Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1-1


U N D E R S T A N D I N G P H Y S I C S

Recognise the
concepts of
physics in
everyday objects
and natural
phenomena
1. Tick () the statements that are related to physics.

Blood circulation in our body is controlled by heart.
A large truck moves faster than a car because it has a more powerful engine.
We need water in our digestion system.
Orange juice is acidic because its taste is sour.
An object on a high building has a large potential energy.
When we heat water, its temperature increased.
We are sweating when our body metabolism is high.
Pure water has pH 7.
We cannot see object in dark
A ship is floating in water.
Human body coordination is controlled by hormone system.
Oxidation will act faster in acidic medium.

UNDERSTANDING BASE AND DERIVED QUANTITIES

Recognise
physical quantity
and unit
1. Identify Physical quantities, Magnitude, Units and Measuring instrument from the
statements below. Write them into the table below (next page).
A
Ismail weigh a wooden block that has mass of 500 gram using a lever beam balance.
B Ong Beng Hock measures the length of a building which is 100 meter long using a
measuring tape.
C Siew Mei measures her bodys temperature using a digital thermometer and obtains
38C.
D Bathumalai determines the volume of water using a measuring cylinder and obtains
150 milliliter.
E Hanisah measures the diameter of a wire which is 1.26 millimeter using a
micrometer screw gauge.
F Vinisha takes the time of 20 oscillations of a pendulum using a stopwatch and
obtains 24.6 seconds.

Statement Physical quantity Magnitude Unit
Measuring
instrument
A
B
C
D
E
F

1.1
1.2
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1-2

Define base
quantities and
derived quantities
are
2. Identify base quantities and derived quantity from the equation below.

(a) Volume = length x length x length

Base quantity = (i) _________________

Derived quantity = (i) _________________


(b) Area = length x length

Base quantity = (i) _________________

Derived quantity = (i) _________________


(c)

Base quantity = (i) _________________ (ii) ____________________

Derived quantity = (i) _________________



(i) Base quantity is physical quantity that __________ be derived from any quantities.

(ii) Derived quantity is physical quantity that ___________________ from the base
quantities.
List base quantities
and their S.I unit










3. Choose base quantities from the physical quantities given above and state their S.I
units.

No. Base Quantity S.I Unit
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.



PHYSICAL QUANTITY
Pressure Time Current
Length Area Temperature
Weight Force Volume
Work Energy Power
Velocity Mass
S.I UNIT
Second Newton Ampere
Kelvin kilogram Pascal
Joule m
2
Watt
m s
-1
meter m
3

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

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List some derived
quantities and their
S.I units
4. Write 5 derived quantities from physical quantities given in the box above (previous
page) and state their S.I units.

No. Derived Quantity S.I Unit
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.


Express quantities
using scientific
notation
5. Rewrite the values below in scientific notation (Standard notation)

No. Original value Scientific notation
1. 12 000 m

2. 3 000 000 000 s

3. 0.000 000 000 56 N

4. 0.000 78 J

5. 0.0034 A


Express quantities
using prefixes
6. Arrange the prefixes given below in ascending order. Then, state their multiple / sub-
multiple.








No. Prefix
Multiple /
Sub-multiple

No. Prefix
Multiple /
Sub-multiple
1.

7.

2.

8.

3.

9.

4.

10.

5.

11.

6.

12.

Solving problem
involving
conversion of units
1. Rewrite the values below using the suitable prefix.

(i) 4.1 x 10
12
m = __________ (vii) 3.8 x 10
2
K = __________
(ii) 9.3 x 10
1
s = __________ (viii) 1.7 x 10
9
W = __________
(iii) 0.5 x 10
-3
J = __________ (ix) 4.1 x 10
3
C = __________
(iv) 11.2 x 10
-2
N = __________ (x) 9.5 x 10
-6
A = __________
(v) 5.9 x 10
6
V = __________ (xi) 8.6 x 10
-12
m = __________
(vi) 6.6 x 10
-9
m = __________ (xii) 2.2 x 10
-1
s = __________
PREFIXES
Nano (n) kilo (k) pico (p)
mega (M) centi (c) giga (G)
deci (d) deca (da) tera (T)
hector (h) micro () milli (m)


MULTIPLE / SUB-MULTIPLE
10
3
10
9
10
-2

10
1
10
-12
10
6

10
-6
10
2
10
-1

10
-9
10
-3
10
12







Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

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2. Replaced the prefix in the values below with the correct multiple or sub-multiple.

