MAJOR ENGLISH FOR B.A.

(First year)
computer typing :-Bir bahadur b.k.
Set of concept and inteect!a ass!"p#on to interpret
te$t
theory
Theories are the methods of analysis. The are the tools of interpretation . It is
methodological and functional in nature. They in these sense is the poetic
which looks at the grammar of any art or literature. we must have the
theoretical knowledge to interprets the work of literature in a sense theory is
the lenses through which we can see the text . In other words theories are
the glasses which we use to see the world .
criticism
criticism is the application (use) of theory to interprets a text. It is a
methods of application of theories as a tools for the interpretation of the
literary text . we use theory to a text to read, analyze, evaluate, explain,
judge that is called criticism .
four types of theories !
mime tics (imitation)
o"jective expressive
(text oriented) (author oriented)


#ragmatic (reader oriented)
everything you wanted to know a"out critical theory "ut were afraid to
ask .
people afraid to read a"out critical theories for the two reasons !
$. fear of failure
%. fear of losing the enjoy men tot reading literature .
Theories are the a"stract concepts .They are full of jargons or
technical terms. The a"stracts concepts of theories interface or
natural & personal interpretation of literature . The new concepts
don't have the knowledge "ecause our status makers. the theoretical
jargons causes the anxiety to the new reader for example it the
people are talking a"out ( The death of the author( "ut the comers
don't understand. he)she feels afraid to ask "ecause he doesn't like to
"e stupid "efore them.
Theory can help us to learn or to see the
worid a round rs in a new way. It makes our a"ility to think and
orirically "y liking through the lense of the theory we can see new
world . Theories are the ways of seeing the world different theories
can got the ultiple truth . from them to short theories are the tools of
interpretation .
%syc#oanaytic criticis"
sigmund freud !psychoanalytic critism was introduced "y sigmund
freud .It is also called the classical psychoanalytic criticism . *ccording
to frued literature or art is the expression of the author's wish
fulfillment or the expression of repressed (bjfPsf)desires. The departs
are mainly sexual (li"idinal ) desire which would "e prohi"ited (k|
ltjlGwt ) "y ht social morality .these desires remains in the
unconscious part of+.
the person's mind "uy the artist express his wish+.. fulfillment in
distorted forms. so a work+ of literature in the external expression of
the a++.unconscious mind so literature in like a dream.
The repressed desire of our mind can "e released(lgsg')
throufh literature .,e says that the artists use the mechanism of
condensation ( ) . -isplacement and sym"olism to experts his )her
wish unconscious in literature. The relation Id, .go, /uper .go,
0edipal complex,drem are the major issues of the psychoanalytic. 1ow
a days, psychoanalytic concepts have "ecome the part of our every day
life . It help to understand literature ,which are a"out the human
"ehaviors. so literature is the wish fulfillment .
The origins of the unconscious
*ccording to freud ,the unconscious is the "ig ice!"urg which contains
the hidden or repressed desires of life, that can "e released through
literature and motivated "y desires, fear ,needs &conflict of which they
are unaware that is unconscious .2e don't get what we consciously
want "ut we get unconsciously need . The repressed desires aren't
eliminated from our mind . The unconscious drives as in very steps .3or
the psychoanalysts the unconscious isn't a passive reservoir.It is rather
dynamic for example of a child didn't get his ling dead fathers live he
unconsciously chooses and a"solve 3rind to get his love . ,e want
something "ut he doesn't know the live of his father.
3amily is the most important elements in
psychology .0ur unconscious mind and family relationship determine
our ha"its . The oedipal complex si"ling rivalry cost ration fear the
causes of family conflict . The repressed desires come out in different
socially accepta"le forms.
Oedipa co"pe$!
0edipal complex means the competition with the parent of the some
gender for the attraction with the parent of the opposite gender . It is the
desire to possess the opposite sex parent . /uch type of desires develop
"etween the age of to 4 . The complex is named a after "y the 5reek
character 0edipus ,who dilled his father & married his mother
unknowingly "ecause of different sex. The father has the power to
threaten the son & he feels the father in his enemy (zq').It remains in
the unconscious till his life.
Id & E'o& S!per E'o ()

