TMP 846 E

Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, Vol.
3, Issue 1, 2014
2014 by the authors Licensee IJASER- Under Creative Commons License 3.0
Research article
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editorial@ijaser.com
ISSN 2277 9442
A comment on Liaos Homotopy analysis method

Subha M1, Ananthaswamy V2, Rajendran L2
1,
Madurai Sivakasi Nadars Pioneer Meenakshi Womens College, Poovanthi, Tamil Nadu, India
2
The Madura College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
DOI: 10.6088/ijaser.030100017
Abstract: In this method new approach on Liaos Homotopy analysis method is discussed. The authors
introduced the new approach on which they claim makes the calculation of Homotopy analysis method
easy. The analytical solutions for non-linear reaction diffusion equations using Homotopy analysis method
and new Homotopy analysis method were discussed with examples. We also prove analytically that the
methods given by Liao is equivalent to the present method.
Keywords: Homotopy perturbation method; Homotopy analysis method; New approach on Homotopy
analysis method; Initial value problems; Riccati differential equations; Numerical simulation.
1. Introduction
The Homotopy analysis method (HAM) introduced by Liao (1992) is the powerful method which
determine the approximate analytical solution of a non-linear equations in terms of an infinite series
usually converging to the exact solution. This method have been used in obtaining analytic and
approximate solutions to a wide class of linear and non-linear differential and integral equations. HAM is
a non-perturbative analytical method for obtaining series solutions to nonlinear equations and has been
successfully applied to numerous problems in science and engineering (Liao, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2004,
2007, 2010 and 2012, Domairry et.al, 2008, Tan et.al, 2007, Abbasbandy et. al, 2008, Cheng et. al, 2008,
Hayat et. al, 2008 and 2010, Jafari et. al, 2009). In comparison with other perturbative and
non-perturbative analytical methods, HAM offers the ability to adjust and control the convergence of a
solution via the so-called convergence-control parameter. Because of this, HAM has proved to be the most
effective method for obtaining analytical solutions to highly non-linear differential equations. Previous
applications of HAM have mainly focused on non-linear differential equations in which the non-linearity is
a polynomial in terms of the unknown function and its derivatives. Liao (1992, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2004,
2007, 2010 and 2012) proposed a powerful analytical method for non-linear problems, namely the
Homotopy analysis method. This method provides an analytical solution in terms of an infinite power
series. However, there is a practical need to evaluate this solution and to obtain numerical values from the
infinite power series. In order to investigate the accuracy of the Homotopy analysis method (HAM)
solution with a finite number of terms, the system of differential equations were solved. The Homotopy
analysis method is a good technique comparing to another perturbation method.
Homotopy perturbation method (Chowdhury et. al, 2007, Ghori et. al, 2007, Coyle, 1986, Ozis et. al, 2007,
Madden et. al, 2003, Ananthaswamy et. al, 2012 and 2013) is a special case of Homotopy analysis method.
Different from all reported perturbation and non-perturbative techniques, the Homotopy analysis method
itself provides us with a convenient way to control and adjust the convergence region and rate of
approximation series, when necessary. Briefly speaking, this method has the following advantages: It is
valid even if a given non-linear problem does not contain any small/large parameter at all; it can be
*Corresponding author (e-mail: ananthu9777@rediffmail.com)

Received on October 29, 2013; Accepted on January 16, 2014; Published on February 25, 2014
employed to efficiently approximate a non-linear problem by choosing different sets of base functions. The
Homotopy analysis method contains the auxiliary parameter h , which provides us with a simple way to
adjust and control the convergence region of solution series. Here we have solved some non-linear
differential equations using new approach on Homotopy analysis method.
2. Basic concept of Liaos Homotopy analysis method (HAM)

