CAESAR I I STATI C LOAD CASE

EDI TOR
Lor en Br ow n
SeniorEngineer/Developer
CADWorx&AnalysisSolutions
IntergraphProcess,Power, &Marine
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TYPESOFLOADS
PrimaryLoads Forcedriven,cause
catastrophicfailure.
Weight,Pressure,PointLoads,UniformLoads,
HangerLoads,WindandWaveloads.
SecondaryLoads Strainbased,causefatigue
failure.
Temperature,Displacements.
AVAILABLELOADTYPESINCAESARII
W(Weight),WNC(WeightNoContents)
WW(WaterfilledWeight)
P(Pressure),HP(HydrotestPressure)
T(Temperature),D(Displacement)
H(HangerPreloads),F(ConcentratedLoads)
U(UniformLoads)
Win(Wind),Wav(WaveandCurrent)
CS(CutShortorCutLong)
AvailableStressTypesinCAESARII
OPE Operating
SUS Sustained
EXP Expansion
OCC Occasional
HYD Hydrotest
HGR HangerDesign
FAT Fatigue
LoadCaseDefinition
Operatingcasecontainsallloadsinthe
system.
L1=W+P1+T1+H(OPE)thisiscalledabasicloadcase
SustainedCasecontainsonlyprimaryloads.
L2=W+P1+H(SUS)anotherbasicloadcase
ExpansionCaseisthedifferencebetweenthe
operatingandsustainedcases.
L3=L1L2(EXP)thisiscalledacombinationloadcase
CombinationLoadCases
Usedtoaddorsubtractresultsfrom
previouslydefinedprimitiveloadcases.
NecessaryforproperEXPandOCCcodestress
definition.
Notusedforrestraintorequipmentload
definition,norfordisplacementreporting.
WhysubtractSUSfromOPE?
WhynotsimplyuseL3=T1(EXP)?
Becausetherestraintconfigurationmayresultin
anincorrectsolution.
Nonlinearrestraintsdrivetherestraint
configuration.
Otherloadsinthesystemcombinetochangethe
restraintconfiguration.
NonlinearRestraints
StiffnessofRestraintchangesdependingon
positionofpipeorforcesonrestraint.
Examples:
UnidirectionalRestraints(+Y)
Gapsinrestraints
Friction
Largerotationrods
BilinearRestraints
Forcevs.DistanceinNonlinear
Restraints
Example1:T1(EXP)
This is how the line is modeled in
Caesar II. The gaps are equal on
both sides of the pipe. No loads are
yet applied.
The thermal forces have closed
the gap on the right side.
L3=T1(EXP)
TotalDisplacementforT1(EXP)=1xGap
Example2:L1 L2(EXP)
L2=W+P1(SUS)
L1=W+P1+T1(OPE)
Weight has caused the pipe to close
the gap to the left. This can happen
when the pipe pivots about a
different restraint.
Operating conditions have caused
the pipe to close the gap to the
right, even against the weight force
trying to hold it on the left.
Example2(cont)
IfwesubtractthedisplacementsoftheSUS
casefromOPEweget:
TotalDisplacementforL1L2=2xGap
InalinearsystemT1(EXP)=L1 L2(EXP)
Inanonlinearsystemthisisnotguaranteed.
Thisrepresentstheeffectoftemperatureinthe
presenceofotherloads.
Thisisadisplacementstressrange,notstarting
fromtheneutralposition.
OccasionalLoadCases
Formostpipingcodes(nottheoffshore
codes):
SetupanOPEcasethatincludestheoccasional
load
SubtractthestandardOPEcasefromtheOPEthat
includestheoccasionalload.Wecallthisthe
segregatedoccasionalloadcase.
AddtheaboveloadcaseresultstotheSUSload
caseresultsforthecodestresscheck
Example3:OccasionalLoadCases
Assumewehaveauniformloadrepresentinga
seismicload,U1.
L1=W+P1+T1 (OPE)standardoperating
L2=W+P1 (SUS)
L3=W+P1+T1+U1 (OPE)operatingwithoccasionalload
L4=L1L2 (EXP)
L5=L3L1 (OCC)segregatedoccasional
L6=L2+L5 (OCC)*occasionalcodestresscase
*usescalarcombinationmethod.
CombinationMethods
Algebraic:
Usedforsubtractingtwoloadcases.
Takesthedisplacementsfromthereferencedcases
andsubtractsthem.
Thencomputesforces,moments,andresultantstress
fromthesedisplacements.
Scalar:
Usedforaddingtwoloadcases.
Addsthestressesfromthetworeferencedloadcases.
Unlikealgebraicthestressesarenotrecomputedfrom
displacements.
Notesoncombinationmethods
Dontusealgebraicforaddingtwoloadcases.
Youcanttakecreditforoccasionalloadsacting
oppositetooperatingloads.
Dontusescalarforsubtractingtwocases.
Thisresultsinalowercodestressthanactual.
OutputTypes
Displacement
Usuallyreportedonlyforbasicloadcases
Force
Usuallyreportedonlyforbasicloadcases
Stress
Reportedbasedoncoderequirements.
Example4 RestraintLoads
Thealgebraicdifferencebetweenthesetwoconditionswillresultinapositive
forceontherestraint.Thisisanimpossiblecondition.ButtheEXPcodestressis
correctlycomputedforthiscondition.
Whattoreport
SuppresstheHGRcasesandthesegregated
occasionalloadcases.
Reportdisplacement,forceforallprimitive
loadcases.
Dontreportstressfortheoperatingload
cases.
Thisisnottrueforoffshorecodes,norFRPcodes,
norburiedpipecodes.
Reportonlystressforcombinationloadcases.
UsingtheHotModulusofElasticity
Itisrequiredtousethecoldmodulusof
elasticityforstresscomputation.
Youcanreducerestraintloadsbyuseofthe
hotmodulusofelasticity.
CreateidenticalOPEcases,onewithhot
modulusforrestraintloads,andonewithcold
modulusforuseinthecombinationwithSUS
fordeterminingEXPstress.
UsingtheFrictionMultiplier
FrictionMultiplieractsontheMuvalue
enteredoneachrestraintinthemodel.
Input0.0fornofrictionand1.0forfull
friction.
Createidenticalloadcases,butchangethe
valueofFrictionMultiplierononeofthem.
ComparetheresultsintheRestraintSummary
andreporttheworstcaseresults.