Id ()
The id is the only one component of a personality that os present from
the "irth . It is entirely in the unconscious . It includes the instinctive
and primitive desire. It includes the instinctive and primitive desire . It
in driven "y pleasure principle. ,e)she wants to satisfy the desire what
he)she want immeditely . 6an "ecames savage and "er"aik due to id .
The savage nature remains in our unconscious .The social control them.
E'o()
It is the morality principle . 6an controls his li"idinal desire due to
the social morality . It maker the it socially accept a"le ..go functions
mainly in the conscious mind . .go allows us to place such "ehaviors
only in the certain time and place . 2hen a man "orns, he has only Id .
,e "ecomes a man "orn he has only Id . ,e "ecomes a man due to his
ego or morality .
S!per E'o()
It is the internalized moral /tamford . It determines what is
right & what is wrong .It makers a person idealistic . It controls id &
makes ego to act like idealistic manner . It teachers good "ehaviouns.
.go "alances "etween Id and super .go .
*#e defenses an$iety and core Iss!es
The defenses are the process "y which the concepts of our
unconscious are kept in unconscious . 2e keep them in to repressed
conditions .
The ego is the main factor of our personality that deals with the
reality ..go controls our conflicting demands of Id & super ego . The
Id seeps to fulfilled all wants and impulses where as super ego toes to
act in idealistic manner . /o our ego controls them . *ccording to
foxed anxiety is an unpleasant condition that people seek to avoid .
7ecause of anxiety provoking demands created . Id and super
ego ,the ego develops num"er of defiance mechanism to cope
( ;fdgf )with +++++.anxiety .The defense mechanism can "e
app+++..consciously and unconsciously . 7ut the exce++++.usr
of defenses mechanism is not good . There are various defenses
mechanism .

selective perception is also a defenses
mechanism "ecause we select to watch and hear which os good to us .
*vodience is the another defenses nechanism . 3or example we like to sit
away from the violent event . -isplacement is also the defence mechanism
that is the choice of less dangerous things .8egression is also complex
mechanism that mean to remem"er to past then the present fear of in
intimacy is also the defense mechanism .
*nxiety is expressed when the
defense is stopped . *nxiety can re"el our core issue are the9 event that give
us anxiety . The fear of intimacy fear a"andonment(TofUg') fear of "etrayal
(wf]sf) oedipal conflict are the anxiety of our life that determine our core
issues .The core issues determine our "ehaviors .
-ream and -ream /ym"ols !
In our unconscious mind wr have unfulfilled des++..
These desires appear in our dream . 7ut in different from .
.go
conscious mind

su" ! conscious (sleep )