Consider the following differential equation:
N [u (t )] = 0
(2.1)
Where N is a nonlinear operator, t denotes an independent variable, u (t ) is an unknown function. For

simplicity, we ignore all boundary or initial conditions, which can be treated in the similar way. By means
of generalizing the conventional Homotopy method, Liao (1992) constructed the so-called zero-order
deformation equation as:
(1 p ) L[ (t ; p) u 0 (t )] = phH (t ) N [ (t ; p )]
where
(2.2)
p [0,1] is the embedding parameter, h 0 is a nonzero auxiliary parameter,
auxiliary function, L an auxiliary linear operator, u 0 (t )
H (t ) 0 is an
is an initial guess of u (t ) , (t : p ) is an
unknown function. It is important, that one has great freedom to choose auxiliary unknowns in HAM.
Obviously, when p = 0 and p = 1 , it holds:
(t;0) = u 0 (t ) and
(t ;1) = u (t )
(2.3)
respectively. Thus, as p increases from 0 to 1, the solution (t ; p ) varies from the initial guess u 0 (t ) to
the solution u (t ) . Expanding (t ; p ) in Taylor series with respect to p , we have:
+
u m (t ) p m
(t ; p) = u 0 (t ) +
(2.4)
m =1
where
u m (t ) =
1 m (t ; p)
m! p m
(2.5)
p =0
If the auxiliary linear operator, the initial guess, the auxiliary parameter h, and the auxiliary function are so
properly chosen, the series eqn.(2.4) converges at p = 1 then we have:
+
u (t ) = u 0 (t ) +
u m (t ) .
(2.6)
m =1
Differentiating (2.2) for m times with respect to the embedding parameter p , and then setting p = 0 and
finally dividing them by m !, we will have the so-called m th order deformation equation as:
L[u m m u m 1 ] = hH (t ) m ( u m 1 )
(2.7)
where
Subha M et al.,
Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2014
178
m ( u m 1 ) =
m1 N [ (t ; p)]
1
(m 1)!
p m1
(2.8)
and
0, m 1,
1, m > 1.
m =
(2.9)
Applying L1 on both side of equation (2.7), we get
u m (t ) = m u m 1 (t ) + hL1 [ H (t ) m (u m 1 )]
(2.10)
In this way, it is easily to obtain u m for m 1, at M th order, we have

M
u (t ) =
u m (t )
(2.11)
m =0
When M + , we get an accurate approximation of the original equation (2.1). For the convergence of
the above method we refer the reader to Liao (2003). If equation (2.1) admits unique solution, then this
method will produce the unique solution.
3. Basic concept of Hes Homotopy perturbation method (HPM)

To explain this method, let us consider the following function:
Do (u ) f (r ) = 0,
(3.1)
with the boundary conditions of

B o (u ,
u
) = 0,
n
(3.2)
where Do is a general differential operator, Bo is a boundary operator, f (r ) is a known analytical

function and
is the boundary of the domain . In general, the operator Do can be divided into a
linear part L and a non-linear part N . Eqn. (B. 1) can therefore be written as
L (u ) + N (u ) f ( r ) = 0
By the Homotopy technique, we construct a Homotopy v(r , p) : [0,1] that satisfies
(3.3)
H (v, p ) = (1 p)[ L(v) L(u 0 )] + p[ Do (v) f (r )] = 0.
(3.4)
H (v, p ) = L(v) L(u 0 ) + pL(u 0 ) + p[ N (v) f (r )] = 0.
where p [0, 1] is an embedding parameter, and u 0
(3.5)
is an initial approximation of Eq. (3. 1) that satisfies
the boundary conditions. From eqn. (3.4) and eqn. (B.5), we have
H (v,0) = L(v) L(u 0 ) = 0
(3.6)
H (v,1) = Do (v) f (r ) = 0
(3.7)
Subha M et al.,
179
When p=0, eqn.(3.4) and eqn.(3.5) become linear equations. When p =1, they become non-linear equations.
The process of changing p from zero to unity is that of L(v) L(u 0 ) = 0 to Do (v) f ( r ) = 0 . We first
use the embedding parameter p as a small parameter and assume that the solutions of eqn. (3.4) and
eqn. (3.5) can be written as a power series in p .
v = v 0 + pv1 + p 2 v 2 + ...
Setting p = 1
(3.8)
results in the approximate solution of eqn. (3.1)
u = lim v = v0 + v1 + v 2 + ...
(3.9)
p 1
This is the basic idea of the HPM.
4. New approach on Liaos Homotopy analysis method (HAM)

