Upstream Pumping Solutions 2013 #1

January/February 2013
Pumping and Related Technology for Oil & Gas

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2 Upstream Pumping Solutions January/February 2013
From the Editor
T
here seems to be no end in
sight for North Americas
shale oil and gas boom. Even
as operations shif from natural gas
drilling to drilling for liquid hydrocar-
bons, operations forge ahead. Activity
in shale plays continues to grow, and
that is true for the Utica Shale, which
has received increased attention from
operators since 2010.
Analysis and research must
be completed before we know ex-
actly how lucrative the play will be.
However, depending on the total car-
bon content of the rock throughout
the area, it could be one of the larg-
est, if not the largest, natural gas felds
in the world. To learn more about
the Utica Shale, read our coverage on
page 28.
On page 29, Doug Walsers
Report from the Field examines
the Utica Shale and discusses the hy-
draulic fracturing processes used in
operations there. He also discusses
the infrastructure changes necessary
to make tapping the plays vast natural
gas resources economically viable for
operators, which will only increase
production operations in the area
during the next few years.
In this issues special section, wire-
less monitoring and communication
are featured. Check out page 33 to
learn about wireless oilfeld produc-
tion automation. In this issues of-
shore coverage, the benefts of wire-
less monitoring systems on ofshore
platforms are discussed on page 36.
Water sourcing, movement and
treatment are critical to all upstream
operations. In the Well Completion
section (page 16), these topics are pre-
sented, as well as new technology for
longer fuid end life.
At Upstream Pumping Solutions,
we are excited about the New Year
and the addition of two more issues
in 2013. As always, if we can answer
question or if there are topics you
would like to read about, let us know.
Best Regards,
Lori Ditoro
Editor
Editorial Advisory Board
Chad Joost, Sales Manager, Well Stimulation Products, Stewart & Stevenson
Daniel Lakovic, Progressing Cavity Pump Technical Expert, seepex, Inc.
Santosh Mathilakath, Vice President - Mono Group, National Oilwell Varco
Gord Rasmuson, Sales Manager, Oil Lift Technology
Bill Tipton, Division Vice President - Business Development, Weir Oil & Gas
Doug Walser, Technology Manager, Pinnacle, a Halliburton Business Line
Shaun White, Mud Pump Designer, White Star Pump Company
Publisher
Walter B. Evans, Jr.
VP of Sales
George Lake
glake@pump-zone.com 205-345-0477
VP of Editorial
Michelle Segrest
msegrest@pump-zone.com 205-314-8279
Creative Director
Terri Jackson
tjackson@cahabamedia.com
EDITORIAL
Editor
Lori K. Ditoro
lditoro@cahabamedia.com 205-314-8269
Associate Editor
Amanda Perry
aperry@cahabamedia.com 205-314-8274
Contributing Editor
Doug Walser
CREATIVE SERVICES
Creative Director
Terri Jackson
Senior Art Director
Greg Ragsdale
Marketing Manager
Jaime DeArman
jdearman@cahabamedia.com
PRODUCTION
Production Manager/Trafc
Lisa Freeman
lfreeman@pump-zone.com 205-212-9402
Web Advertising Trafc
Ashley Morris
amorris@pump-zone.com 205-561-2600
CIRCULATION
Jeff Heine
jheine@cds1976.com 630-739-0900
ADVERTISING
Addison Perkins
aperkins@pump-zone.com 205-561-2603
Derrell Moody
dmoody@pump-zone.com 205-345-0784
Mary-Kathryn Baker
mkbaker@pump-zone.com 205-345-6036
Mark Goins
mgoins@pump-zone.com 205-345-6414
Vince Marino
vince@pump-zone.com 205-310-2491
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UPSTREAM PUMPING SOLUTIONS (ISSN# 2159-3035) is published bimonthly by Cahaba Media Group, 1900 28th Avenue So., Suite 110, Birmingham, AL 35209. Standard A postage paid at
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Table of Contents
DEPARTMENTS
Drilling
13 A Strong Land Drilling Package
By Wayne Philpot, Short Horn Service Company
Leadership, crew and component performance, along
with an exceptional equipment package, are the keys to
a dependable drilling rig.
Well Completion
17 Water Reuse Solutions
By Shawn Shipman, Morgan McCutchan, Baker Hughes
Incorporated, & Derek Smith, Rex Energy
Chlorine dioxide water treatment prepares produced
and owback water for reuse in hydraulic fracturing
operations.
20 Long-Life Fluid Ends
By Jacob Bayyouk, Weir Oil & Gas
The harsh reality of unconventional drilling requires the
pressure pumping market to rethink its approach to uid
end technologies.
22 Portable Pumps in Drilling &
Hydraulic Fracturing
By Kristen Gurick, Xylem, Inc.
Versatile pump options help operators navigate the
landscape of wellhead operations.
25 Progressive Cavity Pumps Move
Clarier Underow
By Daniel Lakovic, seepex, Inc. & Upstream Pumping
Solutions Editorial Advisory Board
A Mt. Pleasant, Pa., facility nds success with hydraulic
fracturing water treatment.
Production
41 Fluid Pulse Technology Helps
Maximize Oil Recovery Rates
By Armando Sanchez, Wavefront Technology
Solutions Inc.
Increase the efciency of existing infrastructure with
minimal additions.
IN EACH ISSUE
6 Industry News
39 Trade Shows
44 Oileld Resources
47 Classied Ads
47 Index of Advertisers
48 Upstream Oil & Gas Market
Nomac Drillings PeakeRig 70 is
hard at work in the Utica Shale.
Photo courtesy of Chesapeake
Energy Corporation
January/February 2013
Pumping and Related Technology for Oil & Gas January/February 2013
Volume 4 Number 1
28
32 16
FEATURES
Utica Shale
28 A Play with Great Potential
By Lori K. Ditoro
If commercially recoverable natural gas exists throughout the area, this
shale could be one of the largest known natural gas elds.
29 Hydraulic Fracturing in the Utica Shale
By Doug Walser, Pinnacle, a Halliburton Business Line
Responsible consolidation of surface locations and facilities is a focus
in this play.
Instrumentation, Controls & Monitoring
33 Wireless Oil Production Automation
By Jim Gardner, FreeWave Technologies, Inc.
For oil producers, wise automation technology selection is important.
36 Wireless Communication on
Offshore Platforms
By Ira Sharp, Phoenix Contact
WirelessHART and WLAN technologies are well suited for use in harsh
offshore applications.
Copyright 2012 Modern Group Inc. All rights reserved.
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Industry News
NEW HIRES,
PROMOTIONS &
RECOGNITIONS
ANDY MARTIN,
Best PumpWorks/
PumpWorks 610
HOUSTON ( Jan.
3, 2013) Andy
Martin has accepted
the position of direc-
tor, Marketing and New Business
Development, at Best PumpWorks/
PumpWorks 610. In this role, Martin
will lead the professional develop-
ment of business-to-business market-
ing communications eforts to grow
Best PumpWorks/PumpWorks 610s
rapidly expanding business. He has
held prominent positions in compa-
nies such as EagleBurgmann, John
Crane, LORD Corporation and an
internet online advertising agency.
Best PumpWorks specializes in
the distribution and remanufacture
of pumps, seals and packaged sys-
tems. www.bestpumpworks.com
CLIFF ALFORD,
Wilo USA
ROSEMONT, Ill.
(Dec. 18, 2012)
Wilo announced that
Clif Alford was ap-
pointed as key ofshore
accounts manager for Wilo USA.
Alford began his new duties on Dec.
1, 2012.
Wilo USA LLC is a subsidiary
of Wilo SE, which is a manufacturer
of pumps and pump systems for
heating, cooling and air-conditioning
technology, as well as water supply,
sewage and drainage.
www.wilo-usa.com
CUMMINS INC.
COLUMBUS, Ind. (Dec. 17,
2012) Cummins Inc. honored
seven employees with the Companys
highest technical award for their
work on two inventions. Mark D.
Akins, Bryan W. Milburn, Dennis
M. King and Greg M. Pataky were
recognized for their work to im-
prove turbocharger technology on
Cummins midrange engines. Te
group patented an innovation that
allowed Cummins to control turbo
speed without the use of a real speed
sensor by using a virtual speed sensor
for the Chrysler Ram pickup.
Steven M. Bellinger, Brian C.
Tyler and John F. Kalill received the
2012 Perr Award for developing a
system and method for estimating
vehicle mass, which enabled Load
Based Speed Control (LBSC).
Cummins Inc. is a corporation
of complementary business units that
design, manufacture, distribute and
service engines and related technolo-
gies. www.cummins.com
MAURY DUMBA,
Greenes Energy
Group
HOUSTON (Dec.
10, 2012) Greenes
Energy Group pro-
moted Maury Dumba
to senior vice president
of business development. Dumba,
who is based in Houston, previously
served as the companys vice presi-
dent of business development where
he developed strategic plans and
identifed future growth opportuni-
ties. In his new position, Dumba will
maintain these duties and will also
provide oversight for organic growth
initiatives.
Greenes Energy Group is a
provider of integrated testing, rentals
and specialty services for drilling,
completion, production and pipeline
operations. www.greenesenergy.com
DONALD HUMPHREYS,
Exxonmobil
IRVING, Texas (Nov. 29, 2012)
ExxonMobil announced that Donald
D. Humphreys, senior vice president
and principal fnancial of cer, will
retire Feb. 1, 2013, afer more than
36 years of service. Humphreys
joined Exxon Chemical Company in
August 1976 and has been a member
of the corporations management
committee since January 2006.
ExxonMobil is an oil and gas
company. www.exxonmobil.com
PETROFAC TRAINING
SERVICES
MONTROSE, Scotland (Nov. 27,
2012) Petrofac Training Services
was named International Training
Provider of the Year at the 2012
OPITO Safety and Competency
Awards in Abu Dhabi. Te award
recognizes companies that are mak-
ing a diference to the safety and
competency of workers in the global
oil and gas industry.
Petrofac Training Services
provides training and consultancy
solutions. www.petrofactraining.com
LAMAR MCKAY, BP
LONDON (Nov. 23, 2012) BP
appointed Lamar McKay as chief
executive, Upstream. McKay will
lead BPs combined Upstream busi-
ness, comprising the Exploration,
Development and Production divi-
sions together with the Upstream
strategy and integration team.
McKay is chairman and president of
BP America, a role he has held since
2009, serving as BPs chief represen-
tative in the U.S. and also overseeing
BPs Gulf Coast restoration work.
BP is an oil and gas company.
www.bp.com
Andy Martin
Cliff Alford
Maury
Dumba
www.upstreampumping.com 7
MICHAEL LARSEN, Gardner
Denver, Inc.
WAYNE, Pa. (Nov. 19, 2012)
Gardner Denver, Inc., appointed
Michael M. Larsen president and
CEO. Larsen served as vice president
and chief fnancial of cer of the
company since 2010 and as interim
CEO since July 2012. Larsen was also
appointed to the Gardner Denver
board of directors.
Gardner Denver, Inc., is a manu-
facturer of compressors, liquid ring
pumps and blowers. www.gardnerd-
enver.com
SYLVIA KERRIGAN &
LANCE ROBERTSON,
Marathon Oil Corporation
HOUSTON (Nov. 1, 2012)
Marathon Oil Corporation an-
nounced that its Board of Directors
elected Sylvia J. Kerrigan as executive
vice president, general counsel and
secretary. Lance W. Robertson was
elected vice president of Eagle Ford
Production Operations. Kerrigan
previously served as vice president,
general counsel and secretary.
Robertson previously served as re-
gional vice president of South Texas/
Eagle Ford.
Marathon Oil Corporation is an
international energy company. www.
marathon.com
JARED GARTON,
JDA Global
REDLANDS, Calif.
(Oct. 19,
2012) JDA Global
announced the addi-
tion of Jared Garton,
who will handle inside sales activities
and contribute to inventory manage-
ment and procurement.
JDA Global is a pump holding
company. www.jdaglobal.com
CHRIS PEETERS,
Schlumberger
PARIS (Sept. 20, 2012)
Schlumberger announced the ap-
pointment of Chris Peeters as direc-
tor of the Europe, Middle East and
Africa (EMEA) region. Peeters also
assumed responsibility for managing
the Utilities practice, which is based
in Paris.
Schlumberger Business
Consulting is an energy sector
management consultancy. www.sbc.
slb.com
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Industry News
IN THE FIELD
SHELLS Kulluk Drilling Unit
Arrives in Kodiak Island
THE HAGUE, Te Netherlands
( Jan. 7, 2013) Shell confrmed
that its Arctic-class drilling unit,
the Kulluk, has been towed to a safe
harbor on Kodiak Island in the Gulf
of Alaska, where it will undergo a
thorough safety assessment before
resuming its journey to its winter
harbor for repairs and maintenance.
Shell is a global group of energy
and petrochemical companies. www.
shell.com
GE OIL & GAS to Open New
UK Subsea Hub
ABERDEEN, U.K. (Dec. 18,
2012) GEs Oil & Gas Subsea
Systems business plans to build on
its presence in the U.K. through
the creation of a new subsea center
in Bristol at the citys Aztec West
Business Park. By establishing this
facility, GE Oil & Gas will create 200
new jobs in 2013.