Id
unconscious mind

-ream
:atent content 6anifest content
(internal ) ( external )
(The elements that makes The see the dream
us to see the dream) displacement
condensation
sym"olism
phallic sym"ol
(male sexual organ )
5enital sym"ol
(3emale sexual organ )
It is said that repressed our unfulfilled desires . which our in our unconscious
state of mind are seen in our dream "ut into different forms .
2hen we sleep it is "elieved that our defenses don't
operate in the some manner they do when we are awake . -uring sleep the
unconscious is free to express itself. ,owever ,even in our dream there is
some sensor ship (lgo5;<f) against our repressed emotion . /o our
unconscious mind change our dreams into socially accepted from .
There are two types of dream content
:atent content and manifest content what we see the drew is called latent
content . The displacement ,condensation and sym"olism happen . In our
latent content to "e manifested . -isplacement occurs when we use safe
person ,even or against the threaleniry a dream, where a single dream image
represent more than our unconscious wound conflict . 3or example if a
person fight with a dangerous "ears in the dream might represent
psyenological "atters "oth at college or at home .
The manifest content has the
another meaning that can "e gain from interpretation . It is called dream
sym"olism . The action person or ideal are replaced into the sym"ol . There
are one to one relationship "etween the sym"ols and Its meaning . 3reud
said sexuality has the greater role in dream .interpretation . There are male
imagery and female imagery can occurs in our dream . If we see the tower
ricket gun arrow sword , these are the phallic sym"ol. It is the expression
wait in garden cups etc they are the genital sym"ol and our desire for that If
a person sees the water ,which is fulled and changea"le dangerous or deep ,
it is the remind if our sexuality . It also relates to our experience in .
*#e "eanin' of deat#
-eath is the important aspect of human psychology .
It is called the death drive or the desire for death.
freud called it (thantos( that means (death drive (.
man likes death ! it is his death instinct (084f) . It is proved "y the
wars and conflict.
3ear of -eath !
-eath is the "iological fact . 7ut man afraid with death not only for
"iological and "ut also it ends the relationship .
/o death is the vital factor to determine our psychology .
2e like the violent film & tragedy film "ecause our desire for death
guide us towards .
The death is the vital factor of our psychology . *ccording to freud death is
the "iological factor which ,he called death drive or (Thomtos( . ,uman
"eing have the death drive . It is the self!destructive "ehaviors of the person .
The war and conflict prove that in their unconscious mind . 2hen we know
that the death is unavoida"le . 2e try to change in another from . ,ere death
drive is always inside our mind ,unconsciously man likes war &death .
The fear of death like us to more other
psychological rekities our fear of death is not inly the viological end "ut alsi
for the end of our relatives. The fear of death creates the fear of
a"andonment (Tif=g') no matter how close we are each other . 2e die aline .
It is our private death . 7ut religious tells we will "e with the god offer our
death .
To conclude the greater our fear greater
fascination "ecause we don't afraid of death "ut we like to learn more a"out
it . It takes our greater attention. 2e love the tragic film & violent plays or
"ooks a"out death .It proved that we like to learn more a"out death. /o death
drive is the main aspect of psychoanalytical study.
*#e "eanin' of se$!aity ()
3reud assumes that all the repressed desires are the sexual desires. The
unconscious mind motivates all our thinking and activities where
there are only li"idinal desires (sexual desire).
In the past sexuality was the matter of "iological feature. 7ut freud
says sexuality is ( ears drive (sexuality is the part and parcel of our
identity our personality is determined "y our unconscious mind that
means (ears drive ( (sexual desire) .
/exual "ehaviors are the product of our cutter.
The culture sets the definition of normal & a"normal sexual
"ehaviors.
/exual desire is in our Id . The super ego control over the sexual
desire and it remains in the part of our unconscious mind. The the
unconscious or the repressed desire determine our "ehaviors .
The theory was written at the victory++.time when the female were
dominated++..exploited . so the girls like to "e ++.."ecause they
"ee the freedom to the male .
In the past sexuality was a matter of "iological pressure . 3reud called if
(.ros( and he said sexuality is the virtual elements of our identity . *ll
our activities that we called sexual are also guided "y (.ros drive( ..ven
the infants are sexual "eings who pass through the oral and anal & genital
stage in which pleasure is focused in different parts of the "ody. so our
sexuality is the main "arometers of our identity.
sexual "ehaviors is also the
product of our culture "ecause our culture sets the rules for a proper
sexual conduct. It has given the definition normal and a"normal sexual
"ehaviors . for psyenology there is no difference "etween normal &
a"normal sex. It is merely the psychological differences society rules &
difinitation a"out sexuality makes the desire repressed and try remain in
our unconscious mind . .go &super ego cause to repress sexual desire .
Id has some desire that might go against the social norms .Id is the
reservoir of socially for"idden desire.
3reud wrote this theory in the >ictorian time. *t that time female were
severely exploited and dominated "y males. /o the females liked to "e
male to "e free from exploitation . This is called penisenvy . The "oys
didn't like to "e girls that is called castration anxiety . 7ecause they
didn't like to live in powerful position .
Lacanian %syc#oanaysis ()
?ackfue :acan ! 3rench psychologist
!6odern psychologist
! psycho!structvrisist
,uman unconscious am"iguous , so our language psychological
development .
$. Imagery stage (under @manths)
%. 6irror stage
9. sym"olic stage (speak :anguage )
:acanian psychoanalysis
Lacan
3reaurd /aussure
(psychoanalysis) (structuralist)
(unfulfilled desire) (signified)