(i) 4.1Tm = __________ (vii) 3.8 daK = __________
(ii) 9.3 ms = __________ (viii) 1.7 GW = __________
(iii) 0.5 kJ = __________ (ix) 4.1 hC = __________
(iv) 11.2 cN = __________ (x) 9.5 A = __________
(v) 5.9 MV = __________ (xi) 8.6 pm = __________
(vi) 6.6 dm = __________ (xii) 2.2 ns = __________

Check Yourself 1
1.





2.



3.









4.


5.



6.







7.




8.




9.




Which physical quantity has the correct S.I
unit?

Physical quantity S.I unit

A Temperature Celcius
B Time minute
C Mass Newton
D Length metre
Time, speed, density, and energy are ..............
quantities.

A base C vector
B scalar D derived
Which of the following shows the correct
relationship between the base quantities for
density?

A

C




D



Which of the following is not a base S.I unit?

A Gram C Ampere
B Kelvin D Meter
Which of the following physical quantities is
not a base quantity?

A Weight C Temperature
B Time D Electric current
A radio station airs its programmes by
transmitting waves at a frequency of
102.3 MHz. How much is this frequency, in
Hz?

A 1.023 x 10
2

B 1.023 x 10
5

C 1.023 x 10
6

D 1.023 x 10
8

Which of the following values is equal to 470
pF?

A 4.7 x 10
-10
F
B 4.7 x 10
11
F
C 4.7 x 10
-7
F
D 4.7 x 10
2
F
Hamid cycles at a velocity of 3.1 km h
-1
.
What is this velocity, in m s
-1
?

A 0.09 C 1.16
B 0.86 D 11.61
Which measurement is the longest?

A 2.68 x 10
3
m
B 2.68 x 10
-1
mm
C 2.68 x 10
3
cm
D 2.68 x 10
-4
m
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1-5

1.
3

10.







11.






UNDERSTANDING SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES

Define scalar and
vector quantities.
1. Read the statements below to make a generalisation on scalar quantity and vector
quantity. Then classify the physical quantities into scalar quantity and vector quantity
in the table below.
A
Hasan walks with a velocity of 2 m s
-1
due West.
B Husna runs with a speed of 5 m s
-1
.
C Sangeetha walks along a displacement of 40 m due North.
D Jason runs along a distance of 30 m.
E Chin Wen push the table downwards with a force of 30 N.
F Wen Dee has a mass of 40 kg.

Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity




(i) Scalar quantity is physical quantity that has _______________________.

(ii) Vector quantity is physical quantity that has _______________________ and
________________________.
Differentiate
between distance
and displacement.
2. Underline the correct physical quantity.
(i) (Distance / Displacement) is the total length travelled by an object.

(ii) (Distance / Displacement) is the shortest length measured between the initial
point and the final point.

Which of the following conversion of unit is
correct?

A 24 mm
3
= 2.4 x 10
-6
m
3

B 300 mm
3
= 3.0 x 10
-7
m
3
C 800 mm
3
= 8.0 x 10
-2
m
3
D 1 000 mm
3
= 1.0 x 10
-4
m
3

Which of the following frequencies is the
same as 106.8 MHz?

A 1.068 x 10
-4
Hz
B 1.068 x 10
-1
Hz
C 1.068 x 10
2
Hz
D 1.068 x 10
6
Hz
E 1.068 x 10
8
Hz
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1-6

EXAMPLE:


Check Yourself 2

1.





2.

















3.





4.



