GE works to fnd solutions in
energy, health and home, transporta-
tion and fnance. www.ge.com
TRANSOCEAN Agrees to
Plead Guilty to
Environmental Crime
WASHINGTON ( Jan. 3,
2013) Transocean Deepwater Inc.
has agreed to plead guilty to violating
the Clean Water Act (CWA) and to
pay a total of $1.4 billion in civil and
criminal fnes and penalties for its
conduct in relation to the Deepwater
Horizon disaster, the Department
of Justice announced today. Te
criminal information and a proposed
partial civil consent decree to resolve
the U.S. governments civil penalty
claims against Transocean Deepwater
Inc. and related entities were fled
today in U.S. District Court in the
Eastern District of Louisiana.
For more information visit
www.epa.gov/enforcement/water/
cases/transocean.html.
CHURCHILL DRILLING
TOOLS Invests in
Aberdeen Facility
ABERDEEN, U.K. (Dec. 18,
2012) Drilling systems specialist
Churchill Drilling Tools has an-
nounced a 2.5 million investment
in its Aberdeen base to meet increas-
ing global demand for its innovative
technologies.
Churchill Drilling Tools is an
engineering company focused on
delivering systems for the drilling and
completion sectors. www.circsub.com
LEISTRITZ CORPORATION
Receives Production
System Contract
ALLENDALE, N.J. (Dec. 6,
2012) Leistritz Corporation re-
ceived contracts from three engineer-
ing frms for the design, construction
and commissioning of 11 Leistritz
multiphase production systems. Te
systems will be deployed in the shal-
low waters of the Gulf of Mexico.
Leistritz is a pumps, elevator hy-
draulics and machine tools company.
www.leistritzcorp.com
ROSNEFT & EXXONMOBIL
Partner in Tight Oil Project
IRVING, Texas (Dec. 6, 2012)
Rosnef and ExxonMobil signed a
pilot development agreement estab-
lishing a joint project to assess the
possibility of commercial production
of tight oil reserves at the Bazhenov
and Achimov formations in western
Siberia. Te program encompasses
work across a number of areas, in-
cluding drilling new horizontal and
WEIR OIL & GAS
acquires Mathena Inc. Jan. 2, 2013
NATIONAL PUMP COMPANY
acquires American Turbine Pump Companies Dec. 21, 2012
PROSERV
acquires Total Instrumentation & Controls Dec. 20, 2012
SCHLUMBERGER
acquires GeoKnowledge AS Dec. 13, 2012
FREEPORT-MCMORAN COPPER & GOLD
acquires Plains Exploration & Production Company and
McMoRan Exploration Company Dec. 5, 2012
FORUM ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
acquires Merrimac Manufacturing Dec. 5, 2012
AKER SOLUTIONS
acquires Trum Energy Nov. 22, 2012
HARVEST PARTNERS, LP,
acquires FCX Performance Inc. Oct. 18, 2012
ITT CORPORATION
acquires Bornemann Pumps Oct. 15, 2012
MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS
vertical wells, deepening existing
wells and redeveloping idle wells.
Rosnef is a petroleum company.
www.rosnef.com
EXXONMOBIL Gives
Holiday Gift
IRVING, Texas (Dec. 6, 2012)
ExxonMobil presented Dallas-based
Interfaith Housing Coalition with a
$50,000 grant to assist the agency in
fulflling its mission of providing tran-
sitional housing assistance and ancil-
lary services to local, working-poor
families. Each year, Interfaith serves
approximately 100 homeless families
in an efort to realize its mission of
transitioning families from working
poor to working class to middle class
in three years.
ExxonMobil is an oil and gas
company. www.exxonmobil.com
EIA: Growth in US Energy
Production Outstrips
Consumption Growth
WASHINGTON (Dec. 5,
2012) Te U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA) released
the Annual Energy Outlook 2013
(AEO2013) Reference case, which
presents updated projections for U.S.
energy markets through 2040. Tese
projections include only the efects of
policies that have been implemented
in law or fnal regulations.
Te EIA collects, analyzes and
disseminates energy information.
www.eia.gov
EXPRO Announces
New Facility
ABERDEEN, U.K. (Dec. 1, 2012)
Expro opened a new facility in
Aberdeen to enhance its growing well
intervention business. Te sitewill
house Expros wireline, well interven-
tion, well services, well integrity and
cased hole logging services.
Expro provides services and
products that measure, improve,
control and process fow from oil
and gas wells, through the marketing
segments of well testing and commis-
sioning, production systems, wireline
intervention, connectors and mea-
surements and deepwater interven-
tion. www.exprogroup.com
SWIRE OILFIELD SERVICES
Opens New Headquarters
ABERDEEN, U.K. (Nov. 28,
2012) Swire Oilfeld Services
opened its new 4 million global
headquarters in Aberdeen, U.K. Te
new headquarters are part of the
companys overall investment in the
business to support its companys
international development strategy.
Swire Oilfeld Services supplies
ofshore cargo carrying units. www.
swireos.com
BP Temporarily Suspended
from New Federal Contracts
WASHINGTON (Nov. 28, 2012)
Te U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) temporarily suspend-
ed BP Exploration and Production,
Inc., BP PLC and named af liated
companies (BP) from new contracts
with the federal government. EPA
took this action due to BPs lack of
business integrity as demonstrated by
the companys conduct with regard
to the Deepwater Horizon blowout,
explosion, oil spill, and response, as
refected by the fling of criminal
information.
Te EPA was established to pro-
tect human health and to safeguard
the natural environmentair, water
and land. www.epa.gov
Industry News
THE IEA: Diesel Fuel
Continues Dominance
WASHINGTON (Nov. 20,
2012) Te International Energy
Agency (IEA) authored the World
Energy Outlook, which fnds that
diesel fuel will remain the domi-
nant growth fuel between now and
2035.
Te IEAs fndings are consistent
with those of the National Petroleum
Council in its recent report
Advancing Technology for Americas
Transportation Future for the U.S.
Department of Energy.
Te IEA works to ensure reli-
able, afordable and clean energy.
www.iea.org
BP Announces Criminal &
Securities Claims Resolution
LONDON (Nov. 15, 2012) BP
announced a resolution of all criminal
and securities claims by the U.S. gov-
ernment against the company relating
to the Deepwater Horizon accident,
oil spill and response.
Te resolution of all criminal
claims with the Department of Justice
includes $4 billion paid in install-
ments over a fve-year period and all
securities claims with the Securities
and Exchange Commission includes
$525 million paid in installments
over a three-year period. Te existing
$38.1 billion charge against income
will increase by approximately $3.85
billion.
BP is an oil and gas company.
www.bp.com
HB RENTALS Expands into
Saudi Arabia
ABERDEEN, U.K. (Nov. 13,
2012) announced that it partnered
with Mubarak A AlSuwaiket & Sons
Oil and Gas Services Co. in Saudi
Arabia. Te agreement expands HB
Rentals capability into Saudi Arabia,
specifcally with a view to working
with Saudi Aramco in the future.
HB Rentals supplies temporary
onshore and ofshore accommoda-
tion modules. www.hbrental.com
WEATHERFORD
INTERNATIONAL Opens
Singapore Facility
LOYANG, SINGAPORE (Nov.
8, 2012) Weatherford opened its
new facility in Singapore, which
will provide a strategic base for the
companys operations within the Asia
Pacifc region. Te base will incorpo-
rate manufacturing and technology,
assembly and test, repair and main-
tenance, warehouse facilities, and
administrative and of ce space.
Weatherford International is
an oilfeld service company. www.
weatherford.com
CAMERON & PROFIRE
ENERGY Announce
Distribution Agreement
HOUSTON & LINDON, Utah
(Nov. 1, 2012) Profre Energy,
Inc., announced that Cameron will
become a non-exclusive, autho-
rized distributor of Profre Energys
combustion technologies, which
include burner management systems
(BMS) and fare ignition systems
(FIS). Cameron chose to add Profre
Energys technologies afer industry
review concluded these technologies
could improve safety and ef ciency
for its customers.
Cameron provides process
equipment products, systems and
services. www.c-a-m.com
Profre Energy assists energy
production companies in the safe and
ef cient transportation, refnement
and production of oil and natural gas.
www.profreenergy.com
EVENTS
NAPE Winter Expo
Feb. 5 8
George R. Brown Convention
Center / Houston, Texas
817-847-7700 / www.napeexpo.com
11th Offshore Mediterranean
Conference & Exhibition
March 20 22
Pala De Andr / Ravenna, Italy
+39 0544 219418
www.omc.it/2013
PTDA Spring Leaders
Conference
March 21 23
Hotel Contessa / San Antonio, Texas
312-516-2100 / www.ptda.org/
SpringLeadersConference
Developing Unconventional
Gas
April 2 4
Fort Worth Convention Center
Fort Worth, Texas
713-260-1072
www.dugconference.com
Southwest Petroleum
Short Course
April 17 18
Lubbock Memorial Civic Center
Lubbock, Texas
806-742-1727
www.swpshortcourse.org
Offshore Technology
Conference
May 6 9
Reliant Park / Houston, Texas
972-952-9494
www.otcnet.org/2013
To have an item considered, please
send the information to Amanda
Perry at aperry@cahabamedia.com.

Everywhere
you are we
are right there
with you.
Email: mission@nov.com

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O n e C o m p a n y . . . U n l i m i t e d S o l u t i o n s
National Oilwell Varco Mission offers equipment and services for
all of your well service needs. Along with an extensive product
offering of proven brands, Mission has a sales and after-market
network that spans six continents equipped for in-house and
on-site operations. All Mission well service equipment can be
ee e,e eee ee,'ee ,J e
For more information visit: www.nov.com/mission
MISSION
TM
Well Service Solutions
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W
hen describing the attri-
butes that come together
to create a strong drilling
rig, promoting one brand, type, style
or method over the others could gen-
erate argument.
Tere are always other ways to do
things and new equipment, methods
and innovations on the horizon.
Te thousands of tons of steel,
wire, rubber and paint combined
with the knowledge, sweat, grit and
skill of the crew create a living, breath-
ing, adaptable organism, or more ac-
curately, a system of organisms.
Te main purpose of any drilling
package is to accurately place the bit,
create a wellbore and terminate the
wellbore exactly where the customer
prescribes in the drilling contract, re-
gardless of hurdles encountered. Te
rig package should be roughneck
friendly, or as simple as possible to
package, load and move, and then re-
assemble at the next location.
Finally, whennot ifa major
component fails, what are the feld
service possibilities on the equip-
ment? What is the worst-case scenario
of transporting parts and technicians
to the location to facilitate repairs on
a major system? Tis article answers
these questions.
Match Contract
Requirements
A rig package that matches the re-
quirements detailed on a drilling
contract will be the driving factor to
putting the rig to work and collecting
a day rate. Some things to consider
when making a comparison of a rig
package to the requirements of an op-
erators contract are:
Te power package has to provide
enough horsepower to drive all the
necessary components on the rig.
Te derrick should have enough
height to safely rack the drill pipe
in singles, doubles or triples as de-
scribed in the contract. It must also
be engineered to support enough
weight in drill pipe, drill collars
and downhole tools to safely reach
the total depth described in the
contract. Te racking board should
be sized to rack back all the drill
collars and drill pipe necessary to
reach the total depth of the well.
Te drawworks require the weight
capacity and ability to move the
traveling block at a prescribed
number of feet per minute.
Te auxiliary drawworks brake, if
required, should provide the brake
horsepower needed to safely stop
the drawworks drum rotation
under full-rated load capacity.
Te substructure should be tall
enough to clear the blowout pre-
venter (BOP) stack beneath it, and
should be able to support enough
weight on the setback to hold all
the drill collars and drill pipe to
reach the total depth of the well.
Te BOP and accumulator system
should be adequately confgured
and have the psi capability to shut
the well, should a well-control
problem be encountered.
A Strong Land
Drilling Package
By Wayne Philpot, Short Horn Service Company
Leadership, crew and component performance, along
with an exceptional equipment package, are the keys to
a dependable drilling rig.
Opposite: 116-foot mast in South Texas
Above: Rig loaded for transport
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DRILLING
Te rotary table in the substructure
should adequately power the drill
strings rotation and withstand the
operating torque generated.
Te top drive should possess at
least the same weight capacity as
the derrick and enough torque to
rotate the drill strings full length.
Te traveling blocks number of
sheaves and weight capacity should
match the derrick confguration.
Te mud pump(s) require the same
horsepower as the power pack-
age, and it (they) should provide
enough drilling mud volume and
pressure to cool the bit, fush the
cuttings and control the pressure
of air or natural gas pockets that
could escape the wellbore.
Te mud system should have the
capacity to supply the mud pumps
with clean drilling mud to move
into the wellbore, and enough
capacity to thoroughly clean (with
shakers, desanders and desilters)
the cutting-flled mud that exits
the wellbore.
Te water system should supply all
water needs on the rigfor drill-
ing mud and cleaning operations.
Te fuel tank requires adequate
capacity to supply all engines with
diesel and should not require
frequent reflling.
Te instrumentation should
provide rig personnelprimar-
ily the driller, tool pusher and
company manwith the necessary
information. Tis includes weight
indication, mud pump pressure
and strokes per minute, drawworks
rpm, compressed air system pres-
sure, hydraulic system pressures,
rotary table rpm, top drive torque
and rpm, tong pressures, and other
details that operators must moni-
tor and manage.