#sycho!structuralist
(:acan)
3reud is called the classical psychoanalysist . * french psychoanalyst
?ac;ues :acan has given a modern psychoanalytic theory different
from freud . :acan's theory is more felevant for literary
interpretation .:acan has given the theory of psychological
development of an infant in three stage.
$. Imaginary stage
%. 6irror stage
9. /ym"olic stage
I"a'inary sta'e ()
In the early month the infant doesn't even differenciate himself
from his environment .,e doesn't know the parts of his "ody . ,e
doesn't have the sense of the self . for example he sucks his own
toe. every parts of his "ody "ecomes the things of exploration ,
places in his mouth & this is called imaginary stage.
Mirror Sta'e ()
*t the age of six & eighteen months ,the mirror stage occurs in a
child . The child can see his image in the mirror & realize that the
image is his own reflection . Then the child "e gains to develop a
sense of self . The child thinks that he is the insepara"le parts of
his mother . ,e feels complete unity "etween him & his mother .
7ut he has also the knowledge that he is different then others.
Sy"+oic sta'e()
when a child learns language he enters into system stage
.:anguage is the sym"olic system of signifier & signified . slowly
the child learns to express+..through language . 7ut the language
can't+..the meaning , /o also the desire are +++.fulfill a"le .
The child learns to separate that he is the different person. ,e
doesn't see the perfect mater to his mother image .,e has the many
desire in his mind "ut they are unfulfilled .
2hen a child enters into the realm of
language, he feels lack & then comes desire. In childhood there is a
original unity & all his needs are fulfill a"le :anguage "ecome
necessary to express desire .7ut in language there are only
signifiers no signified . /o :acan desire are unfulfilled . then the
child learns the "inary opposition like I ) 0ther, ,ere) There, light)
darkness.
,nconscio!s Is str!ct!ra Li-e an'!a'e :-
:acan assume that unfulfilled desere need language to express .
:anguage is the medium to express our desire . we feel lack & we
need language to express it . 7ut the language is only the 0hlin of
signifiers. /o :acan assumes that language can express our desires
"ut ultimate fulfillment is impossi"le
If desire are fulfilled language isn't necessary for
us . 2e have certain unfufilles desires to express them we create
signifire. 2e express our desire to signifiers. 7ut we have not
signified. /o :acan says that unconscious is structured like
language.
.assica psyc#oanaysis / Literat!re :-
:iterature is the reflection of unconscious ! 3reud
* writer express his unfulfilled desure in literature . The
reader try to co! relate their unconscious with the writers
unconscious.
:iterature is like a dream or wish fu++
The "ehaviours of the characters of a teat can "e analyze for
the psychoanalytic study .
The writer may not aware the ides "ut he express them
"ecause the are the human "ehaviors
the writer might show his mental stress , id ego super ego
prelateship , oedipal complex li"idinal desire , sym"ols etc
in this writing
unit- 2

Mar$ist criticis"
6arxism is the economic & political theory of Aarl 6ara & fried rich
.ngels the says human extinct & institutions are determined "y
economic reality.
.conomic reality shapes our consciousness & thinking .
class straggle is inevita"le to "ring the change in the society. 6aterial
reality is the main cause of social change . The society id divided into
two groups. (I) haves (II) haves nots . The final victory is always in
the hand of poor .
the economic system that structure human society . *ll the activities
of the society like religion ,education ,politics etc have the motive to
get the economic power .
.conomy is the "ase where as other all the institution are
superstructure.
-ialectical materialism causes the historical materialism . The society
of today is the causes of class struggle .
$. #rimitive communism
%. slave state
9. 3eudalism (land owner & worker conflict)
@. Aapitalism
4. /ocialism
6arxist Ariticism !
6arxism is the .conomic & political theory of can more & fried
rich .ngels that suppose (*ssume ) that human action &
institutions are economically determined . It tells us that economic
trality determined our all activities ./o economy is the "ase of
everything . 6arx says that economic is that "ase structure where
all the other institutions like religion ,literature ,political, culture
etc are the superstructure. The economic reality determined all the
thing of society .6arx also raise the issue the class struggle that is
inevita"le for the social change . .very society , there are naves
&haves!not. The capitalist always exploit the proletariats & them
the poor & worker of the world should "e united against the
capitalist the final victory is always is the hand of poor+++. The
production relation made of production ++++..of production,
class struggle, the relation+++super & "ase structure etc. are
the major issue of 6arxism. It we use these concept for the
interpretation of a text that is called 6arxist criticism .
The fundamental #remises of 6arxism !
The main concern of 6arxism !The economic system , that
structure human society.
*ny theory should for ground the economic system
otherwise, It misunderstood the human society.
5etting economic power is the motive "ehind all political
,social & other activities like education religion etc.
The economic is the "ase structure where all the other things
. :ike culture, religion , literature, politics, education are
superstructure .
.conomics cordetion means material cicumstomoc. The
material condition shows the historical situation.
The society is divided into two class (I< haves (II) haves!not
.
The final victory is always in the hand of poor .
The main concern of 6arxism is that the economic system structures the
hurrah society. If a theory doesn't for ground (#riority) the economics of
human society it is misunderstood human society & structure. 3or 6arxism
getting economic power is the motive "ehind . *ll social & political
activities invading .ducation , #hilosophy, religion, science technology &
media.
The economic is the "ase on which the superstructure politics power &
social power . In 6arxism economic condition are called material
curumstemmces . The social political , ideological atmosphere generated "y
material condition are called materials cirumstomces. The social political,
cultural, condition are called historical. Aondition all human activities are
motivated "y the material causes . ,uman activities can "e measured in
terms of distri"ution of economic power.
3or 6arxism differences in socio!economic class dived
people in different group . The people mostly are in two groups .The haves
& haves not . the haves are the "ourgeoisie those who control over the world
& natural , economic & human resource .The haves!not are the porletariate
the majority of glo"al population who live in su"standard condition . They
performs, in the factories, is the railroad "uilding etc.
6arx says that la"ouries are always exploited "y the
capitalist "ecause they control over all shorts (mean) of production. The
porletatiates will one day spontaneously develop the clovers consciousness
& they start the vilent revolution against the oppressors & it creates a
classless society . If a poor are united they can do anything for the change .
They will "ring communism & socialism..
*#e cass syste" in A"erica()
capitalist
Alass


