
difference across it and it=s
resistance%
bulb
bulb
R
V
I
E"press the resistance of each E3-W
bulb%
P
R
+
bulb

+
bulb
PV
I
)++
( ) $ . . )+
$ . . )+
ma"
+
+
ma"

I
PV
PV
I
N

evaluate N%
( )
( ) ( )
( )
bulbs ).
$ . . )+ $ +3
F ))E W E3
F )+3
+
N
*77
Picture the Problem We can use P ' "v to find the power the electric motor must
develop to move the car at 43 #m2h against a frictional force of )+33 H. We can find the
total charge that can be delivered b! the )3 batteries using
t NI Q
. he total
electrical energ! delivered b! the )3 batteries before recharging can be found using the
definition of emf. We can find the distance the car can travel from the definition of wor#
and the cost per #ilometer of driving the car this distance b! dividing the cost of the
required energ! b! the distance the car has traveled.
(a* E"press the power the electric
motor must develop in terms of the
speed of the car and the friction
force%
( ) ( )
#W +E.-
#m2h 43 H )+33
"v P
(b* 5se the definition of current to
e"press the total charge that can be
delivered before charging%
( )
LC -E . .
h
s 6E33
h $ )E3 )3
,
_
t NI Q
where N is the number of batteries.
(c* 5se the definition of emf to
e"press the total electrical energ!
available in the batteries%
( ) ( )
LI ) . E7
F )+ LC ..-E
Q W
(d* Delate the amount of wor# the
batteries can do to the wor# required
to overcome friction%
"d W
/olve for and evaluate d%
#m .-.E
H )+33
LI E7.)

"
W
d
(e* E"press the cost per #ilometer as the ratio of the ratio of the cost of the energ! to the
)+6
Chapter +.
distance traveled before recharging%
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
#m 2 36 . 3 J
#m .-.E
h $ )E3 F )+3 h J3.372#W h J3.372#W
Cost2#m

d
It
7
Picture the Problem We can use the definition of power to find the current drawn
b! the heater and <hm=s law to find its resistance. In part (b* we=ll use the hint to
show that P2P +V2V and in part (c* use this result to find the appro"imate power
dissipated in the heater if the potential difference is decreased to )). F.
(a* 5se the definition of power to
relate the current I drawn b! the
heater to its power rating P and the
potential difference across it V%
V
P
I
evaluate I%
$ 3.466
F )+3
W )33
I
$ppl! <hm=s law to relate the
resistance of the heater to the
voltage across it and the current it
draws%
),,
$ 3.466
F )+3
I
V
R
(b* $ppro"imate dP2dV b!
differentials%
V
P
dV
dP
or V
dV
dP
P
E"press the dependence of P on V%
R
V
P
+
$ssuming R to be constant, evaluate

dP2dV%
R
V
R
V
dV
d
dV
dP +
+
1
]
1
V
V
P
V
V
R
V
V
R
V
P

+ +
+
+
Divide both sides of the equation b!
P to obtain%
V
V
P
P
+
)+,
(c* E"press the appro"imate power
dissipated in the heater as the sum
of its power consumption and the
change in its power dissipation
when the voltage is decreased b!
V%
,
_
+
+
V
V
P
V
V
P P
P P P
+ )
+
3
3 3
3
evaluate P%
( ) W - . 7)
F )+3
F .
+ ) W )33
,
_
,
_

+ P
Combinations o& (esistors
*7!
Picture the Problem We can either solve this problem b! using the e"pression
for the equivalent resistance of three resistors connected in parallel and then using
<hm=s law to find the current in each resistor, or we can appl! <hm=s law first to
find the current through each resistor and then use <hm=s law a second time to
find the equivalent resistance of the parallel combination. We=ll follow the first
procedure.
(a* E"press the equivalent resistance
of the three resistors in parallel and
solve for Req%

+
E
)
6
)
,
) )
eq
R
and
66 . )
eq
R
(b* $ppl! <hm=s law to each of the
resistors to find the current flowing
through each%
$ 33 . 6
,
F )+
,
,

V
I
$ 33 . ,
6
F )+
6
6

V
I
and
$ 33 . +
E
F )+
E
E

V
I
(emar/s0 1ou ,ould &ind it instructi2e to use 3irchho&&*s 4unction rule
5conser2ation o& char'e6 to con&irm our 2alues &or the currents throu'h the three
resistors7
"
Picture the Problem We can simplif! the networ# b! first replacing the resistors that are
in parallel b! their equivalent resistance. We can then add that resistance and the 6-
resistance to find the equivalent resistance between points a and b. In part (b* we=ll denote
the currents through each resistor with subscripts corresponding to the resistance through
which the current flows and appl! <hm=s law to find those currents.
)+.
Chapter +.
of the two resistors in parallel and
solve for Req,)%

+
+
+
)
E
) ) ) )
+ E eq,)
R R R
and
.3 . )
eq,)
R
&ecause the 6- resistor is in series
with Req,)%
+
+
.3 . , . . ) 6
eq,) 6 eq
R R R
(b* $ppl! <hm=s law to the networ#
to find I6%
$ E- . +
. . ,
F )+
eq
6

R
V
I
ab
,
:ind the potential difference across
the parallel resistors%
( ) ( ) F , 6 $ +.E- F )+
6 + T E

V V V
ab
5se the common potential
difference across the resistors in
parallel to find the current through
each of them%
$ EE- . 3
E
F ,
E
E
E

R
V
I
and
$ 33 . +
+
F ,
+
+ T E
+

R
V
I
1
Picture the Problem Hote that the resistors between a and c and between c and b are in
series as are the resistors between a and d and between d and b. 0ence, we have two
branches in parallel, each branch consisting of two resistors R in series. In part (b* it will
be important to note that the potential difference between point c and point d is 1ero.
between points a and b in terms of
the equivalent resistances between
acb and adb%
R R R R R
adb acb
+
)
+
) ) ) )
eq
+ +
R R
eq
(b*
networ#. the change
not ould resistor w that of addition the and points, two these
between connected resistor he through t flow uld current wo no
1ero, is d and c points between difference potential the &ecause
2
Picture the Problem Hote that the +- resistors are in parallel with each other and with
the ,- resistor. We can $ppl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to relate the current I6 drawn from
)+E
the batter! to the emf of the batter! and equivalent resistance Req of the resistor networ#.
We can find the current through the resistors connected in parallel b! appl!ing ?irchhoff=s
loop rule a second time. In part (b* we can find the power delivered b! the batter! from
the product of its emf and the current it delivers to the circuit.
obtain%
3
eq 6
R I
/olve for I6%
eq
6
R
I

()*
:ind the equivalent resistance of the
three resistors in parallel%

+
+ +
,
)
+
)
+
) ) ) ) )
, + + eq,)
R R R R
and
4 . 3
eq,)
R
:ind the equivalent resistance of
Req,) and R6 in series%
+ + 4 . 6 4 . 3 6
eq,) 6 eq
R R R
/ubstitute in equation ()* and
evaluate I6%
$ .4 . )
4 . 6
F E
6

I
E"press the current through each of
the parallel resistors in terms of their
common potential difference V%
,
,
+
+
and
R
V
I
R
V
I
$ppl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to
obtain%
3
6 6
V R I
/olve for V%
( ) ( ) F +E . ) G 6 $ )..4 F E
6 6

R I V
evaluate I+ and I,%
$ 3.6).
,
+E . )
and
$ 3.E63
G +
F ).+E
,
+

V
I
I
(b* E"press P in terms of and I6% ( ) ( ) W 7.,4 $ )..4 F E
6
I P
(emar/s0 8ote that the currents I39 I29 and I4 satis&. 3irchho&&*s 4unction rule7
*3
)+-
Chapter +.
Picture the Problem >et r represent the
resistance of the internal resistance of the
power suppl!, the emf of the power
suppl!, D the resistance of the e"ternal
resistor to be placed in series with the
power suppl!, and I the current drawn from
the power suppl!. We can use <hm=s law to
e"press the potential difference across D
and appl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to e"press
the current through D in terms of , r, and
R.
across the resistor whose resistance
is R%
IR V
R
()*
$ppl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to the
circuit to obtain%
3 IR Ir
R r
I
+

R
R r
V
R

,
_

R
R
V
r V
R

evaluate R%
( ) ( )

,.3
F . . , F .
.3 F . . ,
R
4
Picture the Problem We can appl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to the two circuits described in
the problem statement and solve the resulting equations simultaneousl! for r and .
(a* and (b* $ppl! ?irchhoff=s loop
rule to the two circuits to obtain%
3
. ) )
R I r I
and
3
)) + +
R I r I
/ubstitute numerical values to
obtain%
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 . $ . . 3 $ . . 3 r
or
( ) F . . + $ . . 3 r ()*
)+4
and
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 )) $ +. . 3 $ +. . 3 r
or
( ) F -. . + $ +. . 3 r (+*
/olve equations ()* and (+*
simultaneousl! to obtain%
F 33 . 6
and
33 . ) r
5
Picture the Problem We can use the formula for the equivalent resistance for two
resistors in parallel to show that Req ' R)$2() M $*.
of R) and R+ in parallel%
+ )
+ )
eq
R R
R R
R
+
>et $ ' R+2R) to obtain%

)
) )
+
)
eq
)
R
$
$
$R R
$R
R
+
(b* he following graph of Req 2R) versus $ was plotted using a spreadsheet program.
6
Picture the Problem We can use ?irchhoff=s loop rule to relate the required resistance to
the emf of the source and the desired current. We can appl! ?irchhoff=s rule a second
time to the circuit that includes the load resistance r to establish the largest value it can
have if it is to change the current drawn from the source b! at most )3 percent.
the circuit that includes the source
and the resistance R to obtain%
3 IR
)+7
Chapter +.
I
R


evaluate R%
.33
m$ )3
F .
R
(b* >etting I represent the current
in the loaded circuit, e"press the
condition that the current drops b!
less than )3K%
) . 3 ) <
I
I'
I
I' I
()*
>etting r represent the load
resistance, appl! ?irchhoff=s loop
rule to the circuit to obtain%
3 I'R I'r
R r
I'
+

/ubstitute for I and I in equation
()*%
) . 3 ) <
+
R
R r
) . 3 ) <
+
R r
R
/olve for r to obtain%
7 . 3
) . 3 R
r <
/ubstitute the numerical value for R
to obtain%
( )

< E . ..
7 . 3
.33 ) . 3
r
7
Picture the Problem We can simplif! the networ# b! first replacing the resistors that are
in parallel b! their equivalent resistance. We=ll then have a parallel networ# with two
resistors in series in each branch and can use the e"pressions for resistors in series to
simplif! the networ# to two resistors in parallel. he equivalent resistance between points
a and b will be the single resistor equivalent to these two resistors. In part (b* we=ll use
the fact that the potential difference across the upper branch is the same as the potential
difference across the lower branch, in con@unction with <hm=s law, to find the currents
through each resistor.
(a* E"press and evaluate the
equivalent resistance of the two E-
resistors in parallel and solve for
Req,)%
( )

+
+
6
E E
E
+
E E
E E
eq,)
R R
R R
R
)63
E- resistor is in series with Req,)%
+
+
7 6 E
eq,) E eq,+
R R R
)+- resistor in series with the E-
resistor%
+
+
)4 )+ E
)+ E eq,6
R R R
:inall!, find the equivalent
resistance of
Req,6 in parallel with Req,+% ( ) ( )

+

33 . E
)4 7
)4 7
eq,6 eq,+
eq,6 eq,+
eq
R R
R R
R
(b* $ppl! <hm=s law to the upper
branch to find the current Iu ' I)+ '
IE%
$ EE- . 3
)4
F )+
eq,6
E )+ u

R
V
I I I
ab
,
$ppl! <hm=s law to the lower
branch to find the current
I( ' IE- resistor in series%
$ 66 . )
7
F )+
eq,+
series in resistor - E

R
V
I I
ab
(
E"press the current through the E-
resistors in parallel%
( )
$ EE- . 3
$ 66 . )
+
)
+
)
parallel in resistors - E
(
I I

Picture the Problem $ssign currents in each of the resistors as shown in the diagram. We
can simplif! the networ# b! first replacing the resistors that are in parallel b! their
equivalent resistance. We=ll then have a parallel networ# with two resistors in series in
each branch and can use the e"pressions for resistors in series to simplif! the networ# to
two resistors in parallel. he equivalent resistance between points a and b will be the
single resistor equivalent to these two resistors. In part (b* we=ll use the fact that the
potential difference across the upper branch is the same as the potential difference across
the lower branch, in con@unction with <hm=s law, to find the currents through each
resistor.
)6)
Chapter +.
(a* E"press and evaluate the
equivalent resistance of the resistors
in parallel in the upper branch and
solve for Req,)%
( )
( )
( ) ( )

+ +

+ +
+
, . +
, , +
, E
, , +
, , +
eq,)
R R R
R R R
R
E- resistor is in series with Req,)%
+
+
, . 4 , . + E
eq,) E eq,+
R R R
E"press and evaluate the equivalent
resistance of the resistors in parallel
in the lower branch and solve for
Req,+%
( )
+
, 4
+
)
4 +
)
4 4
4 4
eq,+
R
R R
R R
R
,- resistor is in series with Req,+%
+
+
4 , ,
eq,+ , eq,6
R R R
:inall!, find the equivalent
resistance of Req,+ in parallel with
Req,6% ( ) ( )

+

)3 . ,
4 , . 4
4 , . 4
eq,6 eq,+
eq,6 eq,+
eq
R R
R R
R
(b* $ppl! <hm=s law to the upper
branch to find the current I)%
$ ,6 . )
, . 4
F )+
eq,+
)

R
V
I
ab
the ,- and E- parallel
combination in the upper branch%
( ) ( )
F ,6 . 6
G E $ ).,6 F )+
F )+ F )+
E u E E T ,

R I V V
I,%
$ .-+ . 3
E
F ,6 . 6
E
E
,

R
V
I
)6+
I6%
$ 4.4 . 3
,
F ,6 . 6
,
,
6

R
V
I
$ppl! <hm=s law to the lower
branch to find the current I+%
$ .3 . )
4
F )+
eq,+
+

R
V
I
ab
the 4- and 4- parallel
combination in the lower branch%
( ) ( )
F E
G , $ ).. F )+
F )+
, 6 4 T 4

R I V
$ppl! <hm=s law to find I. ' IE%
$ -.3 . 3
4
F E
4
4 T 4
E .