Other Options &
Specications
Other options and specifcations are
available to complete the rig pack-
agesuch as tool houses, dog houses,
crew quarters, junk baskets, pipe tubs
and hydraulic catwalks. Tese will
be required or supplied as operators
and contractors require or prefer. Te
question is how much does an opera-
tor need to or want to haul in and out
of a location?
Along with being equipped with
all the necessary components and fea-
tures to meet or exceed the require-
ments of a drilling contract, another
key design attribute, or set of attri-
butes, should render the rig package
roughneck friendly. Te ease with
which each component can transi-
tion from being hauled during the rig
move to being accurately placed on
the location and rendered functional
is the measurement of how strong the
design is.
A few ways to rate the roughneck-
friendly nature of a rig design are:
How many truck loads are required
to move the rig package?
How many cranes and/or winch
trucks must be used to rig up and
rig down?
Do the mating rig component sec-
tions pin or bolt together?
Does each rig component have ad-
equate and handy padeye locations
for easy rigging?
Are sensitive components (com-
pressed air regulators; hydraulic,
water, oil, air piping and hoses; and
gages) protected from the rigors of
moving heavy equipment?
Are more complicated tools than
basic hand tools required to as-
semble the major components?
With the competitive arena in
which drilling contractors are bat-
tling, the speed of moves, rigging up
and rigging down will play as much
into the equation of winning a con-
tract as the rig inventory meeting the
contract specs.
The Importance of Long
Life and Service
With the life span of a rig stretching
to years and decades, the strongest
part of a good drilling package lies in
the serviceability of every component.
A 1,000-horsepower drilling rig, completed drilling package, in Libya
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Tis does not refer to normal preven-
tive maintenancefuid, lubricant,
flter changes and daily inspections,
which are all critical practices for the
longevity of the rig. Tis refers to the
availability of parts and service exper-
tise applied to every engine, transmis-
sion, clutch, bearing, seal, roller chain,
sprocket, gear, sheave, drum, sensor,
plug, receptacle, and machined and
fabricated component.
As much as users wish it were not
true, things wear and break. Mistakes
are made, and these problems need
correction in a timely fashion. When
considering these facts and the impa-
tience of the oilfeldtime is simply
too valuable, and too much money is
at stakethe word timely takes on
a new meaning. Te parts and pieces
that create the package need to have
replacements or service available
anywhere that the rig could possibly
be deployed within a short time pe-
rioddays not months.
Tis is one major reason that us-
ers see the same major component
manufacturers on many rig packages,
regardless of who owns them. Te
manufacturers have the capacity to
produce the original equipment, and
they have the fnancial wherewithal to
maintain stocks of replacement parts,
the manufacturing capacity to rapidly
produce any of their part numbers
and highly trained and experienced
staf available on demand. Tey are
ready to deploy these assets wherever
in the world the rig might land a con-
tract or experience a break down.
Anyone in this industry can share
horror and success stories of how rig-
down situations have been resolved.
Te diference between both ex-
tremes can usually been traced to the
mentality and culture of the original
equipment manufacturer (OEM).
Murphys Law does apply to rig break-
downsthe more remote the rigs lo-
cation, the closer it is to a holiday, the
closer it is to 5 p.m. or midnight on a
Friday, the more likely it is that an un-
timely failure of a major component
will occur. Te OEM should forge
ahead despite the day on the calendar
or the latitude and longitude location
of the breakdown.
Conclusion
Performance makes a strong drilling
rig. Te drilling contractors leader-
ship performance in providing an
equipment package that meets or
exceeds contract requirements, the
performance of each component and
each person on the crew operating the
components and the performance of
the manufacturers when situations are
tough make a strong drilling rig.
Wayne Philpot is CEO
of Short Horn Service
Company, LLC. He
has been involved in
the manufacturing
business since 1983,
specifcally in the oil and gas manufac-
turing and service business since 1987
with a 5-year stint as the program
chair of Machining Technology,
Welding Technology, and Industrial
Maintenance Technology at Texas
State Technical College. Philpot gradu-
ated fom Tarleton State University
with a BS in industrial technology.
He can be reached at wrphilpot@
shorthornsvcs.com.
An AC 1,200-horsepower drilling rig in California
Third-party pull test
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Photo courtesy of Baker Hughes
Photo courtesy of Baker Hughes
M
anaging water in the Mar-
cellus Shale is a challenge.
A minimal number of
water disposal wells are available in
Pennsylvania because of the poor geo-
logical characteristics of the underly-
ing formations to accept fuids for
disposal, making water disposal cost-
ly. Tird-party transport and disposal
costs can be up to $15 per barrel. Op-
erators need efective, economic and
environmentally-safe ways to treat
fowback or produced water for re-
use in fracturing operations. Efective
treatment of these fuids also ofers re-
duced costs in procuring source water
for future projects.
Onsite treatment of produced
and fowback water in Pennsylvania
is highly regulated. Special permit-
ting is required from the Department
of Environmental Protection to treat
water onsite within an impoundment.
Tese impoundments must be lined
to prevent accidental fuid release.

Water Challenge
An operator needed a solution to
treat water in Butler County, Pa.
Using truck transportation, the op-
erator moved pit water from one
impoundment to another. Te fow-
back and produced water contained
signifcant bacteria, dissolved iron,
hydrogen sulfde (H
2
S) and iron sul-
fde (FeS) that resulted in poor water
quality. Tese contaminants limited
the waters benefcial reuse. Te H
2
S
presented a potential safety risk dur-
ing fuid handling and fracturing op-
erations, and it provided a mechanism
that infuenced corrosion in produc-
ing wells.
Te contaminants and poor wa-
ter quality also presented a potential
impact to the fracturing fuid. High
levels of iron can break down fric-
tion reducers needed in high-rate
hydraulic fracturing operations. Tis
breakdown necessitates an increased
application rate of friction reducer,
which can impact the cost of the well
completion. If not mitigated before
or during the operations, high sulfate-
reducing and acid-producing bacteria
counts within the water can poten-
tially contaminate the wellbore. Tese
bacteria can cause souring of a well by
creating H
2
S, FeS and increased levels
of corrosion in tubular goods.
Te destination impoundment
contained substantial fresh water to
be used for the multi-well fracturing
operation. Tis water did not require
treatment due to very low bacterial
activity. Adding the contaminated
water to that impoundment without
treatment would have contaminated
all the water, requiring that the opera-
tor treat the entire volume.
The Solution
Before deciding on a solution, multi-
ple potential treatment strategies were
reviewed. With the variety of contam-
inants in the water, some traditional
chemical applications were rejected
because they only targeted a specifc
contaminant. Potential options that
were explored included traditional
liquid scavengers for H
2
S mitigation.
However, these treatments only tar-
get H
2
S and can create a tremendous
increase in the scaling tendency that
could cause fow assurance concerns
in future well production.
Traditionally, liquid biocides
only remove the bacteria that cre-
ate FeS and H
2
S and do not remove
produced sulfdes. Additional oxidiz-
ers are available for iron precipitation
and sulfde reduction, but require a
high load rate for treatment. Diferent
surfactants were also considered for
odor control, but they only mask
the problem and do not aid in reuse.
Te operator chose chlorine dioxide
(ClO
2
) because the environmentally
friendly solution eliminates bacteria
and also will scavenge existing H
2
S,
oxidize FeS and force precipitation of
the dissolved iron in the water with a
single treatment application.
ClO
2
is a selective disinfecting
oxidizer that has been used in U.S.
industries for more than 70 years,
including the disinfection of munici-
pal drinking water supplies. It is also
used to disinfect fruits and vegetables
intended for human consumption.
For more than 20 years, ClO
2
has
been used in the oilfeld for hydrau-
lic fracturing treatment; remediation
of near-wellbore damage in produc-
tion, injection and disposal wells;
and surface applications of water in
Water Reuse
Solutions
By Shawn Shipman, Morgan McCutchan, Baker Hughes Incorporated,
& Derek Smith, Rex Energy
Chlorine dioxide water treatment prepares produced
and owback water for reuse in hydraulic
fracturing operations.
Opposite: Because every shale formation is different, providing a customized fracturing treatment with the right
equipment, fuid systems, modeling and expertise will help maximize well productivity.
WELL COMPLETION
pits, tanks and surface vessels. ClO
2
is
generated onsite via a mobile or per-
manently mounted generator using
water and usually three common liq-
uid precursors:
Sodium hypochlorite (commonly
known as bleach)
Hydrochloric acid
Sodium chlorite
Although ClO
2
is a true gas, only
liquid phase ClO
2
is used for surface
and subsurface oilfeld applications.
Typical surface water applications
include:
Spent polymer and gel removal
FeS and H
2
S mitigation
Chemical treatment of freshwater
for drilling or hydraulic
fracturing operations
Treatment of produced and fow-
back water for reuse or disposal

With so many treatment options
available, what makes ClO
2
a better
choice? While neither new nor novel,
ClO
2
is an environmentally friendly
solution with many benefts. It works
fast and ef ciently at lower dosages
and ofers a broad range of bacteria,
fungi and virus destruction. ClO
2

penetrates and sloughs bioflm, miti-
gating destructive bacteria. It is non-
toxic, reacts well with most organic
materials and ammonia or forms of
hypochlorous acid or free chlorine.
It is most efective against sessile
bacteria. ClO
2
is less corrosive than
chlorine and oxidizes manganese,
iron, phenols, sulfdes, cyanides and
odor-causing substances.
It is not afected by system pH,
efectively slowing corrosion. ClO
2

is cost-competitive compared with
other chlorine alternatives and tradi-
tional liquid treatments. Te process
uses hands-of automated feed and
control for safer operations.
Operation
A mobile ClO
2
system (see Image 1)
was used to treat the operators pro-
duced and fowback water as it was
transferred from the storage pit to
working tanks.
Te 76,000 bar-
rels of water were
then hauled via
truck to the im-
poundment loca-
tion.
Te gen-
eration unit de-
signed for this
operation takes a
slip stream of the
infuent water from the transfer head-
er. Tat water is then passed through
the mobile ClO
2
system to create a
concentrated solution of ClO
2
to
achieve the correct treatment amount
in the main stream. Te concentrated
solution is returned to the header to
treat the water going to the storage
tanks (see Image 2). Depending on
the ClO
2
demand in the water, the
generation unit can treat at pump
rates in excess of 120 barrels per min-
ute .
A water analysis was performed
on the source water impoundment
prior to treatment to obtain the
ionic composition of the water and
determine the demand of ClO
2
for
this treatment. During this applica-
tion, the water was treated while be-
ing transferred at a rate of 20 to 25
barrels per minute. During transfer
and treatment, the source water was
periodically sampled. Finished prod-
uct samples were obtained to ensure
water quality and were tested for
ClO
2
residuals. Water in storage im-
poundments can stratify, causing the
ClO
2
dosage demand to increase or
Image 1. An operator checks the chemical feed rate on the ClO
2
system.
Image 2. Untreated (left) and treated (right)
fowback water
decrease throughout the treatment.
Several automation controls are built
into the unit to adjust the dosage
rate throughout an application to
keep ClO
2
residuals within the target
range.
Te treatment resulted in an
eight bottle log reduction in bacte-
ria and oxidized FeS and H
2
S for the
elimination of odor and improved
clarity. Te storage impoundment
odor was eradicated, and water clarity
improved signifcantly. Most impor-
tant, a greater percentage of produced
water was preserved for reuse.
Quantiable Benets
Removing the contaminants from
this water provided the same hydrau-
lic fracturing fuid formulation that
is typically required for freshwater.
Had these contaminants not been
removedespecially the dissolved
ironfriction reducer degradation
could have occurred, which would
increase costs. Te treatment allowed
the operator to save on expenses that
would have been required for dis-
posal. Providing a benefcial treat-
ment program for reuse also keeps
the fuids within the water cycle, re-
ducing the need for additional fresh-
water sourcing. Treating this water
before transportation preserved the
quality of the fve million gallons of
freshwater already in the impound-
ment. Tis prevented the need for
additional treatment of all the water.
ClO
2
has proved to be an efective
Environmental Protection Agency-
approved treatment to enhance an
operators ability to reuse produced
and fowback water.
Tis added versatility is helping
operators increase their levels of reuse
within their completions and improv-
ing well economics without sacrifc-
ing production or fow assurance.
Shawn
Shipman is
Baker
Hughes area
manager for
Water Management.
He can be reached at
shawn.shipman
@bakerhughes.com.
Morgan
McCutchan is
Baker Hughes
Northeast area
technical
manager for Water Man-
agement. He can be reached
at morgan.mccutchan
@bakerhughes.com.
Derek Smith
is senior
director of
HSE for Rex
Energy, an
energy company engaged
in the development of
natural gas, headquar-
tered in State College, Pa.
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WELL COMPLETION
I
n the last decade, the oil and gas
industry has experienced one of
the largest changes in its history
with the rise of unconventional drill-
ing. Drilling deeper, horizontally and
in harsher environments made pro-
cesses like pumping operations during
hydraulic fracturing much harder on
the equipment.
