Dipole-Dipole Forces

Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between the positive

end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another
polar molecule. Dipole-dipole forces have strengths that range
from 5 kJ to 20 kJ per mole. They are much weaker than ionic
or covalent bonds and have a significant effect only when the
molecules involved are close together (touching or almost
touching).
The figures show two arrangements of polar iodine
monochloride (ICl) molecules that give rise to dipole-dipole
attractions.

Note:
Polar molecules have a partial negative end and a partial
positive end.
The partially positive end of a polar molecule is attracted
to the partially negative end of another.
In a ICl molecule the more electronegative chlorine atom
bears the partial negative charge; the less
electronegative iodine atom bears the partial positive
charge.
The partially positive iodine end of one ICl molecule is
attracted to the partially negative chlorine end of another
ICl molecule.
A dashed line is used to represent an intermolecular attraction
between molecules because these forces are NOT as strong as
chemical bonds.

= I
= Cl
One arrangement of
ICl molecules that
gives rise to a
dipole-dipole
attraction.
Another
arrangement of ICl
molecules that gives
rise to a dipole-
dipole attraction.

Physical Consequences of Dipole-Dipole Forces
Both ICl and Br
2
have the same number of atoms and
approximately the same molecular weight, but ICl is a solid
whereas Br
2
is a liquid at 0
o
C. Why?
Intermolecular dipole-dipole attractions between ICl molecules are sufficient
to cause them to form a solid at 0oC, whereas the intermolecular attractions
between nonpolar Br2 molecules are not.
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/dipdip.html
Dipole-Dipole
Interactions
Tabl e of Contents
1. 1. Definition of a Dipole
2. 2. Potential Energy of Dipole Interaction
3. 3. Dipole-Dipole Interactions in Macroscopic Systems
4. 4. Biological Importance of Dipole Interactions
5. 5. References
6. 6. Contributors
Dipole-Dipole interactions result when two polar molecules approach each other in
space. When this occurs, the partially negative portion of one of the polar molecules
is attracted to the partially positive portion of the second polar molecule. This type of
interaction between molecules accounts for many physically and biologically
significant phenomena such as the elevated boiling point of water.
Definition of a Dipole
Molecular dipoles occur due to the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms in a
molecule. Those atoms that are more electronegative pull the bonded electrons closer
to themselves. The buildup of electron density around an atom or discreet region of a
molecule can result in a molecular dipole in which one side of the molecule possesses
a partially negative charge and the other side a partially positive charge. Molecules
with dipoles that are not canceled by their molecular geometry are said to be polar.

Example 1: Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Flouride

[Figure 1] [Figure 2]
In figure 1 above, the more electronegative Oxygen atoms pull electron density towards
themselves as demonstrated by the arrows. Carbon Dioxide is not polar however because
of its linear geometry. A molecule's overall dipole is directional, and is given by the
vector sum of the dipoles between the atoms. If we imagined the Carbon Dioxide
molecule centered at 0 in the XY coordinate plane, the molecule's overall dipole would be
given by the following equation:
cos(0)+ cos(0)= 0.
Where is the dipole moment of the bond (given by =Q x r where
Q is the charge and r is the distance of separation). Therefore, the two dipoles cancel
each other out to yield a molecule with no net dipole.
In contrast, figure 2 demonstrates a situation where a molecular dipole does result.
There is no opposing dipole moment to cancel out the one that is shown above.
If we were to imagine the hydrogen flouride molecule placed so that the Hydrogen sat at
the origin in the XY coordinate plane, the dipole would be given by cos(0)=.
Potential Energy of Dipole
Interaction
Potential energy is the maximum energy that is available for an object to do work. In
physics, work is a quantity that describes the energy expended as a force operates
over a distance. Potential energy is positional because it depends on the forces acting
on an object at its position in space. For instance, we could say that an object held
above the ground has a potential energy equal to its mass x acceleration due to
gravity x its height above the ground (i.e., mgh). This potential energy that an
object has as a result of its position can be used to do work. For instance we could
use a pulley system with a large weight held above the ground to hoist a smaller
weight into the air. As we drop the large weight it converts its potential energy to
kinetic energy and does work on the rope which lifts the smaller weight into the air.
It is important to remember that due to the second law of thermodynamics, the
amount of work done by an object can never exceed (and is often considerably less)
than the objects potential energy.
On a subatomic level, charged atoms have an electric potential which allows them to
interact with each other. Electric potential refers to the energy held by a charged
particle as a result of it's position relative to a second charged particle. Electric
potential depends on charge polarity, charge strength and distance. Molecules with
the same charge will repel each other as they come closer together while molecules
with opposite charges will attract.

