09lesson - Pressure

St Josephs Institution
Physics Sec 3 Pressure

Pressure
Sec-3 Sec-3
Key ideas we will learn:
Define the term pressure, its formula, and SI unit
Pressure in liquid, its formula
Atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure
Measuring pressure: barometer/manometer
Pressure transmitted through fluids
Definition: Pressure is defined as the force acting per
unit area.
area
force
Pressure
=
m
2
) (in area A
and N) in ( force F
pressure p where
A
F
p
=
=
=
= In symbols,
The SI unit of pressure is newton per square metre (N m
-2
) or pascal
(Pa).
When we want pressure to be high
When we want pressure to be low
When we want pressure to be low
Example: A rectangular glass block of dimensions 30.0 cm by 50.0 cm by 10.0 cm
weighs 37.5 N. Calculate the least and the greatest pressure it can exert when
resting on a horizontal table.
50.0 cm
10.0 cm
50.0 cm
30.0 cm
10.0 cm
Greatest Pressure occurs
when the block is placed on
its smallest area.
P
max
= F / A
= 37.5 N / (0.10 m x 0.30 m)
= 1250 Pa
30.0 cm
Greatest Pressure occurs
when the block is placed on
its largest area.
P
min
= F / A
= 37.5 N / (0.30 m x 0.50 m)
= 250 Pa
Pressure in liquid
Liquids have weight (force) due
to the Earths gravitational pull.
Thus, a body of liquid exerts
pressure on an object placed in
it because of its weight. it because of its weight.
The deeper we go into the
liquid, the greater amount of
weight is above, hence the
greater the pressure.
Area, A
d
1
d
2
Area, A
W
W
Consider a column of liquid of height
h, base area A and density .
Volume, V = Ah
Mass of liquid, m = V
Weight of liquid, W = mg
= (V)g
= (Ah)g
Pressure, p =
F
A
=
(Ah)g
A
p = gh
Air is compressible.
Liquid is
incompressible.
Water rises into the
diver causes the
mass of diver to
increase.
Higher mass = Higher mass =
higher density
Hence diver sinks.
NOTE 1: The pressure of a fluid at a particular depth is independent of
the direction i.e. it is the same in all directions.
h
p
p
p
h
p
p
p
p
p
p
NOTE 2: The pressure acts perpendicular to the surface of the object.
NOTE 3: The pressure of a fluid at a particular depth does not depend
on the shape of the container, or the amount of fluid in the container.
For the 2 containers of different areas (A
1
& A
2
),
the fluid pressure at depth h
= (A
1
h)g / A
1
= (A
2
h)g / A
2
= gh
h
= gh
A
1
A
2
h
So the pressure at h for the same fluid is
exactly the same, regardless of the shape of
the container, or the volume of the container.
?
4
h
1 2 3
?
5
A
4
A
1
A
2
For container 3, we only need to consider the column of fluid with cross-
sectional area A
3
. This will bring us back to the same pressure value as
containers 1 and 2.
A
3
For container 4, we only consider column with area A
4
. Same rationale
for container 5.
A
5
Final water level
We start with a U-tube with
different water levels
Higher pressure Lower pressure
Resultant force
Water from the right will rush
towards the left until pressure is
equalized.
This is why liquid, in whatever shape the container is, will
always settle at a common level.
Pascals vases
At equilibrium, pressures at A, B, C, and D are the same.
X X X X
A B C D
Atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure
Earths
atmosphere:
~100km (1.5%of
radius)
Atmospheric
Pressure
Radius of earth:
6,300 km
Source: http://www.stratosolar.com/
99% of air
is below
here
We have 30 km of air pressing on all of us on the surface
of the earth
Atmospheric Pressure
As a result, this layer of air exerts an atmospheric
pressure on us.
At sea level, this atmospheric pressure is
1.01325 x 10
5
N/m
2
(or Pa), or about 100 kPa.
Thats about 10 N for every 1 cm
2
.
1.01325 x 10
5
Pa = 1 atmosphere
If ~100 kPa of pressure is acting on our
bodies, why dont we feel it?
Atmospheric Pressure example 1
Straw
Suction cup
Syringe
Example
Solution
Barotrauma
Volume of lung expands when
diver ascends from water
depths.
If volume in lung is not
equalized to pressure outside,
there will be rupture to the
lungs.
Measuring pressure Measuring pressure