Consider the following differential equation (Liao, 1992, 1995 and 2003)
(4.1)
N [u (t )] = 0
Where N is a non-linear operator, t denotes an independent variable, u (t ) is an unknown function. For
simplicity, we ignore all boundary or initial conditions, which can be treated in the similar way. By means
of generalizing the conventional Homotopy method, Liao (1992) constructed the so-called zero-order
deformation equation as:
(1 p ) L[ (t; p) u 0 (t )] = phH (t ) N [ (t; p )]
where
(4.2)
p [0,1] is the embedding parameter, h 0 is a nonzero auxiliary parameter,
auxiliary function, L an auxiliary linear operator, u 0 (t )
H (t ) 0 is an
is an initial guess of u (t ) , (t : p ) is an
unknown function. It is important, that one has great freedom to choose auxiliary unknowns in HAM.
Obviously, when p = 0 and p = 1 , it holds:
(t;0) = u 0 (t ) and
(t ;1) = u (t )
(4.3)
respectively. Thus, as p increases from 0 to 1, the solution (t ; p ) varies from the initial guess u 0 (t ) to
the solution u (t ) . Expanding (t ; p ) in Taylor series with respect to p , we have:
+
(t ; p ) = u 0 (t ) +
u m (t ) p m
(4.4)
m =1
Let the approximate solution of (4.2) be

u (t ) = u 0 (t ) + p u1 (t ) + p 2 u 2 (t ) + p 3 u 3 (t ) + .............
(4.5)
Now substituting the eqn.(4.5) in eqn.(4.2) and equating the coefficients of p we get p 0 , p1 , p 2 , p 3 .....
and solving these equations we get the solutions u 0 (t ), u1 (t ), u 2 (t ), u 3 (t )...... respectively. Substituting
theses values in eqn.(4.4) we get the solution of eqn.(4.1) is as follows:
Subha M et al.,
180
u m (t ) = u 0 (t ) + u1 (t ) + u 2 (t ) + u 3 (t ) + ...... .
u (t ) =
(4.6)
m =0
When M + , we get an accurate approximation of the original eqn. (4.1). In the same way, when
h = 1, the Homotopy analysis method becomes the Homotopy perturbation method.
4.1 Illustrative examples

Example 1
Let us first consider Riccati differential equation
u ' ( x) = 1 u 2 ( x), 0 x 1
(5.1)
With the initial condition

u (0) = 0
(5.2)
The approximate analytical solution of eqns. (5.1) and (5.2) using new approach on Homotopy analysis
method is
u ( x) = x +
h x 3 5 h (h + 1) x 3 + 2 h 2 x 5
+
3
15
(5.3)
Example 2
As the second example, consider the Riccati differential equation
u ' ( x) = u ( x) 2 u 2 ( x), 0 x 1
(5.4)
with the initial condition

u ( 0) = 1
(5.5)
Using new approach on Homotopy analysis method, the approximate analytical solution of eqns. (5.4) and
(5.5) is as follows:
u ( x) = e x + 2h e x (h 2) + 2 h e 2 x (h + 2) + 4 h 2 (e 3 x 2 e 2 x )
(5.6)
Example 3
As the third example, consider the Riccati differential equation
u ' ( x) = 1 + 2 u ( x) u 2 ( x), 0 x 1
(5.7)
with the initial condition

u ( 0) = 0
(5.8)
The approximate analytical solution of

method is
u ( x) =
eqns. (5.7) and (5.8) using New approach on Homotopy analysis
e 2 x (3 h 2 1) h (h + 1) (e 4 x 1)
(e 2 x 1) h (e 4 x 1)
+
+
2 x e2 x +
2 x e2 x

2
4
2
16
4
2

(5.9)
h2 6x
1
4x
2x
4x
2x 2
+
(e 2 e 4 x e 2) e ( x ) + e x
16
2
Subha M et al.,
181
4.2 Numerical simulation

