Unit 5: Group Project

Allocated Learning hours: 45

CIVIL ENGINEERING BATCH - 02(FULL TIME) 3RD SEMESTER
Dr. Lalith Rajapakse/Dr. Lesly Ekanayake
1.0 Introduction
1.1 What is a PROJECT ?
Task vs. Project: A task is an activity that needs to be accomplished within a defined period
of time. Usually a project consists of a series of tasks or activities which are summarized in its
work breakdown structure (WBS).
1.1.1 Definition of a Project ? (There could be many!)
Sequence of tasks
Planned from beginning to end
Bounded by time, resources, & required results
Defined outcome and "deliverables"
Deadline
Budget
Limits number of people, supplies, and capital
1.1.2 Main Features of a Project
Defined beginning, end, schedule, and approach
Use resources specifically allocated to the work
End results have specific goals (time, cost, performance/quality)
Follows planned, organized approach
Usuallyinvolves a team of people (Humans are social animals!!!)
1.1.3 Resources (and Constraints)
Time
People
Money
Equipment
Facilities
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1.1 What is a PROJECT ? Contd.
1.1.4 What Makes a Project Successful
Organized, well planned approach
Project Team Commitment (comes from individual commitment)
Balance among
Time
Resources
Results
Customer Satisfaction
1.1.5 Phases of a Project in General
Conceptualization
Feasibility
Preliminary planning
Detailed planning
Construction/Execution
Monitoring/Testing
Closing/Termination
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1.2 What is a PROJECT ? Examples
What kind of Projects we are talking about? Just an example
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What kind of Projects we are talking about? Another example
1.2 What is a PROJECT ? Examples
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UNIT 5: Group Project - Introduction
1.3 Study Outline
One of the SIX core
subjects offered
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UNIT 5: Group Project - Introduction
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UNIT 5: Group Project Summary of Learning Outcomes
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UNIT 5: Group Project Expected outcome & Assessment criteria
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UNIT 5: Group Project Extent of the study, specs & procedures
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UNIT 5: Group Project Extent of the study, specs & procedures
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UNIT 5: Group Project Extent of the study, specs & procedures
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UNIT 5: Group Project Links with other modules
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UNIT 5: Group Project Links with other modules
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UNIT 5: Group Project Links with other modules
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UNIT 5: Group Project Higher Level Skills
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UNIT 5: Group Project Implementation
1.4 Study Approach
1.4.1 Implementation
The class will be divided into two working groups (companies) and team leaders
will be appointed.
The over all project scope will be defined in a TOR.
The leader of each group is responsible for the overall project management.
The main project should be divided into several manageable sub-tasks in
preparing the work breakdown structure (WBS). Each member (engineer)
should be assigned one of the (6~10) sub tasks depending on the
expertise/minor taken and the optional subjects taken. However, each engineer
is expected to know the work performed by all the other members of the group.
Suitable deadlines will be set for achieving the targets.
Engineers are encouraged to have group discussions to facilitate knowledge
dissemination.
Group leader (or an appointee) should maintain a project log book. Each
engineer should maintain a daily diary for project related activities. These two
documentations indicating actual work progress should be updated regularly
and available for inspection at any given time.
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UNIT 5: Group Project Implementation
1.4 Study Approach
1.4.2 Assessment
The assessment will be based on the following criteria: one assignment and two
presentations requiring submissionof reports as well.
Assignment 01 will carry 10 marks.
Each company will be given marks out of 25 on the basis of interimreport and final
report. Interimreport will be assigned 10 marks. Final report will be assigned further 15
marks.
Together with the final report, each member should submit a neat handwritten report on
the tasks performed including a self assessment on the contribution to achieving and
completing the project targets. Therefore, each member will be able to obtain marks for
the individual contribution. It will be assigned marks out of 20.
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There will be TWO presentations. Interimand final
presentations will be assigned 10 and 15 marks
respectively.
A viva will be conducted on individual basis. The
questions will/could be from the tasks performed
by the other members of the group. The marks will
be assigned out of 20 for individual viva.
Assignment 01 10 marks
Interim report 10 marks
Interim presentation 10 marks
Final report 15 marks
Final presentation 15 marks
Individial contribution/report 20 marks
Individual viva 20 marks
100 marks
Summary
UNIT 5: Group Project Implementation
1.4 Study Approach
1.4.3 Assessment scheme (The following target dates should be noted)
Assignment 01: Handover 04/05/2010; Due date 18/05/2010 (10 marks)
Assignment 02: First presentation -27
th
J une, 2011. Each project should have a
fifty minute power point presentation backed by transparencies if necessary. Each
presenter will be allocated 5 minutes to explain the contribution. Four marks will
be allocated to the presentation skills and six for the contents. (10 marks)
Completion and submission of interimgroup report (typed) on 27
th
J une, 2011. (10
marks; common to all members in the group)
Assignment 03: Second presentation -10
th
August, 2011. Each presenter will be
allocated 8 minutes of a single power point presentation on the overall project.
Five marks will be allocated for the presentation skills and ten for the contents.
(15marks)
Completion and submission of final group report (typed) on 24
th
August, 2011.
(15marks; common to all members in the group)
Completion and submission of handwritten individual report on 24
th
August 2011.