A B
C
4 m
3 m
A boy walks from A to C through B.
(i) Distance of the boy = 4 m + 3 m = 7 m

(ii) Displacement of the boy =

= 5 m
Diagram below shows the path travelled by a
car from P to S.











What is the displacement of the car?

A 5.0 km C 8.2 km
B 6.8 km D 9.0 km
Which quantity is a vector quantity?

A Area C Distance
B Length D Displacement
Which of the following is group of vector
quantities?

A Velocity, mass, displacement
B Speed, time, acceleration
C Force, velocity, displacement
D Area, temperature, momentum
Which of the following quantities is a vector
quantity?

A Energy C Force
B Power D Pressure

5 km
3 km
1 km
P Q
S R
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1-7


U N D E R S T A N D I N G M E A S U R E M E N T S

Recognise
appropriate
instrument for
physical quantities
1. State the suitable measuring instrument for the physical quantities in the table below.








No. Physical Quantity Measuring Instrument
1. Temperature

2. Length

3. Time

4. Mass

5. Electric current

6. Voltage

7. Density

8. Atmospheric pressure

9. Pressure

10. Force

11. Volume

12. Diameter of tube

13. Diameter of wire


Measure physical
quantity using
vernier calliper.
2. Label the part of vernier calliper below.


















MEASURING INSTRUMENT
Metre rule Barometer Thermometer Lever balance
Spring balance Hydrometer Measuring cylinder Bourdon gauge
Ammeter Voltmeter Stopwatch Vernier calliper
Micrometer screw gauge

PART OF VERNIER CALLIPER
Inner jaws Outer jaws Main scale Vernier scale

1.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1-8



3. Take the reading from a vernier calliper:

EXAMPLE:










4. Read the vernier calliper below.

(i) (ii)










(ii) (iv)









Measure physical
quantity using
micrometer screw
gauge.
5. Label the part of micrometer screw gauge below.















(i) Read the main scale.
Main scale reading = 0.70 cm

(ii) Read the vernier scale.
Vernier scale reading = 0.02 cm

(iii) Total up the readings.
Actual reading = 0.72 cm
3 4
0
Main scale = ....................
Vernier scale = ....................
Actual reading = ....................
2 3
0
Main scale = ....................
Vernier scale = ....................
Actual reading = ....................
8 9
0
Main scale = ....................
Vernier scale = ....................
Actual reading = ....................
0 1
Main scale = ....................
Vernier scale = ....................
Actual reading = ....................
PART OF MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE
Anvil Spindle Sleeve Thimble Ratchet

0 1 2
0
(i) 0.70
cm
(ii) 0.02
cm
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1-9

6. Take the reading from a micrometer screw gauge.

EXAMPLE:












7. Read the micrometer screw gauge below:

(i) (ii)













(iii) (iv)












(i) Read the sleeve scale (main scale).
Sleeve scale reading = 3.00 mm

(ii) Read the thimble scale.
Thimble scale reading = 0.44 mm

(iii) Total up the readings.
Actual reading = 3.44 mm
0
50
40
(i) 3.00 mm
(ii) 0.44 mm
0
30
20
Sleeve scale = ....................
Thimble scale = ....................
Actual reading = ....................
0
20
10
Sleeve scale = ....................
Thimble scale = ....................
Actual reading = ....................
0
20
10
Sleeve scale = ....................
Thimble scale = ....................
Actual reading = ....................
0
60
50
Sleeve scale = ....................
Thimble scale = ....................
Actual reading = ....................
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1-10

Explain sensitivity. 8. Table below shows readings from three instruments J, K, and L that are used in
measuring the mass of a Petri dish.

Instrument J Instrument K Instrument L
20 g 19.4 g 19.42 g

A piece of dried leaf of mass 0.05 g is then put in the Petri dish.

(i) Which instrument is able to detect the small change of the mass? [...............]

(ii) Which instrument is the most sensitive? [................]

(iii) Which instrument has the highest sensitivity? [................]

(iv) Sensitivity of instrument is the capability of the instrument to ...............................