In order to find the accuracy of our analytical method, the non-linear differential eqns. (5.1) and (5.2), (5.4)
and (5.5) and (5.7) and (8) are also solved by numerical methods. The function bvp4c in Matlab/Scilab
software which is a function of solving initial value problems (IVPs) for ordinary differential equations are
used to solve these equations numerically. Our analytical result is compared with numerical solution and it
gives a good agreement (See Figures: 1 (a)-(c), 2 (a)-(b) and 3 (a)-(d)). The Matlab/Scilab program is also
given in Appendix E.
4.3 Results and discussions

Figures 1 (a) (c) is the steady state concentration u (x) versus the time x .
From these Figures, it is
evident that when time increases, the steady state concentration also increases. Figures 2 (a) and (b) is the
steady state concentration u (x) versus the time x . From these figures, it is noted that when the time
increases, the steady state concentration decreases. Figures 3(a), (b), (c) and (d) is the steady state
concentration u (x) versus the time x . From these figures, it is clear that when the time increases, the
steady state concentration also increases.
4.3.1 Diagrams for example (1)
Figure 1: Steady state concentration u (x) versus the time x . The concentration u (x) were computed using
the eqn. (5.3), when (a) x = 0 0.5 , (b) x = 0 1 (c) x = 0 1.4 and h = 0.69. Here ( ____ ) denote the
analytical solution and
( ) denote the numerical solution
Subha M et al.,
182
Figure 2: Steady state concentration u (x) versus the time x . The concentration u (x) were computed
using the eqn.(5.6), when (a) x = 0 0.1 , (b) x = 0 0.3 and h = 0.64. Here ( ____ ) denote the
analytical solution and ( ) denote the numerical solution.
Subha M et al.,
183
Figure 3: Steady state concentration u (x) versus the time x . The concentration u (x ) were computed using
the eqn.(5.9) , when (a) x = 0 0.1 , (b) x = 0 0.5 , (c) x = 0 0.8 , (d) x = 0 1 and h = 0.69. Here
( ____ ) denote the analytical solution and ( ) denote the numerical solution.
4.3.4 Diagrams for h- curves
Figure 4: The h curve to indicate the convergence region for u (0.85) using eqn. (5.3) in example (1).
Subha M et al.,
184
Figure 5: The h curve to indicate the convergence region for u ' (0.85) using eqn. (5.3) in example (1).
5. Conclusions
The system of time dependent reaction-diffusion equation coupled through the non-linear reaction terms
has been solved analytically and numerically. Analytical expressions of the steady state concentrations of
species are derived by using the new approach on Homotopy analysis method for new approach. The
primary result of this work is simple and approximate expressions of the concentrations in this new
approach. This method is an extremely simple and it is also a promising method to solve other non-linear
equations. This method can be easily extended to find the solution of all other non-linear equations.
Acknowledgement
This work is supported by the University Grant Commission (UGC) Minor project No: F. MRP-4122/12
(MRP/UGC-SERO), Hyderabad, Government of India. The authors are thankful to Shri. S. Natanagopal,
Secretary, The Madura College Board and Dr. R. Murali, Principal, The Madura College (Autonomous),
Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India for their constant encouragement.
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2014 by the authors Licensee IJASER- Under Creative Commons License 3.0
Research article
www.ijaser.com
editorial@ijaser.com
ISSN 2277 9442
Appendix A: ( Liaos Homotopy analysis method)

Consider the non-linear problem
du ( x )
= 1 u 2 ( x ) , where 0 x 1
dx
(A.1)
We construct the Homotopy as follows

du ( x)
du ( x)
(1 p)
1 = h p
1 + u 2 ( x)
dx
dx
(A.2)
The approximate solution of eqn.(A.1) is

u = u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + ...........
Subs the eqn. ( A.3) into an eqn. (A.2)
(A.3)
we get
d (u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
(1 p )
1
dx
d (u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
=h p
1 + (u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......) 2
dx
(A.4)
Put p = 0 in eqn. (A.4) we get
p0 :
du 0
1 = 0
dx
(A.5)
Differentiating eqn. (A.4) with respect to p on both sides we get
2
d
d (u 0 + p u1 + p u 2 + .......)
1
(1 p) (u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p 2 u 3 + ....
dx
dx

d (u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
= h
1 + (u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......) 2
dx
(A.6)
d ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p 2 u 3 + .......)
+ h p
+ 2 (u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + ....) (u1 + 2 pu 2 + 3 p 2 u 3 + ...
dx
Put p = 0 in eqn. (A.6) and using eqn.(A.5) we get
p1 :
du1
= h u 02
dx
Differentiating eqn. (A.6) with respect to p on both
(A.7)
we get
*Corresponding author (e-mail: ananthu9777@rediffmail.com)