Five marks for the presentation and fifteen for the contents. (20 marks)
Viva for students -xx
th
August, 2011. Five marks will be allocated to the
presentation skills and fifteen for the demonstration of knowledge. (20 marks)
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UNIT 5: Group Project More Information
More information on Group Project
Group project is a part of six core modules. The aimis to provide an opportunity for
the students to participate in real life projects in a competitive atmosphere similar to
that prevails in the industry. It also intends to provide experience in utilizing the
theory; design and practice learned so far for real engineering applications.
Therefore, it is expected that each engineer will take GP seriously and make a
noteworthy contribution to the successful completion of the project.
In order to ensure that each engineer will get a good grasp of the whole project, the
question times after the presentation can be from any task related to the whole
project, but not necessarily fromthe actual task performed by the engineer. It is also
expected that each engineer will try their best to improve the accuracy of the data,
design information, computer modeling, etc., so that it will be possible to use the
tender documents for the selection of probable contractors. Staff will also assist as
much as possible in improving the accuracy of the information.
1.5 More Information
Finally, this is not a taught course; rather, it is a series of
practical learning activities - usually simulated by team
working exercises and self-learning activities. Some
teaching may be offered to support your progress and
develop your underpinning knowledge.
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Tasks
TOR - Your Group/Company is assigned with the task of design and construction of a
Housing/Shopping Complex and its surrounding facilities, which includes various
functional spaces of multipurpose nature with leisure/recreational/amusement activities
and all related services, access roads, parking needs etc.
Pay particular attention to the site location and your Company is expected to come up with
creative designs maximizing the space utilization and use of building materials and
methods that will assist in minimizing the carbon foot print (promoting eco-friendly and
green design concepts).
1. Conceptualization - Define the project scope and list out all main functional
areas/facilities intended for the development envisaged. (P1.1, P1.2)
2. Itemization - Prepare the main work/project breakdown structure with all main
targets/tasks, identify main project constraints and examine for financial feasibility and
constructability criteria. (P1.2, P1.3)
3. Develop approach for EIA/IEE for the project and carry out a detailed study on LEED
(USGBC) specification and guidelines and propose creative methods for greater degree
of sustainability to address eco- environmental concerns. (P1.3)
4. Explain your individual contribution to the ongoing project work and attach a copy of
project log book and your daily diary of project-related activities. (P2.4)
1.6 UNIT 5: Group Project - Session Plan (*tentative)
Last years schedule; Need updating
* Refer to 1.4.3 Assessment scheme for important dates
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1.7 UNIT 5: Group Project Activity Breakdown (*tentative)
* Refer to 1.4.3 Assessment scheme for important dates 23
More about Learning outcomes
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1.8 UNIT 5: Group Project Extras
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More about Learning outcomes
1.8 UNIT 5: Group Project Extras
2.0 Conceptualization: Outline & Supporting Materials
Summary
2.0 Conceptualization: Outline & Supporting Materials
2.1 Brief introduction to Project Life Cycle
2.1.1 Project Life Cycle - Project Cycle Management
2.1.2 Main Phases of PLC
2.1.3 Detailed steps of Project Life Cycle
2.1.4 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
2.1.5 Detailed steps (more applicable to construction projects and Group Project)
2.2 Stages or Phases of a Project
2.2.1 Concept stage: Importance of proper conceptualization
2.2.2 Concept stage: Funnel of innovation and Risk of failure
2.3 Project Feasibility Study
2.3.1 What is a Project feasibility study
2.3.2 Analysis of Economic/Financial Feasibility
2.3.3 How to evaluate Financial Feasibility: Profitability Indicators and Cash Flow Concept
2.3.4 Environmental Feasibility (EIA/IEE)
2.3.5 EIA/IEE Process in Sri Lanka
2.3.6 Steps and Contents of an EIA/IEE
2.3.7 Schedule Feasibility; Project Time Management & Planning
2.3.8 Why Do Projects Fail ?
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The Project Life Cycle refers to a logical
sequence of activities to accomplish the
projects goals or objectives. Regardless
of scope or complexity, any project goes
through a series of stages during its life.
Source: MPMM
www.mpmm.com/project-management-methodology.php
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2.1 Brief introduction to Project Life Cycle
2.1.1 Project Life Cycle - Project Cycle Management
There is first an Initiation or Birth phase,
in which the outputs and critical success
factors are defined, followed by a
Planning phase, characterized by
breaking down the project into smaller
parts/tasks, an Execution phase, in
which the project plan is executed, and
lastly a Closure or Exit phase, that
marks the completion of the project.
2.1.2 Main Phases of PLC
Project Life Cycle
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2.1 Brief introduction to Project Life Cycle Contd.
2.1.3 Detailed steps of Project Life Cycle
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2.1 Brief introduction to Project Life Cycle Contd.
2.1.3 Detailed steps of Project Life Cycle; another example
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2.1 Brief introduction to Project Life Cycle Contd.
2.1.3 Detailed steps of Project Life Cycle; another example
Source: Euro Leisure B.V. 2000-2010
PBS
WBS
Work
Product
Activity
Planning Package
Planning
Package
Description
W
h
a
t
H
o
w
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2.1 Brief introduction to Project Life Cycle Contd.
2.1.4 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
1. Concept stage: This stage involves the conceptualization or the preparing a concept for developing
the project. How large the project would be (scale and scope), what kind of functional areas facilities
will be provided, services and other surrounding facilities (access roads, parking needs etc.) etc. are all
need to be included in the evaluation. Present your concept with adequate number of preliminary
drawings for the proposed buildings, other structures and the internal road net work.
