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Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
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Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
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+')#',-#. /'0'#-( "& 1",-#-), /("2-( 3"$'( 405,'$ 6-,5"07 89:;
uear uelegaLes,
lL ls my absoluLe pleasure Lo welcome you Lo Lhe 2014 edlLlon of
8oLaracL Clobal Model unlLed naLlons. We are prlvlleged Lo hold Lhls
conference ln WesLmlnsLer, a clLy LhaL has been a basLlon of dlplomacy
and debaLe for cenLurles - and whlch saw Lhe blrLh of Lhe un nearly 60
years ago.
Pavlng engaged wlLh Model un slnce my school days, l can confldenLly say LhaL Lhe
acLlvlLy ls ln my blood. l slncerely belleve LhaL Lhere ls no beLLer acLlvlLy for young
people Lrylng Lo engage wlLh Lhe lssues currenLly Lroubllng our world Loday. lL goes
wlLhouL saylng LhaL Lhese lssues are dangerous, as Lhey are numerous, and l could
noL even begln Lo summarlse Lhem ln such a llmlLed space. Powever, slmply from
readlng your appllcaLlons, l have been lnsplred by Lhe masslve conLrlbuLlon young
people are wllllng Lo make Lo solvlng Lhese problems. 1hls ls why l have declded LhaL
Lhe conference shall be based around Lhe Lheme: !"#$"%& () *(+(%%(,.
l do noL mean Lo suggesL by Lhls LhaL our conference wlll nurLure you and prepare
you Lo make fuLure conLrlbuLlons. 8aLher, l propose LhaL you are already leaders -
young people polsed Lo make a meanlngful dlfference Lo lnLernaLlonal affalrs. WlLh
our conference as your unlque gaLherlng place and speaklng plaLform, l can
guaranLee LhaL your debaLe conLrlbuLlons wlll noL slmply be academlc exerclses.
lnsLead, Lhey wlll form parL of a meanlngful pollcy proposal LhaL 8oLaracL wlll ensure
reaches Lhe desks of Lhe un.
WlLh Lhls collecLlve splrlL ln mlnd, l hope you are exLremely exclLed Lo read Lhe SLudy
Culde of your commlLLee. Pavlng handplcked your chalrs personally, l can assure you
LhaL Lhey are world-leaders ln Lhelr fleld. uL slmply, Lhere are few people who are
more quallfled Lo wrlLe Lhls gulde Lhan Lhem. So, use Lhelr sLerllng work as a sLarLlng
polnL for your research, and be lnsplred Lo read and research far beyond Lhe
conflnes of Lhls gulde. l feel exLremely honoured Lo welcome Lhls unprecedenLed
gaLherlng of greaL young mlnds Lo London. l am fasclnaLed Lo hear Lhe soluLlons you
propose, and pledge Lo do all ln my power Lo LranslaLe Lhem lnLo meanlngful pollLlcal
change.
?ours Slncerely,
-$#+ ./!#%"0
SecreLary Ceneral, 8oLaracL Clobal Model unlLed naLlons 2014

Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



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Beai uelegates of the Secuiity Council,
As youi Chaii uuiing this incieuible jouiney you aie about to embaik on, it is my
tiue honoi anu pleasuie to welcome you to the Rotaiact ulobal N0N 2u14
Confeience!
Ny name is !"#"$ &'(" anu I am 2S yeais olu. I finisheu my Law stuuies at the
Bemociitus 0niveisity of Thiace anu I am cuiiently a postgiauuate stuuent at
the Inteinational Bellenic 0niveisity (LLN in Tiansnational anu Euiopean
Commeicial Law & Alteinative Bispute Resolution). Besiues my passion foi
Inteinational Affaiis, I like swimming anu uancing, watching movies, ieauing
books, listening to music anu (of couise!) tiavelling. I auoie acting (anu have
paiticipateu in seveial plays) anu I woik eveiy summei at the YNCA camp.
Since high school I have attenueu many Nouel 0niteu Nation Confeiences, both
chaiiing anu as a uelegate in uieece anu othei countiies, (C0IN0N in Cambiiuge
0niveisity, BN0N at Baivaiu 0niveisity in Boston, ACN0N in Anatolia College,
RhouesNRC, N.0.N. confeiences in the Ameiican Faim School anu ThessIS N0N,
to name a few, honoiing my paiticipation as an awaiu-winning Belegate) anu I
can assuie you that Rotaiact ulobal N0N is a unique expeiience that you uo not
wish to miss. It is an amazing initiative that combines my two gieatest passions,
Rotaiact anu the 0N (anu it is woith mentioning that Rotaiy's ielationship with
the 0niteu Nations uates back to 194S anu touay holus the highest consultative
status possible with the 0niteu Nations as a non-goveinmental oiganization).
Consisteu of people passionate foi the mission of the afoiementioneu
institutions anu ueuicateu to piomote inteicultuial exchange anu uialogue, this
is a confeience with iueals baseu on what Robeit F. Kenneuy saiu: "Theie aie
those who look at the way things aie, anu ask why. I uieam of things that nevei
weie, anu ask why not.".
Being auuicteu to the 'N.0.N. fevei' anu aftei many yeais of paiticipation as a
uelegate, I am given the oppoitunity to chaii the Secuiity Council anu to be a
membei of the Rotaiact ulobal N0N Boaiu. The 0niteu Nations Secuiity Council
(0NSC) is one of the six piincipal oigans of the 0niteu Nations anu is chaigeu
with the maintenance of inteinational peace anu secuiity. It is actually the only
Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



oigan of the 0N entitleu to inteivene anu take militaiy anu nonmilitaiy action to
iestoie inteinational peace anu secuiity. Theiefoie, it is the most uemanuing anu
challenging Council anu its membeis beai the gieatest iesponsibility of all. I
cannot even begin to explain my excitement when I was gianteu this position
anu I am looking foiwaiu to woiking with eveiy single one of you! Along with my
Co-Chaii, Aisling Iveis, we will give you the fiist mateiials foi a fiuitful anu
memoiable uebate full of contioveisy anu aiguments anu you on youi behalf
shall woik haiu to iesolve eveiy ciisis that might occui. Piepaie to foiget who
you aie as inuiviuuals anu leain youi nation's histoiy anu policy bettei than youi
own names. If you uo, gieat powei is in youi hanus foi five uays. Can you hanule
it. With gieat powei, comes gieat iesponsibility.


















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Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|




42A;2:9 'L65A






Beai uelegates of the Secuiity Council,
Ny name is Aisling anu I am a stuuent of Bistoiy anu Chinese at 0niveisity
College Coik (0CC), Iielanu. I fiist uiscoveieu Nouel 0N thiough 0CC's
Inteinational Relations society anu became instantly hookeu, ultimately taking
the iole of Chaiipeison of the society foi the acauemic yeai 2u12-2u1S. In my
time involveu in the society, I have fulfilleu many inteinal ioles as well as
paiticipating as both a chaii anu a uelegate at a numbei of inteinational
confeiences. This engagement has leu to my uesiie to continue my stuuies to
postgiauuate level in the fielu of Inteinational Relations. Not to be mistaken foi a
one-tiack lauy, I have also uelveu into the cieative aits fiom a costume uesign
point of view, culminating in a iole as Costume Nanagei in a numbei of
piouuctions fiom oui awaiu winning uiamatic society on campus. I am uelighteu
anu feel veiy piivilegeu to have been given the oppoitunity to chaii at the
Secuiity Council at the Lonuon Westminstei Rotaiact N0N alongsiue Banae. It
goes without saying that I look foiwaiu to meeting all Secuiity Council uelegates
anu ventuiing thiough the uiffeient iueas anu uebate. See you in Septembei!