..................................................................................................................................

(v) Which instrument gives reading in the most decimal place? [.................]

(vi) The ...................... the decimal place, the ........................... sensitivity of the
instrument.
Explain accuracy. 9. Table below shows readings from three instruments P, Q, and R that are used in
measuring the length of a wire. The actual length of the wire is 10.0 cm.

Instrument P Instrument Q Instrument R
10.1 cm 10.4 cm 9.6 cm

(i) Which instrument gives the closest reading to the actual length of the wire?
[...............]

(ii) Which instrument gives the most accurate reading? [...............]

(iii) Which instrument has the highest accuracy? [...............]

(iv) Accuracy of instrument is the capability of the instrument to ..................................

...................................................................................................................................
Explain
consistency
(Precision)
10. Table below shows four readings from three instruments X, Y, and Z that are used in
measuring the length of a wire. Each instrument repeats the measurement for four
times.

Instrument X 10.0 cm 10.1 cm 10.1 cm 10.0 cm
Instrument Y 10.1 cm 10.4 cm 10.2 cm 9.8 cm
Instrument Z 9.8 cm 9.6 cm 9.9 cm 9.5 cm

(i) Which instrument gives readings with the smallest deviation (difference)?
[...............]

(ii) Which instrument gives the most consistence readings? [...............]

(iii) Which instrument has the highest consistency? [...............]

(iv) Consistency of instrument is the capability of the instrument to .............................

...................................................................................................................................
(iv) Read the main scale.
Main scale reading = 0.70 cm

(v) Read the vernier scale.
Vernier scale reading = 0.02 cm

(vi) Total up the readings.
Actual reading = 0.72 cm
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1-11

Explain type of
experimental error.
11. In an experiment, the readings of measurement taken may have slightly difference due

to some mistakes. The difference in the readings is called as .........................................


12. These errors can be caused by the change of environment, human factors or the
deficiency of measuring instrument.

13. Error that is caused by environment and human usually is (constant / changeable)*.

14. Error that is caused by the instrument is always (constant / changeable)*.

15. Type of Error:

Random Error Difference Systematic Error
Cause

Magnitude /
value

Example

Method to
reduce the
error



Check Yourself 3

1. 2.
.










A, B, C, and D shows the shooting marks on a
target. Which marks can explain the concept
of precision of a measurement?

A C





B D






A, B, C, and D show parts of four different
balance scales. Which balance is the most
sensitive?

A C








B D
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1-12

3. 7.











4.

8.







5.



9.




6.



Diagram below shows the target board in a
game.





Which result is consistent but not accurate?

A C




B D
The diagram shows the scale of a micrometer
screw gauge.







What is the reading of the micrometer?

A 7.02 mm C 7.03 mm
B 7.52 mm D 7.58 mm


Target
Target
board
The diagram shows the scale of a vernier
calliper.







What is the reading of the vernier calliper?

A 2.16 cm C 1.86 cm
B 2.06 cm D 1.76 cm


Atmospheric pressure can be measured by
using

A hydrometer
B Bourdon gauge and manometer
C Bourdon gauge and mercury barometer
D manometer and mercury barometer


Table below shows the readings of the
thickness of a board which are taken by four
students.

Student
Reading/cm
1 2 3 4
A 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
B 2.53 2.53 2.53 2.53
C 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.53
D 2.71 2.73 2.74 2.74

Each student made four measurements. If the
actual thickness of the board is 2.53 cm,
which of the students A, B, C, and D made
the measurements that are accurate but not
consistent?


Diagram (a) shows the reading of a vernier
calliper while its jaws are closed. Diagram (b)
shows the reading of the vernier calliper when
a metal sheet is placed between the jaws.








What is the thickness of the metal sheet?
A 0.46 cm C 0.38 cm
B 0.42 cm D 0.32 cm


(b) (a)
The diagrams show the scales on a pair of
vernier callipers and a metre rule.









Which comparison is correct about the
sensitivity of the vernier callipers and the
metre rule when measuring the thickness of a
wire?