2. Feasibility study: Determine the feasibility of implementing the concept developed for project. Use
social, economic, traffic, etc. data available for your study.
3. Environmental impact assessment: Conduct an EIA or lEE for the project and suggest
improvements to make your design more acceptable to the community.
4. Preliminary design stage: You have to consider the following alternatives: Types of building
facilities, number of stories for the main buildings or the maximum number of guests or customers to be
accommodated, etc. in consultation with the lecturers in charge of Group Project.
5. Detailed design stage: Perform this complying with various standards used in UK/Sri Lanka while
ensuring the constructability.
6. Preparation of drawings: Prepare drawings using standard method of detailing.
7. Cost study and preparation tender documents: Conduct a cost study for the project
(Housing/Shopping Complex) to prepare the engineer's estimate and complete the tender documents
ready to issue to the prospective bidders using lCTAD guidelines.
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2.1 Brief introduction to Project Life Cycle Contd.
2.1.5 Detailed steps (more applicable to construction projects and Group Project)
2.2 Stages or Phases of a Project
2.2.1 Concept stage: Importance of proper conceptualization
You need to define the project properly in order to avoid any ambiguities and deliver most viable
solutions. Ill-defining a problem (project) can often lead to incorrect project solutions, which may be
costly, ineffective and unconstructable.
The project conceptualization phase is intended to give sufficient definition to a proposed project enable
preliminary design considerations and reliable initial cost estimates for budgeting.
In this phase, the need for the project is identified by the proponent and the scope is defined by the
proponent and the consultants. The possible issues which may affect the project should be evaluated
and options for overcoming any difficulties need to be developed. A site is usually identified during this
phase of the process, if the project involves the construction of a new facility. Utility extensions and site
improvements are usually required for a new site and the costs of these are estimated. If the project
involves a building addition or major remodeling, limitations of the existing facility and infrastructure are
noted, and an estimate will be made of their affect on the proposed project.
Outcome/Product:
A project fact sheet results from the conceptualization process.
Contained in this brief is:
a clear statement of the need for the project
the scope of the project
a summary of the issues which may influence the implementation of the project
a preliminary budget estimate
and a delivery schedule.
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2.2 Stages or Phases of a Project
2.2.1 Concept stage: Importance of proper conceptualization
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Schematic design
The schematic design (conceptual design) is the first step in translating
the criteria and site constraints into a workable design. At this stage of
the process, the objective is primarily to select concepts and identify
and solve major design problems. It is basically a verification that there
are no physical constraints which will prevent meeting the production
goals and purposes of the project.
The schematic design stage identifies, assesses, and recommends
design alternatives for meeting production goals. These alternatives
should reflect the use of local construction techniques and materials
where applicable.
The end products of the schematic design stage will be:
i. a written report fully describing the facility design concept,
ii. a site layout, showing location of all major components on the
site, which reflects topography and operational relationships,
iii. floor plans for all major support buildings,
iv. a schematic diagram of the hydraulics of all the water /services
requirements for each production unit and facility, with elevations,
and
v. a topographic survey.
Sketches are often useful to include in the schematic design report to
illustrate the recommended design concepts. The schematic design
also requires a site topographical survey to ensure that locations and
hydraulic systems are conceptually correct. The survey should be
included with the report.
Finally, it is important to undertake and include in the schematic design
report an estimate of the preliminary construction and operating
costs, and the project construction schedule. However, it is
accepted at this time that the construction cost estimates are only an
order of accuracy.
Source: www.fao.org
2.2 Stages or Phases of a Project Contd.
2.2.2 Concept stage: Funnel of innovation and Risk of failure
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Many alternatives at the beginning, converging into one most viable solution at the end.
Failures at later stages are costlier, thus careful screening of alternatives at the beginning to
select the best viable option is crucial.
Five common factors (TELOS)
Technology and system feasibility
Economic feasibility
Legal feasibility
Operational feasibility
Schedule feasibility
Other feasibility factors
Market and real estate feasibility
Resource feasibility
Cultural feasibility
Feasibility study is an evaluation or analysis of the potential impact of a proposed
project. It is a critical component of Project Life Cycle and involves documenting
each of the potential solutions to a particular business problem or opportunity.
Source: MPMM
www.mpmm.com/project-management-methodology.php
Project Initiation: Defining project purpose and scope, the
justification for initiating it and the solution to be implemented.
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Project Life Cycle
2.3 Project Feasibility Study
2.3.1 What is a Project feasibility study
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2.3 Project Feasibility Study Contd.
2.3.2 Analysis of Economic/Financial Feasibility
The objective of a financial feasibility study is to determine if the proposed expansion/addition
will be financially viable.
It analyzes total facility costs, including construction and operating expenses, and potential
facility revenue that could vary from rental fees, ticket sales, and/or other forms of
customer/participant contributions.
A business plan that measures the adequacy of potential revenues to meet operating, debt
service, and replacement costs is developed. Options for capital financing are analyzed and
recommended.
Two basic questions need to be answered with the analysis:
1) Is there sufficient demand for the product or service?
2) Can the product or service be provided on a profitable basis?
The whole purpose for this document is to assist you/proponent in assessing whether or not
to move on with your business concept. If it fails, move on to other more feasible alternatives.
Content of the report may include:
A brief overview of what the business is about (1 page; tentatively).
Overview of the market for the product or service and the results of the market analysis (1-2
page/s).
Competitive advantage of your product or service over the competitor, and the strengths and
weaknesses of your competitors (1 page).