porletariate

There are five class in *merica !
$. =nder class ,omeless
%. :ower class #oor, who have limited social status
9. 6iddle class financially esta"lished
@. =pper class will !to !do
4. *ristocratic .xpensive house holder
In *merica some person earns more than their master in a company .
It is difficult to place people clearly into the two class
given "y the marx in the society of the united stage. 2e can't determined
either they are "ourgeoisie of portraitist. 3or example a person who
employed several worker in a small family owned "usiness. 7ut whose
yearly income in less than the annual wages of a sales persons working for a
"ig comp oration . In the =/* some workers earn more the some owners.

the class system of 6arx also ++++.. failure in the context
of =/*. 6arx +++++categorized the two classes ! ,aves & ,ave not
7ut in *merica there are five classes . The homeless ,we have few material
possessions. The poor who have limited educated & struggled to support to
family, financially, esta"lished who earn mice, the well!to ! do & the
aristocratic who have the expensive house . 8espectively, they are under
clan, lower class , middle clan , super class& *ristocracies .

Alearly the people of under class & lower class are
economically oppressed . The upper class & *ristocratic have the luxurious
life style. 7ut what a"out the middle class B *re the economically oppressed
or privileged. *t the time of political revolution very difficult happen to
them. ,owever poor are oppressed in all societies.

*#e roe of Ideoo'y
Ideology is !"elief system
! 3alse consciousness
! 7linker of house
! It justices the "ase (economy)
!It is the set of idea of consciousness where the poor people
"elieve that they are true "ut they are made "y the rich to rule over them .
! 8epressed Ideology is "ad.
! won!represses Ideology C6arxism
*HE ROLE OF I0EOLOG1()

*ccording to 6arx ideology is "elief system & all "elief
system are culturally conditioning for example communicism ,capitalism,
6arxism, patriotism are the ideologies. /ome of them are the undesira"le
ideologies, they simply promote repressive political agendas .such ideology
regard themes something natural. 3or example it is natural for a man to "e a
ledger "ecause they are intellectual & capa"le their women .It is the gender
dlierimation Ideology . It seems to "e nature rather than cultural . The
capitalist also create different types of ideology to prove the economic "ase .
*merican dream is an ideology of "elief system which tells us the middle
class *merican should earn money any way. In the same way religion 6arx
says (opium ( is an ideology that makes the poor people satisfied which their
luck . 6arxism on the other hand is the non!repressive ideology which
makes us a were a"out the economic reality .

The repressive ideology makes us "lind & makes us
su"missive to the ruling class. The main 5oal of 6arxism is to identify the
ideologies of culture, film, painting, & commercials. The *merican dream
causes in the people to run "ehind the material prosperity "ut it might "e the
unjust way. In short 6arxism provokes to raise the voice against
exploitation.