The Problem
Mainstream pump fuid ends were
designed for conventional fractur-
ing techniques and not unconven-
tional shale plays. In some cases,
the shif to unconventional drilling
can cut fuid end life in half because
of wear. Tis afected operations by
increasing maintenance and service
interruptions. It also afected budgets
by causing a need for additional capi-
tal expenditure on new equipment.
Operators need innovative fuid end
technology to meet the growing and
increasingly challenging requirements
of the pressure pumping industry.
Developing a Solution
A team of 50 engineers had a clear
challengedevelop a fuid end for
unconventional shale plays that, on
average, will operate about twice as
long as a conventional fuid end.
A 16-month development jour-
ney began focused on the fundamen-
tal root causes of fuid end failure:
Cracking in the cross bores
Cracking in the valve seat deck
Corrosion pitting
Addressing these three areas in-
volved combining of new geometry,
improved manufacturing processes
and looking at alternative material
options. Te result is a new, patent-
pending technology, engineered to
improve the life of the fuid ends in
unconventional shale plays. Extensive
engineering collaborationswhich
involved industry specialists, leading
academics and expertsworked to
design the technology and challenged
existing engineering practices in fuid
end design (see Figure 1). Two of the
three typical causes of fuid end failure
were tackled by focusing on the geom-
etry and manufacturing processes of
fuid end technology. Tis included
cracking of the cross bores and crack-
ing in the valve seat deck. First, the
patent-pending technology incor-
porated ofset suction and discharge
bores, as opposed to the parallel bores
of conventional fuid ends. By taking
this approach, stress in the cross bores
is reduced (see Figure 2).
Ten the team determined that
cracking in the valve seat deck was due
to stress loading, which plays a major
role in fuid end failures. Calling this
the next weakest link, the team fo-
cused on the design of the seat and
its relationship with the fuid end.
Designing a valve seat that created a
friendly environment for the inter-
working of the fuid end, which miti-
gated stress loads common in conven-
tional valve seat design, was critical.
Tis resulted in a valve seat engi-
neered specifcally for use in the new
fuid end technology. Tis valve seat,
when combined with the ofset bore
feature of the fuid end technology,
is designed to deliver 30 percent less
internal stress and around 50 per-
cent greater fatigue life when com-
pared to conventional fuid ends that
do not feature the new technology.
Ultimately, this focus on the geome-
try, coupled with additional enhanced
manufacturing processes, resulted in a
fuid end that on average has at least
Long-Life
Fluid Ends
By Jacob Bayyouk, Weir Oil & Gas
The harsh reality of unconventional drilling requires the
pressure pumping market to rethink its approach to uid
end technologies.
Figure 1. A fuid end featuring the
new technology
Figure 2. Optimized geometry plays a
critical part in increased fuid end life.
double the operating life when com-
pared to conventional fuid ends that
do not feature the new technology.
1
Developing material to address
corrosion pitting was the next step.
A company has created proprietary
stainless steel that incorporates the
necessary mechanical properties to
enable hydraulic fracturing pumps to
operate longer in todays unconven-
tional shale plays.
Tis proprietary stainless steel
provides corrosion resistance while
the fuid end technology reduces the
internal stresses and increases fatigue
life when compared to conventional
fuid ends. According to preliminary
test results, combining the use of this
proprietary stainless steel with the
new fuid end technology can achieve
more than 1,000 active pumping
hours in the feld.
1
Field Proven
Extensive feld testing with major
operators validated that, on average,
a fuid end with the new technology
has at least double the operating life
of a conventional fuid end run under
the same conditions.
2
Additionally, computational
analysis by academic partners veri-
fed the specifcations of the improve-
ments delivered with the new fuid
end technology. Implementation was
easy because the fuid end technology
works with conventional power ends.
While the new technology
solved todays challenge, the engineer-
ing team is already looking at the next
generation of pumping equipment to
solve tomorrows toughest industry
challenges.
Notes
1 Te fuid ends with the new technology are
currently being feld tested against conven-
tional fuid ends under the same operating
conditions.
2 Fluid ends featuring the new technology
were feld tested for several months against
conventional fuid ends under the same
operating conditions.
Jacob Bayyouk is the pressure pumping
engineering manager at Weir Oil
& Gas.
For more information on SPM
Duralast fuid end technology, visit
www.weiroilandgas.com.
Image 1. A hydraulic fracturing pump
with new fuid end technology
I N D U S T R I E S
Brady, Texas
Brownwood, Texas
Early, Texas
www.loadcraft.com (800)803-0183
WORKOVER & DRILLING RIGS RKOVVER & DRILLING RIGS
DRAWWORKS PARTS&SERVICE
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WELL COMPLETION
D
uring the past few years,
increased awareness of en-
vironmental impact has led
to a need for greener, safer methods
and technologies. Clean energy is
an essential part of this. Companies
have begun fnding ways to meet the
demand for more environmentally-
friendly energy sources. Domestic
natural gas is one resource. Newer
technology was necessary to access
natural gas reserves, which are avail-
able deep underground in several ar-
eas of the U.S. Horizontal drilling and
hydraulic fracturingwhich has been
used for decades to aid production in
oil wellswere further developed to
improve natural gas extraction.
Hydraulic fracturing is ofen per-
formed in shale rock formations in
which fractures are already present.
At accessible depths below the Earths
surface, expanding these fractures al-
lows more gas to be extracted from a
single well source. A fracture network
is created through horizontal drilling
to access a wider area and restore or
increase the fow of natural gas. Water
and additives are injected into a well
with high pressure to increase the
number of fractures and push them
open. Sand is typically pumped into
the well with the fracturing liquid
to allow the pores in the rock to be
propped open and gas to fow more
freely through the fractures. Tis al-
lows more hydrocarbon extraction,
maximizing production.
Portability at
the Wellhead
Portable pumps are used in drilling
and hydraulic fracturing applications
to transfer water and drilling mud.
Submersible pumps or centrifugal
pumps are used in water withdrawal
stations to draw water from the source
to the site or well pad for use in the
fractionation process.
Te water may come from:
Surface waters (lakes, streams,
rivers)
Municipal water supplies (conve-
nient and easy, but costly)
Produced waters from area wells
Alternative sources such as mine
drainage or treated wastewater
Te use of portable dewatering
pumps instead of water trucks saves
energy companies time and money.
Because of the remote and arid loca-
tions in which many hydraulic frac-
turing operations take place, some
projects might need to employ hun-
dreds of trucks to transport water to
the site. Instead, temporary pumps
and piping can be used to transfer the
water. Aside from the bulky opera-
tion that the projects would require,
pumps keep truck traf c of the roads,
which reduces the carbon footprint
from emissions and prevents expen-
sive repairs of road infrastructure.
Liquid transportation is a neces-
sity during all phases of the process.
Pumps are used to circulate drilling
mud while the drill rig is on site, be-
fore hydraulic fracturing begins. Te
mud is used to fush out the boring
hole and for lubrication. Tere can be
up to 15,000 feet or more of pipe in
the ground, and using oil-based drill
mud as a lubricant keeps everything
running smoothly without the need
for additional product.
Portable pumps can move water
from impoundment to storage tanks
and supply water to high-pressure
Portable Pumps
in Drilling
& Hydraulic
Fracturing
By Kristen Gurick, Xylem, Inc.
Versatile pump options help operators navigate the
landscape of wellhead operations.
Pumps (primary and backup) used
to transfer water from a truck offoad
station to fll tanks at approximately
2,000 gallons per minute
hydraulic fracturing trucks. Well
fowback and produced water can be
blended with fresh water during the
hydraulic fracturing process, treated
and reused during operations. Pumps
are used to manage the fowback from
the wells to the storage tanks and to
move solids-laden drill fuids.
When transporting raw water up
through the storage tanks that feed
the water system, pumps with hard
iron partssuch as impellers and in-
sert ringsare used because of their
durability and strength to withstand
tough fuids. Tey are suitable for
wastewater with oxygen or chloride
levels up to 500 parts per million
(ppm), which prevents clogging and
erosion.
Pumps can be powered by elec-
tricity, diesel or natural gas and are
available in both high-volume (for
short distances and fat terrain) and
high-head (for long distances or ex-
treme terrain) versions. Geography
and area topography dictate the fow
rate and lif required. Centrifugal
dewatering pumps are used for these
applications, along with rental pipe,
hoses and manifolds. Fluid transfer
specialists should operate the pumps,
tanks and valves. For a temporary job
of this nature, one could consider us-
ing a pump company with all the es-
sential accessories and service techni-
cians. Water transfer is needed in each
step of hydraulic fracturing, and a
rental company has the knowledge to
keep it running smoothly.
Some benefts of working with a
vendor with a large rental feet are:
Rental availability of pumps, acces-
sories and control equipment
Complete 24/7 access to service,
support and inventory
Onsite system setup, operation
and maintenance
Application specialists and
design engineers
Optimized pipeline installation
and high density polyethylene
(HDPE) pipe fusion service
Regulatory compliance
System optimization for reduced
cost and carbon footprint
Ease of scaling the pump system up
or down, safely and efectively
Landscape
Shale rock, which consists of con-
solidated clay particles, is the most
common sedimentary rock. It has
high porosity and low permeability.
Shale gas occurs in vertical fractures
or tiny, poorly connected pores, so
new methods were needed to extract
the natural gas. Tis gas is an uncon-
ventional energy source, which had
untapped potential in many locations
where hydrocarbons were not usually
produced.
In many cases, shale basins in the
U.S. are found in fat regions, such
as the basins in Texas. When every-
thing is fat, it is most economical to
use ring-lock pipe, snap it together
and begin. However, the Marcellus
Shale, located in Pennsylvania and
New York, is found in a mountainous
environment. High density polyethyl-
ene (HDPE) pipe with diferent pres-
sure ratings is used, and knowledge of
pumping extreme high head is crucial.
Understanding the environment and
geography is important so that end
users are able to perform pressure
Pumps (primary and backup) used to transfer water at a rate of 4,000 gallons
per minute from storage tanks to high-pressure pump trucks
Bag flters are used to flter water
at different fow rates and different
degrees of fltration.
WELL COMPLETION
calculations for piping and fusion re-
quirements. For example, as the pipe
continues up a mountain, diferent
pipe ratings would be used and fusion
requirements would be evaluated.
High pressure systems are re-
quired to get the water over the
mountain. A typical portable pump
would not work for supplying water
in the Marcellus Shale.
Te ideal would be a high head
pump with total dynamic head
(TDH) capabilities reaching 500 feet
or more. Tis would eliminate the
need for multistage pumps for jobs in
which placement could be crucial to a
successful, streamlined project.
Environmental
Precautions
Federal and state regulators work
to ensure that natural gas extraction
does not harm the environment.
Limitations are in place on the
amount of groundwater and surface
water that can be withdrawn to reduce
any potential stress. Eforts are also
in place to prevent spills and restrict
potential contamination. Hydraulic
fracturing is a regulated industry. As
long as guidelines are followed, it is
an environmentally-sound method of
extracting natural gas.
Several pumping elements can
be tailored to be environmentally
friendly.
Interim Tier 4 engines can be
used to power dewatering pumps.
Tese engines ofer a reduction in
nitrogen oxides (smog), particulate
matter (soot) and hydrocarbons.
Te pumps also have the option
to use an electric motor or a natural
gas engine, which uses fuel produced
on the hydraulic fracturing site. Spill
containment is stressed to further
minimize the carbon footprint.
References
Hydraulic fracturing. Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. N.p., June 4, 2012. Web.
Hydraulic Fracturing Background
Information. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. EPA, May 9, 2012.
Web.
Natural Gas Extraction Hydraulic
Fracturing. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. EPA, May 4, 2012. Web.
Kristen Gurick is a
marketing communi-
cations specialist for
Xylem, Inc. She can
be reached at kristen.
gurick@xyleminc.com
or 856-467-3636.
G
as production using hy-
draulic fracturing is grow-
ing across the U.S. produc-
tion felds including the Marcellus,
Utica and Huron basins in the east,
the Haynesville in the south and the
Bakken in the Dakotas. However,
hydraulic fracturing presents several
challenges. Water constitutes about
90 percent of the liquid media used in
hydraulic fracturing. Fresh
water supplies are ofen
limited in production areas.
With an increase in envi-
ronmental and transporta-
tion (trucking) controls, the
operating companies must
incorporate water treatment
and reuse into their business
models.
Background
A facility formerly known
as American Video Glass
Co., which was wholly
owned and operated by
Sony Corporation, had
been in operation in Mt.
Pleasant, Pa., for several
decades before closing its
doors in 2004. Te facility was sold to
Commonwealth Renewable Energy,
Inc. in 2006, which planned to use the
facility to produce ethanol. Tat proj-
ect fell through in 2008. In 2009, the
plant was permitted and converted to
treat water used in hydraulic fractur-
ing in the Marcellus Shale gas felds.
Te rehabilitated plant was opened in
April 2010.
Challenges of
Restoration
Andy Kicinski, P.E., president and
CEO of Reserved Environmental
Services, LLC (RES), realized the
plants potential for treating hydrau-
lic fracturing water. Working with a
pump distributor, Kicinski was able to
put the needed equipment together
to get the plant up and running.
Tis plant had been shut down
for half of a decade before Kicinski
bought it. It had dead animals, rust-
ing machinery, broken piping, pumps
and instrumentation cluttering the fa-
cility grounds.