V
I I
*!
Picture the Problem We can use the equation for N identical resistors connected
in parallel to relate N to the resistance R of each piece of wire and the equivalent resistance
E"press the resistance of the N
pieces connected in parallel% R
N
R

eq
)
where R is the resistance of one of the N
pieces.
Delate the resistance of one of the N
pieces to the resistance of the wire% N
R
R
wire
wire
+
eq
)
R
N
R

/olve for N%
eq
wire
R
R
N
evaluate N%
4
4-. . )
)+3
N
!"
Picture the Problem We can assign currents as shown in the diagram of the first
arrangement of resistors and appl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to obtain an e"pression for I4,).
)66
Chapter +.
$ssign currents as shown in the diagram below for the second arrangement of the
resistors and appl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to obtain an e"pression for I4,+ that we can equate
to I4,) and solve for R.
first arrangement of the resistors%
3
eq,) )
R I
where I) is the current drawn from the
batter!.
/olve for I) to obtain%
eq,)
)
R
I


first arrangement of the resistors%
( )
( )
+
+
+
+
4
)+4 +,
)E
4
4
+
eq,)
R
R
R
R
R
( )
( )
( )
+
+
)
)+4 +,
4
4
)+4 +,
+
+
+
+
R
R
R
R
I

loop containing R and the 4-
( ) ( ) 3 4
4 ) 4
+ I I R I
)6,
resistor%
/olve for I4,) to obtain%
( )
( )
( )
+
+
) ) , 4
)+4 +,
)+4 +,
4
4
4
+
,
_
+
+
,
_
R
R
R
R
R
R
I
R
R
I
E"press I4,+ in terms of I) and I4,)% ) , 4 ) + , 4

I I I
/ubstitute for I) and I4,) and simplif!
to obtain%
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
+
+
+ + , 4
)+4 +,
4
)+4 +,
)+4 +,
4
+
+
+
R
R
R
R
R
I

second arrangement of the resistors%
3
eq,+ +
R I
where I+ is the current drawn from the
batter!.
/olve for I+ (' I4,+* to obtain%
eq,+
+ , 4 +
R
I I

second arrangement of the resistors%
+ +,
eq,+
R R
+
+,
+ , 4
R
I

Equate I4,) and I4,+%
( )
( )
( )
+ +
)+4 +,
4
)+4 +, +
+ R R
R
33 . 4 R
!1
Picture the Problem We can find the equivalent resistance Rab between points a and b and
)6.
Chapter +.
then set this resistance equal, in turn, to R), R6, and R) and solve for R6, R+, and R),
respectivel!.
between points a and b%
6
+ )
+ )
R
R R
R R
R
ab
+
+
Equate this e"pression to Rl%

6
+ )
+ )
)
R
R R
R R
R +
+
/olve for R6 to obtain%

+ )
+
)
6
R R
R
R
+
(b* /et R6 equal to Rab%

6
+ )
+ )
6
R
R R
R R
R +
+
/olve for R+ to obtain%

3
+
R
(c* /et R) equal to Rab%
6
+ )
+ )
)
R
R R
R R
R +
+
or
3
6 + ) 6
+
)
R R R R R
/olve the quadratic equation for R)
to obtain%
+
,
6 +
+
6 6
)
R R R R
R
+ +
where we=ve used the positive sign because

resistance is a non-negative quantit!.
!2
Picture the Problem We can substitute the given resistances in the equations
derived in Croblem 7) to chec# our results from Croblem -4.
(a* :or R) ' , and R+ ' E %
( )

+
+
E3 . )
E ,
,
+
+ )
+
)
6
R R
R
R
and
( ) ( )
+
+

+
+
33 . , E . )
E ,
E ,
6
+ )
+ )
R
R R
R R
R
ab
(b* :or R) ' , and R6 ' 6 %
3
+
R
)6E
and
( )

+ +
+
33 . 6
6 3
3
3
6
)
)
R
R
R
R
ab
(c* :or R+ ' E and R6 ' 6 %
( ) ( ) ( )

+
+ +
33 . E
+
7 6
+
6 E , 6 6
+
)
R
and
( ) ( )
+
+

+
+
33 . E 6
E E
E E
6
+ )
+ )
R
R R
R R
R
ab
3irchho&&*s (ules
*!3
Picture the Problem We can relate the current provided b! the source to the
rate of Ioule heating using
R I P
+
and use <hm=s law and ?irchhoff=s rules to

find the potential difference across R and the value of r.
(a* Delate the current I in the circuit
to rate at which energ! is being
dissipated in the form of Ioule heat%
R I P
+
or
R
P
I
evaluate I%
$ 33 . ,
. . 3
W 4
I
(b* $ppl! <hm=s law to find VR%
( ) ( ) F +.33 G 3.. $ , IR V
R
(c* $ppl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to
obtain%
3 IR Ir
/olve for r%
R
I I
IR
r

evaluate r%
33 . ) . . 3
$ ,
F E
r
!4
Picture the Problem $ssume that the current flows cloc#wise in the circuit and let )
)6-
Chapter +.
represent the )+-F source and + the E-F source. We can appl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule
(conservation of energ!* to this series circuit to relate the current to the emfs of the
sources and the resistance of the circuit. In part (b* we can find the power delivered or
absorbed b! each source using P ' I and in part (c* the rate of Ioule heating using
P ' I
+
R.
3
, + + )
IR IR
/olve for I%
, +
+ )
R R
I
+

evaluate I%
$ 33 . )
G , G +
F E F )+
I
(b* E"press the power
delivered2absorbed b! each source in
terms of its emf and the current
drawn from or forced through it%
( ) ( ) W )+ $ ) F )+
)+ )+
I P
and
( ) ( ) W E $ ) F E
E E
I P
where the minus sign means that this
source is absorbing power.
(c* E"press the rate of Ioule heating
in terms of the current through and
the resistance of each resistor%
( ) ( ) W +.33 G + $ )
+
+
+
+
R I P
and
( ) ( ) W ,.33 G , $ )
+
,
+
,
R I P
!5
Picture the Problem he circuit is shown in the diagram for part (a*. ) and r) denote
the emf of the sic# batter! and its internal resistance, + and r+ the emf of the second
batter! and its internal resistance, and R is the load resistance. >et I), I+, and ID be the
currents. We can appl! ?irchhoff=s rules to determine the un#nown currents. In part (c*
we can use P ' I to find the power delivered or absorbed b! each batter! and P ' I
+
R to
find the power dissipated in the internal and load resistors.
)64
(a* he circuit diagram is shown to
the right%
(b* $ppl! ?irchhoff=s @unction rule
to @unction ) to obtain%
R
I I I +
+ )
()*
$ppl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to loop
) to obtain%
3
) ) )

R
RI I r
or
( ) ( ) 3 + 3) . 3 F , . ))
)

R
I I (+*
+ to obtain%
3
+ + +

R
RI I r
or
( ) ( ) 3 + 3) . 3 F E . )+
+

R
I I (6*
/olve equations ()*, (+* and (6*
$ 3 . .-
)
I
,
$ 3 . E6
+
I
,
and
$ 33 . E
R
I
where the minus sign for I) means that the
current flows in the direction opposite to the
direction we arbitraril! chose, i.e., the
batter! is being charged.
(c* E"press the power delivered b!
the second batter! in terms of its
emf and the current drawn from it%
( ) ( ) W -7, $ E6.3 F )+.E
+ + +
I P
E"press the power absorbed b! the
second batter! in terms of its emf
and the current forced through it%
( ) ( ) W .3 E $ .-.3 F )).,
) ) )
I P
:ind the power dissipated in the
internal resistance r)%
( ) ( ) W 6+.. G 3.3) $ .-
+
)
+
)
)
r I P
r
)67
Chapter +.
internal resistance r+%
( ) ( ) W 67.- G 3.3) $ 6 E
+
+
+
+
+
r I P
r
load resistance R%
( ) ( ) W .3 + - G + $ E
+ +
R I P
R R
(emar/s0 8ote that the sum o& the po,er dissipated in the internal and load
resistances and that absorbed b. the second batter. is the same as that deli2ered b.
the &irst batter. : 4ust as ,e ,ould e$pect &rom conser2ation o& ener'.7
!6
Picture the Problem Hote that when both switches are closed the .3- resistor
is shorted. With both switches open, we can appl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to find the
current I in the )33- resistor. With the switches closed, the )33- resistor and R are in
parallel. 0ence, the potential difference across them is the same and we can e"press the
current I)33 in terms of the current Itot flowing into the parallel branch whose resistance is
R, and the resistance of the )33- resistor. Itot, in turn, depends on the equivalent
resistance of the closed-switch circuit, so we can e"press I)33 ' I in terms of R and solve
for R.
$ppl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to a
loop around the outside of the
circuit with both switches open%
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 .3 )33 633 I I I
m$ 66 . 6
,.3
F . . )
,.3

I
Delate the potential difference
across the )33- resistor to the
potential difference across R when
both switches are closed%
( )
R
RI I
)33
)33
$ppl! ?irchhoff=s @unction rule at
the @unction to the left of the )33-
resistor and R%
R
I I I +
)33 tot
or
)33 tot
I I I
R

where Itot is the current drawn from the
source when both switches are closed.
( ) ( )
)33 tot )33
)33 I I R I
or
+
)33
tot
)33
R
RI
I
()*
),3
E"press the current Itot drawn from
the source with both switches
closed%
eq
tot
R
I

E"press the equivalent resistance

when both switches are closed%
( )
+
+
633
)33
)33
eq
R
R
R
( )
+
+
633
)33
)33
F . . )
tot
R
R
I
( )
( )
( )
m$ 66 . 6
333 , 63 ,33
F . . )
633
)33
)33
F . . )
)33
+
)33
,
_
+
+
R
R
R
R
R
R
I
/olve for and evaluate R%
E33 R
(emar/s0 8ote that ,e can also obtain the result in the third step b. appl.in' 3irchho&&*s
loop rule to the parallel branch o& the circuit7
*!7
Picture the Problem >et I) be the current delivered b! the left batter!, I+ the current
delivered b! the right batter!, and I6 the current through the E- resistor, directed down.
We can appl! ?irchhoff=s rules to obtain three equations that we can solve simultaneousl!
for I), I+, and I6. ?nowing the currents in each branch, we can use <hm=s law to find the
potential difference between points a and b and the power delivered b! both the sources.
(a* $ppl! ?irchhoff=s @unction rule
at @unction a%
6 + )
I I I +
circuit to obtain%
( ) ( ) 3 F )+ 6 , F )+
+ )
+ I I
or
( ) ( ) 3 6 ,
+ )
+ I I
loop around the left-hand branch of
( ) ( ) 3 E , F )+
6 )
I I
/olve these equations
$ EE- . 3
)
I
,
),)
Chapter +.
simultaneousl! to
obtain%
$ 447 . 3
+
I
,
and
$ .E . )
6
I
(b* $ppl! <hm=s law to find the
potential difference between points
a and b%
( ) ( ) ( )
F 6E . 7
$ .E . ) E E
6
I V
ab
the )+-F batter! in the left-hand
branch of the circuit%
( ) ( ) W 4.33 $ 3.EE- F )+
) left