Rough proformas, including the income statement, which should show the expected level of profit
over the next five years (1-2 page/s).
Please refer to Annex 1-Guide to Financial Feasibility Analysis for further information.
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2.3.3 How to evaluate Financial Feasibility
Profitability Indicators: A single number that is calculated for characterisation
of project profitability in a concise and understandable form.
Examples:
1. Simple Payback
2. Return on Investment (ROI)
3. Net Present Value (NPV)
4. Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Cash Flow Concept: A common management planning tool.
Distinguishes between:
Costs: cash outflows
Revenues/savings: cash inflows
2.3 Project Feasibility Study Contd.
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2.3.3 How to evaluate Financial Feasibility
2.3 Project Feasibility Study Contd.
1. Simple Pay Back
Definition: number of years it will take for the project to
recover the initial investments
Usually a rule of thumb for selecting projects, e.g.
payback must be <3 years
2. Return on Investment
Definition: the percentage of initial investment that is
recovered each year
3. Net Present Value
Money loses its value and purchasing power over time
as product/service prices rise, so a 1000 Rs. today can
buy more than a 1000 Rs. next year (Inflation)
A 1000 Rs. that you invest today will bring you more
than a 1000 Rs. next year (Return on Investment)
Time value of money depends on rate of inflation and
Rate of Return on Investment
In NPV approach, all project cash flows are converted
to their present value now, at the very beginning of
the project
More reliable than Simple Payback or ROI as it
considers time value of money and all future year cash
flows
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2.3.3 How to evaluate Financial Feasibility
2.3 Project Feasibility Study Contd.
4. Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Definition: The discount rate for which NPV =0, over
the project lifetime
Tells exactly what discount rate makes the project
just barely profitable
Similar to NPV; considers time value of money and all
future year cash flows
2.3.4 Profitability Indicators Summary
*Use NPV and IRR methods to analyze financial feasibility of Group Project.
Use a reasonable discount rate for the analysis.
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2.3 Project Feasibility Study Contd.
2.3.4 Environmental Feasibility (EIA/IEE)
The environmental feasibility analysis weighs the advantages and disadvantages
of each option with regard to the environment and related eco-systems (Sri Lanka
is one of the 25 biodiversity hotspots in the world).
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) legislation in Sri Lanka is intended to
involve citizens directly in the planning process through consultation on specific
plans or projects and their potential environmental impact, while critically
evaluating other possible alternatives.
This includes not only the influences of the environment on the project itself, but
also positive and negative effects the project may have on the environment.
MAIN FEATURES OF EIA IN SRI LANKA
Provisions for EIA are included in the National
Environmental Act. No. 47 of 1980
EIA is mandated only for PRESCRIBED
PROJ ECTS (Published in a Gazette Notification)
22 State Agencies have been designed as Project
Approving Agencies (PAA) for the administration of
the EIA process with the Central Environmental
Authority (CEA) bearing the primary responsibility
Public participation is a mandatory requirement of
the EIA process and all EIA reports are open for
public comments for a mandatory period of 30
working days
EIA reports are published in all three languages
currently used in the country
Public hearings may be held at the discretion of the
Project Approving Agency
HISTORY OF EIA IN SRI LANKA
1981
Legal provisions for EIA included in Coast
Conservation Act No. 57 of 1981 (Provisions
Restricted to Coastal Zone Only).
Identification of Projects for EIA at the
discretion of the Director, Coast
Conservation.
1984
EIA made mandatory for all major
development projects through a cabinet
decision.
1988
Amendments to the National Environment
Act mandates EIA for Prescribed Projects
island wide.
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2.3 Project Feasibility Study Contd.
2.3.5 EIA/IEE* Process in Sri Lanka
List of Typical Projects Requiring IEE/EIA
Schedule Part I:
1. All river basin development and irrigation
projects
2. Reclamation of Land, Wetland area exceeding
4 hectares
3. Extraction of Timber covering land area
exceeding 5 hectares
4. Conversion of forests covering an area
exceeding 1 hectare into non forest uses
5. Clearing of land area exceeding 50 hectares
6. Mining and Mineral Extraction
7. Transportation Systems
8. Port & Harbor Development
9. Power Generation & Transmission
10. Transmission Lines
11. Housing & Building
12. Resettlement
13. Water Supply
14. Pipelines
15. Hotels (>99 rooms in general)
16. Fisheries
17. Tunneling Projects
18. Disposal of Waste
19. Industrial Estates & Parks
20. Selected Large Scale Industry (Stand Alone)
PRESCRIBED PROJECTS
Published in Government Gazette
PART I
31 Projects and Undertakings if located
wholly or partly outside the coastal zone
(Infrastructure + Large Scale
Development Projects).
PART II
Projects if located partly or within an
Environmentally Sensitive Area. (ie: 20
Industries +All Part 1 projects).
PART III
Lists out Environmental Sensitive Areas.
*If the proposed activity is less damaging an IEE
(Initial Environmental Examination) report is
requested, instead of an EIA.
See Annex 5A-The Environmental Impact
Assessment Process in Sri Lanka 2004-
Kodituwakku.pdf for further information.
Please access www.cea.lk for downloading
sample EIAs, Acts, Regulations & Ordinance
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2.3 Project Feasibility Study Contd.
2.3.6 Steps and Contents of an EIA/IEE
EIA REPORT: CONTENT AND FORMAT
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
Proposed Actions Purpose, Need and Legal
Requirements
- Purpose of the EIA, EIA preparation
process, legal actions required by
government to approve action.