Kicinski was faced with remedi-
ating an abandoned water treatment
facility that was lef without proper
decommissioning for potential reuse.
No process was available for treating
the hydraulic fracturing water. With
25 years of experience as a consultant
and experience with U.S. Filter, he de-
vised a plan for refurbishing the treat-
ment plant. Te fuids (hydraulic frac-
turing liquid) arrive on trucks, which
unload into large holding tanks. Te
Progressive Cavity
Pumps Move
Clarier Underow
By Daniel Lakovic, seepex, Inc.
& Upstream Pumping Solutions Editorial Advisory Board
A Mt. Pleasant, Pa., facility nds success with hydraulic
fracturing water treatment.
Progressive cavity pumps used to transport focculants
WELL COMPLETION
wastewater is then chemically treated
for metals and the removal of other
pollutants within large clarifer tanks.
From there, progressive cavity (PC)
pumps move the clarifer underfow
or sludge to a proprietary dewatering
system that Kicinski designed.
Why Use a PC pump?
Kicinski previously worked with pro-
gressive cavity pumps at a treatment
facility in West Virginia and was fa-
miliar with their advantages. Te PC
pump consists of a single-helix metal
rotor turning inside a double-helix
elastomeric stator. Te cavities trans-
port fuid without shear or emulsif-
cation. Te sealing line between the
rotor and stator separates each cavity
and handles solids, liquids, gases or
any combination of the three.
Te clarifer underfow ofen
contains high-salt liquids and highly
abrasive solidsincluding sand. For
use in the RES treatment plant, the
pumps also needed to be chemical
resistant to a 120,000 parts per mil-
lion chloride content. Terefore, the
rotor and all other wetted parts were
machined from duplex stainless steel.
Te pump also had a hastel-
loy mechanical seal to withstand the
higher corrosion levels. Te rotor was
ductile chromium coated to with-
stand the increased abrasion ofen
seen in this type application. Kicinski
also ordered several PC pumps for
pumping focculants.
A representative from the pump
distributor said that the PC pumps
produced the same pressure as four-
stage pumps but were much smaller
and less expensive than other designs.
Te pumps were outftted to use a
standard hydraulic motor, which
decreased downtime. Tis type PC
pump can also be used for oil and gas
completion applications, water well
drilling and grouting rigs. Tey can
also be used to pump explosive emul-
sions into drill holes for blasting.
Whats Next?
Trucks are arriving from a 60-mile
radius, but we have had trucks de-
livering water from as far as 80 miles
away, says Kicinski. Te treatment
plant has a 30,000-barrel-per-day (1.2
million-gallon-per-day) capacity and
a 30-minute unloading/recycle pro-
cess turnaround time.
RES is a zero liquid discharge fa-
cility where 100 percent of the treated
water is returned to the shale gas pro-
duction feld. Te pumps have been in
trouble-free service since April 2010,
supporting one of the fastest growing
shale gas production areas in
the country.
Daniel Lakovic holds
a BS in International
Business fom Wright
State University. He
has worked for seepex,
Inc. for two years, per-
forming roles such as marketing man-
agement, pump development, rental
pump program and special events.
He is also a member of Upstream
Pumping Solutions Editorial
Advisory Board. Lakovic
can be reached at dlakovic@seepex.net.
Left view of a PC pump showing the clarifer connection and transfer hose going
to the dewatering system
Right view of a PC pump that transfers the clarifer
underfow or sludge to the dewatering system
UTICA SHALE: NORTH AMERICAS NATURAL GAS GIANT
UTICA SHALE:
North Americas
Natural Gas Giant
COVER
SERIES
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Nomac Drillings PeakeRig 70 is
hard at work in the Utica Shale.
COVER SERIES
T
he oil and gas boom in North
America is not slowing. A
shif is occurring from natu-
ral gas production to producing liq-
uid hydrocarbons. However, as natu-
ral gas prices rebound, operators will
return to natural gas production and
activity in natural gas shale plays will
increase. According to Baker Hughes,
31 rigs were in operation in the area
(week of Jan. 18, 2013).
1
According to www.geology.com,
the Utica Shale, a rock layer a few
thousand feet below the Marcellus
Shale (see Upstream Pumping
Solutions, Summer 2011), is capable
of producing commercial quanti-
ties of natural gas, natural gas liquids
and crude oil.
2
Te Utica Shale is
much deeper than the Marcellusin
some areas more than 2 miles below
sea level. Te thickness of the Utica
rock layer is from less than 100 feet to
more than 500 feet. It extends across
the Appalachian Basin and is located
in portions of:
Kentucky
Maryland
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Virginia
West Virginia
Te play also lies beneath parts
of Lake Ontario, Lake Erie and into
Ontario, Canada. If hydrocarbon
quantities prove to be commercially
viable throughout the entire shale, it
could be one of the largest known gas
felds in the world.
While considered a natural gas
giant, the play also produces oil and
natural gas liquids. Currently, most of
the drilling has been in Ohio, where
dry and liquid hydrocarbon produc-
tion is possible. Estimates for poten-
tial recoverable hydrocarbons in the
play are 1.3 to 5.5 billion barrels of oil
and 3.8 to 15.7 trillion cubic feet of
natural gas.
Challenges facing operators who
want to tap into the Uticas vast poten-
tial are its depth and the limited infor-
mation that is currently available on
the total organic content of the rock.
Operators must also fnd and develop
talented employees. Tis activity has
increased employment opportunities,
particularly in Ohio, where most of
operations are occurring.
Te drop in Ohios unemploy-
ment during the past two years indi-
cates that Utica Shale development is
creating jobs. Te unemployment rate
was 6.5 percent in compared to an
8.6 percent rate through 2011 and 10
percent unemployment in 2010.
Tats directly tied to develop-
ment of the Utica Shale, said Dan
Alfaro, spokesman for Energy In
Depth, an industry trade group.
3
As in most unconventional plays,
horizontal drilling and hydraulic frac-
turing will be employed. For more
information on drilling, completion
and production in the Utica Shale, see
Doug Walsers Report from the Field,
Hydraulic Fracturing in the Utica
Shale, on page 29.
References
1 Baker Hughes, www.bakerhughes.com, Jan.
18, 2013
2 www.geology.com, Jan. 20, 2013.
3 Pritchard, Edd. Energy companies look-
ing for locals to join work force, www.
CantonRep.com, Jan. 13, 2013.
4 www.uticashaleblog.com, Jan. 19, 2013.
Lori K. Ditoro is editor of Upstream
Pumping Solutions.
A Play with
Great Potential
By Lori K. Ditoro
If commercially recoverable natural gas exists
throughout the area, this shale could be one of the
largest known natural gas elds.
P
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T
he Appalachian Basin prov-
ince portion of the Utica
Shale has received substantial
attention from operators interested
in producing hydrocarbons that are
physically located near downstream
markets. Tis Ordovician-age, black
shale generally has a 1 percent to 3
percent total organic carbon (TOC)
content, and the portions with great-
er than 2 percent are generally con-
sidered the sweet spots. Te vast
majority of the play (see Figure 1)
is associated with thermally mature
shale-containing gas, but about 14
percent of the sweet spots are located
in areas with less mature hydrocar-
bons. Tese areas are collectively
known as the oil window. Larger
than the oil window, but smaller than
the dry gas extent, is the portion of
the acreage that produces natural gas
and natural gas liquids.
Te Point Pleasant formation di-
rectly underlies the Utica Shale and
is ofen the formation that is actually
penetrated when attempting to tar-
get hydrocarbons via hydraulic frac-
tures that span both horizons. Te
Point Pleasant is most ofen a series
of interlaminated limestone and shale
with somewhat higher porosity and
permeability than the Utica Shale.
Not only can it contribute to a por-
tion of the overall production, but it
can efectively function as a tempo-
rary storage pressure sink for hydro-
carbons that are sourced in the Utica.
Tough activity in the play in-
creased substantially from 2010
through the frst half of 2012, the fer-
vor has somewhat abated, for a num-
ber of reasons:
Te pure oil window in central
Ohio has not yet adequately dem-
onstrated that it can repeatedly
produce commercial quantities of
liquid hydrocarbons. In addition,
the total acreage in this category
with TOC greater than 2 percent
is somewhat limited.
Te dry gas window is simply
not commercial under current
commodity pricing scenarios for
natural gas. Existing Marcellus
Shale exploration, development
and infrastructure are directly
competing for the same close
proximity, natural gas market.
Portions of the play that have
yielded high initial production
rates of natural gas liquids (pri-
marily ethane and propane) have
been newsworthy. Unfortunately,
local infrastructure related to
processing ethane and propane is
currently severely limited, and the
cost to transport these products
to Gulf Coast processing facilities
can approach or exceed the cur-
rent commodity pricing structure.
Several local projects are under
way to remedy local ethane and
propane handling infrastructure
in the Utica Shale
By Doug Walser, Pinnacle,
a Halliburton Business Line
Responsible consolidation
of surface locations
and facilities is a focus
in this play.
REPORT FROM
THE FIELD
Doug Walser
COVER SERIES
shortages, but the extended time-
frames required to activate these
midstream ventures place stress on
current drilling and completion
scheduling.
Wells in the portion of the play
that produce large volumes of
natural gas liquids also generally
produce high volumes of natural
gas. Natural gas pipeline construc-
tion in the area has not yet caught
up to the capacity that is expected
of 2013 development drilling and
completion activities.
Processes Employed
Best completion practices have been
imported into the area from other
unconventional plays across North
America in an attempt to shorten
the overall industry learning curve.
Because most Utica Shale reservoirs
exhibit ultra-low permeabilityval-
ues are ofen in the nanodarcy or low
microdarcy rangethe number of
fracture initiation points per unit of
horizontal lateral length is high, on
the order of 18 to 22 points per 1,000
feet. Tis means a lateral could have as
many as 3.7 to 4.3 stages/1,000 feet
with four or fve exit points/stages.
Stokes law suggests that pump-
ing a proppant such as sand with a
specifc gravity (SG) of 2.65 in slick-
water with a SG of 1 and viscosity of
approximately 1.8 would likely result
in sand settling at or below the lateral.
Tough the practice could conceiv-
ably result in adequate propping of
the Point Pleasant, propped cover-
age of the Utica Shale portion of the
lithostatic column could be severely
limited. Many operators have circum-
vented this problem by specifying
hybrid fracturing fuids that contain
high apparent viscosity non-Newto-
nian systems as a portion of the total
fuid package. Te high apparent vis-
cosity assists in carrying sand uphill,
above the lateral and into the Utica
Shale itself (see Figure 2). Fluid vol-
umes range from approximately 5,000
barrels (bbl) per stage to as much as
Figure 1. Current area activity and sweet spot hydrocarbon windows
11,000 bbl per stage, and pump rates
range from 60 to 90 bbl per minute.
During the acreage delineation
process, far-feld fracture mapping
is ofen used to determine fracture
azimuth (and therefore the optimum
lateral orientation), degree of upward
penetration into the Utica, fracture
half-length and preliminary estimates
of optimum parallel lateral spacing.
Likely Trends
During these current acreage delin-
eation eforts, surface locations are
somewhat scattered over the acreages
extent.
As feld development eforts
move to the forefront of operators
planning eforts, more attention may
be given to responsibly consolidating
surface locations and facilities in this
play than has been given in others
across North America. During devel-
opment activities, the probable trends
appear to favor:
Four or eight horizontals drilled
from one surface pad. One frac-
turing feet of between 14,000
and 21,000 hydraulic horsepower
remains on the pad until all stages
on all wells have been completed,
along with appropriate auxiliary
equipment.
Central water processing facilities
for every 24 to as many as 48 wells.
Tis includes storing and transfer-
ring source water, recycling and
treating produced water, and pro-
visions for responsibly handling
and/or disposing of any water that
is not recycled.
Short-term proppant storage and
handling facilities that minimize
airborne and noise pollution.
In the shorter term, most op-
erators are focusing on determining
which portions of their acreage are
most suited for further development.
Extensive manufacturing mode may
not make sense for many companies
until further infrastructurefrac-
tionation, natural gas liquids stor-
age, gas processing and pipeline
goes online in late 2013 and 2014.
Meanwhile, there is quite a bit of pro-
cess optimization that needs to be ac-
complished in the Utica Shale.
Doug Walser has extensive (31 years)
Permian Basin, Mid-continent,
Appalachia, Rockies and South Texas
experience with Dowell Schlumberger;
Te Western Company of North
America; BJ Services; and Pinnacle,
a Halliburton business line. He has
specialized in the calibration of three-
dimensional facture modeling via a
number of methods. Recently, he has
specialized in the examination and
comparison of the various emerging
resource plays in North America, and
more specifcally, plays with liquid
hydrocarbons. He has authored 14
papers, and holds three patents in his
areas of interest. He can be reached at
doug.walser@pinntech.com.
Figure 2. Typical completion, side view
SPECIAL
s e c t i o n
SPECIAL
s e c t i o n
INSTRUMENTATION,
CONTROLS & MONITORING
INSTRUMENTATION, CONTROLS & MONITORING
T
he use of plunger lif tech-
nologies in the production
of natural gas in the U.S. has
allowed producers to optimize well
production. In fact, during the past
3 years, natural gas production has
been so successful that it is experienc-
ing a surplus. Because of this excess,
producers have seen a dramatic shif
in demand from natural gas to oil and
have begun to focus production ef-
forts on oil.