I P
)+-F batter! in the right-hand
branch of the circuit%
( ) ( ) W - . 3 ) $ 3.447 F )+
+ right

I P
),+
!
Picture the Problem >et I) be the current delivered b! the --F batter!, I+ the current
delivered b! the .-F batter!, and I6, directed up, the current through the )- resistor. We
can appl! ?irchhoff=s rules to obtain three equations that we can solve simultaneousl! for
I), I+, and I6. ?nowing the currents in each branch, we can use <hm=s law to find the
potential difference between points a and b and the power delivered b! both the sources.
at @unction a%
6 + )
I I I +
circuit to obtain%
( ) ( ) 3 ) + F -
6 )
I I
loop around the left-hand branch of
( ) ( ) 3 F . 6 + F -
+ )
+ I I
or
( ) ( ) F )+ 6 +
+ )
+ I I
$ 33 . 6
)
I
,
$ 33 . +
+
I
,
and
$ 33 . )
6
I
(b* $ppl! <hm=s law to find the
potential difference between points
a and b%
( )
( ) ( )
F 33 . )
$ + 6 F .
6 F .
+
+
+ I V
ab
the --F batter!%
( ) ( ) W +).3 $ 6 F -
) -
I P
the .-F batter!%
( ) ( ) W 3 . 3 ) $ + F .
+ .
I P
!!
Picture the Problem We can appl! ?irchhoff=s rules to the two circuits to
determine the current, and hence the power, supplied to the load resistor R for the
two connections of the batteries. Differentiation, with respect to the load resistor,
of the e"pressions for the power delivered to the load resistor will allow us to
identif! the conditions under which the power delivered is a ma"imum and to
decide whether the power supplied to R greater when R Q r or when R 9 r.
),6
Chapter +.
he series connection of the batteries
is shown to the right%
E"press the power supplied to R% R I P
+
s s

$ppl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to
obtain%
3
s s s
+ + RI rI rI
/olve for Is to obtain%
R r
I
+
+
+
s

( )
+
+
+
s
+
,
+
+
R r
R
R
R r
P
+
,
_

()*
/et the derivative, with respect to R,
of equation ()* equal to 1ero for
e"trema%

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
e"trema. for 3
+
+ + , , +
+
,
,
+ + +
+
+
s
+
+ +
1
]
1
R r
R r R R r
R r
R
dR
d
dR
dP

/olve for R to obtain% r R +

E"amination of the second derivative of Ps at R ' +r shows that R ' +r corresponds to a
ma"imum value of Pp and hence, for the series combination,
. + when greatest is and if greater is load the to delivered power the r R r R >
he parallel connection of the
batteries is shown to the right%
E"press the power supplied to R%
R I P
+
p p

),,
$ppl! ?irchhoff=s @unction rule to
point a to obtain%
+ ) p
I I I +
) to obtain%
3
+ )
+ +rI rI
or
p +
)
+ )
I I I
outer loop to obtain%
3
) p
rI RI
or
3
p +
)
p
rI RI
/olve for Ip to obtain%
R r
I
+
+
)
p

( )
+
+
)
+
+
+
)
p
R r
R
R
R r
P
+
,
_

(+*
Evaluate equation ()* when
r ' R%
( )
( ) R R R
R
R r P
+
+
+
s
7
,
+
,
+

Evaluate equation (+* when
r ' R%
( )
( ) R R R
R
R r P
+
+
+
)
+
p
7
,
+

load. the power to same the provide ts arrangemen both , if that see we hus, R r
/et the derivative, with respect to R,
of equation (+* equal to 1ero for
e"trema%

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
e"trema. for 3
+
,
+
)
+
)
+ +
+
+
)
+
+
)
+
p
+
+ +
1
]
1
R r
R r R R r
R r
R
dR
d
dR
dP

/olve for R to obtain% r R

+
)
),.
Chapter +.
. when ma"imum
a and if greater is load the to delivered power the n, combinatio
parallel for the hence, and of value ma"imum a to s correspond
that shows at of derivative second the of n E"aminatio
+
)
p
+
)
+
)
p
r R
r R
P
r R r R P
<

*1""
Picture the Problem >et the current drawn from the source be I. We can use <hm=s law
in con@unction with ?irchhoff=s loop rule to e"press the output voltage as a function of V,
R), and R+. In (b* we can use the result of (a* to e"press the condition on the output
voltages in terms of the effective resistance of the loaded output and the resistances R)
and R+.
(a* 5se <hm=s law to e"press Vout in
terms of R+ and I%
+ out
IR V
circuit to obtain%
3
+ )
IR IR V
/olve for I%
+ )
R R
V
I
+
/ubstitute for I in the e"pression for

Vout to obtain%

,
_
,
_
+ )
+
+
+ )
out
R R
R
V R
R R
V
V
(b* Delate the effective resistance of
the loaded circuit Reff to R+ and Rload%
load + eff
) ) )
R R R
+
/olve for Rload%
eff +
eff +
load
R R
R R
R
()*
>etting
out
B V represent the output
voltage under load, e"press the
condition that Vout drops b! less than
)3 percent of its unloaded value%
) . 3 )
out
out
out
out out
<
V
V'
V
V' V
(+*
5sing the result from (a*, e"press
out
V'
in terms of the effective
output load Reff%

,
_
eff )
eff
out
R R
R
V V'
/ubstitute for Vout and
out
V'
in
equation (+* and simplif! to obtain%
) . 3 )
+ )
+
eff )
eff
<
+
+
R R
R
R R
R
or
),E
( )
( )
) . 3 )
eff ) +
+ ) eff
<
+
+
R R R
R R R
/olve for Reff%
+ )
+ )
eff
) . 3
7 . 3
R R
R R
R
+
>
evaluate Reff%
( ) ( )
( )

+

> # )4 . 4
# )3 ) . 3 # )3
# )3 # )3 7 . 3
eff
R
:inall!, substitute numerical values
in equation ()* and evaluate Rload%
( ) ( )

< # 7 . ,,
# )4 . 4 # )3
# )4 . 4 # )3
load
R
1"1
Picture the Problem In the equivalent
hevenin circuit shown to the right, R+ is in
parallel with Rload. We can appl! <hm=s law
to e"press Vout in terms of Reff and I and
then use ?irchhoff=s loop rule to e"press I
in terms of V, R), and Reff. /implification of
the resulting equation will !ield both of the
indicated results.
(a* and (b* 5se <hm=s law to
e"press Vout in terms of Reff and I%
eff out
IR V
circuit to obtain%
3
eff )
IR IR V
/olve for I%
eff )
R R
V
I
+

Vout to obtain%

,
_
,
_
eff )
eff
eff
eff )
out
R R
R
V R
R R
V
V
E"press the effective resistance Reff
in terms of Rload and R+%
load +
load +
eff
R R
R R
R
+
/ubstitute for Reff in the e"pression

for Vout to obtain%
,
_
+
+
+
load +
load +
)
load +
load +
out
R R
R R
R
R R
R R
V V
),-
Chapter +.
/implif! to obtain%
R' R
R
V'
R' R
R
R R
R
V
R R
R R
R
R
R R
R
V
R R R R R R
R R
V V
+
,
_
,
_
,
_
+
+
,
_
+ +
load
load
load
load
+ )
+
+ )
+ )
load
load
+ )
+
+ ) load + load )
load +
out
where
+ )
+ )
R R
R R
R'
+
and
+ )
+
R R
R
V V'
+
1"2
Picture the Problem >et I) be the current in the )- resistor, directed to the right; let I+
be the current, directed up, in the middle branch; and let I6 be the current in the E-
resistor, directed down. We can appl! ?irchhoff=s rules to find these currents, the power
supplied b! each source, and the power dissipated in each resistor.
at the top @unction to obtain%
6 + )
I I I +
()*
outside loop of the circuit to obtain%
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 E + F , ) F 4
6 ) )
+ I I I
or
( ) ( ) F )+ E 6
6 )
+ I I
(+*
$ppl! the loop rule to the inside
loop at the left-hand side of the
circuit to obtain%
( ) ( )
( ) 3 F , +
+ F , ) F 4
+
) )
+
+
I
I I
or
( ) ( ) 3 + 6 F 4
+ )
+ I I (6*
/olve equations ()*, (+*, and (6*
$ 33 . +
)
I
,
$ 33 . )
+
I
,
and
$ 33 . )
6
I
where the minus sign indicates that the
current flows downward rather than upward
as we had assumed.
(b* E"press the power delivered b! ( ) ( ) W )E.3 $ + F 4
) 4 4
I P
),4
the 4-F source%
,-F source%
( ) ( ) W 33 . , $ ) F ,
+ , ,
I P
where the minus sign indicates that this
source is having current forced through
it.
(c* E"press the power dissipated in
the )- resistor% ( ) ( ) W ,.33 G ) $ +
+
)
+
) )

R I P
+- resistor in the left branch% ( ) ( ) W 4.33 G + $ +
+
+
+
) left , +

R I P
+- resistor in the middle branch% ( ) ( ) W +.33 G + $ )
+
+
+
+ middle , +

R I P
E- resistor% ( ) ( ) W E.33 G E $ )
+
E
+
6 E

R I P
1"3
Picture the Problem >et I) be the current in the left branch resistor, directed up; let I6 be
the current, directed down, in the middle branch; and let I+ be the current in the right
branch, directed up. We can appl! ?irchhoff=s rules to find I6 and then the potential
difference between points a and b.
Delate the potential at a to the
potential at b%
b a
V I R V F ,
6 ,
or
F ,
6 ,
+ I R V V
b a
$ppl! ?irchhoff=s @unction rule at a
to obtain%
6 + )
I I I +
()*
$ppl! the loop rule to a loop around
the outside of the circuit to obtain%
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 3 ) )
F + ) ) F +
) +
+ )
+
+
I I
I I
or
3
+ )
I I (+*
$ppl! the loop rule to the left side
of the circuit to obtain%
( ) ( )
( ) 3 )
F , , ) F +
)
6 )

I
I I
or
),7
Chapter +.
( ) ( ) F ) + )
6 )
I I
(6*
/olve equations ()*, (+*, and (6*
$ +33 . 3
)
I ,
$ +33 . 3
+
I ,
and
$ ,33 . 3
6
I
where the minus signs indicate that all the
directions we chose for the currents were
wrong.
( ) ( )
F ,3 . +
F , $ , . 3 ,
+
b a
V V
(emar/s0 8ote that point a is at the hi'her potential7
1"4
Picture the Problem >et ) be the emf of
the 7-F batter! and r) its internal resistance
of 3.4 , and + be the emf of the 6-F
batter! and r+ its internal resistance of 3.,
. he series connection is shown to the
right. We can appl! ?irchhoff=s rules to
both connections to find the currents Is and
Ip delivered to the load resistor in the series
and parallel connections.
the batteries connected in series%
3
s ) s + s + )
+ I r RI I r
/olve for Is to obtain%
R R r r
I
+
+ +
+
+ . )
F )+
+ )
+ )
s

/uppose the two batteries are
connected in parallel and their
terminals are then connected to R.
>et I) be the current
delivered b! ), I+ be the current
delivered b! +, and Ip the current
through the load resistor R in the
parallel connection.
).3
$ppl! the @unction rule at a to
obtain%
p + )
I I I +
()*
$ppl! the loop rule to a loop around
the outside of the circuit%
3
) ) p )
I r RI
or
( ) 3 4 . 3 F 7
) p
I RI
(+*
$ppl! the loop rule to loop + to
obtain%
3
) ) + + + )
+ I r I r
or
( ) ( ) 3 4 . 3 , . 3 F 6 F 7
) +
+ I I
or
( ) ( ) 3 4 . 3 , . 3 F E
) +
+ I I (6*
Eliminate I+ between equations ()*
and (6* to obtain%
p 6
)
)
$ . I I +
(,*
/ubstitute equation (,* in equation
(+* and solve for Ip to obtain%
+
, . 3 . . )
F . . -
p
R
I
(b* Evaluate Is and Ip for
R ' 3.+ %
( )
$ .- . 4
+ . 3 + . )
F )+
+ . 3
s
+
R I
and
( )
( )
$ - . )3
, . 3 + . 3 . . )
F . . -
+ . 3
p
+
R I
(c*, (d*, and (e* Croceed as in (b* to
complete the table to the right%
R Is Ip
(* ($* ($*
(c* 3.E E.E- ..--
(d* ).3 ..,. 6.7.
(e* ).. ,.,, +.46
. rough current th larger the gives connection
series the , 3., When $. -.. , 3., for that Hote
p s
R
R I I R >
#mmeters and ;oltmeters
*1"5
Picture the Problem >et I be the current drawn from source and Req the resistance
equivalent to R and )3 L connected in parallel and appl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to
).)
Chapter +.
e"press the measured voltage V across R as a function of R.
he voltage measured b! the
voltmeter is given b!%
eq
IR V
()*
circuit to obtain%
( ) 3 + F )3
eq
R I IR
/olve for I%
R R
I
+
F )3
eq
+
E"press Req in terms of R and