Proposed Action and Reasonable Alternatives
- Description of proposed action, no action
alternative, other reasonable alternatives
including mitigation measures.
Affected Environment
Environmental Consequences of Proposed
Action and Alternatives
- Comparison of impacts, including direct,
indirect and cumulative impacts,
insignificant impacts, irreversible and
irretrievable commitments of resources,
environmental evaluation criteria,
application of criteria to proposed project
and alternatives, environmentally
preferred alternatives.
Benefit Cost analysis
- Included if one has been prepared by the
Project Proponent.
Proposed Monitoring Plan
- Including institutional responsibilities and
procedures for reporting and analysis.
Appendices
- List of EIA preparers, references, backup
data and analysis.
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2.3 Project Feasibility Study Contd.
2.3.7 Schedule Feasibility; Project Time Management & Planning
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2.3 Project Feasibility Study Contd.
2.3.8 Why do projects fail?
Source: SYSEDV/ITPM SS 2005/www.sysedv.tu-berlin.de
3.0 Preliminary Design: Outline & Supporting Materials
Summary
3.0 Preliminary Design: Outline & Supporting Materials
3.1 Design Phases
3.1.1 Preliminary Design Phase
3.1.2 Preliminary Design Phases
3.1.3 Preliminary Design Outcomes
3.2 Building Services Design
3.2.1 Building services engineering
3.3 Building Services: Electricity/Lighting
3.3.1 Electricity/Lighting basics
3.3.2 Electricity Distribution and Local Connections
3.3.3 Electricity/Lighting Service Considerations
3.3.4 Miniature Circuit Breaker components and functions
3.3.5 Services Wiring Considerations
3.3.6 Services Wiring Considerations in Domestic Buildings
3.3.7 Further Considerations: Accessibility for Disabled & Surge/LV Protectors
3.3.8 Domestic/Office Premises Lighting Design
3.3.9 Domestic/Office Premises Lighting Design: SUMMARY
3.4 Building Services: Vertical Transportation Lifts & Escalators
3.4.1 Vertical Transportation Basics of Lifts & Escalators
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3.1 Brief introduction Preliminary Design Stage
3.1.1 Design Phases
The second phase of project development is Design.
Design itself can be sub-divided into as many steps as necessary to resolve all design problems
and to Integrate the concepts into a functional facility plan. It is generally recommended that at
least two stages are used. These are:
1. - Preliminary design, and
2. - Final design.
Both stages adhere to all the concepts developed during the planning phase. The remaining
elements in the design process are:
3. - Cost re-evaluation or value engineering, (which is optional), and
4. - Construction documents and bid specifications.
The conclusions, or end products, of the design phase are:
written reports
architectural and engineering drawings
more accurate construction costs
projected operational costs, and
schedules of construction.
There are also engineering specifications for materials, machinery, and equipment for each step.
The reports will record the evolution of the design process and all criteria and assumptions used.
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3.1 Brief introduction Preliminary Design Stage
3.1.2 Preliminary Design Phase
During the preliminary design stage, major
emphasis is given upon all civil,
mechanical, and architectural design. The
design of all the mechanical processes
(water & other services systems) will also
be completed at this time to ensure that
they are integrated properly into the
structures. Architectural concepts (if
required) are developed, and structural
systems identified.
All the required site investigations,
including soil analyses and topography, are
made before completing this step. Based
upon these investigations, the criteria are
developed by the engineers for soil
compaction and other necessary remedial
steps.
A sufficient number of drawings are then
completed to communicate the design
concepts, strictly depending upon the size
and complexity of the project.
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3.1 Brief introduction Preliminary Design Stage
3.1.2 Preliminary Design Phase
A preliminary design report is prepared with
the drawings to describe all the structural
components and mechanical processes of the
facility, and the ways in which they interrelate.
The report should include an outline of
materials and equipment specifications which
are then used as a basis for revising earlier
construction cost estimates. These will now be
reduced from the plus or minus 25% accuracy
of the Schematic Design to about 15%
accuracy. Operating cost estimates and the
construction schedule are also revised at this
time.
Costs and scheduling revisions are again
compared with the original financial objectives
and constraints to ensure that the project
remains financially feasible. If not, the facility
design concept has to be altered as
necessary.
The detailed architectural and engineering
drawings (the blueprints) of all physical
components of the project are produced only
during the final design stage.
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3.1 Brief introduction Preliminary Design Stage
3.1.3 Preliminary Design Outcomes
Design, installation, operation and monitoring of the mechanical, electrical and public
health systems required for the safe, comfortable and environmentally friendly operation
of modern buildings.
Involves the internal environment and environmental impact of a building & essentially
brings buildings and structures to life.
Common Services:
Communication lines, telephones and IT networks (ICT)
Energy supply - gas, electricity and renewable sources
Escalators and lifts
Fire detection and protection
Heating/Ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)
Lightning protection
Low voltage (LV) systems, distribution boards and switchgear
Natural lighting and artificial lighting, and building facades
Security and alarm systems
Cooling/refrigeration
Water, drainage and plumbing
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3.2 Building Services Design
3.2.1 Building services engineering
The capital and installation costs of building services in modern buildings can take up 50%
of the total construction budget. For highly serviced buildings such as sports centres, this
figure can easily exceed 75%. Services can also take up 15% of a buildings volume.
Therefore building services cannot be ignored.