Te increased demand for oil
brings the need to optimize produc-
tion methods, such as directional
drilling. In turn, producers are con-
tinually searching for the most ef-
fective and ef cient ways to produce
oil. Many have found that a reliable
communications network helps
streamline operations, allowing for
system monitoring and control on a
real-time basis. Automation is at the
forefront of this ideology, but many
options are available, making it im-
portant for producers to make their
choices wisely.
Traditional Methods
Te conventional approach of put-
ting a fow computer or a controller,
such as a remote terminal unit (RTU)
or programmable logic controller
(PLC), on each wellhead can become
redundant and expensive. Many of
the frst multi-pad wells used one
much larger fow meter or controller
that could handle multiple wellheads.
Another popular early attempt was
to use hardwire and direct buried
cable from each wellhead to a central
controller.
However, the wells were ofen
brought onto the production line at
diferent times and automation tech-
nology was added incrementally. Tis
meant that crews were brought to
each location at diferent times, and
backhoes were required to dig trench-
es from each wellheadwhich could
become costly and time-consuming.
In some cases, wiring from a previ-
ous installation was damaged during
a second installation. With new wells
rich in hydrocarbon liquids, produc-
ers needed to address increased tank
capacities on each pad. Some loca-
tions required six or seven tanks to
gather liquid for 12 to 16 wells.
Additionally, the wiring from the
wellheads to the tank batteries would
be placed under the access roads for
the trucks required to transport the
liquids to other facilities. Tis be-
came problematic because the heavy
weight of the trucks and the high
volume of traf c ravaged the buried
cables and caused the wiring to be-
come non-functional. Depending on
the locations and soils, some produc-
ers replaced their buried cable in less
than a year, another expensive and
time-consuming proposition.
Despite the costly and resource-
consuming process of installing cable,
most oil producers are accustomed
to wired solutions. Because wire is
a common solution, it is trusted by
many producers. When using newer
options, such as wireless data radios,
compromised reliability is a common
concern for producers. Some believe
that the radios will have higher failure
rates than wired solutions. However,
during the past 5 years, the opposite
has proven true. As the use of wireless
data radios has increased, many pro-
ducers have found that they are more
reliable and have low failure rates.
Wireless data radios also have
an advantage because they are not af-
fected by construction or equipment
relocation, which is a risk factor for a
wired solution. No device is immune
to a loss of signal, though many radio
manufacturers have planned accord-
ingly and ofer solutions with built-
in, fail-safe or default setting confgu-
rations.
Tis allows producers to set
parameters around the radio. For
instance, if communication is lost,
producers can pre-set whether a valve
should be closed, opened or lef as is.
Tey can essentially choose how long
they prefer to wait and what action
will take place should communica-
tions fail. With wire, these options
are not available.
Wireless Oil
Production
Automation
By Jim Gardner, FreeWave Technologies, Inc.
For oil producers, wise automation technology selection
is important.
Opposite: Image 1. A tank batterythe gray box in the center is the same box in Image 2, but it is closed.
It monitors the level measurements from each tank and sends it wirelessly to the central controller.
SPECIAL
s e c t i o n
Wireless I/O
What is Wireless input/output
(I/O)? Wireless I/O is a mechanism
by which analog (4-20mA, 1-5VDC,
etc.), discrete and other raw signals
are transmitted via radio to and from
a central processing devicesuch as
a distributive control system (DCS),
programmable logic controller
(PLC) or other remote terminal unit
(RTU). In the simplest terms, wire-
less I/O is wire replacement, where
the wireless communications link
emulates wire in an existing applica-
tion. No changes are required to the
system architecture. Wireless links
are used to transmit the same data
that the physical wire once carried.
Wireless I/O is a more recent
option for automating multiple well
pads. Today, wireless I/O is recog-
nized as an efective and reliable way
to monitor and control plunger lif,
and many producers are adopting
it as an option for oil production.
Technology manufacturers that have
followed industry trends are aware of
the decreased need for gas-produc-
ing technologies and the increased
demand for technologies that can
monitor and control multiple wells
on one pad to maximize production.
Producers ofen use advanced
production techniques, such as direc-
tional wells where oil comes in at high
pressuresfrom 6,000 to 10,000 psi.
Wireless I/O radios have the abil-
ity to transmit varying data straight
to producers of ces, allowing them
to closely monitor casings, tubing,
and intermediate and surface pres-
sures. With wireless I/O, producers
can view temperatures, pressures and
alarms in the system from miles away.
Many wireless I/O radios are now ca-
pable of transmitting data more
than 60 miles with good line of
sight communication paths.
Tese wireless technologies
can also control the valve at the
wellhead. Because these wells
are so prolifc, six to 10 tanks
and a tank battery may be used
at each location. Some wireless
I/O providers can transmit tank
levels for multiple tanks, allow-
ing for optimal valve control.
For example, should one tank
become full, a wireless I/O will
automatically instruct the valve
to close and signal a new tank to
open. Essentially, wireless I/O
takes the information from the
wellhead or the tank back to the
controller. Te controller then
processes the data, reads the al-
gorithms and makes decisions,
which the wireless I/O data ra-
dio carries back to the valve. Te
valve opens, closes or remains as
is depending on the signal from
the radio.
When producers investigate
wireless I/O options, they must
also consider that some manu-
facturers ofer more variety than
others. For example, some man-
ufacturers radios ofer multiple
I/O points, allowing for several
Image 2. A remote slave with a wireless I/O slavethe box also contains an RTU,
battery and a voltage regulator.
temperatures, pressures, etc., to be
communicated through one radio.
It is more common to have just one
I/O point. Depending on how many
points are needed, seeking a provider
who ofers multiple I/O points, also
known as I/O expansion, may be
benefcial for end users.
For example, a wireless I/O base
may have two digital inputs, two ana-
log inputs, two digital outputs and
two analog outputs, allowing the user
to simply snap a module onto the ra-
dio that has up to 16 additional I/O
points. For oil wells, the ability to
have I/O expansion is crucial because
when measuring high-pressure fuids,
casing, tubing, surface and interme-
diate pressures must be monitored.
I/O expansion helps increase the
overall health of oil production sys-
tems by ofering producers real-time
data that can be analyzed for multiple
pressure readings via one communi-
cation source.
Conclusion
In oil production, advancements
such as directional drilling allow for
multiple wells on a single pad. Tis
increases ef ciency and overall pro-
duction.
However, to keep up with these
advancements, a communication sol-
ution that can efectively monitor dif-
fering data points is essential. Wireless
I/O and I/O expansion meet these
needs and ofer benefts, such as a
fail-safe way to handle communica-
tion failure. Additionally, wireless
I/O can transmit the data needed to
control valves on oil tanks, prevent-
ing overfow and optimizing produc-
tion. Choosing the right automation
technology can be a daunting task, so
producers should be familiar with all
the options. Today, wireless I/O radi-
os are available at a fraction of the cost
of buried cable, and they can ofer the
same reliable results in a fexible and
easy-to-install package.
Jim Gardner is the
oil and gas industry
manager at FreeWave
Technologies, Inc.
He has worked in the
oil and gas industry
since 1975 in diferent management
positions, including regional manager,
AMF Tuboscope; senior vice president
and general manager at PRS; senior
vice president and general man-
ager at Remote Operating Systems
(ROS); and product manager at ABB
Totalfow. Gardner can be reached at
jgardner@feewave.com.
circle 122 on card or go to upsfreeinfo.com circle 120 on card or go to upsfreeinfo.com
SPECIAL
s e c t i o n
T
he remote locations and ex-
treme environments of of-
shore platforms present chal-
lenges when communicating data.
Te time, labor and engineering of
running cable or conduit are expen-
sive and, in some cases, impossible.
In recent years, ofshore opera-
tors have embraced improvements in
wireless technology. It is more cost ef-
fcient, is more fexible and does not
require active maintenance like tradi-
tional wiring harnesses and slip rings.
Todays industrial radios are robust
enough to meet the harsh conditions
found in ofshore settings. Tanks to
advances in reliability and security,
many ofshore platforms have imple-
mented wireless local area network
(WLAN), also known as 802.11
technology, or Wireless Highway
Addressable Remote Transducer
(HART) networks.
WirelessHART Sensor
Networks
Te HART protocol is a communica-
tion technology for intelligent pro-
cess measurement and control instru-
mentation and systems. Tis protocol
uses the Bell 202 modems frequency
shif keying (FSK) modulation to su-
perimpose digital communication sig-
nals at a low level on top of the 4-20
milliamperes (mA) analog signal.
More than 30 million devices
around the world use the HART pro-
tocol. Unfortunately, up to 90 percent
of these devices are connected to leg-
acy host systems that cannot use the
HART data.
In 2007, as part of the HART7
revision, the HART Communication
Foundation added WirelessHART,
the frst wireless protocol designed
specifcally for process applications.
With the HART protocol already
in wide use on ofshore platforms,
WirelessHART is a natural progres-
sion. WirelessHART uses the same
maintenance and diagnostic tools as
traditional wired HART devices. It
requires little additional training and
does not require extensive radio fre-
quency (RF) planning.
Te addition of a wireless op-
tion for the HART protocol ofers
opportunities for a wide range of ap-
plicationsfrom adding measure-
ments where they were previously
out of physical or economic reach, to
enabling platform-wide functions
such as asset and personnel tracking,
Wireless
Communication on
Oshore Platforms
By Ira Sharp, Phoenix Contact
WirelessHART and WLAN technologies are well suited
for use in harsh offshore applications.
Figure 1. The HART7 standard defnes three types of WirelessHART devicesa
gateway, adapter and instrument. The wireless option makes it possible
to integrate stranded I/O points and diagnostics into a process without
decommissioning the existing system.
security and enhancing overall pro-
ductivity.
WirelessHART makes it pos-
sible to expand wired HART systems
without replacing legacy equipment.
Stranded input/output (I/O) points
and diagnostics can be integrated into
a process without decommissioning
the existing system. Installing a wire-
less system is much quicker than dig-
ging trenches and laying cables for a
wired system. Tis results in lower
installation costs, labor savings, fewer
delays waiting for permit approval
and an overall lower material cost.
Te HART7 standard defnes
three basic WirelessHART device
types (see Figure 1):
GatewayConsists of the access
point radio that communicates
with remote devices, the network
manager sofware, and the gateway
connection or interface to the host.
InstrumentContains a radio in-
tegrated with process measurement
or monitoring capabilities and that
transmits all diagnostic and process
variable data to the gateway. Te
power may come from solar, line,
loop or battery.
AdapterConnects an exist-
ing wired HART device into a
WirelessHART network, while
keeping the original 4-20 mA
signal intact, and transmits the data
to the WirelessHART gateway.
Power can be supplied by line, loop
or battery.
A WirelessHART gateway typi-
cally connects a hostsuch as a pro-
grammable logic controller (PLC),
asset management system (AMS) or
distributed control system (DCS)
via RS-485 or Ethernet (see Figure
2). Te technology can work for ret-
roft or new installations. In a retroft
application, it can meet new direc-
tives while increasing ef ciency and
reducing maintenance costs. In a new
installation, it can speed up expansion
while reducing startup time and capi-
tal costs.
It is relatively simple to cre-
ate a WirelessHART network. Te
devices are defned by the HART
Communication Foundation. Te
self-healing mesh capabilities take
much of the guesswork out of design-
ing the network. However, as a net-
work expands, the technology will
encounter some limitations.
One issue is that wireless sensor
networks, such as WirelessHART,
are designed to communicate short
distances (up to 500 feet). In a larger
network, the control room might
be farther away, so it will take more
hops to get the data back to the
host. Tis increases the latency and
makes it dif cult to manage the net-
work. Because the radio has a short
range, the network will probably re-
quire more devices to act as repeaters.
Tis can lead to bottlenecks in the
mesh. Potentially, a large portion of
the network could fail.
A common solution is cluster-
ing, or breaking the network into
several smaller networks. Te nodes
must travel through fewer hops, re-
ducing the network latency. Te
simplifed networks are less likely to
need repeaters, leading to a poten-
tially more reliable, stable network.
Eliminating bottlenecks and high-
demand routers will also reduce the
demand on battery-powered devices.
Tis can mean less maintenance.
Te clustering method shifs
the focus toward the gateways capa-
bilities. Because of the range of the
WirelessHART, this method de-
mands that the gateways be moved
closer to the devices in the feld so
that the physical connection to the
host comes into question.
If a copper or fber optic connec-
tion must be made to the gateway in
the feld, then much of the cost sav-
ings associated with WirelessHART
may be canceled out, eliminating the
backhaul cable and resulting in more
cost savings and fexibility.
To further increase system fex-
ibility, consider a system that com-
bines WirelessHART with WLAN
technology. A WirelessHART gate-
way with integrated WLAN technol-
ogy can eliminate the need to run net-
work cables back to the control room,
Figure 2. A WirelessHART gateway with an integrated WLAN can provide a
backhaul connection. This eliminates Ethernet cabling to the control room, and
allows the gateway to be installed closer to the monitored devices.
SPECIAL
s e c t i o n
allowing this backhaul connection to
be wireless.