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Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



The 0niteu Nations Secuiity Council (0NSC) helu its fiist session on 17 }anuaiy
1946 at Chuich Bouse, Westminstei, Lonuon anu since its fiist meeting has
tiaveleu extensively. It is one of the six piincipal oigans of the 0niteu Nations
anu, unuei the Chaitei, is chaigeu with the maintenance of inteinational peace
anu secuiity. It takes the leau in ueteimining the existence of a thieat to the
peace oi act of aggiession. It calls upon the paities to a uispute to settle it by
peaceful means anu iecommenus methous of aujustment oi teims of settlement.
In some cases, the Secuiity Council can iesoit to imposing sanctions oi even
authoiize the use of foice to maintain oi iestoie inteinational peace anu
secuiity. The Secuiity Council also iecommenus to the ueneial Assembly the
appointment of the Secietaiy-ueneial anu the aumission of new Nembeis to the
0niteu Nations. Anu, togethei with the ueneial Assembly, it elects the juuges of
the Inteinational Couit of }ustice.
1

The 0NSC has 1S Nembeis, anu each Nembei has one vote. This incluues five
veto-wieluing peimanent membeisChina, Fiance,
Russia, the 0niteu Kinguom, anu the 0niteu States
baseu on the gieat poweis that weie the victois of
Woilu Wai II.
2
Theie aie also 1u non-peimanent
membeis, with five electeu each yeai to seive two-
yeai teims. 0nuei the Chaitei, all Nembei States aie
obligateu to comply with Council uecisions. Bespite
its powei, the Council has often piesenteu an
inability to iesponu quickly to thieats towaius
inteinational peace anu secuiity, mainly because the
membeis faileu to agiee upon a iesolution.






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hLLp://www.un.org/en/sc/
2
hLLp://en.wlklpedla.org/wlkl/unlLed_naLlons_SecurlLy_Councll
Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|




B0,#"$<),5"0 ," ,?' ,"@5)
The topic chosen foi the Secuiity Council uebate ielates to a piessing
contempoiaiy issue - that of the on-going iegional conflicts in the Niuule East.
The situation in the Niuule East has iaiely been as challenging to cool uown anu
as aggiessive as it is touay. The Niuule East is a iegion that ioughly encompasses
a majoiity of Westein Asia (excluuing the Caucasus) anu Egypt. It is not only a
geogiaphical iegion but a cultuial anu political entity as well. Piioi to the
uiscoveiy of oil, the iegion hau been a hotbeu foi ieligious conflict anu wais ovei
othei iich iesouices anu lanu. In moie iecent times, inteiest in the iegion has
been uue to the eneigy iesouices theie. The Niuule East is the most militaiizeu
iegion in the woilu anu most aims sales heau theie. A suppiesseu people that
sees 0S influence as a majoi ioot cause of the cuiient pioblems in the Niuule
East has leu to a iise in Islamic militancy, acts of teiioiism anu anti-west
sentiment.
S
The uifficulty in auuiessing the situation is uue to the fact that theie
seems to be a gieatei conflict that oveicomes the bounuaiies of the inuiviuual
states, cieating instability in the entiie iegion. Theiefoie, in oiuei foi the 0NSC
to be able to contiol the moie paiticulai conflicts, issues that contiibute to the
cieation of a gieatei iegional conflict shoulu be auuiesseu.

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This yeai's Secuiity Council stanus befoie a veiy extenueu anu haiu to iesolve
conflict. The situation in the Niuule East only ueteiioiates. The political situation
in the majoiity of the States of the iegion is unstable, the casualties aie
incieasing anu the wave of piotestois anu iefugees is iapiuly spieauing all ovei
the Niuule East. It is of utmost impoitance to auuiess the linkages between the
multiple conflicts that aie eviuently inteiielateu, in oiuei to come up with an all-
inclusive iesolution that shoulu piomote peace anu secuiity.
Nost of the conflict in the Niuule East thioughout the yeais has been causeu by
oil anu fighting ovei contiol of lanu.
4
Bowevei, befoie oil was uiscoveieu,
ieligious conflict anu wais ovei the iesouices in the aiea weie the main cause of
conflict in the iegion. Touay, as we will uemonstiate, theie aie ongoing sectaiian
conflicts that cieate the ioots of all instability anu chaos in the Niuule Eastein
countiies anu iesult to a iegional conflict that oveicomes the boiueis of the
inuiviuual states anu contiibutes to the ueteiioiation of the situation. The
ieligious fanaticism, along with the spiiit of the Aiab Spiing's ievolutionaiy

3
hLLp://www.splmun.com/?p=arLlcles&ld=30
4
hLLp://worldreglonspro[ecL.wlklspaces.com/8eglonal+ConfllcLs+of+Mlddle+LasL

Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



wave anu the will of the suppiesseu people to escape theii authoiitaiian
iegimes, gives the oppoitunity to teiioiist gioups to take auvantage of the
situation anu cieate a state of anaichy anu chaos that is spieau all ovei the
Niuule East. Special attention shall be given to the states of Syiia anu Isiael-
Pakistan, wheie the ongoing conflicts seem to get out of contiol, iesulting to the
ueaths of thousanus of people.


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)'*+",$"# -$./'#*' iefeis to attacks against people anu places motivateu by
antagonism towaiu the taiget's sect, usually a ieligious gioup.
S
The phiase
"sectaiian conflict" usually iefeis to violent conflict along ieligious oi political
lines oi to geneial philosophical, political uispaiity between uiffeient schools of
thought such as that between )0$" anu )1##$ Nuslims.
6

Now, if as many believe anu scholaiship confiims, ieligion is paiticulaily
impoitant in ethnic conflicts involving Nuslims, how uoes this affect the natuie
of conflict in the Niuule East.
7
The Ninoiities at Risk (NAR) uataset pioviues
insight into the natuie of the Niuule East's ethno-ieligious conflicts.
8
Accoiuing
to the uata, S4 peicent of the politically significant ethnic minoiities in the
Niuule East aie also ieligious minoiities.
Accoiuing to Aaion Reese (ISW), the fiist half of 2u1S has uemonstiateu cleaily
that a 7'),-#5-0 conflict is spieauing in the Niuule East. This conflict is a piouuct
of uevelopments ovei the couise of 2u12, incluuing Iiaqi Piime Ninistei Nouii
al-Naliki's consoliuation of powei anu the uevelopment of an aimeu opposition
movement in Syiia. A tuining point, howevei, came with the Syiian opposition's
loss of the stiategic town of al-Qusayi in eaily }une to iegime foices backeu by
Lebanese Bezbollah. The inteivention of this piominent Shia militant gioup has
heighteneu the "sectaiianization" of the conflict. The iise in sectaiian violence
sponsoieu by exteinal actois poses an existential thieat to these alieauy-fiagile