Received on October 29, 2013; Accepted on January 16, 2014; Published on February 25, 2014
d
d ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + .......) d (u1 + 2 p u 2 + .......)
(1 p ) (2 u 2 + 6 p u 3 + ....
dx
dx
dx

d (u1 + 2 p u 2 + .......)
= h
+ 2 (u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......) 2 (u1 + 2 p u 2 + ..............)
dx
d ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + .......)
+h
+ 2 (u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + ....) (u1 + 2 pu 2 + 3 p 2 u 3 + ...)
dx
(A.8)
d (2u 2 + 6 pu 3 + ...)
+ hp
+ 2 (u 0 + p u1 + ....) (2u 2 + 6 pu 3 + .......) + 2(u1 + 2 pu 2 + ....) 2
dx
Put p = 0 in eqn. (A.8)
and using the eqn. (A.7) we get
du1
= h ( h + 1) u 02 + 2 h u 0 u1
dx
The initial approximations are as follows:
p2 :
u 0 (0) = 0 and u i (0) = 0 , i = 1, 2, 3,....

Solving the eqns. (A.5), (A.7) and
solution in the text eqn.(5.3).
(A.9)
(A.10)
(A.9) using the initial approximations eqn.(A.10), we obtain the
Appendix a: ( Present approach)

du ( x )
= 1 u 2 ( x ) , where 0 x 1
dx
We construct the Homotopy as follows:

du ( x)
du ( x)
(1 p)
1 = h p
1 + u 2 ( x)
dx
dx
(a.1)
(a.2)
The approximate solution of eqn.(a.1) is

u = u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + ...........
(a.3)
Substituting the equn. (a.3) into an eqn. (a.2) we get
d (u0 + p u1 + p 2 u2 + .......)
1
(1 p )
dx
d (u0 + p u1 + p 2 u2 + .......)
=h p
1 + (u0 + p u1 + p 2 u2 + .......)2
dx
(a.4)
Equating the coefficients on both sides of the eqn.(a.4) we get
du 0
1 = 0
dx
du
p1 : 1 = h u 02
dx
du
p 2 : 1 = h ( h + 1) u 02 + 2 h u 0 u1
dx
p0 :
u 0 (0) = 0 and ui (0) = 0 , i = 1, 2, 3,....

M. Subha et al.,
Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2011
(a.5)
(a.6)
(a.7)
(a.8)
Solving the eqns. (a.5)-(a.7) and using the initial approximations eqn.(a.8), we obtain the solution in the
text eqn.(5.3).
Appendix B: (Liaos Homotopy analysis method)

du ( x )
= u ( x ) 2 u 2 ( x ) , where 0 x 1
dx
(B.1)

du ( x)
du ( x)
(1 p )
u ( x) = h p
u ( x) + 2 u 2 ( x)
dx
dx
The approximate solution of
(B.2)
eqn.(B.1) is
u = u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + ...........
Substituting eqn. ( B.3) into an eqn.(B.2)
(B.3)
we get
d (u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
( u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
(1 p)
dx
d (u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
(u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
=h p
dx
2
2
+ 2 (u 0 + p u1 + p u 2 + .......)
(B.4)
Put p = 0 in eqn.(B.4) we get
p0 :
du 0
u0 = 0
dx
(B.5)
Differentiating eqn. (B.4) with respect to p on both sides we get

d ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p 2 u 3 + ....)
(1 p)
( u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p 2 u 3 + ....)
dx
d (u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
( u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
dx
d (u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
(u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
=+ h
dx
2
2
+ 2 (u 0 + p u1 + p u 2 + .......)
d ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p 2 u 3 + .......)
(u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p 2 u 3 + .......)
+ h p
dx
2
2
+ 4 (u 0 + p u1 + p u 2 + .......) ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p u 3 + .......)
Put
p1 :
p = 0 in eqn. (B.6)
(B.6)
and using eqn.(B.5) we get
du1
u1 = 2 h u 02
dt
M. Subha et al.,
(B.7)
Differentiating
eqn. (B.6) with respect to p on both sides we get
d ( 2 u 2 + 6 p u 3 + ....)
(1 p )
( 2 u 2 + 6 p u 3 + ....)
dx
d ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + .......)
d ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + .......)