)3-L resistance in parallel with it%
R R
)
L )3
) )
eq
+
/olve for Req% ( )

+
L )3
L )3
eq
R
R
R
/ubstitute for I in equation ()* and
simplif! to obtain%
eq
eq
eq
+
)
F )3
+
F )3
R
R
R
R R
V
+
,
_
/ubstitute for Req and simplif! to

obtain%
( ) ( )
+
L ).
L . F )3
R
V
(+*
(a* Evaluate equation (+* for
R ' ) #%
( ) ( )
F 66 . 6
L ). # )
L . F )3
V
(b* Evaluate equation (+* for
R ')3 #%
( ) ( )
F 66 . 6
L ). # )3
L . F )3
V
(c* Evaluate equation (+* for
R ') L%
( ) ( )
F )6 . 6
L ). L )
L . F )3
V
(d* Evaluate equation (+* for
R ')3 L%
( ) ( )
F 33 . +
L ). L )3
L . F )3
V
(e* Evaluate equation (+* for
R ')33 L%
( ) ( )
F ,6. . 3
L ). L )33
L . F )3
V
("* E"press the condition that the
measured voltage to be within )3
percent of the tr)e voltage Vtrue%
) . 3 )
true true
true
<
V
V
V
V V
/ubstitute for V and Vtrue to obtain% ( ) ( )
) . 3
L ).
L . F )3
) <
+
IR
R
or, because I ' )3 F26R,
).+
( ) ( )
) . 3
F
6
)3
L ).
L . F )3
) <
+
R

< L E- . )
7 . 3
L . . )
R
1"6
voltmeter connected in parallel with a
galvanometer movement whose internal
resistance is R. We can appl! ?irchhoff=s
loop rule to e"press R in terms of I and V.
loop that includes the galvanometer
movement and the voltmeter%
3 IR V
/olve for R%
I
V
R
/ubstitute numerical values and evaluate R%
# 33 . .
$ .3
F +. . 3
R
1"7
Picture the Problem When there is a
voltage drop of 3.+. F across this
galvanometer, the meter reads full scale.
he diagram shows the galvanometer
movement with a resistor of resistance r in
parallel. he purpose of this resistor is to
limit the current through the movement to
Ig ' .3 $. We can appl! ?irchhoff=s loop
rule to the circuit fragment containing the
galvanometer movement and the shunt
resistor to derive an e"pression for r.
circuit fragment to obtain%
3
r g
+ rI RI
point a to obtain%
g r
I I I
/ubstitute for Ir in the loop equation% ( ) 3
g g
+ I I r RI
).6
Chapter +.
/olve for r%
g
g
I I
RI
r
where RIg ' 3.+. F

evaluate r%

.3 . +
$ .3 m$ )33
F +. . 3
r
1"
Picture the Problem he circuit diagram shows the ammeter connected in series with a
)33- resistor and a )3-F power suppl!. We can appl! ?irchhoff=s rules to obtain an
e"pression for I as a function of r, Ig, the potential difference provided b! the source, and
the resistance of the series resistor.
the inner loop of the circuit to
obtain%
( ) 3 )33 F )3
r
rI I
point a to obtain%
g r
I I I
/ubstitute for Ir in the loop equation% ( ) ( ) 3 )33 F )3
g
I I r I
/olve for I%
r
rI
I
+
+
)33
F )3
g
()*
In Croblem )3- it was established
that r ' +..3 . /ubstitute numerical
values and evaluate I%
( ) ( )
m$ E . 7-
.3 . + )33
$ .3 .3 . + F )3
+
+

I
(b* 5nder these conditions, equation
()* becomes%
r
rI
I
+
+
)3
F )
g
evaluate I%
( ) ( )
m$ 3 . 43
.3 . + )3
$ .3 .3 . + F )
+
+

I
(emar/s0 )ur result in 5b6 di&&ers &rom that obtained in 5a6 b. about 1 percent7
).,
*1"!
Picture the Problem he circuit diagram
shows a fragment of a circuit in which a
resistor of resistance r is connected in
series with the meter movement of Croblem
)3E. he purpose of this resistor is to limit
the current through the galvanometer
movement to .3 $ and to produce a
deflection of the galvanometer movement
that is a measure of the potential difference
V. We can appl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to
e"press r in terms of Vg, Ig, and R.
circuit fragment to obtain%
3
g g
RI rI V
/olve for r%
R
I
V
I
RI V
r
g g
g
()*
5se <hm=s law to relate the current
Ig through the galvanometer
movement to the potential
difference Vg across it%
R
V
I
g
g

g
g
I
V
R
5se the values for Vg and Ig given in
Croblem )3E to evaluate R%
.333
$ .3
F +. . 3
R
equation ()* and evaluate r%
# )7. .333
$ .3
F )3
r
(emar/s0 -he total series resistance is the sum o& r and R or 2"" /7
11"
Picture the Problem he voltmeter shown
in :igure +.-E, is equivalent to a resistor
of resistance Rg ' +33 # as shown in the
circuit diagram to the right. he voltage
reading across R) is given b!
) )
IR V 7
We can use ?irchhoff=s loop rule and the
e"pression for the equivalent resistance of
two resistors in parallel to find I.
he voltage reading across R) is
given b!%
) )
IR V
$ppl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to the 3
+ eq
IR IR
)..
Chapter +.
loop including the source, R), and
R+%
+ eq
R R
I
+

V)%
+ eq
)
)
R R
R
V
+

()*
E"press Req in terms of R) and Rg%
g )
g )
eq
R R
R R
R
+

evaluate Req%
( ) ( )

+

# )33
# +33 # +33
# +33 # +33
eq
R
equation ()* and evaluate V)%
( ) ( )
F 33 . .
# +33 # +33
# +33 F )3
)

+
V
RC Circuits
111
Picture the Problem We can use the definition of capacitance to find the initial charge on
the capacitor and <hm=s law to find the initial current in the circuit. We can find the time
constant of the circuit using its definition and the charge on the capacitor after E ms using
( )
t
e Q t Q

3
.
(a* 5se the definition of capacitance
to find the initial charge on the
capacitor%
( ) ( ) C E33 F )33 : E
3 3
CV Q
(b* $ppl! <hm=s law to the resistor
to obtain%
$ +33 . 3
.33
F )33
3
3

R
V
I
(c* 5se its definition to find the time
constant of the circuit%
( ) ( ) ms 33 . 6 : E .33 RC
(d* E"press the charge on the
capacitor as a function of time%
( )
t
e Q t Q

3
evaluate Q(E ms*%
( ) ( ) C + . 4) C E33 ms E
6 ms E

m*
e Q
).E
112
+
3 +
)
3
CV U to find the initial energ! stored in the
capacitor and ( ) ( ) ( )
+
C +
)
t V C t U with ( )
t
e V t V

3 C
to show that U ' U3e
+t 2
.
(a* he initial energ! stored in the
capacitor is given b!%
( ) ( ) mI 3 . 63 F )33 : E
+
+
)
+
3 +
)
3

CV U
(b* E"press the energ! stored in the
discharging capacitor as a function
of time%
( ) ( ) ( )
+
C +
)
t V C t U
where
( )
t
e V t V

3 C
/ubstitute to obtain% ( ) ( )

t t
t
e U e CV
e V C t U
+
3
+ +
3 +
)
+
3 +
)

(c* $ graph of U versus t is shown below. U is in units of U3 and t is in units of .

*113
Picture the Problem We can find the resistance of the circuit from its time constant and
use <hm=s law and the e"pression for the current in a charging RC circuit to e"press as a
function of time, V3, and V(t*.
E"press the resistance of the resistor
in terms of the time constant of the C
R

()*
).-
Chapter +.
circuit%
voltage drop across the resistor as a
function of time%
( ) ( ) R t I t V
E"press the current in the circuit as
a function of the elapsed time after
the switch is closed%
( )
t
e I t I

3
/ubstitute to obtain% ( ) ( )
t t t
e V e R I R e I t V

3 3 3
sides of the equation and solve for
to obtain%
( )
1
]
1

3
ln
V
t V
t

( )
1
]
1

3
ln
V
t V
C
t
R
evaluate R using the data given for t
' , s%
( )

,
_
L )4 . +
F .3
F +3
ln : +
s ,
R
*114
Picture the Problem We can find the resistance of the circuit from its time constant and
use the e"pression for the charge on a discharging capacitor as a function of time to
e"press as a function of time, Q3, and Q(t*.
E"press the effective resistance
across the capacitor in terms of the
time constant of the circuit%
C
R

()*
E"press the charge on the capacitor
as a function of the elapsed time
after the switch is closed%
( )
t
e Q t Q

3
sides of the equation and solve for
to obtain%
( )
3
ln
Q
t Q
t

).4
( )
3
ln
Q
t Q
C
t
R
evaluate R%
( )
L ) . ,4
ln : )+ . 3
s ,
3
3 +
)
Q
Q
R
115
Picture the Problem We can use the definition of capacitance to find the final charge on
the capacitor and ( ) ( )
t
e Q t Q

)
f
to e"press the charge on the capacitor as a function
of time. In part (b* we can let Q(t* ' 3.77Qf and solve for t to find the time required for the
capacitor to reach 77K of its final charge.

(a* $fter a ver! long time has
elapsed, the capacitor will be full!
charged. 5se the definition of
capacitance to find its charge%
( ) ( ) C 33 . 4 F . : E . )
f
CV Q
(b* E"press the charge on the
( ) ( )
t
e Q t Q

)
f
where ' RC.
When Q ' 3.77Qf% ( )
t
e Q Q

) 77 . 3
f f
or
t
e
3) . 3
sides of the equation and solve for t
to obtain%
( ) 3) . 3 ln RC t
evaluate t%
( ) ( ) ( )
ms - . -6
3) . 3 ln : E . ) # )3
t
116
Picture the Problem We can use ?irchhoff=s loop rule (conservation of energ!* to find
both the initial and stead!-state currents drawn from the batter! and <hm=s law to find the
ma"imum voltage across the capacitor.
(a* $ppl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to a
circuit to obtain%
( ) 3 L + . )
C3 3
V I
).7
Chapter +.
&ecause the capacitor initiall! is
uncharged%
3
C3
V
and
m$ )33 . 3
L + . )
F )+3
L + . )
3

I
(b* When a long time has passed%
3
C

I
loop that includes the source and
both resistors to obtain%
( ) ( ) 3 # E33 L + . )

I I
/olve for and evaluate I
%
$ - . EE
# E33 L + . )
F )+3
# E33 L + . )
I
(c* he ma"imum voltage across the
capacitor equals the potential
difference across the E33-# under
stead!-state conditions. $ppl!
<hm=s law to obtain%
( ) ( )
F 3 . ,3
# E33 $ - . EE
# E33 C
R I V
117
Picture the Problem We can use ( ) ( ) ( )

t t
e C e Q t Q

) )
f
to find the
charge on the capacitor at t ' and differentiate this e"pression with respect to time to find
the rate at which the charge is increasing (the current*. he power supplied b! the batter!
is given b!

I P and the power dissipated in the resistor b!
R I P
R
+
,

. In part (f*
we can differentiate ( ) ( ) C t Q t U +
+
with respect to time and evaluate the derivative at t
' to find the rate at which the energ! stored in the capacitor is increasing.
(a* E"press the charge Q on the
( ) ( ) ( )

t t
e C e Q t Q

) )
f
()*
where ' RC.
Evaluate Q(* to obtain%
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) C E7 . . ) F E : . . )
)

e Q
(b* and (c* Differentiate equation ()*
with respect to t to obtain%
( )
t
e I I
dt
t dQ

3
circuit @ust after the circuit is
completed to obtain%
3
C3 3
V RI
)E3
&ecause VC3 ' 3 we have%
R
I

3
( )
( )

t
e
R
t I
dt
t dQ

evaluate I(*%
( ) $ )3 . )
LG +
F E
)

e I
(d* E"press the power supplied b!
the batter! as the product of its emf
and the current drawn from it at t '
%
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
W E3 . E
F E C2s )3 . )
I P
(e* he power dissipated in the
resistor is given b!%
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) W ,+ . + L + $ )3 . )
+
+

R I P
R
("* E"press the energ! stored in the
( )
( )
C
t Q
t U
+
+
Differentiate this e"pression with

respect to time to obtain%
( )
( ) [ ]
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) t I
C
t Q
dt
t dQ
t Q
C
t Q
dt
d
C dt
t dU
+
+
)
+
)
+
Evaluate this e"pression when
t ' to obtain%
( ) ( )
( )
( )
W )- . ,
$ )3 . )
: )..
C E7 . .
I
C
Q
dt
dU
(emar/s0 8ote that our ans,er &or part 5f6 is the di&&erence bet,een the po,er deli2ered b.
the batter. at t < and the rate at ,hich ener'. is dissipated in the resistor at the same time7
11
Picture the Problem We can appl! ?irchhoff=s @unction rule to find the current in each
branch of this circuit and then use the loop rule to obtain equations solvable for R), R+, and
R6.
)E)
Chapter +.
at the @unction of the .-: capacitor
and the )3- and .3- resistors
under stead!-state conditions%
$ .
)3 bat
+

I I
()*
&ecause the potential differences
across the .-: capacitor and the
)3- resistor are the same%

)3 )3
C )3
)3
V V
I
across the capacitor to its stead!-
state charge%
C
Q
V
f
C

( )C
Q
I
)3
f
)3
( )
$ .
)3
f
bat
+
C
Q
I
evaluate Ibat%
( ) ( )
$ 3 . +. $ .
: . )3
C )333
bat
+
I
(b* 5se ?irchhoff=s @unction rule to
find the currents I.
, ID6, and ID)%
$ )3
.