3
hLLp://en.wlklpedla.org/wlkl/SecLarlanlsm#clLe_noLe-SLaLe-23
6
hLLp://en.wlklpedla.org/wlkl/Shla_lslam, hLLp://en.wlklpedla.org/wlkl/Sunnl_lslam
hLLp://llpdlglLal.usembassy.gov/sL/engllsh/LexLLrans/2014/04/20140429298476.hLml#axzz38h3unLA
w
7
!onaLhan lox, "ls lslam More ConfllcL rone Lhan CLher 8ellglons? A Cross-SecLlonal SLudy of
LLhnorellglous ConfllcL," !"#$%&"'$() "&+ ,#-&$. /%'$#$.(, Summer 2000, pp. 1-23.
8
www.bsos.umd.edu/cldcm/mar
Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



states. Woisening violence anu incieasing polaiization has leu fighting to spill
ovei fiom Syiia into Lebanon, foi example, as suppoiteis of the Salafist Sheikh
Ahmeu al-Assii lasheu out against Lebanese Aimy anu Bezbollah. Fuithei, the
wiuei consequences of continueu fighting, paiticulaily the masses of iefugees
floouing into }oiuan, Tuikey, anu Lebanon, will have uestabilizing effects as these
populations uiain state coffeis anu test the ability of these states to maintain
oiuei. In Syiia, the Assau iegime has playeu upon the feais of minoiity gioups to
ially suppoit. Shia militias fiom outsiue Syiia, such as Lebanese Bezbollah anu
the Iiaqi gioups Asa'ib Ahl al-Baq anu Kata'ib Bezbollah, have uefineu theii iole
as piotecting holy sites like the mosque of Sayyeua Zeinab. 0n the othei hanu,
Sunni anu Salafist militant gioups have useu anti-Shi'a ihetoiic anu anti-Iianian
sentiment to justify theii own actions. In Iiaq, Naliki's puisuit of powei, oveitly
sectaiian ihetoiic, anu utilization of Iiaqi Secuiity Foices (ISF) foi political enus
has ieinfoiceu sectaiian polaiization. The Sunni insuigency against Coalition
foices in Iiaq was mostly quelleu by the piomise of political paiticipation.
Naliki's political anu militaiy taigeting of Iiaqi Sunnis, howevei, has feu Sunni
peiceptions that they aie thieateneu anu uisenfianchiseu by the cential
goveinment. E?' )"0&(5), ?-7 'L@-0$'$ 2'."0$ ,?' 2"<0$-#5'7 "& B#-M -0$
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Ceitain elements of the Iiaqi insuigency anu foieign teiioiist oiganizations who
came to Iiaq aftei the fall of Sauuam have taigeteu Shias in sectaiian attacks.
Following the civil wai, the Sunnis have complaineu of uisciimination by Iiaq's
Shia majoiity goveinment, which is bolsteieu by the fact that Sunni uetainees
weie allegeuly uiscoveieu to have been toituieu in a compounu useu by
goveinment foices on Novembei 1S, 2uuSThis sectaiianism has fueleu a giant
level of emigiation anu inteinal uisplacement.
1u


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QQ

Sectaiianism has been uesciibeu as a chaiacteiistic featuie of the Syiian civil
wai. The shaipest split is between the iuling minoiity Alawite sect, a Shiite
Nuslim offshoot, anu the countiy's Sunni Nuslim majoiity, mostly aligneu with

9
hLLps://www.undersLandlngwar.org/reporL/secLarlan-and-reglonal-confllcL-mlddle-easL
10
hLLp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hl/mlddle_easL/4441368.sLm
11
hLLp://en.wlklpedla.org/wlkl/SecLarlanlsm_and_mlnorlLles_ln_Lhe_Syrlan_Clvll_War
Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



the opposition.
12
The conflict hau uiawn in othei ethno-ieligious minoiities,
incluuing Aimenians, Assyiians, Biuze, Palestinians, Kuius, Yaziui, Nhallami anu
Tuikmens. The Syiian goveinment maintains a gang netwoik known as the
shabiha, a shauow militia that anti-goveinment activists allege aie piepaieu to
use foice, violence, weapons anu iacketeeiing, whose membeis piimaiily consist
of Alawites. The Bouthi anu Bezbollah inteiventions in Syiia, both Shiite aimies,
anu Iian's backing of Assau fuithei point to sectaiian motivations.

,#B4+*+
The Syiian Conflict which began in 2u11 when clashes began between the Assau
iegime anu opposition foices has hau a piofounu effect on sectaiian uynamics
within Lebanon. The Syiian tuimoil is intensifying Sunni-Shia tensions on two
levels: symbolic anu iuentity-baseu on the one hanu, anu geopolitical oi inteiest
baseu, on the othei hanu.
1S
Theie aie obvious anu notable uivisions within the
Lebanese community along sectaiian lines iegaiuing the Syiian Civil Wai. The
Shi'ite militant anu political oiganization Bezbollah anu its suppoiteis back the
Assau iegime, while many of the countiy's Sunni communities back the
opposition foices. These tensions have playeu out in clashes between Sunnis anu
Shi'ites within Lebanon, iesulting in clashes anu ueaths.
14


C4D'"(4+
Pakistan, one of the laigest Nuslim countiies the woilu, has seen seiious Shia-
Sunni sectaiian violence. Almost 8u - 9u% of Pakistan's Nuslim population is
Sunni, anu anothei 1u - 2u% aie Shia.Bowevei, this Shia minoiity foims the
seconu laigest Shia population of any countiy, laigei than the Shia majoiity in
Iiaq.
1S
In the last two uecaues, as many as 4,uuu people aie estimateu to have
uieu in sectaiian fighting in Pakistan anu the numbeis keep on incieasing uue to
the latest events in the iegion.
16
The situation ueteiioiates by possible "<,75$'
&<0$50N of the ieligious gioups (allegeuly by Aiab States anu Iian).
17
Recent

12
hLLp://en.wlklpedla.org/wlkl/SecLarlanlsm_and_mlnorlLles_ln_Lhe_Syrlan_clvll_war
13
8ahouL, !oseph (18 november 2013). "SecLarlanlsm ln Lebanon and Syrla: 1he uynamlcs of MuLual
Splll-Cver". 0&$#1+ 2#"#1( 3&(#$#4#1 %5 /1".1.
14
hLLp://uk.reuLers.com/arLlcle/2014/03/21/uk-syrla-crlsls-lebanon-clashes-lduk88LA2k0!320140321
13
hLLp://www.sLaLe.gov/[/drl/rls/lrf/2008/108303.hLm
hLLp://www.oxfordlslamlcsLudles.com/arLlcle/opr/L123/e1809?_hl=1&_pos=1
hLLp://en.wlklpedla.org/wlkl/SecLarlanlsm#clLe_noLe-SLaLe-23
16
hLLp://www.bbc.com/news/world-mlddle-easL-16047709
17
hLLp://en.wlklpedla.org/wlkl/SecLarlanlsm_ln_aklsLan
Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



yeais have witnesseu a seiies of bloouy attacks by Sunni militants on Pakistan's
Shia community.
18

The Isiaeli-Palestinian conflict is the ongoing stiuggle between Isiaelis anu
Palestinians that began in the miu-2uth centuiy. The conflict is wiue-ianging,
anu the teim is sometimes also useu in iefeience to the eailiei sectaiian conflict
in Nanuatoiy Palestine, between the Zionist yishuv anu the Aiab population
unuei Biitish iule. The Isiaeli-Palestinian conflict has foimeu the coie pait of
the wiuei Aiab-Isiaeli conflict.
19
The causes of the conflict aie, among otheis,
ieligious. 0ne of the most hotly-uebateu issues is who oi what shoulu have
contiol ovei }eiusalem. }eiusalem is a ieligiously significant city foi }ews,
Chiistians, anu Nuslims alike.
2u
Both Isiael anu Palestine consiuei }eiusalem to
be theii capital. The Bama's-Isiaeli conflict has alieauy iesulteu to thousanus of
ueaths anu the situation only ueteiioiates. The inteinational community has yet
faileu to ieact accoiuingly.



55C EJD F1FO +P1B6/
The Aiab Spiing is a ievolutionaiy wave of
uemonstiations anu piotests (both non-violent
anu violent), iiots, anu civil wais in the Aiab
woilu that began on 18 Becembei 2u1u anu
lasteu into 2u11. By Becembei 2u1S, iuleis hau
been foiceu fiom powei in Tunisia, Egypt
,Libya, anu Yemen; civil upiisings hau eiupteu
in Bahiain anu Syiia; majoi piotests hau bio ken out in Algeiia, Iiaq, }oiuan,
Kuwait, Noiocco, Isiael anu Suuan; anu minoi piotests hau occuiieu in
Nauiitania, 0man, Sauui Aiabia, Bjibouti, Westein Sahaia, anu the Palestinian
Authoiity.
21
The Aiab Spiing is wiuely believeu to have been instigateu by
uissatisfaction with the iule of local goveinments.
22
Numeious factois have leu
to the piotests, incluuing issues such as absolute monaichy, human iights
violations, political coiiuption, economic uecline, unemployment, extieme
poveity, anu a numbei of uemogiaphic stiuctuial factois, such as a laige

18
hLLp://www.bbc.com/news/
19
hLLp://en.wlklpedla.org/wlkl/lsraellL28093alesLlnlan_confllcL
20
hLLp://www.wlsegeek.org/whaL-are-some-causes-of-Lhe-lsraell-palesLlnlan-confllcL.hLm
21
hLLp://seaLLleLlmes.com/hLml/oplnlon/2002214060_krauLhammer21.hLml
22
hLLp://www.scrlbd.com/doc/90470393/1he-CenSLl-8eporL-vol-2-no-6-lebruary-13-19-
2012#ouLer_page_23
Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



peicentage of euucateu but uissatisfieu youth within the population.
2S
The Aiab
Spiing staiteu locally but the Egyptian anu Tunisian ievolutions ultimately
influenceu uemonstiations in othei Aiab countiies, incluuing Yemen, Bahiain,
}oiuan, Syiia anu Libya. What staiteu like a local uemonstiation iapiuly evolveu
into a big ievolutionaiy wave that oveicame the bounuaiies of the Niuule
Eastein countiies anu cieateu instability in the entiie iegion.
Inteinational ieaction has vaiieu, with most Westein nations conuoning peaceful
piotests but conceineu about the stability in the entiie iegion.
24
Positions have
been uispaiate, incluuing calls foi expanueu libeities anu civil iights in many
authoiitaiian countiies. The uifficulty lies in the fact that the 0niteu Nations
Secuiity Council may not inteivene in the policy making anu foimulation of these
States. Bowevei, the inteinational community may not iemain inactive in cases
of human iights violations, thieats towaius secuiity anu extenueu violence. Foi
this ieason, the neeu foi the auoption of a iesolution that will conuemn such
inciuents anu piomote the peaceful uialogue between the iebels anu theii
goveinments is moie uigent than evei. Neasuies in case the paities anu Nembei
States fail to comply may incluue (in accoiuance with the pieiequisites laiu
uown in the 0N Chaitei) an inteivention to put an enu to the casualties anu
violence.
2S





&636:= -6L6;01H6:=A
O[

The events ovei the yeai anu a half since the ueath of Nohameu Bouazizi in
Tunisia, have left the politics of the Niuule East in tumult.
27
The Aiab Spiing has
ceitainly iesulteu in a change of iegime in Tunisia anu then Egypt anu the
ievolutionaiy wave is spieau all ovei the Niuule East. Acioss the bioauei iegion,

23
hLLp://www.wolframalpha.com/lnpuL/?l=arab+league+demographlcs,
hLLp://www.counLerpunch.org/2011/02/18/Lhe-LweeL-and-revoluLlon/
24
hLLp://en.wlklpedla.org/wlkl/lnLernaLlonal_reacLlons_Lo_Lhe_Arab_Sprlng
23
hLLp://www.un.org/en/documenLs/charLer/chapLer7.shLml

26
hLLp://www.Lheguardlan.com/world/arab-and-mlddle-easL-proLesLs
hLLp://www.cbsnews.com/feaLure/afLer-Lhe-arab-sprlng/
hLLp://Llmesoflndla.lndlaLlmes.com/Loplc/arab-sprlng
hLLp://www.bbc.com/news/world-mlddle-easL-12813839
hLLp://mlddleeasL.abouL.com/od/humanrlghLsdemocracy/Lp/Arab-Sprlng-uprlslngs.hLm
27
hLLp://www.lse.ac.uk/ldeas/publlcaLlons/reporLs/pdf/sr011/flnal_lse_ldeas__concluslonsLhemlddle
easLafLerLhearabsprlng_dodge.pdf

Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



beyonu Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen anu Libya, the wave of piotests embolueneu by
Noith Afiican success weie uiiven by similai uemogiaphic iealities, failuies of
state policies anu uemanus foi gieatei iepiesentation. Bowevei, they faileu to
effect iegime change. The Aiab Spiing was a histoiic moment in the politics of
the Niuule East but its long-teim impact iemains unpieuictable.




555C +433F1Q GH EJD =411D6E PGIBEB=FI +BE4FEBG6 F6K EJD G6/GB6/
=G6HIB=E+ B6 EJD 3BKKID DF+E



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$J556:= "2=J7=20:R $2L2; E75
The Syiian Civil Wai also known as the Syiian 0piising anu
in the Aiab meuia as the Syiian Ciisisbegan in Naich 2u11
with nationwiue piotests against piesiuent Bashai al-
Assau's goveinment, whose foices iesponueu with violent
ciackuowns. As piotests continueu, the Syiian goveinment
began ueploying tanks anu snipeis as a means to suppiess
the ievolt. In 2u1S, Bezbollah enteieu the wai in suppoit of the Syiian aimyIn
the east, the Islamic State of Iiaq anu the Levant (ISIS), a jihauist militant gioup
which was initially linkeu to Al-Qaeua in Iiaq, maue iapiu militaiy gains in both
Syiia anu Iiaq, eventually tuining against the iebels as well. Since the summei of
2u11 the iebels anu ueseiteis fiom the aimy, who latei ueclaieu themselves the
Fiee Syiian Aimy, began to foim militias, which launcheu an aimeu campaign
against the Syiian iegulai aimy.
The escalation of violence was not stoppeu by concessions anu the uisoiuei
continueu. The fighting on both siues leu to the ueath of civilians. In many
countiies theie weie uemonstiations of opponents of the Assau iegime, uuiing
which activists iaiueu Syiian embassy.
Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



Apiil 12th, 2u12 a tiuce was ueclaieu. By }uly 2u1S, the Syiian goveinment was
in contiol of appioximately Su-4u% of the countiy's teiiitoiy anu 6u% of the
Syiian population.
28
Inteinational oiganizations have accuseu both goveinment
anu opposition foices of seveie human iights violations.
29
Chemical weapons
have been useu many times uuiing the conflict as well. The fighting continueu
anu Syiia helu a piesiuential election in goveinment-helu aieas on S }une 2u14.
Piesiuent Bashai al-Assau won the election with 88.7% of the votes.
Su
Staiting
on S }une, ISIS foices seizeu swathes of teiiitoiy in Iiaq in auuition to heavy
weapons anu equipment fiom the Iiaqi aimy, some of which they biought into
Syiia. Accoiuing to the Syiian 0bseivatoiy foi Buman Rights, on 17 }uly 2u14
Islamic State took contiol of the Sha'ai oil fielu, killing 9u pio-Assau foices while
losing 21 Islamic State fighteis. In auuition, 27u guaius anu goveinment-aligneu
fighteis weie missing, captuieu, oi killeu. About Su goveinment peisons
manageu to escape to the neaiby Bajjai fielu.
S1





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Isiael occupieu uaza in the 1967 Niuule East wai anu only pulleu its tioops anu
settleis out in 2uuS. Isiael consiueieu this the enu of the occupation, but it still
exeicises contiol ovei most of uaza's boiueis, wateis anu aiispace. Egypt
contiols uaza's southein boiuei. Bowevei, Palestinians in uaza feel confineu anu
aie suffeiing socio-economic haiuship. The uominant Islamist Palestinian
movement Bamas anu othei militant gioups say the iestiictions aie intoleiable.
Bamas's chaitei is committeu to Isiael's uestiuction but in iecent yeais it has
saiu it will consiuei a long-teim tiuce with Isiael. It cites Isiael's continueu
occupation of the West Bank anu East }eiusalem as ieasons foi its attacks on the
}ewish state befoie anu aftei 2uuS. Rocket fiie anu aii stiikes incieaseu aftei the
abuuction anu killing of thiee Isiaeli teenageis in }une, which Isiael blameu on
Bamas anu which leu to a ciackuown on the gioup in the West Bank. Bamas
uenieu being behinu the killings. Tensions iose fuithei aftei the suspecteu
ievenge killing of a Palestinian teenagei in }eiusalem on 2 }uly, aftei which six

28
hLLp://www.nyLlmes.com/2013/07/18/world/mlddleeasL/momenLum-shlfLs-ln-syrla-bolsLerlng-
assads-poslLlon.hLml?_r=0
29
hLLp://www.un.org/apps/news/sLory.asp?newslu=42079#.u9ve?k8lfuu
30
hLLp://www.bbc.com/news/world-mlddle-easL-27706471
31
hLLp://www.reuLers.com/arLlcle/2014/07/17/syrla-crlsls-gas-lduSL6n0S43W20140717

Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



suspects weie aiiesteu. 0n 7 }uly, Bamas claimeu iesponsibility foi fiiing iockets
foi the fiist time in 2u months, aftei a seiies of Isiaeli aii stiikes in which seveial
membeis of its aimeu wing weie killeu. The next uay, Isiael launcheu 0peiation
Piotective Euge, which it saiu was aimeu at stopping iocket attacks anu
uestioying Bamas' capabilities.Since then, theie have been hunuieus of aii
stiikes anu hunuieus of iockets have been fiieu.
Bamas uiu not give any cleai objectives eaily on, but its aimeu wing has saiu it
will only accept a ceasefiie if:
Isiael stops "all aggiession" in the West Bank, }eiusalem anu uaza
Commits to the 2u12 ceasefiie
Stops tiying to unueimine the iecently foimeu Palestinian unity
goveinment
Fiees piisoneis ieleaseu in exchange foi Isiaeli soluiei uilau Shalit in
2u11 but who have iecently been ie-aiiesteu
Bamas chief in uaza Ismail Baniya has also saiu a tiuce shoulu biing anu an enu
to the blockaue of uaza.







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0n 2S }anuaiy 2u11, wiuespieau piotests began
against Nubaiak's goveinment. 0n 11 Febiuaiy 2u11,

32
hLLp://www.Lheguardlan.com/world/egypL,
hLLp://Loplcs.nyLlmes.com/Lop/news/lnLernaLlonal/counLrlesandLerrlLorles/egypL/lndex.hLml
33
hLLp://engllsh.ahram.org.eg/news/103147.aspx
Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



Nubaiak iesigns anu Nohameu Bussein Tantawi, chaiiman of the Supieme Council of
the Aimeu Foices, became the ue facto inteiim heau of state, uissolving the pailiament
anu suspenuing the constitution
S4
. A constitutional iefeienuum was helu on 19 Naich
2u11 anu Nohameu Noisi was electeu piesiuent on 24 }une 2u12. 0n 22 Novembei the
Piesiuent issues a ueclaiation immunising his ueciees fiom challenge, iesulting to
massive piotests anu violent action thioughout Egypt.
SS

0n }une 2u1S a massive bloousheu iesulteu to the immeuiate iemoval of the Piesiuent
of Egypt by the Egyptian Aimeu Foices amiu uemonstiations against Noisi's iule.
S6

Nany piotesteis amasseu neai the Rabia Al-Auawiya Nosque to call foi Noisi's ietuin
to powei anu conuemn the militaiy, while otheis uemonstiateu in suppoit of the
militaiy anu inteiim goveinment. Beauly clashes continueu foi seveial uays, with thiee
paiticulaily bloouy inciuents being uesciibeu by Nuslim Biotheihoou officials as
"massacies" peipetiateu by secuiity foices. The events aie iefeiieu to by some meuia
outlets as the Egyptian Ciisis. A piesiuential election in Egypt took place between 26 anu
28 Nay 2u14with el-Sisi winning with 2S.78 million votes, 96.91%.
S7




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$J556:= "2=J7=20:R $2L2; J:56A=
The Bahiaini upiising is a seiies of
uemonstiations, amounting to a sustaineu
campaign of civil iesistance, in the Peisian uulf
countiy of Bahiain. This seiies of piotests
constitute only a pait of the ievolutionaiy wave
that has occuiieu in the Niuule East anu Noith
Afiica. The Bahiaini piotests weie initially
aimeu at achieving gieatei political fieeuom
anu equality foi the majoiity Shia population,
anu expanueu to a call to enu the monaichy of
Bamau bin Isa Al Khalifa following a ueauly
night iaiu on 17 Febiuaiy 2u11 against piotesteis at the Peail Rounuabout in Nanama,
known locally as Bloouy Thuisuay.
S8


34
hLLp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-mlddle-easL-12443678
33
hLLp://www.bbc.com/news/world-mlddle-easL-20431208
36
hLLp://www.nyLlmes.com/2013/07/04/world/mlddleeasL/egypL.hLml?hp&_r=0

37
hLLp://engllsh.ahram.org.eg/newsConLenL/1/64/102841/LgypL/ollLlcs-/88LAklnC-LC-offlclally-
announces-AbdellaLLah-LlSl.aspx

38
hLLp://www.Lelegraph.co.uk/news/wlklleaks-flles/bahraln-wlklleaks-cables/8334600/8AP8AlnS-
SPlA-CLl1lCAL-LLAuL8S-vlSl1-l8AC.hLml
Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



Foi ovei two yeais, the Al-Khalifa monaichy in Bahiain has attempteu to quell seiious
political anu social upheaval. All signs point to continueu, if not intensifieu, violence
between the Sunni iegime anu the piotesting Shia majoiity. Piioi to the two-yeai
anniveisaiy of piotests on Febiuaiy 14, 2u1S, the Al-Khalifa goveinment ieconveneu a
national uialogue, biinging togethei both pio-goveinment Sunni gioups anu anti-iegime
Shia gioups. The latest iounu of talks was ueiaileu when iegime foices shot anu killeu a
piotestei on the anniveisaiy of the upiising. violent piotests iesulteu in the ueath of a
police officei less than a uay latei. In Naich of 2u11, Sauui tioops inteiveneu in Bahiain
to secuie ciitical infiastiuctuie anu to suppoit goveinment tioops, while police fiom the
0AE aiueu in the ciackuown. In eaily }uly 2u1S, Bahiaini activists calleu foi majoi iallies
on 14 August unuei the title Bahiain Tamaiou.
S9
Bowevei, the atiocities continueu anu
a bomb blast uuiing piotests by Shiites in the village of Baih neai Nanama on S Naich
2u14 killeu S police officeis anu injuieu anothei. 0ne of the police officeis killeu was
fiom the 0AE foice of Suu police ueployeu along with 1,Suu Sauui tioops in 2u11 to help
quell the upiising.
4u
The latest uevelopment in the iegion took place on Nay 2u14, when
the leauing iights activist Nabeel Rajab was ieleaseu aftei two yeais in piison, uiging
the goveinment anu the opposition to engage in uialogue.
41





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n Naich 2u, 2uuS, a 0niteu States-oiganizeu coalition
invaueu Iiaq, unuei the pietext that Iiaq hau faileu to
abanuon its weapons of mass uestiuction piogiam in
violation of 0.N. Resolution 687. Aftei intense
insuigency anu intei-ethnic violence between Sunnis
anu Shias (aiming to fight the Coalition Piovisional
Authoiity that the 0S hau establish to govein Iiaq
4S
), in
Nay, 2uu7 anu aftei Iiaq's Pailiament calleu on the
0niteu States to set a timetable foi withuiawal, coalition paitneis such as the 0.K. anu
Benmaik began withuiawing theii foices.
44
Bespite the fact, that in 2u11 the 0S tioops
left Iiaq, maiking the last stage of tiansfeiiing full state soveieignty back into the hanus

39
hLLp://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/07/14/bahraln-warns-agalnsL-egypL-lnsplred-proLesLs/
40
hLLp://www.bahralnnews.neL/lndex.php/sld/220330839/scaL/48fcf33f9aeb6130/hL/8ahraln-
arresLs-23-afLer-deaLh-of-3-pollcemen-ln-bomb-aLLack
41
hLLp://www.bbc.com/news/world-mlddle-easL-14341322
42
hLLp://www.Lelegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/mlddleeasL/lraq/
43
hLLp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hl/mlddle_easL/3604393.sLm
44
hLLp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hl/uk_news/pollLlcs/6380933.sLm
Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



of Iiaqi authoiities, anu that the uiscoveiy of oil in Niuule East is giving the countiy a
chance now, political uivisions, in combination with a weak state anu high
unemployment, make Iiaq one of the most unstable countiies in the Niuule East. The
intense civil wai of 2uu6-u8 has affecteu tiemenuously the ielations between Iiaq's
ieligious communities. Extiemist gioups such as the Al Qaeua-linkeu Sunni continue
theii mission with iegulai attacks against the goveinment. In 2u12 anu 2u1S levels of
violence incieaseu anu aimeu gioups insiue Iiaq weie incieasingly galvanizeu by the
Syiian Civil Wai. Both Sunnis anu Shias ciosseu the boiuei to fight in Syiia.
4S
Buiing
2u1S Sunni militant gioups continueu the attacks towaius Iiaq's Shia population anu
uuiing 2u14, they seizeu contiol of seveial Iiaqi cities, iesulting to hunuieus of
thousanus inteinally uisplaceu peisons
46
. The situation is only aggiavateu by the civil
wai in neighboiing Syiia. The goveinment feais that Syiian iebels coulu link with Sunni
militants in Iiaq, uiagging the countiy back into civil conflict.




'&4+
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7S-million stiong anu buttiesseu by ample oil
ieseives, Iian is one of the most poweiful states in
the iegion. Its iesuigence in the fiist uecaue of the
21st centuiy was one of the many unintenueu
outcomes of 0S militaiy auventuies in Afghanistan
anu Iiaq. Suuuenly iiu of two hostile iegimes on its
boiueis - the Taliban anu Sauuam Bussein - Iian
extenueu its powei into the Aiab Niuule East,
cementing alliances in Iiaq, Syiia, Lebanon anu
Palestine.
47

But the ascenuancy of the Shiite Islamist iegime in
Iian has also inviteu feai anu stiong opposition fiom
0S-allieu countiies. Sunni Aiab states such as Sauui
Aiabia feai Iian is looking to uominate the Peisian uulf, while exploiting the Palestinian
issue to mobilize iegional suppoit. Isiaeli leaueis aie convinceu Iian is iacing to uevelop
a nucleai bomb to thieaten the existence of the }ewish state.
48
Bassan Rouhani, who was
electeu as Piesiuent of Iian on 1S }une 2u1S, impioving Iian's ielations with othei

43
hLLp://mlddleeasLvolces.voanews.com/2012/11/lnslghL-lraqs-Lenslons-helghLened-by-syrla-confllcL-
96791/
46
hLLp://www.bbc.com/news/world-mlddle-easL-27897648
47
hLLp://mlddleeasL.abouL.com/od/lran/Lp/CurrenL-SlLuaLlon-ln-lran.hLm

48
hLLp://mlddleeasL.abouL.com/od/lran/Lp/CurrenL-SlLuaLlon-ln-lran.hLm
Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



countiies, may auopt a moie constiuctive appioach on the issue of Iian's nucleai
piogiam



,#B4+*+
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$J556:= "2=J7=20:R &2AK 0< 10;2=237; 7:@ 56;2920JA L20;6:36
The political scene of the State has been sensitive anu, as a iesult of uevelopments in the
iegion, the secuiity situation insiue the countiy changes iapiuly. The inteinal political
situation in Lebanon significantly changeu in eaily 2uuus. Aftei the Isiaeli withuiawal
fiom southein Lebanon anu the ueath of Bafez Al-Assau in 2uuu, the Syiian militaiy
piesence faceu ciiticism anu iesistance fiom the Lebanese population.
Touay, the Syiian ciisis is among the elements challenging the secuiity situation in
Lebanon while, moie than evei befoie, making the intensification of tiibal conflicts in
this countiy piobable. In 2u12, the Syiian civil wai thieateneu to spill ovei in Lebanon,
causing moie inciuents of sectaiian violence anu
aimeu clashes between Sunnis anu Alawites in
Tiipoli.
49
As the numbei of Syiian iefugees
incieases, uue to the iecent events, the Lebanese
Foices Paity, the Kataeb Paity, anu the Fiee
Patiiotic Novement feai the countiy's sectaiian
baseu political system is being unueimineu.
Su

0n 27 Becembei 2u1S, foimei Ninistei of
Finance Nohamau Chatah, a senioi aiue to
foimei Piime Ninistei of Lebanon Saau Baiiii,
was killeu along with seven otheis in a cai bomb explosion in uowntown Beiiut.
Noieovei, taking into consiueiation Syiia's uevelopments anu the escalation of tiibal
conflicts in this countiy anu to some uegiee in its suiiounuing aieas, we shall safely
concluue that the conflicts of the two iegions aie inteiielateu anu that the auoption of
measuies is a neeu moie uigent than evei. While Lebanon's political atmospheie was
moving towaius tianquility following Wissam Bassan's assassination, the iecent events,
if not contiolleu, can once again unsettle the political anu secuiity situation in Lebanon.




49
hLLp://www.nyLlmes.com/2012/08/24/world/mlddleeasL/syrlan-war-plays-ouL-along-a-sLreeL-ln-
lebanon.hLml?ref=mlddleeasL
30
hLLp://carnegleendowmenL.org/2013/02/14/refugee-facLor/fgl0

Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|




,'B)4
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Aftei the Aiab Spiing movements oveituineu the
iuleis of Tunisia anu Egypt, Libya expeiienceu a full-
scale ievolt beginning on 17 Febiuaiy 2u11.
S1
0n 2u
0ctobei 2u11 the last heavy fighting of the upiising
came to an enu in the city of Siite, wheie Colonel uauhafi was captuieu anu killeu.
S2

0nfoitunately, the situation in Libya has seen significant ueteiioiation, uue to the
existence of aimeu militias on the stieets anu theii contiol ovei iegions anu cities. Since
the uefeat of loyalist foices, Libya has been toin among numeious, iival, aimeu militias
affiliateu to iegions, cities anu tiibes, while the cential goveinment has been weak anu
unable to biing its authoiity ovei the countiy. Elections alone uiu not seem auequate to
make change happen on the giounu anu Libya has ovei time sunk into chaos, exploiteu
by extiemist gioups close to Al Qaeua, which has thus been able to uefenu itself anu
continue its wai against the westein poweis.



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The heau of state is the Emii, anu the iight to iule Qatai
is passeu on within the Al Thani family. Politically, Qatai
is evolving fiom a tiauitional society into a mouein
welfaie state. Sheikh Bamau bin Khalifa al Thani
abuicateu fiom the thione in }une 2u1S aftei 18 yeais in
powei. The accession of Bamau' s son, Sheikh Tamim bin
Bamau al Thani, was aimeu at invigoiating the state with

31
hLLp://blogs.al[azeera.com/blog/mlddle-easL/llve-blog-llbya,
hLLp://www.Lelegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/afrlcaandlndlanocean/llbya/8344034/Llbya-clvll-war-
breaks-ouL-as-Caddafl-mounLs-rearguard-flghL.hLml,
hLLp://seaLLleLlmes.com/hLml/oplnlon/2002214060_krauLhammer21.hLml
32
hLLp://www.Lelegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/afrlcaandlndlanocean/llbya/8844744/Caddafls-
deaLh-Llbyas-new-rulers-sLalned-by-manner-of-hls-deaLh-says-hlllp-Pammond.hLml

Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



a new geneiation of ioyals anu technociats, but without affecting majoi policy shifts.
SS






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Sauui Aiabia iemains stable, with anti-goveinment piotests
limiteu to aieas populateu with the Shiite minoiity.
Bowevei, giowing unceitainty ovei the succession of powei
fiom the cuiient monaich iaises the possibility of tension
within the ioyal family.
S4







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$J556:= "2=J7=20:8 (57:A2=20: <50H 7J=0357=23 5J;6
The biithplace of the Aiab Spiing is now iuleu by a
coalition of Islamist anu seculai paities. The Tunisian
Revolution was an intensive campaign of civil iesistance
that was piecipitateu by high unemployment, foou
inflation, coiiuption, a lack of fieeuom of speech anu othei

33
hLLp://www.slaLe.com/arLlcles/news_and_pollLlcs/explalner/2011/03/were_noL_gonna_proLesL.hL
ml
34
hLLp://mlddleeasL.abouL.com/od/humanrlghLsdemocracy/Lp/CurrenL-SlLuaLlon-ln-1he-Mlddle-
LasL.hLm
Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



political fieeuoms anu pooi living conuitions.
SS
These piotests began in Tunisia aftei
Nohameu Bouazizi set himself on fiie outsiue local goveinment offices anu then
inspiieu the Aiab Spiing. Bis ueath piompteu a nationwiue upiising that leu to the
oveithiow of Piesiuent Zine al-Abiuine Ben Ali, anu hopes of a faiiei Tunisia. 0n 12
Becembei 2u11, foimei uissiuent anu veteian human iights activist Noncef Naizouki
was electeu piesiuent.
S6
Touay, unfoitunately, the situation ueteiioiates once again uue
to high unemployment anu iecent uemonstiations.
S7











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Ruleu by moueiate Islamists since 2uu2, Tuikey has seen
its economy anu iegional influence giow in iecent yeais.
The goveinment is battling a Kuiuish sepaiatist insuigency
at home, while suppoiting the iebels in neighboiing Syiia.
S8




33
hLLp://www.al[azeera.com/lndepLh/feaLures/2011/01/20111614143839362.hLml

36
hLLp://laLlmesblogs.laLlmes.com/world_now/2011/12/Lunlsla-presldenL-moncef-marzoukl.hLml
37
hLLp://www.alarab.co.uk/en/?ld=903
38
hLLp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hl/8332934.sLm,
hLLp://engllsh.nuqudy.com/LevanL/1urklsh_Lnclaves_ln-3478


Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|






)#?#+
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-6H0357=23 &61JY;23
$J556:= "2=J7=20:R (57:A2=20: g 45H6@ 2:AJ596:3G
Long-seiving leauei Ali Abuullah Saleh iesigneu in
Novembei 2u11 unuei a Sauui-biokeieu tiansition
ueal, aftei nine months of piotests. The 2u11 Yemeni
ievolution followeu othei Aiab Spiing mass piotests
in eaily 2u11. Saleh's son, ueneial Ahmeu Ali Abuullah Saleh continues to exeicise a
stiong holu on sections of the militaiy anu secuiity foices. Inteiim authoiities aie
battling Al-Qaeua in the Aiabian Peninsula (AQAP), which has been wiuely iecognizeu as
a moie uangeious iegional anu inteinational teiioiist oiganization than the oiiginal al-
Qaeua leu by 0sama bin Lauen. In }anuaiy 2uu9, the Sauui anu Yemeni al-Qaeua
bianches meigeu to foim Al-Qaeua in the Aiabian Peninsula (AQAP). Al Qaeua in the
Aiabian Peninsula is baseu in Yemen, anu many of its membeis weie Sauui nationals
who hau been ieleaseu fiom uuantanamo Bay.
S9
In 2u1u-11, AQAP was able to piesent a
stiong challenge to Yemen's goveinment by captuiing anu ietaining laige aieas in the
southein pait of the countiy. Yemen's new iefoim Piesiuent uefeateu AQAP anu
iecaptuieu aieas unuei theii contiol in 2u12, but the teiioiists iemain an extiemely
uangeious foice seeking to ieasseit themselves at this time of tiansition in Yemen.
6u



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As it becomes appaient fiom the afoiementioneu, it is of utmost impoitance that
the 0niteu Nations Secuiity Council auopts measuies foi the amelioiation of the
situation in the Niuule East. This shall incluue both shoit-teim anu effective
steps that will iesult to the seizuie of fiie in ceitain aieas anu long-teim
suggestions that will taiget the linkages between the multiple conflicts in the
iegion. Resolving sectaiian conflicts anu contiolling teiioiist gioups that use
ieligion as an excuse to justify theii violent actions shoulu become the Secuiity
Council's piioiity. Consiueiing the Aiab Spiing anu inciuents when the piotest
tuins into a civil wai, the 0NSC must act accoiuingly to pievent casualties,
especially of civilians, while at the same time iespecting the will of the people

39
hLLp://web.sLanford.edu/group/mapplngmlllLanLs/cgl-bln/groups/vlew/19#noLe6
60
hLLp://www.sLraLeglcsLudleslnsLlLuLe.army.mll/pubs/dlsplay.cfm?publu=1137

Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



anu theii iight to iefoim the political situation of theii State, as they ueem
appiopiiate.





-S \4&?4A
1. What is the connection between the numeious conflicts in the Niuule Eastei
Countiies.
2. Is theie a iegional conflict.
S. What issues shoulu the 0NSC auuiess in oiuei to amelioiate the situation.
4. What aie the ongoing sectaiian conflicts in the Niuule East. What gioups aie
consiueieu uangeious, exeicising influence beyonu the boiueis of theii State.
S. What measuies shoulu the 0NSC auopt iegaiuing the violence that occuis as a
iesult of the ievolutionaiy wave of the Aiab Spiing. What steps shoulu be taken
insteau of non-compliance on behalf of the goveinments of the States.
6. What aie the most effective measuies that may be taken in oiuei to auuiess
the iegional conflict anu iestoie peace in the Niuule East.
P('-7' #'7'-#)? -0$ *'0,5"0 #'('S-0, 46+= 1'7"(<,5"07C


#S "*%&$#" 4+- &#$*??#+-#- &#4-'+/
http:www.un.oigenuocumentschaitei
http:www.un.oigensc
http:en.wikipeuia.oigwiki0niteu_Nations_Secuiity_Council
http:www.spimun.com.p=aiticles&iu=Su
http:woiluiegionspioject.wikispaces.comRegional+Conflicts+of+Niuule+East
http:en.wikipeuia.oigwikiSectaiianism#cite_note-State-2S
http:en.wikipeuia.oigwikiShia_Islam, http:en.wikipeuia.oigwikiSunni_Islam
http:iipuigital.usembassy.govstenglishtexttians2u14u42u14u429298476.html#axzzS8
hSBnLAw
}onathan Fox, "Is Islam Noie Conflict Pione than 0thei Religions. A Cioss-Sectional Stuuy of
Ethnoieligious Conflict," 7"+$.#"/$38 "#5 6+0#$* 9./$+$*3, Summei 2uuu, pp. 1-2S.
Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



www.bsos.umu.euuciucmmai
https:www.unueistanuingwai.oigiepoitsectaiian-anu-iegional-conflict-miuule-east
http:news.bbc.co.uk2himiuule_east4441S68.stm
http:en.wikipeuia.oigwikiSectaiianism_anu_minoiities_in_the_Syiian_Civil_Wai
http:en.wikipeuia.oigwikiSectaiianism_anu_minoiities_in_the_Syiian_civil_wai
Bahout, }oseph (18 Novembei 2u1S). "Sectaiianism in Lebanon anu Syiia: The Bynamics of
Nutual Spill-0vei". :#$+'5 )+"+'3 ;#3+$+1+' .2 9'"*'.
http:uk.ieuteis.comaiticle2u14uS21uk-syiia-ciisis-lebanon-clashes-
iu0KBREA2Ku}S2u14uS21
http:www.state.govjuililsiif2uu81u8SuS.htm
http:www.oxfoiuislamicstuuies.comaiticleopit12Se18u9._hi=1&_pos=1
http:en.wikipeuia.oigwikiSectaiianism#cite_note-State-2S
http:www.bbc.comnewswoilu-miuule-east-16u477u9
http:en.wikipeuia.oigwikiSectaiianism_in_Pakistan
http:www.bbc.comnews
http:seattletimes.comhtmlopinion2uu2214u6u_kiauthammei21.html
http:www.sciibu.comuoc9u47uS9SThe-CenSEI-Repoit-vol-2-No-6-Febiuaiy-1S-19-
2u12#outei_page_2S
http:www.wolfiamalpha.cominput.i=aiab+league+uemogiaphics,
http:www.counteipunch.oig2u11u218the-tweet-anu-ievolution
http:en.wikipeuia.oigwikiInteinational_ieactions_to_the_Aiab_Spiing
http:www.un.oigenuocumentschaiteichaptei7.shtml
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http:www.cbsnews.comfeatuieaftei-the-aiab-spiing
http:timesofinuia.inuiatimes.comtopicaiab-spiing
http:www.bbc.comnewswoilu-miuule-east-1281S8S9
http:miuuleeast.about.comouhumaniightsuemociacytpAiab-Spiing-0piisings.htm
http:www.lse.ac.ukiueaspublicationsiepoitspufsiu11final_lse_iueas__conclusionsthemi
uuleeastafteitheaiabspiing_uouge.puf
http:www.nytimes.com2u1Su718woilumiuuleeastmomentum-shifts-in-syiia-
bolsteiing-assaus-position.html._i=u
http:www.un.oigappsnewsstoiy.asp.NewsIB=42u79#.09veYkBlfB0
http:www.bbc.comnewswoilu-miuule-east-277u6471
http:www.ieuteis.comaiticle2u14u717syiia-ciisis-gas-iu0SL6NuPS4SW2u14u717
http:www.theguaiuian.comwoiluegypt,
http:topics.nytimes.comtopnewsinteinationalcountiiesanuteiiitoiiesegyptinuex.html
http:english.ahiam.oig.egNews1uS147.aspx
http:www.bbc.co.uknewswoilu-miuule-east-1244S678
http:www.bbc.comnewswoilu-miuule-east-2u4S12u8
http:www.nytimes.com2u1Su7u4woilumiuuleeastegypt.html.hp&_i=u
http:english.ahiam.oig.egNewsContent1641u2841EgyptPolitics-BREAKINu-PEC-
officially-announces-AbuelFattah-ElSi.aspx
http:www.telegiaph.co.uknewswikileaks-filesbahiain-wikileaks-
cables8SS46uuBABRAINS-SBIA-P0LITICAL-LEABERS-vISIT-IRAQ.html
http:www.foxnews.comwoilu2u1Su714bahiain-wains-against-egypt-inspiieu-piotests
http:www.bahiainnews.netinuex.phpsiu22uSSu8S9scat48fcfSSf9aeb61SuhtBahiain-
aiiests-2S-aftei-ueath-of-S-policemen-in-bomb-attack
http:www.bbc.comnewswoilu-miuule-east-14S41S22
http:www.telegiaph.co.uknewswoilunewsmiuuleeastiiaq
http:news.bbc.co.uk2himiuule_eastS6u4S9S.stm
http:news.bbc.co.uk2hiuk_newspolitics6S8u9SS.stm
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conflict-96791
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in-lebanon.html.ief=miuuleeast
http:cainegieenuowment.oig2u1Su214iefugee-factoifglu
Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|



http:blogs.aljazeeia.comblogmiuule-eastlive-blog-libya,
http:www.telegiaph.co.uknewswoilunewsafiicaanuinuianoceanlibya8S44uS4Libya-
civil-wai-bieaks-out-as-uauuafi-mounts-ieaiguaiu-fight.html,
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http:www.telegiaph.co.uknewswoilunewsafiicaanuinuianoceanlibya8844744uauuafis-
ueath-Libyas-new-iuleis-staineu-by-mannei-of-his-ueath-says-Philip-Bammonu.html
http:www.slate.comaiticlesnews_anu_politicsexplainei2u11uSweie_not_gonna_piotest.
html
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East.htm
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http:english.nuquuy.comLevantTuikish_Enclaves_in-S478
http:web.stanfoiu.euugioupmappingmilitantscgi-bingioupsview19#note6
http:www.stiategicstuuiesinstitute.aimy.milpubsuisplay.cfm.pubIB=11S7


















Rotaract Global Model United Nations | September 4-7, 2014 | London,
Westminster, UK|









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