( u1 + 2 p u 2 + .......)
dx
dx
( u + 2 p u + .......)
1
2
d ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p 2 u 3 + .......)
(u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p 2 u 3 + .......)
=h
dx
2
2
+ 4 (u 0 + p u1 + p u 2 + .......) ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p u 3 + .......)
(B.8)
d ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p 2 u 3 + .......)
(u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p 2 u 3 + .......)
+h
dx
2
2
+ 4 (u 0 + p u1 + p u 2 + .......) ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p u 3 + .......)
d (2u 2 + 6 p u 3 + ....)
(2u 2 + 6 p u 3 + ....)
dx
+ h p
+ 4(u + pu + ...)(2u + 6 pu + ....) + 4( u + 2 p u + 3 p 2 u + .......) 2

0
1
2
3
1
2
3
Put p = 0 in eqn. (B.8)
and using eqn. (B.7) we get
du1
u 2 = 2 h (h + 1) u 02 + 4 h u 0 u1
dt
p2 :
(B.9)
u 0 (0) = 1 and ui (0) = 0 , i = 1, 2, 3,....
(B.10)
Solving the eqns. (B.5), (B.7) and (B.9) and using the initial approximations eqn.(B.10), we obtain the
solution in the text eqn. (5.6).
Appendix b: ( Present approach)

du ( x )
= u ( x ) 2 u 2 ( x ) , where 0 x 1
dx
(b.1)

du ( x)
du ( x)
(1 p )
u ( x) = h p
u ( x) + 2 u 2 ( x)
dx
dx
(b.2)
The approximate solution of (b.1) is

u = u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + ...........
Substituting the eqn.( b.3) into an eqn.(b.2)
(b.3)
we get
d (u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
(1 p)
( u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
dx
d (u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
(u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
=h p
dx
2
2
+ 2 (u 0 + p u1 + p u 2 + .......)
Equating the coefficients on both sides of the eqn.(b.4) we get
M. Subha et al.,
(b.4)
du 0
u0 = 0
dt
du
p1 : 1 u1 = 2 h u 02
dt
du
p 2 : 1 u 2 = 2 h (h + 1) u 02 + 4 h u 0 u1
dt
p0 :
(b.5)
(b.6)
(b.7)
u 0 (0) = 1 and u i (0) = 0 , i = 1, 2, 3,....
(b.8)
Solving the eqns. (b.5)-(b.7) and using the initial approximations eqn.(b.8), we obtain the solution in the
text eqn. (5.6).
Appendix C : (Liaos Homotopy analysis method)

du ( x )
= 1 + 2 u ( x ) u 2 ( x ) , where 0 x 1
dx

du ( x)
du ( x)
(1 p )
2 u ( x) 1 = h p
2u ( x) 1 + u 2 ( x)
dx
dx
The approximate solution of
(C.1)
(C.2)
eqn.(C.1) is
u = u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + ...........
(C.3)
Substituting the eqn.(C.3) into an eqn.(C.2) we get
d (u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
(1 p)
2( u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......) 1
dx
(C.4)
d (u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
2(u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......) 1
=h p
dx
2
2
+ (u 0 + p u1 + p u 2 + .......)
Put p = 0 in eqn.(C.4) we get
du 0
2u 0 1 = 0
dt
Differentiating eqn. (C.4) with respect to p on both sides we get
p0 :
(C.5)
d ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p 2 u 3 + ....)
2( u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p 2 u 3 + ....)
(1 p )
dx
d (u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
2( u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......) 1
dx
2
d (u 0 + p u1 + p u 2 + .......)
2(u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......) 1
= h
dx
2
2
+ (u 0 + p u1 + p u 2 + .......)
2
d ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p u 3 + .......)
2(u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p 2 u 3 + .......)
+ h p
dx
2
2
+ 2 (u 0 + p u1 + p u 2 + .......) ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p u 3 + .......)
M. Subha et al.,
(C.6)
Put p = 0 in eqn. (C.6) and using eqn.(C.5) we get
du1
2u1 = h u 02
dt
Differentiating eqn. (C.6) with respect to p on both sides we get
p1 :
(C.7)
d ( 2 u 2 + 6 p u 3 + ....)
(1 p)
2( 2 u 2 + 6 p u3 + ....)
dx
d ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + .......)
d ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + .......)