I
,
$ ).
6

R
I
,
and
$ +.
bat )
I I
R
$ppl! the loop rule to the loop that
includes the batter!, R), and the .3-
and .- resistors%
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 3 . $ )3
.3 $ . $ +. F 6)3
)

R
/olve for R) to obtain%
,33 . 3
)
R
includes the batter!, R), the )3-
resistor and R6%
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 3 $ ).
)3 $ +3 , . 3 $ +. F 6)3
6

R
/olve for R6 to obtain%
E- . E
6
R
includes the )3- and .3-
resistors and R+%
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 3 .3 $ .
$ . )3 $ +3
+
+
R
)E+
/olve for R+ to obtain%
3 . )3
+
R
11!
Picture the Problem We can solve Equation +.-6. for dQ2dt and separate the variables in
order to obtain the equation given above. Integrating this differential equation will !ield
Equation +.-6E.
/olve Equation +.-6. for dQ2dt to
obtain%
RC
Q C
dt
dQ

/eparate the variables to obtain%
RC
dt
Q C
dQ

Integrate dQ from 3 to Q and dt
from 3 to t%
' dt
RC Q' C
dQ'
t Q

3 3
)
and
RC
t
Q C
C
,
_
ln
ransform from logarithmic to
e"ponential form to obtain%
RC
t
e
Q C
C
/olve for Q to obtain Equation +.-

6E%
( ) ( )
RC t RC t
e Q e C Q

) )
f
*12"
Picture the Problem We can find the time-to-discharge b! e"pressing the voltage across
the capacitor as a function of time and solving for t. We can use ( ) ( ) t CV t U
+
+
)
to find
the energ! released2stored in the capacitor when the lamp flashes. In part (c* we can
integrate dUbat ' dI(t* to find the energ! supplied b! the batter! during the charging
c!cle.
(a* E"press the voltage across the
( )
( )
( )
( )
RC t
RC t
e V
e
C
Q
C
t Q
t V

)
)
f
f
/olve for t to obtain% ( )
,
_

f
) ln
V
t V
RC t
)E6
Chapter +.
evaluate t%
( ) ( )
ms 3E . ,
F 7
F -
) ln : ). . 3 # )4
,
_
t
(b* E"press the energ! stored in the
( ) ( ) t CV t U
+
+
)
/ubstitute for V(t* to obtain%

( ) ( )
+
+
f +
)
)
RC t
e CV t U

/ubstitute numerical values and evaluate U(,.3E ms*%
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) I E- . 6 ) F 7 : ). . 3 ms 3E . ,
+
: ). . 3 # )4 ms 3E . , +
+
)

e U
(c* Delate the energ! provided b!
the batter! to its emf and the current
it delivers%
( ) ( )
( ) [ ]
( )
RC t
RC t
t
RC t'
t
e C
e RC
R
dt' e
R
dt' t' I t U

)
)
+
+
3
+
3
bat
/ubstitute numerical values and evaluate Ubat(,.3E ms*%

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) I ,. . 7 ) F 7 : ). . 3 ms 3E . ,
: ). . 3 # )4 ms 3E . , +
bat

e U
E"press the fraction " of the energ!
supplied b! the batter! during the
charging c!cle that is dissipated in
the resistor%
bat
U
U
"
R
5se conservation of energ! to relate

the energ! supplied b! the batter! to
the energ! dissipated in the resistor
and the energ! released when the
lamp flashes%
flash bat
U U U
R
+
or
flash bat
U U U
R

bat
flash
bat
flash bat
)
U
U
U
U U
"

evaluate "%
K + . E)
I ,. . 7
I E- . 6
)
"
)E,
*121
Picture the Problem >et R) ' +33 , R+ ' E33 , I) and I+ their currents, and I6 the
current into the capacitor. We can appl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to find the initial batter!
current I3 and the batter! current I
a long time after the switch is closed. In part (c* we

can appl! both the loop and @unction rules to obtain equations that we can use to obtain a
linear differential equation with constant coefficients describing the current in the E33-
resistor as a function of time. We can solve this differential equation b! assuming a
solution of a given form, differentiating this assumed solution and substituting it and its
derivative in the differential equation. Equating coefficients, requiring the solution to hold
for all values of the assumed constants, and invo#ing an initial condition will allow us to
find the constants in the assumed solution.
the circuit at the instant the switch is
closed%
( ) 3 +33
C3 3
V I
&ecause the capacitor is initiall!
uncharged%
3
C3
V
/olve for and evaluate I3%
$ +.3 . 3
+33
F .3
+33
3

I
(b* $ppl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to
the circuit after a long time has
passed%
( ) ( ) 3 E33 +33 F .3

I I
/olve for I
to obtain%
m$ . . E+
433
F .3
I
(c* $ppl! the @unction rule at the
@unction between the +33- resistor
and the capacitor to obtain%
6 + )
I I I +
()*
$ppl! the loop rule to the loop
containing the source, the +33-
resistor and the capacitor to obtain%
3
) )

C
Q
I R (+*
containing the E33- resistor and
the capacitor to obtain%
3
+ +
I R
C
Q
(6*
)E.
Chapter +.
Differentiate equation (+* with
3
)
)
3
6
)
)
)
) ) )

1
]
1

I
C dt
dI
R
dt
dQ
C dt
dI
R
C
Q
I R
dt
d
or
6
)
)
)
I
C dt
dI
R (,*
Differentiate equation (6* with
3
)
+
+ + +

1
]
1
dt
dI
R
dt
dQ
C
I R
C
Q
dt
d
or
6
+
+
)
I
C dt
dI
R (.*
5sing equation ()*, substitute for I6
in equation (.* to obtain%
( )
+ )
+
+
)
I I
C R dt
dI

(E*
/olve equation (+* for I)%
)
+ +
)
)
R
I R
R
C Q
I

/ubstitute for I) in equation (E* and
simplif! to obtain the differential
equation for I+%
+
+ )
+ )
+ )
+
)
+ +
+
+
)
I
C R R
R R
C R R
I
R
I R
C R dt
dI
,
_
,
_
o solve this linear differential

equation with constant coefficients
we can assume a solution of the
form%
( )
t
be a t I

+
+
(-*
Differentiate I+(t* with respect to
time to obtain%
[ ]

t t
e
b
be a
dt
d
dt
dI

+
+
/ubstitute for I+ and dI+2dt to obtain%
( )

t t
be a
C R R
R R
C R R
e
b

+
,
_
+

+ )
+ )
+ )
Equate coefficients of
t
e
to
obtain%
+ )
+ )
R R
C R R
+

)EE
Dequiring the equation to hold for
all values of a !ields%
+ )
R R
a
+

If I+ is to be 1ero when t ' 3% b a + 3
or
+ )
R R
a b
+

/ubstitute in equation (-* to obtain%
( )
( )

t
t
e
R R
e
R R R R
t I
)
+ )
+ ) + )
+
where
( ) ( ) ( )
ms -.3 . 3
E33 +33
: . E33 +33
+ )
+ )
R R
C R R
evaluate I+(t*%
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
ms -.3 . 3
ms -.3 . 3
+
) m$ . . E+
)
E33 +33
F .3
t
t
e
e t I
122
Picture the Problem >et R) represent the ).+-L resistor and R+ the E33-# resistor.
Immediatel! after switch / is closed, the capacitor has 1ero charge and so the potential
difference across it (and the E33 #-resistor* is 1ero. $ long time after the switch is
closed, the capacitor will be full! charged and the potential difference across it will be
given b! both Q2C and I
R+. When the switch is opened after having been closed for a
long time, both the source and the ).+-L resistor will be out of the circuit and the full!
charged capacitor will discharge through R). We can use ?irchhoff=s loop to find the
currents drawn from the source immediatel! after the switch is closed and a long time
after the switch is closed, as well as the current in the RC circuit when the switch is again
opened and the capacitor discharges through R+.
the circuit immediatel! after the
switch is closed to obtain%
3
C3 ) 3
V R I
or, because VC3 ' 3,
3
) 3
R I
$ - . ,)
LG ).+
F .3
)
3

R
I
)E-
Chapter +.
the circuit a long time after the
switch is closed to obtain%
3
+ )

R I R I
%
$ 4 . +-
# E33 LG ).+
F .3
+ )
R R
I
the RC circuit sometime after the
switch is opened and solve for I(t* to
obtain%
( ) ( ) 3
+ C
t I R t V
or
( )
( )
+
C
R
t V
t I
/ubstitute for VC(t*%
( )
t t
e I e
R
V
t I

+
C
where ' R+C.
/ubstitute numerical values to
obtain%
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
s . . )
: . . + # E33
$ 4 . +-
$ 4 . +-
t
t
e
e t I

123
Picture the Problem In part (a* we can appl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to the circuit
immediatel! after the switch is closed in order to find the initial current I3. We can find the
time at which the voltage across the capacitor is +, F b! again appl!ing ?irchhoff=s loop
rule to find the voltage across the resistor when this condition is satisfied and then using
the e"pression ( )
t
e I t I

3
for the current through the resistor as a function of time and
solving for t.
switch is closed%
3 F )+
3
R I
$ 3 . ,4
LG 3..
F )+ F 6E
F )+
3
R
I
the circuit when VC ' +, F and
solve for VR%
( ) 3 F +, F 6E R t I
and
( ) F )+ R t I
)E4
E"press the current through the
resistor as a function of I3 and %
( )
t
e I t I

3
where ' RC.
/ubstitute to obtain% F )+
3

t
e RI
or
3
F )+
RI
e
t

sides of the equation to obtain% 3
F )+
ln
RI
t

/olve for t%
,
_
,
_

3 3
F )+
ln
F )+
ln
RI
RC
RI
t
/ubstitute numerical values and evaluate t%
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
s 4EE . 3
$ ,4 L . . 3
F )+
ln : . . + L . . 3
1
]
1
t
124
Picture the Problem In part (a* we can appl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to the circuit
immediatel! after the switch is closed in order to find the initial current I3. We can find the
time at which the voltage across the capacitor is +, F b! again appl!ing ?irchhoff=s loop
rule to find the voltage across the resistor when this condition is satisfied and then using
the e"pression ( )
t
e I t I

3
for the current through the resistor as a function of time and
solving for t.
switch is closed%
3 F )+
3
+ R I
$ 3 . 7E
LG 3..
F )+ F 6E
F )+
3
+
R
I
the circuit when VC ' +, F and solve
for VR%
( ) 3 F +, F 6E R t I
and
( ) F )+ R t I
E"press the current through the
resistor as a function of I3 and %
( )
t
e I t I

3
where ' RC.
)E7
Chapter +.
/ubstitute to obtain% F )+
3

t
e RI
or
3
F )+
RI
e
t

sides of the equation to obtain% 3
F )+
ln
RI
t

/olve for t%
,
_
,
_

3 3
F )+
ln
F )+
ln
RI
RC
RI
t
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
s -6 . )
$ 7E L . . 3
F )+
ln : . . + L . . 3
1
]
1
t
=eneral Problems
*125
Determine the Concept &ecause all of the current drawn from the batter! passes through
R), we #now that I) is greater than I+ and I6. &ecause R+ R6, I+ I6 and so (b* is false.
&ecause R6 9 R+, I6 Q I+ and so (c* is false.
correct. is * (a
126 $ +.-W lightbulb is connected in series with a )33-W lightbulb and a voltage
V is placed across the combination. Which lightbulb is brighterU E"plain.
Determine the Concept he +.-W bulb will be brighter. he brightness of a bulb is
proportional to the power it dissipates. he resistance of the +.-W bulb is greater than
that of the )33-W bulb, and in the series combination, the same current I flows through
the bulbs. 0ence, I
+
R+. 9 I
+
R)33.
127
Picture the Problem We can appl! <hm=s law to find the current drawn from the batter!
and use ?irchhoff=s loop rule to find the current in the E- resistor.
current I) drawn from the batter!%
eq
)
R
I