For two positively charged particles interacting at a distance r, the potential energy
possessed by the system can be defined usingCoulomb's Law:
V=kQqr
where
k is the Coulomb constant and
Q and q refer to the magnitude of the charge for each particle in Coulombs.
The above equation can also be used to calculate the distance between two charged
particles (r) if we know the potential energy of the system. While Coulomb's law is
important, it only gives the potential energy between two point particles. Since
molecules are much larger than point particles and have charge concentrated over a
larger area, we have to come up with a new equation.
The potential energy possessed by two polar atoms interacting with each other
depends on the dipole moment, , of each molecule, the distance apart, r, and the
orientation in which the two molecules interact. For the case in which the partially
positive area of one molecule interacts only with the partially negative area of the
other molecule, the potential energy is given by:
V=21240r3
where is the permeability of space. If it is not the case that the molecular dipoles
interact in this straight end to end manor, we have to account mathematically for the
change in potential energy due to the angle between the dipoles. We can add an
angular term to the above equation to account for this new parameter of the system:
V=1240r312(cos12 3cos1cos2)
In this formula 12 is the angle made by the two oppositely charged dipoles,
and r12 is the distance between the two molecules. Also, 1 and 2 are the angles
formed by the two dipoles with respect to the line connecting their centers.
It is also important to find the potential energy of the dipole moment for more than
two interacting molecules. An important concept to keep in mind when dealing with
multiple charged molecules interacting is that like charges repel and opposite charges
attract. So for a system in which three charged molecules (2 positively charged
molecules and 1 negatively charged molecule) are interacting, we need to consider
the angle between the attractive and repellant forces.

The potential energy for the dipole interaction between multiple charged molecules
is:
V= kpcosr2
where
k is the Coulomb constant, and
r is the distance between the molecules.
Dipole-Dipole Interactions
in Macroscopic Systems
It would seem, based on the above discussion, that in a system composed of a large
number of dipolar molecules randomly interacting with one another, V should go to
zero because the molecules adopt all possible orientations. Thus the negative
potential energy of two molecular dipoles participating in a favorable
interaction would be cancelled out by the positive energy of two molecular
dipoles participating in a high potential energy interaction. Contrary to our
assumption, in bulk systems, it is more probable for dipolar molecules to interact in
such a way as to minimize their potential energy (i.e., dipoles form less energetic,
more probable configurations in accordance with the Boltzmann's Distribution). For
instance, the partially positive area of a molecular dipole being held next to the
partially positive area of a second molecular dipole is a high potential energy
configuration and few molecules in the system will have sufficient energy to adopt it
at room temperature. Generally, the higher potential energy configurations are only
able to be populated at elevated temperatures. Therefore, the interactions of dipoles
in a bulk solution are not random, and instead adopt more probable, lower energy
configurations. The following equation takes this into account:
V=22A2B3(40)2r61kBT
Biological Importance of
Dipole Interactions
The potential energy from dipole interactions is important for living organisms. The
biggest impact dipole interactions have on living organisms is seen with protein
folding. Every process of protein formation, from the binding of individual amino acids
to secondary structures to tertiary structures and even the formation of quaternary
structures is dependent on dipole-dipole interactions.
A prime example of quaternary dipole interaction that is vital to human health is the
formation of erythrocytes. Erythrocytes, commonly known as red blood cells, are
comprised of four protein subunits and a heme molecule. For an erythrocyte to form
properly, multiple steps must occur, all of which involve dipole interactions. The four
protein subunitstwo alpha chains, two beta chainsand the heme group, interact
with each other through a series of dipole-dipole interactions which allow the
erythrocyte to take its final shape. Any mutation that destroys these dipole-dipole
interactions prevents the erythrocyte from forming properly, and impairs their ability
to carry oxygen to the tissues of the body. So we can see that without the dipole-
dipole interactions, proteins would not be able to fold properly and all life as we know
it would cease to exist.
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Quantum_Mechanics/Atomic_Theory
/Intermolecular_Forces/Dipole-Dipole_Interactions
Dipole-dipole interactions [edit]
Dipole-dipole interactions are electrostatic interactions between
permanent dipoles in molecules. These interactions tend to align the
molecules to increase attraction (reducing potential energy). An example of a
dipole-dipole interaction can be seen in hydrogen chloride (HCl): the positive
end of a polar molecule will attract the negative end of the other molecule
and influence its position. Polar molecules have a net attraction between
them. Examples of polar molecules include hydrogen chloride (HCl) and
chloroform (CHCl
3
).