2( u1 + 2 p u 2 + .......)
dx
dx
2( u + 2 p u + .......)
1
2
d ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p u 3 + .......)
2(u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p 2 u3 + .......)
=h
dx
2
2
+ 2 (u 0 + p u1 + p u 2 + .......) ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p u3 + .......)
2
d ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p u 3 + .......)
2(u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p 2 u 3 + .......)
+h
dx
2
2
+ 2 (u 0 + p u1 + p u 2 + .......) ( u1 + 2 p u 2 + 3 p u3 + .......)
d (2u 2 + 6 p u 3 + ....)
2(2u 2 + 6 p u 3 + ....)
dx
+ h p
+ 2(u + pu + ...)(2u + 6 pu + ....) + 2( u + 2 p u + 3 p 2 u + .......) 2

0
1
2
3
1
2
3
Put p = 0 in eqn. (C.8) and using eqn. (C.7) we get
du1
u 2 = h (h + 1) u 02 + 2 h u 0 u1
dt
p2 :
u 0 (0) = 0 and ui (0) = 0 , i = 1, 2, 3,....
(C.8)
(C.9)
(C.10)
Solving the eqns. (C.5), (C.7) and (C.9), and using the initial approximations eqn. (C.10), we obtain the
solution in the text eqn. (5.9).
Appendix c: (Present approach)

du ( x)
= 1 + 2 u ( x ) u 2 ( x ) where 0 x 1
dx
(c.1)

du ( x)
du ( x)
(1 p )
2 u ( x ) 1 = h p
2u ( x) 1 + u 2 ( x)
dx
dx
The approximate solution of eqn. (c.1) is

u = u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + ...........
Subs ( c.3) in (c.2)
we get
M. Subha et al.,
(c.2)
(c.3)
d (u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
(1 p )
2( u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......) 1
dx
d (u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......)
2(u 0 + p u1 + p 2 u 2 + .......) 1
=h p
dx
+ (u + p u + p 2 u + .......) 2
0
1
2
(c.4)
Equating the coefficients on both sides of the eqn. (c.4) we get
du 0
2u 0 1 = 0
dx
du
p1 : 1 2u1 = h u 02
dx
du
p 2 : 2 2u 2 = h (h + 1) u 02 + 2 h u 0 u1
dx
p0 :
u 0 (0) = 0 and ui (0) = 0 , i = 1, 2, 3,....
(c.5)
(c.6)
(c.7)
(c.8)
Solving the eqns. (c.5) - (c.7) and using the initial approximations eqn.(c.8), we obtain the solution in the
text eqn. (5.9).
Appendix D: Determining the region of h for validity