:ind Req%
( ) ( )

+

+ 4
)+ E
)+ E
,
eq
R
)-3
/ubstitute and evaluate I)%
$ 6
4
F +,
)

I
loop that includes the batter! and the
,- and E- resistors%
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 E $ 6 , F +,
+
I
/olve for I+ to obtain%
$ +
+
I and
correct. is * (b
12
Picture the Problem We can use R I P
+
ma"
to find the ma"imum current the resistor
can tolerate and <hm=s law to find the voltage across the resistor that will produce this
current.
(a* Delate the ma"imum current the
resistor can tolerate to its power and
resistance%
R I P
+
ma"
/olve for and evaluate Ima"%

$ -3- . 3
)3
W .
ma"

R
P
I
(b* 5se <hm=s law to relate the
voltage across the resistor to this
ma"imum current%
( ) ( ) F 3- . - G )3 $ 3.-3-
ma"
R I V
12!
Picture the Problem We can use <hm=s law to find the short-circuit current drawn from
the batter! and the relationship between the terminal potential difference, the emf of the
batter!, and the current being drawn from it to find the terminal voltage when the batter!
is delivering a current of +3 $.
(a* $ppl! <hm=s law to the shorted
batter! to find the short-circuit
current%
$ 3 . 63
3.,
F )+
sc

r
I

(b* E"press the terminal voltage as
the difference between the emf of
the batter! and the current being
drawn from it%
Ir V
term
evaluate Vterm%
( ) ( ) F 33 . , , . 3 $ +3 F )+
term
V
)-)
Chapter +.
13"
Picture the Problem We can use ?irchhoff=s loop rule to obtain two equations relating
and r that we can solve simultaneousl! to find these quantities.
5se ?irchhoff=s loop rule to relate
the emf of the batter! to the current
drawn from it and the internal and
e"ternal resistance%
3 Ir IR
()*
When I ' ).43 $ and a -.3-
resistor is connected across the
batter! terminals equation ()*
becomes%
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 $ 4 . ) - $ 4 . ) r
or
( ) 3 $ 4 . ) F E . )+ r (+*
When I ' +.+3 $ and a )+- resistor
is connected in parallel with the -.3-
resistor%
( ) ( ) 3 $ + . + $ + . +
eq
r R
:ind the equivalent resistance%
( ) ( )

+

,+ . ,
)+ -
)+ -
eq
R
/ubstitute to obtain% ( )( ) ( ) 3 $ + . + ,+ . , $ + . + r
or
( ) 3 $ + . + F -+ . 7 r (6*
/olve equations (+* and (6*
F . . +.
and
)7 . - r
*131
Picture the Problem We can appl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to the circuit that includes the
bo" and the +)-F source to obtain two equations in the un#nowns and R that we can
solve simultaneousl!.
circuit when the polarit! of the +)-
( ) 3 $ ) F +) + R
)-+
F source and the direction of the
current are as shown in the diagram%
circuit when the polarit! of the
source is reversed and the current is
+ $ in the opposite direction%
( ) 3 $ + F +) + + R
3 . ), R
and
F 33 . -
132
Picture the Problem When the switch is closed, the initial potential differences across
the capacitors are 1ero (the! have no charge* and the resistors in the bridge portion of the
circuit are in parallel. When a long time has passed, the current through the capacitors will
be 1ero and the resistors will be in series. In both cases, the application of ?irchhoff=s
loop rule to the entire circuit will !ield the current in the circuit. o find the final charges
on the capacitors we can use the definition of capacitance and appl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule
to the loops containing two resistors and a capacitor to find the potential differences
across the capacitors.
switch is closed%
( ) 3 )3 F .3
eq 3 3
R I I
/olve for I3%
eq
3
)3
F .3
R
I
+
:ind the equivalent resistance of ).

, )+ , and ). in parallel%

+
).
)
)+
)
).
) )
eq
R
and
E+ . ,
eq
R
/ubstitute for Req and evaluate I3%
$ ,+ . 6
E+ . , )3
F .3
3

+
I
the circuit a long time after the
switch is closed%
( ) 3 )3 F .3
eq

R I I
/olve for I
%
eq
)3
F .3
R
I
+
)-6
Chapter +.
:ind the equivalent resistance of ).
, )+ , and ). in series%
+ + ,+ ). )+ ).
eq
R
/ubstitute for Req and evaluate I
%
$ 7E+ . 3
,+ )3
F .3
I
(c* 5sing the definition of
capacitance, e"press the charge on
the capacitors in terms of their final
potential differences%
: )3 : )3 : )3
V C Q
()*
and
: . : . : .
V C Q
(+*
loop containing the ).- and )+-
resistors and the )3 : capacitor to
obtain%
( ) ( ) 3 )+ ).
: )3

I I V

/olve for V)3 :%
( )

I V +-
: )3
/ubstitute in equation ()* and
evaluate Q)3 :%
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
C +E3
$ 7E+ . 3 +- : )3
+-
: )3 : )3

I C Q
loop containing the ).- and )+-
resistors and the . : capacitor to
obtain%
( ) ( ) 3 )+ ).
: .

I I V

/olve for V. :%
( )

I V +-
: .
/ubstitute in equation (+* and
evaluate Q. :%
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
C )63
$ 7E+ . 3 +- : .
+-
: . : .

I C Q
*133
Picture the Problem >et the current flowing through the galvanometer b! IV. &!
appl!ing ?irchhoff=s rules to the loops including )* R), the galvanometer, and R$, and +*
R+, the galvanometer, and R3, we can obtain two equations relating the un#nown
resistance to R), R+ and R3. 5sing R ' L2A will allow us to e"press R$ in terms of the
length of wire L) that corresponds to R) and the length of wire L+ that corresponds to R+.
loop that includes R), the
galvanometer, and R$ to obtain%
3
+ ) )
+ I R I R
$
()*
)-,
loop that includes R+, the
galvanometer, and R3 to obtain%
( ) ( ) 3
V + 3 V ) +
+ + I I R I I R (+*
When the bridge is balanced,
IV ' 3 and equations ()* and (+*
become%
+ ) )
I R I R
$
(6*
and
+ 3 ) +
I R I R
(,*
Divide equation (6* b! equation (,*
and solve for $ to obtain%
+
)
3
R
R
R R
$

(.*
E"press R) and R+ in terms of their
lengths, cross-sectional areas, and
the resistivit! of their wire%
A
L
R
)
)
and
A
L
R
+
+

/ubstitute in equation (.* to obtain%
+
)
3
L
L
R R
$

(a* When the bridge balances at the
)4-cm mar#, L) ' )4 cm,
L+ ' 4+ cm and%
( ) 7 . ,6
cm 4+
cm )4
+33
$
R
(b* When the bridge balances at the
E3-cm mar#, L) ' E3 cm,
L+ ' ,3 cm and%
( ) 633
cm 3 ,
cm 3 E
+33
$
R
(c* When the bridge balances at the
7.-cm mar#, L) ' 7. cm,
L+ ' . cm and%
( ) # 43 . 6
cm .
cm . 7
+33
$
R
134
Picture the Problem >et the current flowing through the galvanometer b! IV. &!
appl!ing ?irchhoff=s rules to the loops including )* R), the galvanometer, and R$, and +*
R+, the galvanometer, and R3, we can obtain two equations relating the un#nown
resistance to R), R+ and R3. 5sing R ' L2A will allow us to e"press R$ in terms of the
length of wire L) that corresponds to R) and the length of wire L+ that corresponds to R+.
o find the effect of an error of + mm in the location of the balance point we can use the
relationship
( ) L dL dR R
$ $
to determine R$ and then divide b!
( ) L L R R
$
)
3
to find the fractional change (error* in R$ resulting from a given error
in the determination of the balance point.
)-.
Chapter +.
loop that includes R), the
galvanometer, and R$ to obtain%
3
+ ) )
+ I R I R
$
()*
loop that includes R+, the
galvanometer, and R3 to obtain%
( ) ( ) 3
V + 3 V ) +
+ + I I R I I R (+*
When the bridge is balanced,
IV ' 3 and equations ()* and (+*
become%
+ ) )
I R I R
$
(6*
and
+ 3 ) +
I R I R
(,*
Divide equation (6* b! equation (,*
and solve for $ to obtain%
+
)
3
R
R
R R
$

(.*
E"press R) and R+ in terms of their
lengths, cross-sectional areas, and
the resistivit! of their wire%
A
L
R
)
)
and
A
L
R
+
+

/ubstitute in equation (.* to obtain%
+
)
3
L
L
R R
$

(E*
(a* When the bridge balances at the
74-cm mar#, L) ' 74 cm,
L+ ' + cm and%
( ) # 43 . 7
cm +
cm 4 7
+33
$
R
(b* E"press R$ in terms of the
distance to the balance point%
L
L
R R
$
)
3
E"press the error R$ in R$ resulting
from an error L in L%
( )
L
L
R
L
L
L
dL
d
R L
dL
dR
R
$
$
1
]
1

+ 3
3
)
)
)
Divide R$ b! R$ to obtain%
( )
L
L
L
L
L
R
L
L
R
R
R
$
$

)
)
)
)
)
3
+ 3
Evaluate R$2R$ for L ' 74 cm and
L ' + mm%
K 3 . )3
m )
mm +
m 3.74 m )
m )
$
$
R
R
)-E
(c* /olve equation (E* for the ratio of
L) to L+%
3 +
)
R
R
L
L
$
mar#. cm - .3 near the balance to bridge the cause will # )3 el! appro"imat
of resistor a 0ence, . # 7.43 and cm, .3 cm, .3 :or
" 3 + )
R R L L
135
Picture the Problem ?nowing the beam current and charge per proton, we can use
ne I to determine the number of protons stri#ing the target per second. he energ!
deposited per second is the power delivered to the target and is given b!
P ' IV. We can find the elapsed time before the target temperature rises 633C using Q '
Pt ' mcCuT.
(a* Delate the current to the number
of protons per second n arriving at
the target%
ne I
/olve for and evaluate n%
s 2 )3 )7 . +
C )3 E3 . )
$ .3 . 6
)6
)7

e
I
n
(b* E"press the power of the beam in
terms of the beam current and
energ!%
( ) ( ) I2s +)3 LeF E3 $ . . 6 IV P
(c* Delate the energ! delivered to the
target to its heat capacit! and
temperature change%
T mc T C t P Q
Cu Cu
/olve for t%
P
T mc
t

Cu
able )7-) for the specific heat of
copper*and evaluate t%
( ) ( ) ( )
s E . +-
I2s +)3
633C ? #I2#g 3.64E g .3

t
136
Picture the Problem We can use the definition of current to e"press the current delivered
b! the belt in terms of the surface charge densit!, width, and speed of the belt. he
minimum power needed to drive the belt can be found from P ' IV.
)--
Chapter +.
(a* 5se its definition to e"press the
current carried b! the belt%

+v
dt
d$
+
dt
dQ
I
evaluate I%
( ) ( ) ( )
m$ 3 . .3
m2s +3 m 3.. mC2m .
+
I
(b* E"press the minimum power of
the motor in terms of the current
delivered and the potential of the
charge%
IV P
evaluate P%
( ) ( ) #W ..33 #F )33 m$ .3 P
137
Picture the Problem We can differentiate the e"pression relating the amount of heat
required to produce a given temperature change with respect to time to e"press the mass
flow-rate required to maintain the temperature of the coils at .3C. We can then use the
definition of densit! to find the necessar! volume flow rate.
E"press the heat that must be
dissipated in terms of the specific
heat and mass of the water and the
desired temperature change of the
water%
T mc Q
water
Differentiate this e"pression with
respect to time to obtain an
e"pression for the power
dissipation%
T c
dt
dm
dt
dQ
P
water
/olve for dm2dt%
T c
P
dt
dm
water
/ubstitute for the power dissipated
to obtain%
T c
IV
dt
dm
water
evaluate dm2dt%
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
#g2s )E, . 3
C ). C .3 ? #I2#g ,.)4
F +,3 $ )33
dt
dm
)-4
5sing the definition of densit!,
e"press the volume flow rate in
terms of the mass flow rate to
obtain%
( )
>2s )E, . 3
m )3
> )
2s m )3 )E, . 3
#g2m )3
#g2s 3.)E, )
6 6
6 6
6 6
,
_
dt
dm
dt
dV
13
Picture the Problem We can use the e"pressions for the capacitance of a dielectric-filled
parallel-plate capacitor and the resistance of a conductor to show that RC ' 3.
E"press the capacitance of the
dielectric-filled parallel-plate
capacitor%
d
A
C
3