Overall, this increases the ef-
fciency of the WirelessHART net-
work cluster by remotely commission-
ing the gateway while not incurring
the additional infrastructure costs of
running network cables.
WLAN Monitoring
Wireless technology can give an en-
gineer instant knowledge into critical
data regarding changes in gas pres-
sures, fows, temperatures and leak-
age. WLAN connects wireless de-
vices. All WLAN networks are based
on the IEEE 802.11 wireless standard.
Tis standard provides high-speed
wireless data networking up to 300
megabits per second (Mbps)with
the latest 802.11n standardand will
work in static or mobile applications
(see Figure 3).
WLAN radio systems can be used
to monitor and report on many criti-
cal ofshore systems, such as fre and
gas detection systems. Knowledge of
a fre or gas leak can mean the difer-
ence between life and death.
With wireless, the operators can
monitor the sensors remotely. If an in-
cident occurs, the detectors send the
data back to the control room access
point or to alarm beacons, notifying
personnel of a problem.
Engineers can also use wire-
less technology to monitor plat-
form production levels. Logging this
information can be dif cult or impos-
sible using wired methods. Wireless
Ethernet ofers a reliable alternative
to provide operators with this vital
monitoring information.
Security in ofshore applications
is vital. Platform managers typically
rely on video surveillance to monitor
activities on and around the platform.
WLAN radios are ideal for video ap-
plications because of their high per-
formance in noisy environments and
their ability to efectively transmit
high-speed data.
Network Security
Physical security is just one concern.
During the past few years, more in-
dustrial control systems have become
victims of cyber attacks.
Because wireless signals travel
through the air and public standards
are well known, wireless data can be
especially vulnerable. Ofshore opera-
tors must ensure that remote access is
also secure access.
When end users choose an in-
dustrial radio, they should look for
one that combines encryption and
authentication.
Wi-Fi Protected Access II
(WPA2) is currently the highest level
of security available for WLAN net-
works. It combines a new form of en-
cryption called Advanced Encryption
Standard (AES) with the high level
of authentication required in IEEE
802.1X transmission technologies.
Good installation practices can also
increase a wireless networks security.
Finally, end users should not
overlook security steps that should
be implemented on any network
wireless or wired. Implementing an
industrial frewall that limits traf c
into and out of the network is a criti-
cal step in any industrial network, but
users should not disregard policy and
personnel issues.
Users should limit access to their
network. Tey should also always
change default passwords to their
radios and other networking devices
and change the passwords again when
employees leave the company.
Do not allow USB memory
sticks or Internet downloads on your
control system. Tey might seem in-
nocent, but the infamous computer
worm Stuxnet was spread through the
use of USB devices.
Todays ofshore operators have
many options if they want to install a
wireless network on their platforms,
but WirelessHART and WLAN
technologies are ideally suited for use
in harsh, ofshore applications.
Ira Sharp, Phoenix
Contact product mar-
keting manager IO
& Networks, has seven
years experience in
industrial automation
and networking with a focus on wire-
less infastructure. Sharp has aided
in designing hundreds of systems for
industrial automation applications
including SCADA, water/wastewater,
traf c control, petrochemical and
government systems. In addition, he
has authored many articles, provided
training and conducted seminars
focusing on industrial networks and
wireless infastructure. Sharp can be
reached at isharp@phoenixcon.com
and/or 1-800-888-7388, extension
3777.
Figure 3. WLAN industrial radios, based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, provide
high-speed data networking. The latest 802.11n technology can communicate
at up to 300 Mbps.
Trade Shows
Winter NAPE Expo
Feb. 5 8, 2013
George R. Brown Convention Center
Houston, Texas
T
he North America Prospect Expo (NAPE) provides a
marketplace for the buying, selling and trading of oil
and gas prospects and producing properties. With more
than 17,000 attendees and more than 1,000 exhibitors,
the NAPE experience is dedicated to high-level network-
ing and bringing together the prospectors, investors and
vendors with the end users. Te winter session is NAPEs
largest forum.
Te goal NAPEs staf is to ofer the best market place
for creating deals. NAPE brings prospects and producing
properties (from the U.S. and around the world), capital
formation, services and technologies together in one loca-
tion, creating an environment to establish strategic allianc-
es for doing business and initiating purchases and trades.
Tis is the frst of three annual NAPE expos. NAPE
East is April 10 12 and Summer NAPE is scheduled for
Aug. 14 16.
Each NAPE expo features a business conference,
NAPE charities industry luncheon and the exhibition.
NAPE has been described as THE marketplace for buy-
ing, selling and trading of oil and gas prospects and produc-
ing properties.
Winter NAPE ofers worldwide opportunities through
the International Pavilion, which hosts informative pro-
grams and an expo providing information about prospects
in other countries and an opportunity to talk with their
representatives. Te business conference includes industry
executives and experts, who ofer insight into what is next
for the exploration and production industry.

Exhibition Hours
Tuesday, Feb. 5 10 a.m. 5 p.m.
Wednesday, Feb. 6 8 a.m. 5 p.m.
Thursday, Feb. 7 8 a.m. 5 p.m.
Friday, Feb. 8 8 a.m. 1 p.m.
JUNE 11-13, 2013
CALGARY, ALBERTA, CANADA
STAMPEDE PARK
gasandoilexpo.com
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CONNECTING YOU WITH NORTH
AMERICAS GAS & OIL INDUSTRY
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.
F
or operators seeking new tech-
nologies to maximize their oil
recovery rates and reduce pro-
duction declines, a fuid pulse tech-
nology developed in North America
is proving to be an attractive option
for a range of applications. Te tech-
nology demonstrates that it can in-
crease oil production from existing
felds previously considered unpro-
ductive or depleted. Te fuid fow
technology creates high inertial fuid
momentum that improves the fow ef-
fciency of the wellbore, the near well-
bore region and the reservoir.
A recent Advanced Resources
International report noted the poten-
tial production windfall this could
create, with an estimated 400 billion
barrels of oil remaining stranded in
reservoirs throughout the U.S. Tis
huge, residual volume of oil in aban-
doned felds creates increased interest
from operators who see fuid pulse
technology as a valuable option.
Te technology as applied was
designed specifcally to extend exist-
ing oilfeld life, maximize infrastruc-
ture and enhance oil recovery. Te
technology has helped oil producers
avoid premature abandonment and
increase productivity, with some op-
erators increasing productivity by up
to 200 percent. With a small addition
to existing infrastructure, it signif-
cantly increases overall oil recovery
with minimal investment.
Optimized Injection
While waterfooding techniques have
been used for secondary oil recov-
ery since the 1920s, the fuid pulse
technologys injection optimization
brings a much higher level of ef cien-
cy to these traditional approaches.
A downhole tool works with
conventional surface equipment, and
is installed in injection wells to trans-
form the normally steady rate of in-
jection to a pulsating injection stream
with approximately 20 to 40 pulses
per minute. Like kinking a garden
hose, precise amounts of energy are
repeatedly built up and released by
the tool. Te pulses add acceleration
and momentum to the injected fuid,
forcing it into the reservoirs nooks
and crannies and more impermeable
rock at speeds of up to 100 meters
per second. Tis allows the injection
fuid to enter pore spaces that have
remained untouched over time. Te
result is a much better sweep of oil
toward the surrounding, producing
wells.
Oilfelds using traditional water-
fooding techniques are ofen aban-
doned prematurely because they are
considered too dif cult or expensive
for continued production. However,
decommissioning an abandoned oil-
feld can be far more costly and, in
many cases, is unnecessary. Onshore
decommissioning costs range from
$5,000 to $5 million or more, and of-
shore decommissioning costs some-
times exceed $100 million.
A recent BP report noted that a
1 percent improvement on its origi-
nal hydrocarbons equates to two bil-
lion barrels of additional reserves.
Worldwide, a 5 percent increase in
oil recovery could yield an additional
300 to 600 billion barrels.
1
Te U.S. Energy Information
Center reported in 2010 that the
U.S. imported crude oil and petro-
leum products at a rate of 11.8 mil-
lion barrels per day. With a growing
conversation around the importance
of harnessing more oil domestically,
fuid pulse injection technology is an
option for achieving greater energy
self-suf ciency.
Numerous applications have
demonstrated that the technology is
efective in optimizing waterfoods,
miscible CO
2
foods or chemically-
aided foods in all types of reservoirs
and could potentially add billions of
barrels of oil to the worlds recover-
able reserves.
Multiple tool designs enable op-
erations across a wide variety of reser-
voir conditions. Te pulse tools can
be used out of the box with existing
Fluid Pulse
Technology Helps
Maximize Oil
Recovery Rates
By Armando Sanchez, Wavefront Technology Solutions Inc.
Increase the efciency of existing infrastructure with
minimal additions.
Opposite: The tool can be customized to match the conditions of each application. The equipment can also be deployed
to operate electronically, mechanically or a combination of both.
PRODUCTION
well infrastructure. Powerful bursts of
fuid force the fuid to travel outside
normal fow patterns, contacting and
mobilizing more oil in placeoil that
could not be removed using tradi-
tional enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
methods. Te tool can be custom-
ized to match the conditions of each
application. Te equipment can also
be deployed to operate electroni-
cally, mechanically or a combination
of both, depending on the reservoir
conditions, to unlock oil trapped in
underground crevices.
Seismic Activity
Inspired Research
Te developers of the fuid pulse tech-
nology found inspiration through
their teams original research on oil
production following earthquakes.
It is understood that oil production
rates spike following earthquakes, but
the reasons why this occurs have been
unclear. Developers looked more
closely at this phenomenon and im-
plemented the actual mechanisms in-
volved to help recover more oil from
existing felds.
Te researchers found that gener-
ating a controlled fuid pressure pulse
allows the injected fuid to move
outside the preferential fow path.
Te pressure pulses move fuid into
and out of a larger number of pore
networks, obtaining a more uniform
injection front and resulting in in-
creased oil production and recovery.
Te fuid pulse technology that
they developed optimizes the perfor-
mance of existing methodssuch as
chemical EOR technologies, liquid
CO
2
injection, water injection and
surfactant/polymer fooding. When
efectively implemented, it is an ef -
cient way to accelerate fuid fow and
disperse liquids through oil-bearing
geological material.
Large and small oil producers can
leverage fuid pulse technology and
realize a proftable, efective advan-
tage including:
Greater ultimate recovery with
prolonged feld life
Additional recovery in oilfelds
that have been largely depleted or
even abandoned
Increased production because of
better sweep ef ciency
Te possibility of getting equiva-
lent or better oil production with
fewer wells
One of the most unique features
of fuid pulse technology is how it
increases the ef ciency of existing in-
frastructure with minimal additions.
Instead of drilling more wells, this
technology increases the operators
recovery factor within the framework
and equipment of their existing pro-
duction systems.
Case Studies
A small, independent operator in
Alberta, Canada, implemented fuid
pulse technology with six tools in
the relatively tight Viking formation
in December 2010. Tis is a mature
waterfood in sandstone with average
porosity of approximately 9 percent
and permeability ranging from 0 to
50 millidarcies (mD). In this light oil
project, the technology increased the
production from the ofset producers
by 69 barrels of oil per day, or 52 per-
cent above the base decline trend.
In another application, the tech-
nology was installed in a dolomite
formation in Crane County, Texas,
in March 2010. Te reservoir had
approximately 15 percent poros-
ity and permeability of 0 to 50 mD.
Production from the area increased
by about 30 percent compared to
the pre-existing trend, and the un-
derlying base decline decreased from
Like kinking a garden hose, precise amounts of energy are repeatedly built
up and released by the tool. The pulses add acceleration and momentum to
the injected fuid, forcing it into the reservoirs nooks and crannies and more
impermeable rock at speeds of up to 100 meters per second.
3.8 percent to about 1.5 percent per
month.
An independent exploration and
production company in Michigan
implemented the fuid pulse system
in a carbonate pinnacle reef feld for
approximately 17 months to broaden
CO
2
distribution through existing
well infrastructure for EOR. Te CO
2

food project included four wells,
three producersone of which was
suspendedand one injector well.
Signifcant production benefts
were realized with a rate of return on
the project of more than 100 percent.
Te average oil cut afer 17 months
increased to 97 percent compared to
the previously established 82 percent.
In January 2010, production rates had
increased by 49 barrels of oil per day
(bpd) with a base decline of 34 bpd to
83 bpd. Te operator experienced an
overall increase in oil production of
144 percent, an 83 percent reduction
in decline and a 16 percent increase in
the oil cut.
Proven Field
Performance
An independent feld performance re-
view by Gafney-Cline and Associates,
an international oil and gas consulting
frm, recently validated the fuid pulse
technologys results in several Alberta
and Saskatchewan projects.
Te frm evaluated the results of
several installations, including fve
felds comprising 58 water injector
installations that had a minimum of
one-year injection history. Te analy-
sis was completed using the Canadian
public database, geoScout, which re-
ports an operators production and
injection data. More specifcally, the
analysis evaluated the production re-
sponse at surrounding producers that
comprised the well patterns support-
ed by water injection using the puls-
ing technology.
Increases in estimated ultimate
recovery (EUR) were evaluated on a
well-by-well and pattern-by-pattern
basis. EUR was evaluated with two
main methods: log oil rate (q) versus
cumulative oil (Q) and water-oil ratio
(log WOR) versus Q decline analy-
sis. Te decline trend was estimated
before and afer the installations, and
the diference in EUR was quantifed.