Vernier callipers Metre rule

A Low sensitivity Low Sensitivity
B Low sensitivity High sensitivity
C High sensitivity Low sensitivity
D High sensitivity High sensitivity
Vernier calliper Metre rule
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1-13

10. 14.






15.

11.











12.







13.












Four students, A, B, C, and D use a micrometer
screw gauge, a metre rule, and a vernier
calliper to measure the thickness of a board.
Which student records the reading correctly?

Micrometer Metre Vernier
screw rule/mm calliper/mm
gauge/mm

A 11.1 11 11.13
B 11.13 11.1 11.128
C 11.128 11.1 11.13
D 11.13 11 11.1


The diagram shows the scale of a micrometer
screw gauge.








What is the reading of the micrometer?

A 4.95 mm C 4.50 mm
B 4.55 mm D 4.45 mm


Which of the following statements is correct
about zero error?

A Can be reduced by determining average
reading.
B The magnitude of error increases when
the value of the reading increases.
C Exist either in positive or negative.
D The magnitude of error increases if the
range of scale is large.


Which of the following ways can reduce the
parallax error while taking reading of current
from an ammeter?

A Use a higher sensitivity ammeter.
B Repeat the measurement and calculate
the average reading.
C Take the reading using a magnifying
glass.
D Use ammeter that has plane mirror
below the pointer.


What is the function of the plane mirror under
the pointer in an ammeter?

A To increase the consistency of the
measurement.
B To increase the accuracy of the
measurement.
C To avoid parallax error.
D To prevent zero error.


Diagram below shows two types of ammeters,
X and Y, that can be used to measure electric
current.


















(a) Which ammeter is more sensitive?

...................................................................

(b) State one reason for your answer above.

...................................................................

...................................................................

...................................................................




Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1-14

16.

























18.




17.
























Figure below shows the scale of an ammeter.












(a) Name the physical quantity measured by
the ammeter.

...................................................................

(b) What is the value of the smallest division
on the scale?

...................................................................

(c) State the function of the mirror located
under the scale.

...................................................................

...................................................................




Mirror
Figure below shows a vernier calliper used to
measure external diameter of a hollow
cylinder.









(b) Name the part labelled X.

...................................................................

(c) What is the function of X?

...................................................................

...................................................................





(a) The external diameters of the cylinder at
four different places are shown in the
table below.

External diameter/cm
Relative
deviation/%
2.04 2.05 2.04 2.06 0.37

(i) Why is the external diameter
measured four times?

.............................................................

.............................................................

(ii) What is the purpose of calculating the
relative deviation?

.............................................................

.............................................................

.............................................................







Figure below shows the meniscus of oil in a
measuring cylinder. P, Q and R are three eye
positions while measuring the volume of the
oil.












(a) Which position of the eye is correct while
taking the reading of the volume of oil?

...................................................................

(b) Give one reason for the answer above.

...................................................................

...................................................................





Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1-15

19.




























UNDERSTANDI NG SCI ENTI FI C I NVESTI GATI ON


Identify variables
in a given situation
1. Identify and state the variables that can be investigated from the situations below.

EXAMPLE:
The car moves faster when it is pushed harder.

Cause : pushed harder Manipulated variable : Force
Effect : moves faster Responding variable : Speed/Velocity/
Acceleration

No. Situation
Manipulated
variable
Responding
variable
1. The temperature of smaller block rises
faster when it is heated.

2. The pendulum system with longer string
takes longer time to stop.

3. The loaded lorry is harder to stop than the
empty lorry.

4. The trolley that falls from the higher place
moves faster.

5. The spring becomes longer when it is
pulled harder.


A student is assigned to measure the thickness
of a metal sheet. The student is provided with
a vernier calliper.

(a) The student uses the vernier calliper to
measure the thickness of the metal sheet.
Figure (i) shows the scale of the vernier
calliper while the jaws are closed. Figure
(ii) shows the scale of the vernier calliper
when the metal sheet is put between the
jaws.
