Often molecules contain dipolar groups, but have no overall dipole moment.
This occurs if there is symmetry within the molecule that causes the dipoles
to cancel each other out. This occurs in molecules such
as tetrachloromethane. Note that the dipole-dipole interaction between two
individual atoms is usually zero, since atoms rarely carry a permanent dipole.
See atomic dipoles.
Ion-dipole and ion-induced dipole forces[edit]
Ion-dipole and ion-induced dipole forces are similar to dipole-dipole and
induced-dipole interactions but involve ions, instead of only polar and non-
polar molecules. Ion-dipole and ion-induced dipole forces are stronger than
dipole-dipole interactions because the charge of any ion is much greater than
the charge of a dipole moment. Ion-dipole bonding is stronger than
hydrogen bonding.
[citation needed]

An ion-dipole force consists of an ion and a polar molecule interacting. They
align so that the positive and negative groups are next to one another,
allowing for maximum attraction.
An ion-induced dipole force consists of an ion and a non-polar molecule
interacting. Like a dipole-induced dipole force, the charge of the ion causes
distortion of the electron cloud on the non-polar molecule.
[2]

Hydrogen bonding[edit]
Main article: Hydrogen bond
A hydrogen bond is the attraction between the lone pair of
an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom that is bonded to
either nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine.
[3]
The hydrogen bond is often described
as a strong electrostatic dipole-dipole interaction. However, it also has some
features of covalent bonding: it is directional, stronger than a van der Waals
interaction, produces interatomic distances shorter than the sum of van der
Waals radius, and usually involves a limited number of interaction partners,
which can be interpreted as a kind of valence.

Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is responsible for the high boiling point
of water (100 C) compared to the other group 16 hydrides, which have no
hydrogen bonds. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is partly responsible for
the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins and nucleic
acids. It also plays an important role in the structure of polymers, both
synthetic and natural.
[citation needed]

Van der Waals forces[edit]
Main article: Van der Waals force
Keesom (permanent dipole) force[edit]
Keesom interactions (named after Willem Hendrik Keesom) are attractive
interactions of dipoles that are ensemble averaged over different rotational
orientations of the dipoles. It is assumed that the molecules are constantly
rotating and never get locked into place. This is a good assumption, but at
some point molecules do get locked into place. The energy of a Keesom
interaction depends on the inverse sixth power of the distance, unlike the
interaction energy of two spatially fixed dipoles, which depends on the
inverse third power of the distance. The Keesom interaction can only occur
among molecules that possess permanent dipole moments aka two polar
molecules. Also Keesom interactions are very weak Van der Waals
interactions and do not occur in aqueous solutions that contain electrolytes.
The angle averaged interaction is given by the following equation:

Where m = charge per length, = permitivity of free space, =
dielectric constant of surrounding material, T = temperature, =
Boltzmann constant, and r = distance between molecules.
Debye (induced dipole) force[edit]
The induced dipole forces appear from the induction (also known
as polarization), which is the attractive interaction between a permanent
multipole on one molecule with an induced (by the former di/multi-pole)
multipole on another.
[4][5][6][7]
This interaction is called the Debye force,
named after Peter J.W. Debye.
One example of an induction-interaction between permanent dipole and
induced dipole is the interaction between HCl and Ar. In this system, Ar
experiences a dipole as its electrons are attracted (to the H side of HCl) or
repelled (from the Cl side) by HCl.
[4][6]
The angle averaged interaction is
given by the following equation.