E"press the resistance of a
conductor with the same
dimensions%
A
d
R

he product of C and R is%

3
3

d
A
A
d
RC
13!
Picture the Problem We can use the e"pressions for the capacitance of a dielectric-filled
c!lindrical capacitor and the resistance of a c!lindrical conductor to show that RC '
3.
E"press the capacitance of the
dielectric-filled c!lindrical capacitor
whose inner and outer radii are r)
and r+, respectivel!%

,
_
)
+
3
ln
+
r
r
C

where is the length of the capacitor.
E"press the resistance of a
c!lindrical resistor with the same
dimensions%

+
ln
)
+
,
_
r
r
R
he product of C and R is%
3
)
+
3
)
+
ln
+
+
ln

,
_
,
_
r
r
r
r
RC

resistor. the
and capacitor the of geometries the of tl! independen holds result his
*14"
)-7
Chapter +.
Picture the Problem We=ll assume that the
capacitor is full! charged initiall! and
appl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to the circuit
fragment to obtain the differential equation
describing the discharge of the lea#!
capacitor. We=ll show that the solution to
this equation is the familiar e"pression for
an e"ponential deca! with time constant
' 3.
(a*
parallel. in be must the! 0ence, capacitor. the across
drop voltage as same the be must resistor the across drop voltage the
n, combinatio apacitor resistor2c a as capacitor lea#! the of thin# we If
(b* $ssuming that the capacitor is
initiall! full! charged, appl!
?irchhoff=s loop rule to the circuit
fragment to obtain%
3 RI
C
Q
or, because
dt
dQ
I ,
3 +
dt
dQ
R
C
Q
/eparate variables in this differential
equation to obtain%
dt
RC Q
dQ )

:rom Croblems )64 and )67 we
have%

3
RC
/ubstitute for RC in the differential
equation to obtain%
dt
Q
dQ
3
)

Integrate this equation from
Q ' Q3 to Q to obtain%
t
e Q Q

3
where

3

(c* &ecause Q2Q3 ' 3.)% ) . 3
t
e
/olve for t b! ta#ing the natural
logarithm of both sides of the
equation%
) . 3 ln
t

) . 3 ln
3
t
( ) ( ) ( ) h +... s )3 )- . 7 ) . 3 ln . m )3 7 m H 2 C )3 4. . 4
6 )6 + + )+

t
)43
141
Picture the Problem We can use its definition to find the time constant of the charging
circuit in part (a*. In part (b* we can use the e"pression for the potential difference as a
function of time across a charging capacitor and utili1e the hint given in the problem
statement to show that the voltage across the capacitor increases almost linearl! over the
time required to bring the potential across the switch to its critical value. In part (c* we
can use the result derived in part (b* to find the value of R) such that C charges from 3.+
F to ,.+ F in 3.) s. In part (d* we can use the e"pression for the potential difference as a
function of time across a discharging capacitor to find the discharge time. :inall!, in part
(e* we can integrate I
+
R) over the discharge time to find the rate at which energ! is
dissipated in R) during the discharge of the capacitor and use the difference in the energ!
stored in the capacitor initiall! and when the switch opens to find the rate of energ!
dissipation in resistance of the capacitor.
(a* When the capacitor is charging,
the switch is open and the resistance
in the charging circuit is R). 0ence%
( ) ( )
ms 3 . )3
: 3+ . 3 L . . 3
)
C R
(b* E"press the voltage across the
charging capacitor as a function of
time%
( ) ( )
t
e t V

)
/olve for the e"ponential term to
obtain%
( )
t V
e
t

) ()*
Hoting that V(t* QQ , let ' V(t*2
)
t
e
or
( )
+

) )
) t
e
because QQ ).
5se the power series for e
$
to
e"pand
t
e %
t
t t
e
t
)
)
...
W +
)
)
+
+
+
,
_
+ +
provided
) << t
.
/ubstitute in equation ()* to obtain% ( )
t V
t + + + ) )
)
)
/olve for t to obtain the linear
relationship%
( ) t t V
()*
)4)
Chapter +.
(c* 5sing the result derived in (b*,
relate the time t required to change
the voltage across the capacitor b!
an amount V to V%
( ) t t V
or
( )
t
t V
C R
)
/olve for R)%
( )
t
t V C
R

)
evaluate R)%
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
VG 33 . )
F 3.+ F + . , : 3+ . 3
s 3.) F 433
)
R
(d* E"press the potential difference
across the capacitor as a function of
time%
( )
' t
e V t V

C3 C
where
' R+C.
/olve for t to obtain%
( ) ( )
,
_
,
_

C3
C
+
C3
C
ln ln
V
t V
C R
V
t V
' t
evaluate t%
( ) ( )
ps 7 . E3
F + . ,
F + . 3
ln : 3+ . 3 33) . 3
,
_
t
(e* E"press the rate at which energ!
is dissipated in R) as a function of its
resistance and the current through it%
)
+ )
)
R I
t
E
P
&ecause the current varies with time,

we need to integrate over time to
find E)%
( )
I )3 )- . E
6 VG )
)
s +3
F 433
)
)3
s 3.)3.
s 33. . 3
6
+
s 3.)3.
s 33. . 3
+
)
+
)
+
)
)
+
)
)
+
)

1
]
1
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_

t
dt t
R
dt R
R
t
dt R
R
t V
dt R I E
)4+
/ubstitute and evaluate P)%
nW )- . E
s 3.)
I )3 )- . E
)3
)

P
E"press the rate at which energ! is
dissipated in the switch resistance%
( )
t
V V C
t
CV CV
t
U U
t
U
P
+
f
+
i +
)
+
f +
)
+
i +
)
Cf Ci C
+
evaluate P+%
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
#W 47 . +
ps 7 . E3
F + . 3 F + . , : 3+ . 3
+ +
+
)
+

P
142
Picture the Problem We can appl! both the loop and @unction rules to obtain equations
that we can use to obtain a linear differential equation with constant coefficients
describing the current in R+ as a function of time. We can solve this differential equation
b! assuming a solution of an appropriate form, differentiating this assumed solution and
substituting it and its derivative in the differential equation. Equating coefficients,
requiring the solution to hold for all values of the assumed constants, and invo#ing an
initial condition will allow us to find the constants in the assumed solution. <nce we
#now how the current varies with time in R+, we can e"press the potential difference
across it (as well as across C because the! are in parallel*. o find the voltage across the
capacitor at t ' 4 s, we can e"press the dependence of the voltage on time for a
discharging capacitor (C is discharging after t ' + s* and evaluate this function, with a
time constant differing from that found in (a*, at t ' E s.
(a* $ppl! the @unction rule at the
@unction between the two resistors to
obtain%
6 + )
I I I +
()*
containing the source, R), and the
capacitor to obtain%
3
) )

C
Q
I R (+*
containing R+ and the capacitor to
obtain%
3
+ +
I R
C
Q
(6*
Differentiate equation (+* with
3
)
)
3
6
)
)
)
) ) )

1
]
1

I
C dt
dI
R
dt
dQ
C dt
dI
R
C
Q
I R
dt
d
)46
Chapter +.
or
6
)
)
)
I
C dt
dI
R (,*
Differentiate equation (6* with
3
)
+
+ + +

1
]
1
dt
dI
R
dt
dQ
C
I R
C
Q
dt
d
or
6
+
+
)
I
C dt
dI
R (.*
5sing equation ()*, substitute for I6
in equation (.* to obtain%
( )
+ )
+
+
)
I I
C R dt
dI

(E*
/olve equation (+* for I)%
)
+ +
)
)
R
I R
R
C Q
I

/ubstitute for I) in equation (E* and
simplif! to obtain the differential
equation for I+%
+
+ )
+ )
+ )
+
)
+ +
+
+
)
I
C R R
R R
C R R
I
R
I R
C R dt
dI
,
_
,
_
o solve this linear differential

equation with constant coefficients we
can assume a solution of the form%
( )
t
be a t I

+
+
(-*
Differentiate I+(t* with respect to
time to obtain%
[ ]

t t
e
b
be a
dt
d
dt
dI

+
+
/ubstitute for I+ and dI+2dt to obtain%
( )

t t
be a
C R R
R R
C R R
e
b

+
,
_
+

+ )
+ )
+ )
Equate coefficients of
t
e
to
obtain%
+ )
+ )
R R
C R R
+

Dequiring the equation to hold for
all values of a !ields%
+ )
R R
a
+

If I+ is to be 1ero when t ' 3% b a + 3
or
)4,
+ )
R R
a b
+

/ubstitute in equation (-* to obtain%
( )
( )

t
t
e
R R
e
R R R R
t I
)
+ )
+ ) + )
+
where
+ )
+ )
R R
C R R
+

evaluate %
( ) ( ) ( )
s ,6 . )
L . L +
: ) L . L +

evaluate I+(t*%-
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
s ,6 . )
s ,6 . )
+
) $ .,6 )
)
L . L +
F )3
t
t
e
e t I
&ecause C and R+ are in parallel,

the! have a common potential
difference given b!%
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
s ).,6 t
s ).,6 t
+ + + C
) F ). . -
) L . $ .,6 )

e
e
R t I t V t V
Evaluate VC at t ' + s% ( ) ( ) ( ) F 64 . . ) F ). . - s +
s ).,6 s +
C

e V
he voltage across the capacitor as a function of time is shown in the figure. he current
through the .-L resistor R+ follows the same time course, its value being VC2(.)3
E
* $.
)4.
Chapter +.
(b* he value of VC at t ' + s has
alread! been determined to be%
( ) F 64 . . s +
C
V
When / is opened at t ' + s, C
discharges through R+ with a time
constant given b!%
( ) ( ) s . : ) L . B
+
C R
across C as a function of time%
( ) ( )
s . B
C3 C
F 64 . .
t t
e e V t V

Evaluate VC at t ' 4 s to obtain%
( ) ( ) F E+ . ) F 64 . . s 4
s . s E
C

e V
in good agreement with the graph.
)4E
143
Picture the Problem >et I) be the current
delivered b! ), I+ the current delivered b!
+, and I6 the current through the resistor R.
We can appl! ?irchhoff=s rules to obtain
three equations in the un#nowns I), I+Xand
I6 that we can solve simultaneousl! to find
I6. We can then e"press the power delivered
b! the sources to R. /etting the derivative
of this e"pression equal to 1ero will allow
us to solve for the value of R that
ma"imi1es the power delivered b! the
sources.
$ppl! ?irchhoff=s @unction rule at a
to obtain%
6 + )
I I I +
()*
$ppl! the loop rule around the
outside
of the circuit to obtain%
3
) ) 6 )
I r R I (+*
$ppl! the loop rule around the
inside of the circuit to obtain%
3
+ + 6 +
I r R I (6*
Eliminate I) from equations ()* and
(+* to obtain%
( ) 3
+ 6 ) 6 )
I I r R I (,*
/olve equation (6* for I+ to obtain%
+
6 +
+
r
R I
I

/ubstitute for I+ in equation (,* to
obtain%
3
+
6 +
6 ) 6 )

,
_

r
R I
I r R I

/olve for I6 to obtain%

( )
+ ) + )
) + + )
6
r r R r r
r r
I
+ +
+

)4-
Chapter +.
E"press the power delivered to R%
( )
( )
1
]
1
,
_
+
+
,
_
+ +
+

+
+
+ )
) + + )
+
+ ) + )
) + + )
+
6
A R
R
r r
r r
R
r r R r r
r r
R I P

where
+ )
+ )
r r
r r
A
+
Hoting that the quantit! in

parentheses is independent of R and
that therefore we can ignore it,
differentiate P with respect to R and
set the derivative equal to 1ero%
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
e"trema for 3
+
,
+
,
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+ +
1
]
1
A R
A R R A R
A R
A R
dR
d
R A R
A R
R
dR
d
dR
dP
+ )
+ )
r r
r r
A R
+

o establish that this value for R
corresponds to a ma"imum, we need
to evaluate the second derivative of
P with respect to R at R ' A and
show that this quantit! is negative,
i.e., concave downward%
( ) ( )
( )
( )
,
,
+
+
+
, +
+
A R
A R
A R
A R R A R
dR
d
dR
P d
+
1
]
1
+
+ +
and
( )
3
+
, +
+
<
+
A R
A
dR
P d
A R
We can conclude that%
sources. b! the delivered
power the ma"imi1es
+ )
+ )
r r
r r
R
+
)44
*144
Picture the Problem >et Q) and Q+ represent the final charges on the capacitors C) and
C+. ?nowing that charge is conserved as it is redistributed to the two capacitors and that
the final-state potential differences across the two capacitors will be the same, we can
obtain two equations in the un#nowns Q) and Q+ that we can solve simultaneousl!. We
can compare the initial and final energies stored in this s!stem b! e"pressing and
simplif!ing their ratio. We can account for an! difference between these energies b!
considering the role of the resistor in the circuit.
(a* Delate the total charge stored
initiall! to the final charges Q) and
Q+ on C) and C+%
+ ) 3 )
Q Q V C Q +
()*
&ecause, in their final state, the
potential differences across the two
capacitors will be the same%
+
+
)
)
C
Q
C
Q
(+*
/olve equation (+* for Q+ and
substitute in equation ()* to obtain%
3 ) + +
+
)
V C Q Q
C
C
+
/olve for Q+ to obtain%
3
+ )
+ )
+
V
C C
C C
Q
+
/ubstitute in either ()* or (+* and

solve for Q) to obtain%
3
+ )
+
)
)
V
C C
C
Q
+
(b* E"press the ratio of the initial

and final energies of the s!stem%
+
+
3
+ )
+ )
)
+
3
+ )
+
)
+
3 )
+
+
+
+
)
)
+
)
+
)
+
3 ) +
)
f
i
C
V
C C
C C
C
V
C C
C
V C
C
Q
C
Q
V C
U
U
,
_
+
+
,
_
/implif! this e"pression further to

obtain%
)
+
f
i
)
C
C
U
U
+
or Ui is greater than Uf b! a factor of
) M C+2C).
)47
Chapter +.
(c*
. capacitors two the connecting resistor the
in heat Ioule as dissipated energ! the equals energ! in decrease he
)73
145
Picture the Problem >et q) and q+ be the time-dependent charges on the two
capacitors after the switches are closed. We can use ?irchhoff=s loop rule and the conservation of
charge to a obtain a first-order linear differential equation describing
the current I+ through R after the switches are closed. We can solve this differential equation b!
assuming a solution of the form ( )
t
be a t q