Te results range from 0.7 percent to
7.4 percent (see Table 1). Te EUR
increase was witnessed by an increase
in oil rate, fattening of the oil decline
and/or a decrease in WOR.
Further evaluation of the esti-
mated EUR values calculated will be
conducted afer an additional year or
more of production has occurred us-
ing water injection. Tis will poten-
tially allow for a better estimation of
EUR as oil rate decline trends may
establish themselves more completely
during that time.
Reference
1 www.bp.com/liveassets/bp.../bpf19_20-
27_thirdtrillion.pdf.
Armando Sanchez is
director, Latin and
South America Business
Development at
Wavefont Technology
Solutions. With 20
years of experience in managing sales
and business negotiations, he has been
supervising Wavefonts operations in
Mexico, Argentina and Colombia since
2010. He can be reached at arman-
dos@onthewavefont.com.
Wavefont Technology Solutions CEO
Brett Davidson, Dr. Tim Spanos fom
the University of Alberta and Dr.
Maurice Dusseault fom the Univer-
sity of Waterloo developed Powerwave,
the fuid pulse technology for enhanced
oil recovery. For more information,
visit www.onthewavefont.com.
Field
Location
Total
Incremental
Oil (m3)
Total
Incremental
Oil (bbls)
Average EUR
Increase
(%)
Alberta Project 1 57,100 359,148 7.42%
Alberta Project 2 20,750 130,514 1.21%
Saskatchewan Project 1 16,900 106,298 2.11%
Alberta Project 3 5,700 35,852 1.32%
Alberta Project 4 3,000 18,896 0.72%
Totals 103,450 650,681 2.56%
Table 1. Project results
Multiple tool designs enable operations across a wide variety of reservoir
conditions. The pulse tools can be used out of the box with existing
well infrastructure.
Oileld Resources
Water Management
System
Swire Oilfeld Services,
LLC, introduces
HydroLutions, a water
management system that
handles fuid manage-
ment at every stage of a hydraulic fracturing job, saving
operators time and money while ofering sustainable
solutions that prevent soil and water pollution. A key
component is the HydroDrive water transfer system,
which features high-volume pumps; discharge manifolds;
a specially designed retrieval and deployment system; and
a leak-free, fexible pipe that is available in multiple sizes.
Circle 200 on card or go to upsfreeinfo.com
Wireless Condition
Monitoring System
LUDECA, Inc. introduces
its VIBCONNECT RF, a
wireless condition monitor-
ing system for plant ma-
chinery. Tere is no need
for costly cable. Te wireless
condition monitoring system
improves equipment reliabil-
ity by monitoring machine
vibration, bearing condition
and temperature.
Circle 201 on card or go to
upsfreeinfo.com
Enclosures
Adalet now ofers Division 1/
Zone 1 explosion-proof enclo-
sures constructed from stainless
steel 316L. Designed for use in
highly corrosive areas, the new
cast stainless steel enclosures
provide construction material for
ofshore, petrochem or volatile
industrial areas in which environmental conditions re-
quire additional corrosion protection. Features include a
watertight gasket, stainless steel cover bolts, hinge kit and
mounting panel.
Corrosion
Monitoring
System
Permasense intro-
duces its long-range
corrosion monitoring
system, which allows
retrieval of data from
monitoring locations
up to 40 kilometers (25 miles) from the gateway location.
Te long-range system was developed to allow for easy
deployment on pipeline and feeder lines, upstream and
midstream. Te systems ef cient and safe monitoring
enables more informed decision making and improves
operator fexibility.
Control Panel
Proserv introduces
its Energy Ef cient
Wellhead Control
Panel, which ofers
realistic, ft-for-purpose
functionality for oil well
operations and signifcant reductions in environmental
waste, energy use and related carbon emissions. Te
reduced battery size has the capability of providing all the
power required to operate for three days continuously in
the event of no-sun days.
Agitators
Chemineer introduces its
agitators, which ofer perfor-
mance, ef ciency and reli-
ability in oil sands extraction.
Rugged by design, the agita-
tors provide long, trouble-free
service in harsh, demanding
conditions such as those
found in oil sands suspension
applications. Chemineers im-
peller technology enhances mixing performance. Analysis
sofware is available to evaluate process parameters and
ensure proper impeller selection for oil sands applications.
draulic fracturing job saving
t l diti
t reductions in environmental
i f A l i
Drill Bit
Smith Bits intro-
duces its Spear
shale-optimized,
steel-body polycrys-
talline diamond
compact drill bit,
tailored for uncon-
ventional shale plays.
Features include
improved clutter
cleaning; increased
rate of penetra-
tion; and improved
body geometry and
hydraulic enhance-
ments, engineered to minimize blade packing.
For one customer, the bit drilled an entire lateral at an
average rate of 79 feet per hour, compared to median
performance of 65 feet per hour.
Variable Flow
Mixer
Westfall
Manufacturing
Company intro-
duces the Westfall
Model 2900 Variable
Flow Mixer, a static
mixer for bitumen
processing that mixes
multiple diluents to
the correct viscosity
and density, allow-
ing pumping over a
wide range of fow
rates. Te mixer is
combined with the companys wafer-style static mixer to
achieve a low coef cient of variation of injected diluents.
Te mixer is made from 316 stainless steel and is available
in 2-inch to 60-inch inside diameter sizes.
Exploring new
opportunities
for your business?
www.freedoniagroup.com
Oil & Gas Infrastructure
This study analyzes the $8.9 billion US oil and gas infrastructure equipment
industry. It presents historical demand data (2001, 2006, 2011) and forecasts
for 2016 and 2021 by product, application and US region. The study also
evaluates company market share and proles industry players.
Study #: 2922 ......Published: November 2012 ........Price: $5100
World Pumps
This study analyzes the global pump industry. It presents historical demand
data (2001, 2006, 2011) and forecasts for 2016 and 2021 by product, market,
world region and major country. The study also evaluates company market
share and proles industry participants.
Study #: 2771 ...... Published: December 2012 ........Price: $6400
Oileld Resources
Stator
Moyno introduces
its ERT Power
Section rubber
thickness stator from
Robbins & Myers
Energy Service
Group, which sig-
nifcantly improves
overall performance
of power sections
used in downhole
drilling applications. Te even thickness of rubber allows
the power sections to produce up to 100 percent more
power output compared with conventional stators.
Linear Position
Sensor
Control Products,
Inc. introduces its
SL Series Linear
Position Sensors,
built for use in
hydraulics; power
plants; automation; oil and gas; deep sea applications;
and high-end mobile hydraulicssuch as mining and
construction equipment and specialty large bore cylin-
ders and accumulators. Te sensors use Macro Sensors
LVDT as their core sensing technology.
Sensor Assembly
Otis Instruments, Inc. intro-
duces the GenII WireFree OI-6940
Notis Quad, a battery-powered,
explosion-proof, four-gas sensor as-
sembly that simultaneously uses up
to four sensorselectrochemical or
low-power infraredfor sensing an
array of toxic gases in ambient air.
Te assembly comes standard with
a 160 by 104 pixel graphical LCD
screen, four-button interface, non-
intrusive magnetic switches and one radio.
Flow Meter
McCrometer introduces the
V-Cone Subsea Flow Meter,
which operates at pressures up to
15,000 psi and depths down to
5,000 meters. Te fow meter is
designed with built-in fow condi-
tioning technology, which reduces straight pipe require-
ments and allows it to ft into tight spaces. It is ideal for
measuring liquid or gas and is designed for line sizes from
2 to 16 inches.
High-Pressure,
Brine Removal
Pumps
Giant Industries
announces that it
is poised to help
remove brine
wastewater safely
and ef ciently with
its industrial, high-
pressure pumps.
AC Drives
Rockwell Automation extended
the ratings of its Allen-Bradley
PowerFlex 755 AC drives to
1,500 kilowatts/2,000 horsepow-
er, completing the power range of
the PowerFlex 750-Series port-
folio. Te drive builds on the ap-
plication fexibility and common
user experience of the PowerFlex
750-Series, giving heavy indus-
tries a new option for advanced power control. Te drive
is well-suited for a variety of including fans, pumps,
mixers, compressors, conveyors and extruders, as well as
applications for the oil and gas, tire and rubber, refning,
metals and mining industries.
l d d l
radio
straight pipe require-
f i f
t l T d i
To have a product or service considered for Oileld
Resources, please send the information to Amanda Perry at
aperry@cahabamedia.com.
Classied Ads
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Pump Bearings
G Can run dry
G Increase MTBR
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seizures
Tollfree 1 866 635 7596
vesconite@vesconite.com
www.vesconite.com
CALL FOR SAMPLE
Vesconite
Hilube
Index of Advertisers
Amtech Drives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 19
Blacoh Fluid Control, Inc. . . . . .105 IBC
Burns Dewatering Services. . . .130 47
CorsiTech. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 BC
Dragon Products, Ltd . . . . . . . .101 5
The Freedonia Group. . . . . . . . . 121 45
Gas & Oil Expo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 39
Godwin, a Xylem brand. . . . . . . 110 7
Gorman-Rupp Company. . . . . .102 3
Loadcraft Industries, Ltd. . . . . .123 21
LOFA Industries, Inc. . . . . . . . . . 115 9
Master Bond Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 47
Meltric Corporation . . . . . . . . . .132 47
National Oilwell Varco . . . . . . . .104 11
Primax Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 47
QMC Hydraulic Cranes . . . . . . .120 35
Redrock Camps Inc. . . . . . . . . .122 35
SERO Pump Systems, Inc. . . . .134 47
Vesco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 47
Weir Oil & Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 IFC
Wilco Machine & Fab, Inc.. . . . . 113 24
* Index of Advertisers is furnished as a courtesy, and no
responsibility is assumed for incorrect information.
Advertiser Name R.S. # Page Advertiser Name R.S. # Page
Naturally, were delighted to be one of the worlds best-loved pump and
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You wont need to be spoon-fed because youre energized by change,
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Upstream Oil & Gas Market
D
emand for oil and gas in-
frastructure equipment in
the U.S. is forecast to rise
6.3 percent annually through 2016 to
$12.1 billion. Te increased demand
will result from development within
shale plays, especially in areas that
have not, until recently, been major
energy producers.
Tese areas will require addi-
tional infrastructure to economically
transport oil and natural gas from the
well site. For example, pipeline ca-
pacity at the Bakken Shale in North
Dakota and Montana is expected to
more than double by 2016.
Oil and gas infrastructure equip-
ment demand will also beneft from
increased upstream drilling activ-
ity. Much of this drilling activity is
happening in previously dormant or
nontraditional areas, which has cre-
ated the demand for oil and gas infra-
structure.
Low natural gas prices have
caused many producers to move drill
rigs from dry gas shale plays into the
more lucrative liquid plays. Te Eagle
Ford Shale in Texas, the Bakken Shale
in North Dakota and the Niobrara
Shale in northern Colorado and
Wyoming are experiencing strong,
increased activity.
However, while natural gas pric-
es are currently low, they are expected
to recover by 2016. Expectations of
this recovery are boosting demand
for natural gas pipelines in areas such
as the Marcellus Shale.
In addition to shale plays, signif-
cant pipeline opportunities will re-
sult from the expansion of interstate
pipelines. Te most notable project
is the Keystone XL pipeline, which
would deliver crude oil from the
Canadian tar sands to the southern
U.S. Te fnal portion of the project
has yet to be approved by the U.S.
government. Such action is expected
to occur within the forecast period.
Demand for pipe will beneft
from the construction of new trans-
mission lines and the need for gath-
ering systems at new drilling sites.
Plastic pipe will post faster gains than
steel due to widespread use in gather-
ing applications.
However, steel pipe will remain
the dominant material because of its
high pressure resistance. Demand for
equipment such as valves, pumps and
compressors will beneft from new
and expanding pipelines, since this
equipment is necessary to manage oil
and gas fow through the system.
Oil & Gas Infastructure (published
in November 2012) is available fom
Te Freedonia Group, Inc., 767 Beta
Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44143-2326.
Visit www.feedoniagroup.com, or
contact Corinne Ganglof at pr@
feedoniagroup.com, 440-684-9600
or 440-646-0484 ( fax) for more
information.
Oil & Gas
Infrastructure Equipment
By Te Freedonia Group, Inc.
U.S. demand for oil and gas infrastructure equipment is projected to exceed
$12 billion in 2016.
U.S. OIL & GAS INFRASTRUCTURE EQUIPMENT DEMAND
(million dollars)
% Annual Growth
Item 2006 2011 2016 2006 2011 2011 2016

Oil & Gas Infrastructure Demand 6,695 8860 12050 5.8 6.3
Pipe 4,045 5545 7600 6.5 6.5
Valves 750 950 1270 4.8 6.0
Compressors 590 700 1000 3.5 7.4
Pumps 390 530 680 6.3 5.1
Gas Processing Equipment 260 320 420 4.2 5.6
Monitoring Equipment 200 250 340 4.6 6.3
Storage Tanks 190 230 300 3.9 5.5
Other 270 335 440 4.4 5.6
Source: The Freedonia Group, Inc.
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January/February 2013

Pumping and Related Technology for Oil & Gas

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