(ii)
(i)
(i) What is the zero error of the vernier
calliper?

.............................................................

(ii) Calculate the thickness of the metal
sheet.


















Thickness = .................................













1.5
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1-16

Making inference 2. Write inference from the given variables.

EXAMPLE:

Manipulated variable : Length Responding variable: Time

Inference : The length affects the time taken.

No.
Manipulated
variable
Responding
variable
Inference
1. Force Acceleration
2. Mass Temperature
3. Force Extension
4. Mass Time
5. Force Pressure
6. Area Pressure
7. Temperature Volume

Form hypothesis. 3. Write hypothesis from the given variables.

EXAMPLE:

Manipulated variable : Length Responding variable: Time

Hypothesis : The longer the length, the longer the time taken.

No.
Manipulated
variable
Responding
variable
Hypothesis
1. Force Acceleration
2. Mass Temperature
3. Force Extension
4. Mass Time
5. Force Pressure
6. Area Pressure
7. Temperature Volume

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1-17

Analyse the data. 4. Data obtained from an experiment can be analysed by plotting a line graph.
Manipulated variable is on the x-axis, and responding variable is on the y-axis.
The variables must be stated together with the correct unit.

EXAMPLE:

Manipulated variable : Mass
Responding variable : Time

5. Sketch a graph to analyse the following variables:




(i) Manipulated variable : Force (ii) Manipulated variable : Mass

Responding variable : Acceleration
Responding variable :
Temperature




(iii) Manipulated variable : Force (iv) Manipulated variable : Mass

Responding variable : Extension
Responding variable : Time




Mass/kg
Time/min
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1-18



(v) Manipulated variable : Force (vi) Manipulated variable : Area

Responding variable : Pressure
Responding variable : Pressure














Interpret data to
draw a conclusion.
6. The conclusion of an experiment is made based on the line graph obtained.

EXAMPLE:






















Conclusion: Conclusion:
The time is directly proportional
to the mass.
The pressure is inversely proportional
to the area.
Conclusion:
The temperature is linearly
increasing with the time.

Mass/kg
Time/min

Pressure/Pa
m
-2
Time/min
Temperature/C
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1-19

















Interpret data to
draw a conclusion.
7. Write a conclusion based on the line graphs below:

(i) (ii)









Conclusion: Conclusion:
........................................................
........................................................
.......................................................
.............................................................
.............................................................
.............................................................

(iii) (iv)












Conclusion: Conclusion:
........................................................
........................................................
.......................................................
.............................................................
.............................................................
.............................................................

Length/cm
Period
2
/s
2
Temperature/C

kg
-2
Pressure/kPa Force/N
Volume/m
3
Extension/cm

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1-20

A

Check Yourself 4
1.
.

4.







2.






5.


3.










Which of the following graphs obeys the
equation F = kx, where k is a constant?

A C







B D






Table below shows the results of an experiment
to investigate between load and extension when
a spring is stretched.
Load, F/N 100 150 200 250 300
Extension,
x/cm
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

The original length of the spring is l
0
= 15.0 cm.
What is the manipulated variable?

A Load, F
B Extension, x
C Original length of the spring, l
0

D Material used to make the spring

The graph shows the relationship between v
and t.











The relationship between v and t is
represented by the equation



Diagram below shows an investigation about
the stretching of a spring. Babies of different
masses are supported by identical springs.










Which of the following variables are correct?

Manipulated
variable
Responding
variable
Constant
variable
A Mass of the
baby
Length of
the spring
Diameter of
the spring
B Length of
the spring
Mass of the
baby
Diameter of
the spring
C Diameter of
the spring
Length of
the spring
Mass of the
baby
D Mass of the
baby
Diameter of
the spring
Length of
the spring

The graph shows the relationship between
physical quantities P and Q.













Which statements about the graph is correct?

A If Q = 1, then P = 2.
B The gradient of the graph is 1.
C P is directly proportional to Q.
D The equation of the graph is P = 1 + 3Q