+
+
and requiring that the solution satisf! the
boundar! condition that q+(3* ' 3 and the differential equation
be satisfied for all values of t. <nce we #now I+, we can find the energ! dissipated
in the resistor as a function of time and the total energ! dissipated in the resistor.
3
+
+
)
)

C
q
IR
C
q
or, because I ' dq+2dt,
3
+
+ +
)
)

C
q
dt
dq
R
C
q
$ppl! conservation of charge during
the redistribution of charge to
obtain%
+ 3 ) + )
q V C q Q q
/ubstitute for q) to obtain%
3
+
+ +
)
+
3

C
q
dt
dq
R
C
q
V
Dearrange to obtain the first- order
differential equation%
3 +
+ )
+ ) +
V q
C C
C C
dt
dq
R
,
_
+
+
$ssume a solution of the form% ( )
t
be a t q

+
+
()*
Differentiate the assumed solution
with respect to time to obtain%
( )
[ ]

t t
e
b
be a
dt
d
dt
t dq

+
+
/ubstitute for dq+2dt and q+ in the
differential equation to obtain%
( )
3
+ )
+ )
V be a
C C
C C
e
b
R
t
t
+
,
_
+
+
,
_
)7)
Chapter +.
Dearrange to obtain%
3
+ )
+ )
+ )
+ )
V b e
C C
C C
a
C C
C C
b e
R
t
t
1
]
1
,
_
+
+
,
_
+
+
1
]
1
If this equation is to be satisfied for

all values of t%
3 eq 3
+ )
+ )
V C V
C C
C C
a
+
and
3
+ )
+ )
1
]
1
,
_
+
+
1
]
1

b e
C C
C C
b e
R
t t
or
3
+ )
+ )
+
+
C C
C C R
/olve for to obtain%

eq
+ )
+ )
RC
C C
C C
R
+

/ubstitute the boundar! condition
q+(3* ' 3 in equation ()*%
b a + 3
or
3 eq
V C a b
/ubstitute for a and b in equation
()* to obtain%
( )
( )
t
t
e V C
e V C V C t q

)
3 eq
3 eq 3 eq +
Differentiate q+(t* with respect to
time to find the current%
( )
( )
( )
( )

t t
t
t
e
R
V
e
V C
e V C
e
dt
d
V C
dt
t dq
t I

,
_

3
3 eq
3 eq
3 eq
+
)
)
(b* E"press the energ! dissipated in
the resistor as a function of time%
( )
t
t
e
R
V
R e
R
V
R I t P
+
+
3
+
3 +
,
_

(c* he energ! dissipated in the
resistor is the integral of P(t*
between t ' 3 and t '%
eq
+
3 +
)
3
+
+
3 eq
C V dt' e
R
V
E
RC t'

)7+
resistor. in the dissipated
energ! the equals energies stored in the difference that the problem that of
end at the statement the confirms which problem, preceding in the found
energies stored final and initial e between th difference e e"actl! th is his
146
Picture the Problem We can appl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to find the initial current drawn
from the batter! and the current drawn from the batter! a long time after /l is closed. We
can also use the loop rule to find the final voltages across the capacitors and the current in
the ).3- resistor when /+ is opened after having been closed for a long time.
the loop that includes the source, the
)33- resistor, and the capacitor
immediatel! after /) is closed to
obtain%
( ) ( ) 3 )33 3 F )+
C3 bat
V I
&ecause the capacitor is initiall!
uncharged%
3
C3
V
and
( ) ( ) 3 )33 3 F )+
bat
I
/olve for and evaluate Ibat(3*%
( ) $ )+3 . 3
)33
)+
3
bat

V
I
)33-, .3-, and ).3- resistor a
long time after /) is closed to obtain%
( ) ( )
( ) 3 ).3
.3 )33 F )+

I
I I
%
m$ 3 . ,3
).3 .3 )33
F )+
+ +
I
)33- resistor, and C) a long time
after both switches are closed to
obtain%
( ) 3 )33 F )+
C) bat
V I
/olve for and evaluate VC)%
( ) ( ) F 33 . 4 )33 m$ ,3 F )+
C)
V
(d* $ppl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to
( ) 3 ).3
bat C+
+ I V
)76
Chapter +.
the loop that includes the ).3-
resistor and C+ a long time after both
switches are closed to obtain%
/olve for and evaluate VC+%
( ) ( ) ( )
F 33 . E
).3 m$ ,3 ).3
bat C+
I V
(e* $ppl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to
the loop that includes the ).3-
resistor and C+ after /+ is opened to
obtain%
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 ).3
+
C
t I t V
or
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 ).3 3
+
C

t I e V
t
/olve for I(t* to obtain%
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
ms .3 . -
: .3 ).3 Y C
m$ ,3
G ).3
F E
G ).3
3 F
+
t
t t
e
e e t I

*147
Picture the Problem We can use the definition of differential resistance and the
e"pression for the diode current given in problem ., to e"press Rd and establish the
required results.
he differential resistance Rd is
given b!%
)
d
,
_

dV
dI
dI
dV
R
:rom Croblem .,, the current in the
diode is given b!%
( ) )
mF +.
3

V
e I I ()*
/ubstitute for I to obtain%
( ) [ ]
mF +.
3
)
mF +.
3 d
mF +.
)
V
V
e
I
e I
dV
d
R
'

(+*
:or V 9 3.E F, equation ()*
becomes%
mF +.
3
V
e I I
/olve for the e"ponential factor to
obtain%
3
mF +.
I
I
e
V

I
I
e
V 3 mF +.
/ubstitute in equation (+* to obtain%

I I
I
I
R
mF +. mF +.
3
3
d

... Croblem
in made s assumption the @ustifies F, 3.E for with that together result, his
ll!. e"ponentia increases 3, for that, shows (+* equation of n E"aminatio
d
>
<
V
R V
14
)7,
Picture the Problem We can appro"imate the slope of the graph in :igure +.--- and ta#e
its reciprocal to obtain values for Rd that we can plot as a function of V.
5se the graph in :igure +.--- to complete
the table to the right.
V (F* Rd (*
3 E.E-
3.) )-.7
3.6 -..+
3., ,+.7
3.. 4
he following graph was plotted using a spreadsheet program.
F. 3.), el! appro"imat at negative becomes resistance al differenti he
14!
Picture the Problem We can use the definition of current to find the number of
electrons accelerated in each pulse and the average current in the beam. he
average and pea# power of the accelerator can be found using
V I P
av av

and
V I P
pea# pea#

and the dut! factor from its definition.
(a* 5se the definition of current to
relate the number of electrons
accelerated in each pulse to the
duration of the pulse%
t
ne
t
Q
I
pulse
where n is the number of electrons in
each pulse.
)7.
Chapter +.
/olve for and evaluate n%
( ) ( )
)+ ))
)7
pulse
)3 )3 77 . 7
C )3 E3+ . )
s ) . 3 $ E . )

e
t I
n
(b* 5sing the definition of current
we have%
( )
m$ 3.)E3
s )3
C )3 E3 . ) )3
s )3
6 -
)7 )+
6
pulses between
pulse
av
ne
t
Q
I
(c* E"press the average power
output in terms of the average
current%
( ) ( )
#W E,.3
LF ,33 m$ 3.)E3
av av
V I P
(d* E"press the pea# power output
in terms of the pulse current%
( ) ( )
LW ,3 E
LF ,33 $ ).E
pulse pea#
V I P
(e* he dut! factor is defined to be%
,
6
)3
s )3
s ) . 3
pulses between time
factor dut!
t
)7E
15"
Picture the Problem >et R be the
resistance of each resistor in the ladder and
let Req be the equivalent resistance of the
infinite ladder. If the resistance is finite
and non-1ero, then adding one or more
stages to the ladder will not change the
resistance of the networ#. We can appl! the
rules for resistance combination to the
diagram shown to the right to obtain a
quadratic equation in Req that we can solve
for the equivalent resistance between
points a and b.
he equivalent resistance of the
series combination of R and
(R ZZ Req* is Req, so%
eq
eq
eq eq
R R
RR
R R R R R
+
+ +
/implif! to obtain%
3
+
eq
+
eq
R RR R
R R
+
. )
eq

,
_
:or R ' )%
( )
,
_
+
E+ . ) )
+
. )
eq
R
*151
Picture the Problem >et Req be the
equivalent resistance of the infinite ladder.
If the resistance is finite and non-1ero, then
adding one or more stages to the ladder
will not change the resistance of the
networ#. We can appl! the rules for
resistance combination to the diagram
shown to the right to obtain a quadratic
equation in Req that we can solve for the
equivalent resistance between points a and
b.
he equivalent resistance of the
series combination of R) and
(R+ ZZ Req* is Req, so%
eq +
eq +
) eq + ) eq
R R
R R
R R R R R
+
+ +
/implif! to obtain%
3
+ ) eq )
+
eq
R R R R R
/olve for the positive value of Req to
obtain%
+
,
+ )
+
) )
eq
R R R R
R
+ +
)7-

Ism Chapter 25

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Ism Chapter 25

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`Electric Current and Direct-Current Circuits

where is the resistivit! of the wire.

Divide the first of these equations

where is the resistivit! of copper.

Divide the first of these equations

E"press the power dissipated in the

E"press the power dissipated in the

:actor R) from the denominator and

If R) 99 R+, then% + eff eq

a#e the natural logarithm of both T t'

/ubstitute for R to obtain%

/ubstitute numerical values and

Delate the resistance of the wire to

E"press the power required to

/ubstitute numerical values (see

5sing the definition of resistivit!,

/olve for d to obtain%

/ubstitute numerical values (see

he potential difference across the internal

. We can find the number densit! of charge carriers n using

/olve for vd%

:or copper, ' 4.76 g2cm

&ecause each segment carries a

/olve for Q to obtain% a Q +

/olve for vd%

:or copper, ' 4.76 g2cm

or, because Aglass ' ACu and RCu ' Rglass,

/ubstitute numerical values (see able +.-

/ubstitute numerical values (see

which is of the form # ' m$ M b,

:or a potential difference across the

/ubstitute numerical values and

(b* $ppl! <hm=s law to obtain%

/ubstitute numerical values and

/olve for tC to obtain%

/olve for tC to obtain%

/olve for r to obtain%

and the diameter d of the filament is

Delate the resistance R of the

(a* Evaluate P for V ' )+3 F and

/olve for and evaluate R% ( )

/olve for the wor# done

E"press the energ! delivered b! the

(a* :or R ' 3%

/ubstitute numerical values and

$ssuming R to be constant, evaluate

/ubstitute numerical values and

>et $ ' R+2R) to obtain%

/ubstitute numerical values and

:ind the equivalent resistance of the

$ppl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to the

E"press I4,+ in terms of I) and I4,)% ) , 4 ) + , 4

$ppl! ?irchhoff=s loop rule to the

Equate this e"pression to Rl%

/olve for R6 to obtain%

(b* /et R6 equal to Rab%

/olve for R+ to obtain%

where we=ve used the positive sign because

and use <hm=s law and ?irchhoff=s rules to

E"press the equivalent resistance

/olve for R to obtain% r R +

/olve for R to obtain% r R

/ubstitute for I in the e"pression for