Building services are the dynamics in a static structure, providing movement,
communications, facilities and comfort.
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3.3 Building Services: Electricity/Lighting
3.3.1 Electricity/Lighting Basics
In 1831 Michael Faraday succeeded in producing electricity by plunging a bar magnet into a
coil of wire. This is credited as being the elementary process by which we produce electricity
today, but the coils of wire are cut by a magnetic field as the magnet rotates.
These coils of wire (or stator windings) have an angular spacing of 120and the voltages
produced are out of phase by this angle for every revolution of the magnets. Thus generating
a three-phase supply.
A three-phase supply provides 73%
more power than a single-phase supply
for the addition of a wire. With a three-
phase supply, the voltage between two
line or phase cables is 1.73 times that
between the neutral and any one of the
line cables, i.e. 230 volts * 1.73 =400
volts, where 1.73 is derived from the
square root of the three phases.
Related Codes:
BS 7671: Requirements for Electrical
Installations
The IEE Wiring Regulations 16th
edition.
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3.3 Building Services: Electricity/Lighting Contd.
3.3.2 Electricity Distribution and Local Connections
The mains electricity is produced at power generating
stations at 25/33 kilovolt (kV) potential, in three-phase supply
at 50/60 cycles per second or hertz (Hz).
Thereafter it is processed by step-up transformers to 132,
275 or 400 kV before connecting to the national grid.
Power to large towns and cities is by overhead lines at 132
kV or 33 kV where it is transformed to an 11 kV
overhead/underground supply to sub-stations.
From these sub-stations the supply is again transformed to
the lower potential of 400 volts, three-phase supply and 230
volts, single-phase supply for general distribution.
In AC current lines, the voltage of the live wire at the mains
changes from +to alternatively while the voltage of neutral
wire is always zero
Depth of cover to underground cables should be at least 750
mm below roads and 450 mm below open ground.
The IEE Wiring Regulations recommend that the earth
electrode (10 mm
2
minimum) resistance should not exceed
200 ohms. The ground contact is made at about 1.5 to 2.0 m
below the surface.
Required voltage (110/240/415/600 V); amperage (5 /15 A); frequency (50/60 Hz)
Single phase vs. polyphase (2-phase/3-phase)
Required connections/points/equipments/machineries/other services
Specifications for level of lighting based on functional areas/usage
Main specifications are normally provided by the client or to be designed by the
services engineers, together with electrical/services drawings.
Traditional fuses are rated at 5, 15, 20, 30 and 45 amps whilst the more modern
MCB`s are rated in accordance with BS EN 60898: Circuit breakers for over current
protection for household and similar installations.
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3.3 Building Services: Electricity/Lighting Contd.
3.3.3 Electricity/Lighting Service Considerations
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3.3 Building Services: Electricity/Lighting Contd.
3.3.4 Miniature Circuit Breaker components and functions
MCB: Modern Miniature Circuit Breaker components and functions
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3.3 Building Services: Electricity/Lighting Contd.
3.3.5 Services Wiring Considerations
A ring circuit is used for single-phase power supply to three-pin sockets.
In a domestic building a ring circuit (5 Amp) may serve an unlimited number of
sockets up to a maximum floor area of 100 m
2
.
A separate circuit is also provided solely for the kitchen/baths, as these may contain
relatively high rated appliances (13 /15 Amp).
Appliances and installations with a load factor above 3 kW, e.g. immersion heater,
cooker, extension to an outbuilding, etc. must not be connected to any part of a ring
circuit. These are supplied from a separate radial circuit from the consumer unit.
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3.3 Building Services: Electricity/Lighting Contd.
3.3.6 Services Wiring Considerations in Domestic Buildings
Power sockets should be positioned between 150 mm and 250 mm above floor levels and
work surfaces.
An exception is in buildings designed for the elderly or infirm, where socket heights should
be between 750 and 900 mm above the floor.
Disposition of sockets would limit the need for lead lengths to no more than 2 m.
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3.3 Building Services: Electricity/Lighting Contd.
3.3.6 Services Wiring Considerations in Domestic Buildings
A radial circuit may be used as an alternative to a ring circuit to supply any number of power
sockets, provided the following limitations are effected:
Therefore radial circuits are more suited to the following:
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3.3 Building Services: Electricity/Lighting Contd.
3.3.6 Services Wiring Considerations in Domestic Buildings
In a one-way switch circuit the single-pole switch must be connected to the live conductor.
In principle, the two-way switch is a single-pole changeover switch interconnected in pairs.
Two switches provide control of one or more lamps from two positions, such as that found in
stair/landing, bedroom and corridor situations.
In large buildings, every access point should have its own lighting control switch.
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3.3 Building Services: Electricity/Lighting Contd.
3.3.7 Further Considerations: Accessibility for Disabled & Surge/LV Protectors
BS 8300: Design of buildings and their approaches to meet the needs of disabled
people - Code of Practice.
Surge/Low-voltage protection:
BS 88-5 and 6: Cartridge fuses for voltages up to and including 1000 V a.c. and 1500 V d.c.
BS 1361: Specification for cartridge fuses for a.c. circuits in domestic and similar premises.
BS EN 60269: Low voltage fuses.
BS EN 60898: Circuit breakers for overcurrent protection for household and similar
installations.
BS ENs 61008 and 61009: Residual current operated circuit breakers
Types of lamps: Incandescent Lamps, Discharge Lamps, LED bulbs (power saving)
Factors to be considered: Luminous Efficacy
The ability of a lamp to convert electrical energy to light energy is measured by its efficacy which
is given by the following formula.