Where = polarizability
This kind of interaction can be expected between any polar molecule and
non-polar/symmetrical molecule. The induction-interaction force is far
weaker than dipole-dipole interaction, but stronger than the London
dispersion force.
London dispersion force[edit]
Main article: London dispersion force
Otherwise known as quantum-induced instantaneous polarization or
instantaneous dipole-induced dipole force, the London dispersion force is
caused by correlated movements of the electrons in interacting molecules.
Electrons that belong to different molecules start "fleeing" and avoiding each
other at the short intermolecular distances, which is frequently described as
formation of "instantaneous dipoles" that attract each other.
Relative strength of forces[edit]
Bond type Dissociation energy (kcal/mol)
[8]

Ionic Lattice Energy 250-4000
[9]

Covalent Bond
Energy
30-260
Hydrogen Bonds 1-12 (about 5 in water)
DipoleDipole 0.52
[citation needed]

London Dispersion
Forces
<1 to 15 (estimated from the enthalpies of vaporization
of hydrocarbons)
[10]

Note: this comparison is only approximate the actual relative strengths will
vary depending on the molecules involved. Ionic and covalent bonding will
always be stronger than intermolecular forces in any given substance.
Quantum mechanical theories[edit]
Main article: Quantum mechanical explanation of intermolecular interactions

This section
requires expansion.(September 2009)
Intermolecular forces observed between atoms and molecules can be
described phenomenologically as occurring between permanent and
instantaneous dipoles, as outlined above. Alternatively, one may seek a
fundamental, unifying theory that is able to explain the various types of
interactions such as hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces and dipole-
dipole interactions. Typically, this is done by applying the ideas of quantum
mechanics to molecules, and RayleighSchrdinger perturbation theory has
been especially effective in this regard. When applied to existing quantum
chemistry methods, such a quantum mechanical explanation of
intermolecular interactions, this provides an array of approximate methods
that can be used to analyze intermolecular interactions.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular_force
London forces: AKA Van der Waals or Dispersion forces
Present in all atoms and molecules
occurs when electrons "sloshing", creating an instantaneous dipole
(meaning there is an unequal electron distribution, there are more
electrons on one side of the atom/molecule than the other resulting in a
partial charge on the atom, which in turn, induces neighboring atoms to
do the same.
VERY weak

Dipole-dipole forces - present only in polar molecules (permanent
dipoles)
Polar molecules have a partially negative charge on one end and a
partiall negative charge on the other end. So one polar molecules
positive side is going to be attracted to another polar molecules negative
end

Hydrogen bonding: a special class of strong dipole-dipole interactions
hydrogen bonding is a result of a large difference in electronegatiivity
between hydrogen and Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Fluorine. This means that
the hydrogen has a fairly large partial positive charge
Basically, because N,F, and O have large electronegativity, they pull the
electron closer to them, and away from the hydrogen, causing the
hydrogen to have a partially positive charge
https://ph.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090307202018AAx89iB
Intermolecular forces of attraction
Intermolecular forces of attraction are forces between different
molecules.
The intermolecular forces of attraction considered here
are:
Van der Waals' forces
permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions
hydrogen bonding
Van der Waals' forces
Van der Waals' forces are forces of attraction which exist
between all atoms and molecules. Van der Waals' forces are
much weaker than all other types of bonding.
They are only significant in atoms and molecules which have no
other types of intermolecular forces of attraction, for example,
discrete non-polar molecules and the Group 0 elements.
Van der Waals' forces are a result of electrostatic attraction
between temporary dipoles and induced dipoles caused by
movement of electrons in atoms and molecules.

The strength of Van der Waals' forces is related to the size of
atoms and molecules.The bigger the atom or molecule the
bigger the Van der Waals' force.
Permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions

Permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions are additional
electrostatic forces of attraction between polar molecules.
Permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions are stronger
than Van der Waals' forces for molecules of equivalent size.
A molecule can be described as polar if it has a
permanent dipole. A permanent dipole is due to a
difference in electronegativity between the atoms
involved in a covalent bond.
For example:


The spatial arrangement of polar covalent bonds can result in a
molecule being polar.