A mercury barometer is used
The mercury level in the tube
drops until it is about 760mm
vertically above the mercury level
in the trough.
The atmospheric pressure is
Measuring atmospheric pressure
The atmospheric pressure is
measured in mm Hg (millimeters
mercury)
The height of the mercury column does not depend on the diameter
or the angle of the glass tube.
When the tube is tilted at different angles, the vertical height
remains at 760mm as long as mercury has not filled up totally
At equilibrium, the pressure on the surface (i.e. along line ABC)
is equal to the atmospheric pressure of 1.013 x 10
5
Pa
At sea level, the height of the mercury column
level is found to be about 760 mm from the
mercury surface in the trough.
Atmospheric
pressure
h
At point B, atmospheric pressure is acting on
the surface of the mercury
Pressure at point A is the same as B. (At the
x x
A B
Pressure at point A is the same as B. (At the
same depth, pressure experienced is the same
between 2 points)
Atmospheric pressure (B), 1.013 x 10
5
pa = pressure exerted by the
column of mercury h cm in height (A).
1.013 x 10
5
pa = x g x h = 13.6 kg/m
3
x 9.8 N/kg x h
h = 0.760 m = 760 mm
Example (class to try)
If the barometer is filled with water (density = 1000 kg/m
3
), how
high will the column h be? Take g = 10 N/kg
Atmospheric
h
Atmospheric
pressure
x x
A B
Example
Find the pressure at A, B, C, and D
Solution
The space above the mercury column is a
vacuum hence there is no weight acting at
point A. P = 0 cm Hg
A
B
h
1
h
2
h
3
96
cm
50
point A. P
A
= 0 cm Hg
First we calculate the values of hs:
h
1
= 96 50 cm = 46 cm
h
2
= 96 20 cm = 76 cm
h
3
= 96 10 cm = 86 cm
Hence,
Pressure at B, P
B
= 46 cm Hg
Pressure at C, P
C
= 76 cm Hg
Pressure at D, P
D
= 86 cm Hg
C
D
20
10
Metre
rule
Measuring gas pressure the manometer
The manometer is an instrument used to measure the differences in
pressure of gases or liquids.
It consists of a U-tube containing a column of liquid (usually
mercury, water or oil).
The height difference in the liquid levels in both arms of the U-tube
helps us measure the pressure difference between the two sides.
At equilibrium, pressure at B and C must be equal since they are at the same
horizontal level.
P
B
= atmospheric pressure + pressure due to liquid column AC
P
B
= P
o
+ hg
left
right
Example
Manometer contains mercury ( = 13,600
kg/m
3
). Calculate pressure of the gas supply.
Pressure at point C
= pressure at point B
cm Hg
The pressure of a gas is p
g
. If
atmospheric pressure is 76 cmHg,
find the value of p
g
(express answer
in cmHg).
p
g
A
B
Hydraulic system: Hydraulic system:
Transmitting pressure through fluid
Hydraulic system: Transmitting pressure through fluid
A hydraulic system uses 2 properties of fluid:
Liquids are incompressible
If pressure is applied to an enclosed liquid, the pressure is
transmitted to all parts of the liquid
Pascal's law states that pressure exerted anywhere in a confined incompressible
fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid such that the
pressure ratio (initial difference) remains the same.
If a force F
x
is
applied at piston 1:
p
x
=
F
x
A
x
This pressure is transmitted to every part of the liquid.
piston-1
piston-2
This pressure is transmitted to every part of the liquid.
= p
y
=
F
y
A
y
p
x
=
F
x
A
x
This pressures is felt at piston 2:
F
y
A
y
p
y
=
F
x
A
x
=
F
y
A
y
F
x
A
x
=
F
y
A
y
F
A
x
=
F
y
A
y
F
x
A
x
Since A
y
> A
x
, this means that F
y
> F
x
This shows that a small force (F
x
), applied at a small
piston, can lift a large load, on a bigger piston.
F
Remember that conservation of energy applies:
Work done at piston 1 = work done at piston 2
F
x
x d
x
= F
y
x d
y
A force of 50N is applied to the small
piston, of area 0.01 m
2
. What is the
force experienced at the larger piston,
of area 0.20 m
2
?
F
1
F
2
If smaller piston moved by 10cm,
what would larger piston have moved?
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St Josephs Institution

Physics Sec 3 Pressure

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