Efficacy = Light output (lumens) / Electrical energy input (Watts)
UNIT: lumens/watt (lm/W). Note: ~15 for incandescent bulbs and ~50-100 for fluorescent bulbs
Others: Life, Colour temperature, Colour rendering
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3.3 Building Services: Electricity/Lighting Contd.
3.3.8 Domestic/Office Premises Lighting Design
Reference Code: BS EN 12464-1:2002 Light and lighting - Lighting of work places - Part 1:
Indoor work places
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3.3 Building Services: Electricity/Lighting Contd.
3.3.8 Domestic/Office Premises Lighting Design
Reference Code: Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) Code for Lighting
Part 2 (2002)
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3.3 Building Services: Electricity/Lighting Contd.
3.3.8 Domestic/Office Premises Lighting Design
Reference Code: BS ISO 8995: Lighting of indoor work places.
BS 8206-2: Lighting for buildings. Code of practice for daylighting.
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3.3 Building Services: Electricity/Lighting Contd.
3.3.8 Domestic/Office Premises Lighting Design: Considering Daylight Factor
Overall considerations fall into three categories:
A: Daylighting alone, in which the window area occupies about 80% of the facades
B: Permanent supplementary artificial lighting of interiors, in which the window area is
about 20% of the facades
C: Permanent artificial lighting of interiors in which there are no windows.
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3.3 Building Services: Electricity/Lighting Contd.
3.3.9 Domestic/Office Premises Lighting Design: SUMMARY
Main Supply and Distinction
Load assessment: locations and types of loads expected (voltage, frequency, phase)
Load estimation based on floor area or consumer units
Major load centres and electrical equipments (identify and focus on them)
Allow for diversity or future expansion
Electricity supply provided by establishing a substation at the building or by direct
Cables from existing low voltage network
Location of transformer room(s)
Essential (Emergency) Power Supply
Assessment of essential loads to be supplied to (e.g. fire services pumps, firemans lift,
Emergency lighting)
Design of standby emergency generator
Location, capacity required, operation
To comply with FSDs requirements (see FSDs COP)
Lighting System
Design criteria: lighting (illuminance) level in luxfor each area of the building
Selection of luminaries for different usage and applications
Simple lighting calculations (Lumen method)
Other Minor Systems
Lightning protection system
Design Considerations
Relationships with and implications from other Building Services systems: Electrical design always come
after others because it has to obtain ratings and demand of equipment from other services systems
Coordination of electrical services with other trades and with architectural design
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3.4 Building Services: Vertical Transportation Lifts & Escalators
3.4.1 Vertical Transportation Basics of Lifts & Escalators
The invention of the elevator fostered the development of
the skyscraper in modern cities.
Following the invention of a safety device by Otis in 1852,
the first (steam-powered) passenger elevator was
introduced in New York City in 1857.
Later improvements have included increased speeds,
noise reduction, safety features (such as lighting and
alarm systems), the automatic operation of groups of
elevators, viewing galleries, and two-deck cars (serving
two levels simultaneously).
3.4.2 Lifts & Escalators: Design Considerations
Planning should commence early in the design program (lift core provides structural torsional
resistance in high-rise buildings).
Priority must be given to locating lifts centrally within a building to minimise horizontal travel
distance. Consideration must also be given to position, relative to entrances and stairs. Where
the building size justifies several passenger lifts, they should be grouped together.
In large buildings it is usual to provide a group of lifts near the main entrance and single lifts at
the ends of the building.
The lift lobby must be wide enough to allow pedestrian traffic to circulate and pass through the
lift area without causing congestion.
For tall buildings in excess of 15 storeys, high speed express lifts may be used which by-pass
the lower floors.
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3.4 Building Services: Vertical Transportation Lifts & Escalators
3.4.3 Lifts & Escalators: Design Requirements
Necessary in all buildings over three stories high.
Essential in all buildings over a single storey if they are accessed by the elderly or disabled.
Minimumstandard: one lift per four stories.
Minimum walking distance to access a lift: 45 m.
Floor space and lift car capacity can be estimated at 0.2 m
2
per person.
Reference Codes:
BS 5655: Lifts and service lifts.
BS EN 81: Safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts.
BS 5656: Safety rules for the construction and installation of escalators and
passenger conveyors. Specification and pro formas for test and examination of
new installations
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3.4 Building Services: Vertical Transportation Lifts & Escalators
3.4.4 Lift Design Consideration: Manual Control Methods
Single automatic lift control responds to the first call and one operation at a time. Most
suited to light traffic conditions in low rise buildings such as nursing homes, small hospitals
and flats.
Down collective - stores calls made by passengers in the car and those made from the
landings. As the car descends, landing calls are answered in floor sequence to optimise car
movement. Most suited to flats and small hotels, where the traffic is mainly between the
entrance lobby and specific floors.
Full or directional collective - a variation in which car and landing calls are immediately
stored in any number. Greater flexibility than the down collective system and is appropriate
for offices and departmental stores where there is more movement between intermediate
floors.
Two cars may be co-ordinated by a central processor to optimise efficiency of the lifts. Each
car operates individually on a full or down collective control system.
Reference Codes:
BS 5655-7: Lifts and service lifts. Specification for manual control devices, indicators and
additional fittings; BS 5655: Lifts and service lifts; BS EN 81: Safety rules for the
construction and installation of lifts.