If the molecule is symmetrical the molecule will be non-polar.

Hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen bonds are permanent dipole-permanent dipole
interactions.
Bonds consisting of a hydrogen atom bonded to an atom of a
strongly electronegative element such as fluorine, oxygen or
nitrogen are highly polar.
Hydrogen bonds are electrostatic forces of attraction between
molecules which contain these highly polar bonds.

A hydrogen bond is stronger than other forms of
permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions but
weaker than a covalent bond.
Dipole-dipole Interactions are stronger intermolecular forces than Dispersion
forces
occur between molecules that have permanent net dipoles (polar molecules),
for example, dipole-dipole interactions occur between SCl2 molecules, PCl3
molecules and CH3Cl molecules. If the permanent net dipole within the polar
molecules results from a covalent bond between a hydrogen atom and either
fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen, the resulting intermolecular force is referred to
as Hydrogen Bonding.

The partial positive charge on one molecule is electrostatically attracted to
the partial negative charge on a neighboring molecule.
http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/bonding/dipoledipole.htm

Intermolecular Forces


Intermolecular forces are the forces that exist between molecules.
Don't confuse these with intramolecular forces, which are the strong
forces that keep a molecule together. 'Intra' means inside, so these are
the inside forces in a molecule. 'Inter' means between, so these are the
forces between molecules. To remember the difference between inter
and intra, I always think of 'interstate.' In every state there is an
interstate road that goes across more than one state, like Interstate 80
that runs from the Pacific Ocean in California to the Atlantic Ocean in
New York. Intermolecular forces are weaker than intramolecular forces
but still very important. The two intermolecular forces we are talking
about in this video include dipole-dipole and ion-dipole.
Dipole-Dipole Forces
A dipole is a molecule that has both positive and negative regions.
Although we talk as though electrons distribute their time evenly among
all atoms in a molecule, some elements have more affinity for the
electrons than others, and they hang out around that atom more. We
also talk about these molecules being polar. A polar molecule is a
molecule with a slightly positive side and a slightly negative side. I
always think about the North and South Poles of the earth to help me
remember what a polar molecule is. A dipole-dipole force is when the
positive side of a polar molecule attracts the negative side of another
polar molecule. In order for this kind of bond to work, the molecules
need to be very close to each other, like they are in a liquid.
Ion-Dipole Forces


An ion-dipole force is just what its name says. It is a force between an
ion and a dipole molecule. Remember that an ion is an atom that has
gained or lost one or more electrons and therefore has a negative or
positive charge. A cation is an atom that has lost a valence electron
and therefore has more positive protons than negative electrons, so it is
positively charged. An anion is an atom that has gained a valence
electron and is negatively charged.
So knowing that a dipole molecule has a slight charge on either side
and that ions have charges, either negative or positive, you can
understand how these would bond together. Cations would be attracted

Intermolecular forces are forces between molecules and intramolecular forces act
within molecules

Cations are atoms that have lost a valence electron, while anions have gained an
electron
to the negative side of a polar molecule and anions would be attracted
to the positive side.
Hydrogen Bond
Simply put, a hydrogen bond is an attraction between a slightly
positive hydrogen on one molecule and a slightly negative atom on
another molecule. Hydrogen bonds are dipole-dipole forces. The large
electronegativity difference between hydrogen atoms and several other
atoms, such as fluorine, oxygen and nitrogen, causes the bond
between them to be polar. The other atoms have more affinity for the
shared electrons, so they become slightly negatively charged and
hydrogen becomes slightly positively charged. Hydrogen atoms are
small, so they can cozy up close to other atoms. This allows them to
come very close to the slightly negatively charged unshared electron
pair of a nearby atom and create a bond with it. A hydrogen bond is
usually represented as a dotted line between the hydrogen and the
unshared electron pair of the other electronegative atom. It looks like
this.