The analytical solution should converge. It should be noted that the auxiliary parameter h controls the
convergence and accuracy of the solution series. The analytical solution represented by eqn.(5.3) contains
the auxiliary parameter h, which gives the convergence region and rate of approximation for the
Homotopy analysis method. In order to define region such that the solution series is independent of h, a
multiple of
h curves are plotted. The region where the fluid velocities u (x) and u ' ( x) versus h is
a horizontal line known as the convergence region for the corresponding function. The common region
among u (x) and its derivatives are known as the overall convergence region. To study the influence of
h on the convergence of solution, h -curves of u (0.85) and u ' (0.85) are plotted in Fig. (4) and (5)
respectively. These figures clearly indicate that the valid region of h is about (-0.74 to -0.64). Similarly we
can find the value of the convergence control parameter h for different values of the constant parameters.
Appendix E
Matlab/Scilab program to find the numerical solution of non-linear equations (5.1) and (5.2), (5.4)
and (5.5) and (5.7) and (5.8)
function
options= odeset('RelTol',1e-6,'Stats','on');
%initial conditions
x0 = [0];
tspan = [0,1];
tic
M. Subha et al.,
[t,x] = ode45(@TestFunction,tspan,x0,options);
toc
figure
hold on
plot(t, x(:,1))
legend('x')
ylabel('x')
xlabel('t')
return
function [dx_dt]= TestFunction(t,x)
dx_dt(1)=1 - x(1)^2;
dx_dt = dx_dt';
return
M. Subha et al.,

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Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, Vol.

A comment on Liaos Homotopy analysis method

*Corresponding author (e-mail: ananthu9777@rediffmail.com)

A comment on Liaos Homotopy analysis method

2. Basic concept of Liaos Homotopy analysis method (HAM)

Where N is a nonlinear operator, t denotes an independent variable, u (t ) is an unknown function. For

p [0,1] is the embedding parameter, h 0 is a nonzero auxiliary parameter,

auxiliary function, L an auxiliary linear operator, u 0 (t )

A comment on Liaos Homotopy analysis method

Applying L1 on both side of equation (2.7), we get

In this way, it is easily to obtain u m for m 1, at M th order, we have

3. Basic concept of Hes Homotopy perturbation method (HPM)

with the boundary conditions of

where Do is a general differential operator, Bo is a boundary operator, f (r ) is a known analytical

H (v, p ) = (1 p)[ L(v) L(u 0 )] + p[ Do (v) f (r )] = 0.

H (v, p ) = L(v) L(u 0 ) + pL(u 0 ) + p[ N (v) f (r )] = 0.

where p [0, 1] is an embedding parameter, and u 0

A comment on Liaos Homotopy analysis method

results in the approximate solution of eqn. (3.1)

This is the basic idea of the HPM.

4. New approach on Liaos Homotopy analysis method (HAM)

p [0,1] is the embedding parameter, h 0 is a nonzero auxiliary parameter,

auxiliary function, L an auxiliary linear operator, u 0 (t )

Let the approximate solution of (4.2) be

A comment on Liaos Homotopy analysis method

4.1 Illustrative examples

With the initial condition

with the initial condition

with the initial condition

The approximate analytical solution of

eqns. (5.7) and (5.8) using New approach on Homotopy analysis

A comment on Liaos Homotopy analysis method

4.2 Numerical simulation

4.3 Results and discussions

From these Figures, it is

4.3.1 Diagrams for example (1)

analytical solution and

( ) denote the numerical solution

A comment on Liaos Homotopy analysis method

4.3.2 Diagrams for example (2)

A comment on Liaos Homotopy analysis method

4.3.3 Diagrams for example (3)

4.3.4 Diagrams for h- curves

A comment on Liaos Homotopy analysis method

A comment on Liaos Homotopy analysis method

6. Chowdhury, M.S.H., and Hashim, I. 2007. Solutions of time-dependent Emden-Fowler type

channel with porous medium. Chaos Solitons Fractals: 38, pp.556567.

Appendix A: ( Liaos Homotopy analysis method)

We construct the Homotopy as follows

The approximate solution of eqn.(A.1) is

Subs the eqn. ( A.3) into an eqn. (A.2)

Put p = 0 in eqn. (A.4) we get

Differentiating eqn. (A.4) with respect to p on both sides we get

Put p = 0 in eqn. (A.6) and using eqn.(A.5) we get

Differentiating eqn. (A.6) with respect to p on both

*Corresponding author (e-mail: ananthu9777@rediffmail.com)

A comment on Liaos Homotopy analysis method

Put p = 0 in eqn. (A.8)

and using the eqn. (A.7) we get

u 0 (0) = 0 and u i (0) = 0 , i = 1, 2, 3,....

Appendix a: ( Present approach)

We construct the Homotopy as follows: