ZigZag Education, 2004

Calculate Angles on Straight Lines, at Points,

in s & involving Parallel Lines iSS1
















C/F/Z-Angles between Parallel Lines
Notice the two ends of the C and Z are made from parallel lines! Which parts of the F are made from parallel lines?

F-angles are Equal











Z-angles are Equal C-angles sum to 180








Your Turn!!
What sort of angle do the following pairs make?
b) b/50 c) c/50 d) d/50 e) e/55
f) Explain why angles c and e are not Z-angles.
g) Calculate the angles b, c, d, e and f, justifying your results.
Hint: To justify use your answers from b-e.




RAPID ACID TEST
Blank out the page above before answering these!


1. Calculate the angles a, b, c, d and e, justifying your results.




104
104
76
76
upside down F
76
76
backwards F
104
104
upside down
backwards F
76
76
104
104
stretchy Z
76
104
backwards C
104
76
Angles on a Straight Line
Add to 180
44
x
x = 180 44 = 136
Isosceles Triangles
In an isosceles the two base angles,
opposite the equal sides, are equal.
These have been labelled m.
The two angles, m, together
make 150 (180 30).
So one of them is 150 2 = 75
So m = 75. m m
30
30
z
15
Angles in a Triangle
Add to 180
z = 180 30 15 =135
50
y
160
Angles at a Point
Add to 360
y = 360 50 160 = 150
50
c b
d
f
e
55
d
a
130
b
c
55
A
B
Your Turn!!
The shown is isosceles
and AB is a straight line.
a) Calculate the missing
angles.
60
b
a
e
c
55
ZigZag Education, 2004
See how this obtuse angle in the pentagon is made from 3 of the
angles from the triangles. Reminder: Obtuse means greater than 90, less than 180.

Know This: The
number of triangles is
always 2 less than the number of sides.
A 5-sided shape has, 5 2 = 3 s inside!
A 6-sided shape has, 6 2 = 4 s inside!

Calculate Angles in Polygons iSS7
Irregular Pentagons/Hexagons and Regular Polygons of any number of sides

Interior Angles
The angle sum of a triangle is 180. But what about for quadrilaterals (4-sided shapes), pentagons (5-sided
shapes) and hexagons (6-sided shapes)? The angle sum for these shapes, called the sum of interior angles,
can be worked out by breaking the shape into triangles.
Example
By breaking the following shape into triangles write down the angle sum of this pentagon.
Solution
The 5-side shape has been drawn as 3 triangles.
See how the 9 angles in the triangles make up
the 5 angles in the pentagon.




There are 3 triangles in the 5-sided shape. The angles of these 3 triangles make up the angles inside the 5-sided
shape. The angle sum of a 5 sided shape is therefore 3180 = 540. For a 6-sided shape there will be 4
triangles and the angles sum will be, 4180 = 720. There are always 2 fewer triangles than sides. In general
terms, for an n-sided shape, there are (n 2) triangles and the angle sum is: 180 2) n ( .

Exterior Angles
An exterior angle is part of the angle on the outside of the shape. If
you were to walk around the shape it is the angle you would turn
through to start walking down a new side.
For a 5-sided shape there are 5 exterior angles. By the time you have
walked around the whole shape you will be facing the same way and
will have turned 1 revolution, 360!

Remember the Formulae:
Sum of the Interior Angles = 180 2) n ( Sum of the Exterior Angles = 360 (One full turn).

In your examination you need to know the interior angle sums for quadrilaterals, pentagons and hexagons.
The above formulae can help you work out that the angle sums are 360, 540 and 720 respectively!

Your Turn!!
a) Calculate the missing angle i) ii)



Regular Polygons
A regular polygon has all its sides of equal length AND all its angles are equal!! In a regular 5-sided
polygon there are 5 exterior angles. The 5 angles add together to make 360 and one of them is
therefore 3605 or
5
360
which is 72. An exterior angle and an interior angle add to make 180,
because they form a straight line, so an interior angle of a regular pentagon will be 180 72= 108.
In general terms you have the following additional formulae to remember for Regular Polygons:
Exterior Angle =
n
360
Interior Angle =
n


360
180 OR =
n
) n ( 180 2

Your Turn!!
b) Calculate the i) exterior angle & ii) interior angle of both a regular hexagon & a regular 10-sided polygon


RAPID ACID TEST Blank out the page above before answering these!
1. Calculate the missing angles i) ii)





2. Calculate: a) the exterior angle and b) the interior angle of a regular 9-sided shape.
Exterior
Angle
50
50
50
80
?
100
100
100
100
?
80
40
40
60
?
100
100
100
100
?
150

ZigZag Education, 2004

Join the ends of the base line to
the point where the arcs cross.
Draw a circle.
Mark the points
0, 60, 120,
180, 240 &
300. Join the
points together.
Construct Triangles and Regular Polygons (from inscribed circles) iSS8
Construct a Triangle with Given Lengths
Example
Construct a triangle with sides 2, 4 and 5cm.
Solution











Your Turn!!
a) Construct a triangle with sides 3, 5 and 7cm.







Regular Polygons

Example
Draw a regular hexagon, using a circle.

Solution
Hexagons are 6 sided. Divide a circle
into 6 equal parts so that every part is
360 6 = 60. On a 360 protractor this
means making marks at; 0, 60, 120,
180, 240 & 300.

Your Turn!!
b) Draw a regular pentagon, using a circle.


















RAPID ACID TEST Blank out the page above before answering these!
1. Construct a triangle with sides 3, 4 and 6cm.
2. Draw a regular 10-sided polygon.
With compasses centred at the other end,
draw a crossing arc with radius 4cm.
4cm
With compasses centred at one end,
draw an arc with radius 2cm.
2cm
Draw the longest
side as the base.
5 cm
4cm
0
60
120
180
240
300
ZigZag Education, 2004
b) a cylinder with a diameter of 1.5cm
and a height of 2cm.
Draw Front, Plan and Elevation Views of 3-D Shapes iSS9
This is all about drawing 3-D shapes in 2-D. One way is to draw out the net of the shape, this is where each
side is drawn out flat; more of this later. Another way is to consider what can be seen from different directions.
The plan means the view from above.

One way to learn about this is to take some 3-D shapes and/or
construct some simple shapes with cubes and view the shape
at a distance from different directions.

Consider this cuboid. From above, the plan view, all that can be
seen is a 1cm by 3cm rectangle. From the side and front all that
can be seen are also rectangles we will come back to this after
looking at an example.


Example
Draw the accurate front, side and plan elevations of:
a) a square based pyramid with a base of sides
1.5cm and a perpendicular height of 2cm.
Solution









Your Turn!!
a) Draw accurately the plan, side and front view of the cuboid shown on the top right of this page.












RAPID ACID TEST Blank out the page above before answering these!
1. a) Accurately draw the front, right
side & plan elevations of the given
shape. Assume the side of each cube is 1cm.
b) Draw the view from the left side.







Side
Elevation
2cm
Front Elevation
Plan
3cm
1cm
Side
Your Turn!!
b) Similarly draw 3
accurate views and
assume the side of
each cube is 1cm.
Hint: The front view needs
one dotted line and the
side view one solid line to
show height change.
4m
2m
1m
1m
2. The front elevation of a small house
is as shown. The house is 3.5m
deep and the shape of
the house does not change
from front to back. Draw
the side & plan views. Use
a similar scale of 1cm to 1m
as used in this front
elevation.
Hint: Draw height difference lines on your views. You need
one for your side view and one for your plan view. These
show the height difference of the slanted roof.
TIP: Draw the outside of
your view first! Only
then add in the change
of height lines!
Square
Based
Pyramid
Front
Side
Plan
1.5cm
2cm
Optionally show
the centre of the
pyramid
and/or the
diagonals to show
height change
Front
Plan
Side
Front
Plan
Front
Plan
Side
Remember:
An immediate change in height
or depth is shown as a solid line
Remember:
A hidden change in height (one that cannot be
seen from a given view) is shown as a dotted line
Drawn half size assuming
cubes have sides of 1cm
Cylinder
Front Side
2cm
Plan
1.5cm
1.5cm
Right Side
Front
Plan
Left Side
ZigZag Education, 2004
Draw Nets of 3-D Shapes iSS10
The net of a 3-D shape are the faces of the shape laid out flat.
It is therefore important to consider the number of faces the shape has and the size of each face.

Your Turn!!
How many faces does a
a) Cuboid have? b) Cylinder (closed at both ends) have? c) Square based
Pyramid have?



Example
Sketch the net of a 1cm by 2cm by 3cm cuboid.
Show the correct dimensions of the net.


Solution
The front and back faces are both 2cm by 3cm.
The two side faces are both 2cm by 1cm.
The top and bottom faces are both 1cm by 3cm.


Your Turn!!
d) Sketch a copy of the net of the 1cm by 2cm by 3cm
cuboid and mark the front and back faces A, the side
faces B and the top and bottom faces C.

e) Sketch the net of a 1cm by 2cm by 2cm cuboid.
Show the correct dimensions of the net.

f) The net of the square based pyramid - see c) above - includes 1 square face and 4 other identical faces.
Sketch roughly the shape of the net of the square based pyramid given in c) above.

Example
Draw the net of a cylinder with a radius of
0.75cm & a height of 2cm. Use = 3.14 in
your calculation and show the correct
dimensions of the net.

Solution
The cylinder is made of two identical faces that are circles and a curved
surface. The curved surface laid out flat is a rectangle. The length of the
rectangle is the length of the curved surface. The length of the curved
surface is given by the circumference, where circumference = , r 2 see
iSS5. The height of the rectangle is the same as the height of the cylinder.

Your Turn!!
g) Sketch the net of a cylinder, closed at both
ends, 3cm tall and with a diameter of 2cm.
Show the correct dimensions of the net. Use
= 3.14 in your calculation.



RAPID ACID TEST Blank out the page above before answering these!
1. Sketch the net of a cylinder, closed at both ends, 4cm tall and with a diameter of 4cm.
Show the correct dimensions of the net. Use = 3.14 in your calculation.
2. Sketch the net of a cube with sides of 1cm.
Show the correct dimensions of the net.


3 cm
2 cm
1cm
1cm
2 cm
2 cm
2cm
0.75cm
0.75cm
Circumference = 2r
= 4.71cm
The curved surface of the
cylinder counts as one face
PracticalTake a piece of paper in the shape of a rectangle and
form an open cylinder by joining two sides of the rectangle, let go and
see how the curved surface is a rectangle. RememberLaid out
flat the curved surface of a cylinder is a rectangle.
2cm
3cm
1cm
C
B
A
ZigZag Education, 2004
Any quadrilateral can be divided into 2 triangles, such
that the angles in the two triangles make up the 4
angles in the quadrilateral.
In 3 letter angle notation we need
to explain why . X B

A B C

A C A

B = +








Your Turn!!
c) Explain why X B

A B C

A C A

B = +
using 3 letter angle notation.
2. Explain why the angle sum of a quadrilateral
(4-sided closed shape) has an angle sum of 360.
Explain Basic Geometric Facts iSS11
You should be able to explain the angle sum of a triangle, angle sum of a quadrilateral and that an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite angles

Basic Facts
1. The Angle Sum of a Triangle is 180. 2. The Angle Sum of a Quadrilateral is 360.
3. An Exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite angles.

Explanations
1. The Angle Sum of a Triangle is 180.









Alternative explanation using 3 letter angle notation
X C

A C A

B = (Z-angle)
Y C

B C B

A = (Z-angle)
= + + 180 B C

A Y C

B X C

A (Angles on a straight line)

= + + 180 B C

A C B

A C A

B
Therefore, the 3 angles in the triangle sum to 180.


Your Turn!!
a) Sketch a copy of ABC above and without looking at the explanation given, explain in simple terms why
the angle sum of ABC is 180.

2. The Angle Sum of a Quadrilateral
is 360.


The quadrilateral can be divided as 2 triangles as shown. The 6 angles in the 2
triangles make up the 4 angles in the quadrilateral. Angles in a triangle sum to
180. Therefore angles in a quadrilateral sum to 2180 = 360 as required.

3. An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the
two interior opposite angles. In simple terms we need
to explain why A + C = Z.

We can start by saying that angles A,
B and C added will make 180
because angles in a triangle
make 180.


Your Turn!!
b) Now finish off this explanation.




RAPID ACID TEST Blank out the page above before answering these!
1. With reference to this diagram, explain in simple
terms why the angle sum must be 180.


C
B A
A
A B
B
C
C
B A
X
Y
Draw a line parallel to the
base of the triangle as shown


C
B A
Z
C
B A
X
In simple terms the two angles A are
equal because they make a Z-angle;
similarly the two angles B are equal
because they make a Z-angle. The
three angles A, B and C sum to 180
because angles on a straight line sum
to 180. The angles in the triangle are
also A, B and C and so they must also
sum to 180 - For a reminder of Z-angles see iSS 1
Add the letters X and Y as shown
A

B
C
D E