Hydrogen bonds are the strongest of all intermolecular forces
Hydrogen bonds are the strongest of all intermolecular forces. They are
extremely important in affecting the properties of water and biological
molecules, such as protein. Water is a great example of hydrogen
bonding. Water is a polar molecule composed of two hydrogens and
one oxygen. The oxygen is slightly negative while the hydrogens are
slightly positive. The hydrogens form hydrogen bonds with the oxygen
of adjacent molecules. Then those molecules form more bonds with
other adjacent water molecules. It looks like this.
These bonds may be relatively weak by themselves, but when you have
a lot of them together, as in the case of water, they become very strong.
These bonds help keep water in a liquid state for a wide range of
temperatures. Hydrogen bonds make water a good solvent because it
easily forms hydrogen bonds with other substances. Hydrogen
bonding is also important in biology because, among other things, it
affects the way a protein molecule folds up, which affects its functional
properties.
Effects Of Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular forces cause molecules to behave in ways we would not
predict just from their molecular structures. These forces affect the
boiling point, evaporation and solubility of certain molecules. The boiling
point of certain liquids increases because of the intermolecular forces.
In order for a substance to boil, the molecules that were close together
in the liquid have to move farther apart. The intermolecular forces make
it difficult for the molecules to move apart because they are so attracted
to each other, so more energy is needed, which in turn makes the
temperature at which something boils much higher. This is the same
idea, only opposite, for changing the melting point of solids. The
intermolecular forces of a solid keep it in the solid state longer than
would be expected because it doesn't want to let go of the bonds and
have the molecules move farther apart.


Evaporation is similar to boiling point.
The forces holding the molecules
together make it more difficult for some
molecules to evaporate and leave the
surface of the liquid. Solubility is
affected because the forces keep
molecules together, kind of like a
chain-link fence. Those links don't want
to break to let other molecules in,
which means they don't like to let other
substances mix in with them.
Lesson Summary
Intermolecular forces are the forces that exist between molecules.
Although weaker than intramolecular forces, they are still strong enough
to have effects on boiling point, melting point, evaporation, and
solubility of substances. A dipole-dipole force is when the positive
side of a polar molecule attracts the negative side of another polar
molecule. An ion-dipole force is a force between an ion and a polar
molecule. A hydrogen bond is a dipole-dipole force and is an attraction
between a slightly positive hydrogen on one molecule and a slightly
negative atom on another molecule. Hydrogen bonds are important in
the properties of water and in certain biological molecules, such as
proteins.
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/hydrogen-bonding-dipole-
dipole-ion-dipole-forces-strong-intermolecular-forces.html#lesson
Dipole-dipole interactions are one type of intermolecular force.
KEY POINTS
Dipole-dipole interactions are the result of unbalanced charges within a
molecule.
To reduce potential energy of a compound, these unbalanced "polar"
molecules align themselves in such a way that potential energy is
decreased.
Dipole-dipole interactions result in bonds between molecules of a
substance as opposed to covalent bonds formed between atoms within a
molecule.
TERMS
dipole
any molecule or radical that has delocalized positive and negative charges
potential energy
the energy possessed by an object because of its position (in a
gravitational or electric field), or its condition (as a stretched or
compressed spring, as a chemical reactant, or by having rest mass)
EXAMPLES
Surface tension of water is one form of dipole-dipole interaction (also,
hydrogen bonding).
An electric monopole is a single charge, and a dipole is two opposite charges
closely spaced to each other, or something which looks like that electrically.
Dipoles are actually very abundant in nature. For example, a water molecule
has a large permanent electric dipole moment. Its positive and negative
charges are not centered at the same point; it behaves like two equal and
opposite charges separated by a small distance. Another phenomenon
happens to uncharged pith balls. In the presence of a charged object, the
uncharged pith ball will be attracted to the charged object because the little
dipoles have responded to the electric field of the rod.
Dipoledipole interactions are electrostatic interactions of permanent dipoles
in molecules. These interactions tend to align the molecules to increase the
attraction (reducing potential energy). An example of a dipoledipole
interaction can be seen in hydrogen chloride (HCl): the positive end of a
polar molecule will attract the negative end of the other molecule and
influence their arrangement . Polar molecules have a net attraction between
them.

Two hydrogen chloride molecules displaying dipole-dipole interaction
The relatively negative chlorine atom is attracted to the relatively positive hydrogen
atom.