3.4.4 Lift Design Consideration: Safety Requirements
Buffers (oil or spring loaded), Over-speed Governor and Safety Gear (linked to Emergency
Breaking System), Signage, Auxiliary Power, Emergency Call Button, Accessibility
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3.4 Building Services: Vertical Transportation Lifts & Escalators
3.4.5 Lift Design Consideration: Performance and No. of Lifts Required
Lift performance depends on:
acceleration
retardation
car speed
speed of door operation and
stability of speed and performance with variations of car load.
The assessment of population density may be found by allowing between one person per
9.5 m
2
to 11.25 m
2
of floor area.
For unified starting and finishing times, 17% of the population per five minutes may be used.
For staggered starting and finishing times 12% of the population may be used.
The number of lifts will have an effect on the quality of service. Four 18-person lifts provide
the same capacity as three 24-person lifts but the waiting time will be about twice as long
with the three-car group.
The quality of service may be found from the interval of the group. A 25-35 seconds interval
is excellent, 35-45 seconds is acceptable for offices, 60 seconds for hotels and 90 seconds
for flats.
Reference Codes:
BS 5655: Lifts and service lifts.
BS EN 81: Safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts.
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3.4 Building Services: Vertical Transportation Lifts & Escalators
3.4.5 Lift Design Consideration: Performance and No. of Lifts Required
Reference Codes:
BS 5655: Lifts and service lifts.
BS EN 81: Safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts.
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3.4 Building Services: Vertical Transportation Lifts & Escalators
3.4.6 Escalator Design Consideration: Performance and No. of Escalators Required
Reference Codes:
Green Building Resources ?
What is Green Design/Architecture?
What is Sustainable Design/Architecture?
=> ideas and philosophies related to
sustainable development and the
relationship between engineering/
architecture and ecology.
72
3.5 Eco-friendly & Green Design Concepts
3.5.1 General Introduction
Green Design Concepts
" Thinking green"
* Smaller is better: Optimize use of interior space through careful design so that the overall building size--and resource use in constructing
and operating it--are kept to a minimum.
* Design an energy-efficient building: Use high levels of insulation, high-performance windows, and tight construction. In southern
climates, choose glazings with low solar heat gain.
* Design buildings to use renewable energy: Passive solar heating, daylighting, and natural cooling can be incorporated cost-effectively
into most buildings. Also consider solar water heating and photovoltaics--or design buildings for future solar installations.
* Optimize material use: Minimize waste by designing for standard ceiling heights and building dimensions. Avoid waste from structural
over-design (use optimum-value engineering/advanced framing). Simplify building geometry.
* Design water-efficient, low-maintenance landscaping: Conventional lawns have a high impact because of water use, pesticide use, and
pollution generated from mowing. Landscape with drought-resistant native plants and perennial groundcovers.
* Make it easy for occupants to recycle waste: Make provisions for storage and processing of recyclables: recycling bins near the kitchen,
undersink compost receptacles, and the like.
* Look into the feasibility of graywater: Water from sinks, showers, or clothes washers (graywater) can be recycled for irrigation in some
areas. If current codes prevent graywater recycling, consider designing the plumbing for easy future adaptation.
* Design for durability: To spread the environmental impacts of building over as long a period as possible, the structure must be durable. A
building with a durable style ("timeless architecture") will be more likely to realize a long life.
* Design for future reuse and adaptability: Make the structure adaptable to other uses, and choose materials and components that can
be reused or recycled.
* Avoid potential health hazards: radon, mold, pesticides: Follow recommended practices to minimize radon entry into the building and
provide for future mitigation if necessary. Provide detailing that will avoid moisture problems, which could cause mold and mildew growth.
Design insect-resistant detailing that will require minimal use of pesticides.
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ENVIRONMENTALLY SUPPORTIVE DESIGNS
Hydronic (water-based) heating system that does everything: instant domestic hot water, radiant and convection heat from radiators for
living areas and bedrooms, heated towel rails in the bathrooms, and it can even heat the water for the Spa.
This heating system is more than 95% efficient, meaning that very little energy will be required for all of the above distribution areas. In
addition, this system is very flexible in that other energy sources, in this case integral Solar Water Heating, can be used to supplement the
natural gas or propane fuel.
The Home at BC Place has an energy efficient lighting design. Only Energy Efficient Appliances and Windows are used. Maximum
insulation is used in the walls, ceilings and floors. The J apanese are renowned for their technology in toilet design and their Toto Toilet (1.6
gal/flush) which has been tried and proven by us in other projects is featured in the EcoFabulous Home.
These options and others are available to homeowners and developers who want to reduce the eco-footprint of their own PreFabulous Home.
Summary of Features in the EcoFabulous Home:
BC Hydro Power Smart GOLDSTAR Rating
BuiltGreenin progress
Energy Efficient lighting with fluorescent/LED luminaires
Energy Efficient appliances and windows
Over 95% heat/hot water efficiency, including Spa
Sprinkler System
Radiant and Convection wall radiators for heat, with individual temperature sensors
Continuous Fresh Air Ventilation System
Solar Panel to supplement natural gas or propane
High-Efficiency Condensing Boiler for all hot water requirements
Small eco-footprint
Minimal/Zero Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Kitchen Cabinets are 100% recycled paper (zero VOC) with photo-imprinted teak veneer
"Green" paint
Reduced wastage in factory
Sustainable wood and cork products
Breathable Building Wrap and Rain Screen