Intermolecular forces make the
process of evaporation more
difficult
Keesom interactions (named after Willem Hendrik Keesom) are attractive
interactions of dipoles that are Boltzmann-averaged over different rotational
orientations of the dipoles. The energy of a Keesom interaction depends on
the inverse sixth power of the distance, unlike the interaction energy of two
spatially fixed dipoles, which depends on the inverse third power of the
distance. Molecules often contain dipolar groups but have no overall dipole
moment. This occurs if there is symmetry within the molecule that causes
the dipoles to cancel each other out. This occurs in molecules such as
tetrachloromethane. Note that the dipoledipole interaction between two
atoms is usually zero, because atoms rarely carry a permanent dipole.

DIPOLE- a separation of charge that occurs in a chemical bond because of
differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms or a polar
molecule
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_dipole
examples:
Dipole-Dipole interactions are caused by permanent dipoles in
molecules. When one atom is covalently bonded to another with a
significantly different electronegativity, the electronegative atom draws
the electrons in the bond nearer to itself, becoming slightly negative.
Conversely, the other atom becomes slightly positive .An example of
dipole-dipole interactions can be seen in hydrochloric acid

they also possess dipole-dipole forces:
CH3OH
H-BR
water is also an example of dipole-dipole forces as hydrogen attains a
slightly positive charge and the oxygen atom has a slightly -ve charge
https://ph.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20091207034822AAJzfN3

Dipoledipole interaction
The first of the four bonding interactions discussed here is the dipole
dipole interaction between polar molecules. It will be recalled that a polar
molecule has an electric dipole moment by virtue of the existence of
partial charges on its atoms. Opposite partial charges attract one
another, and, if two polar molecules are orientated so that the opposite
partial charges on the molecules are closer together than their like
charges, then there will be a net attraction between the two molecules.
This type of intermolecular force contributes to the condensation
of hydrogen chloride to a liquid at low temperatures. The dipoledipole
interaction also contributes to the weak interaction between molecules in
gases, because, although molecules rotate, they tend to linger in relative
orientations in which they have low energynamely, the mutual
orientation with opposite partial charges close to one another
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/684121/chemical-
bonding/43431/Dipole-dipole-interaction
London Dispersion Forces
The London dispersion force is the weakest intermolecular force. The
London dispersion force is a temporary attractive force that results
when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make
the atoms form temporary dipoles. This force is sometimes called an
induced dipole-induced dipole attraction. London forces are the
attractive forces that cause nonpolar substances to condense to liquids
and to freeze into solids when the temperature is lowered sufficiently.
Because of the constant motion of the electrons, an atom or molecule
can develop a temporary (instantaneous) dipole when its electrons are
distributed unsymmetrically about the nucleus.

A second atom or molecule, in turn, can be distorted by the appearance
of the dipole in the first atom or molecule (because electrons repel one
another) which leads to an electrostatic attraction between the two
atoms or molecules.

Dispersion forces are present between any two molecules (even polar
molecules) when they are almost touching.
Molecular Size
Dispersion forces are present between all molecules, whether they are
polar or nonpolar.
Larger and heavier atoms and molecules exhibit stronger
dispersion forces than smaller and lighter ones.
In a larger atom or molecule, the valence electrons are, on
average, farther from the nuclei than in a smaller atom or
molecule. They are less tightly held and can more easily form
temporary dipoles.
The ease with which the electron distribution around an atom
or molecule can be distorted is called the polarizability.
London dispersion forces tend to be:
stronger between molecules that are easily polarized.
weaker between molecules that are not easily polarized.
Molecular Shape
The shapes of molecules also affect the magnitudes of dispersion
forces between them.
At room temperature, neopentane (C
5
H
12
) is a gas whereas n-
pentane (C
5
H
12
) is a liquid.
London dispersion forces between n-pentane molecules are
stronger than those between neopentane molecules even though
both molecules are nonpolar and have the same molecular
weight.
The somewhat cylindrical shape of n-pentane molecules allows
them to come in contact with each other more effectively than
the somewhat spherical neopentane molecules.

= C
= H
n-pentane
n-Pentane is a liquid
at 25
o
C.
neopentane
Neopentane is a gas at
25
o
C.