H!"an +e#a2ior & *#e co""odity / t#e fa"iy()
-ue to the raise to the industrieism in the mid!$Dth century, the
capitalism was "orn .
The worker were force to sell to la"or . 7ut in the production they
have no fight nor their name & their contri"ution have no marked as
their production.
They "ecome dissociated not only from their productional from their
own la"or . It is also called la"or alienator.
These "ehavior creates the damaging effect in our psychology .
,uman "eing or sorkers "ecome commodity , they use the rule of nine
&fine over the workers.
Aommodity values lies not in (what it can do( (used value) 7ut in the
money for which it can trade (exchange value ) or social status it
impression its ower ( sign exchange value ).
0"ject "ecome commodity only when it gets exchange value or sign
value .
capitalism needs market to sentheir goods & to get row materials .
They try to tind our new place . the capitalist like to colonize the
consciousness of the poor people around them . The colony are
developed due to the interest of the capitalist .
,uman "ehavior , the commodity & the family +
6arx focuses on the raise of industrialism in the mid $D th
century . ,e says that in the industrialism the worker are forced to sell
their la"or to the industrialist or capitalist . Though the proletariats works
in the industries 7ut profit goes to their master or capitalists. 0n the
product there is neither the name or la"orites nor their contri"ution in
marked . .ven their la"or is alienated from them . They are compelled to
sell the la"or in the industries. They "ecome dissociated not only the
products "ut also from their own la"or.

6arx focuses his concern on the effect of capitalism on
human value & "ehavior . There is damaging effect of capitalism in
human psychology, for 6arxism a commodity value not for what it can
do (used value ) "ut it terms of trade (exchange value ) to in social status
it impression it owner (sign!exchange value). *n o"ject "ecome a
commodity any when it get exchange value .To "uy an o"ject not for it
usefulness "ut to show how much money they have .

Aapitalism needs new market to sell goods and to
get new materials . It courses to spread imperialism though military,
economy & cultural domination over the nation or the society. They tries
to colorize of consciousness of the su"ordinate (poor people). /o human
identity psychologies &culture of "oth & individual & of a family are the
product of historical)materialism circumstances.
Mar$is" / Literat!re

$. 3or the 6arxist, literature is the product of socio!economic
condition or the ideological condition of the time & place in which
it was written whether or not the author is intended it to say .
%. :iterature is the superstructure where the situation is "ase.
9. :iterature may reflect the real condition of the society.
@. There are two types of literature!i) in force the ideology to the
readers ii)Invite the reader to criticize it .
4. :iterature has the two elements t! 3orm & how, content what
E. 3or 6arxism, realism is the "est form to write literature.
Mar$is" / Literat!re ) For o "ar-
for the msrxist literature can't "e the timeless entity (elements ) . :iterature is
the products of socio!economic & ideological condition of the time & place
in which it is written . The social reality can "e seen in a literary text
whether or not the author is intended. 7ecause human "eing are themselves
the products of socio economic environment. /o literature is the super
structure of the economic "ase .
The fact is that literature grows out of & a reflects real historical condition
of the society. :iterary text are mainly of two types. 0ne which supports
ideologies & other is a"out the criticism of such ideologies . * literature has
the form & contents. 3orm means how it is written content means what is
a"out . 8ealism, naturalism, romanticism, modernism, tragedies & satire
monologue etc.are the forms.
8easlim gives the true picture of the society . It "rings the place "efore our
eyes. /o a realistic literature is the mirror of the society. 3or the 6arxism
realism is the "est "ecause it represents the real world & socio!economic
reality in a text . The realistic & 6arxist reject the non realist literature . 7ut
some marxist except the non!realist & experimental literature "ecause they
show the fragmentation of the modern world. ,uman "eing are alienated &
fragmented "ecause of capitalism. 3or 6arxist a good literature is that which
is a"out social reality & its also makes the people aware a"out the
exploitation of capitalism .
So"e 3!estion Mar$ist critic as-ed a+o!t Literary te$t()
6arxist says that literature can't "e a timeless entity (elements). It is the
replication of social reality whether not++++.author is aware a"out it.
The following ;uestion are very helpful for the 6arxist interpretation of a
text.!
$. -oes the work (text) reinforce the capitalist , imperious of classiest
value B Aritic should expose & condemn its aspect of the work .
%. 2hat might the work "e seen as criti;ues of capitalism, imperialism &
classicismB If so the text has the 6arxist agendas.
9. -oes the work in some way supper the 6arxist agendas "ut in another
way it may indirectly support the capitalist B
@. ,ow does the literary work reflect of socio!economic condition of the
time which it was written.
4. ,ow might the text raise the issue against religionB ,ow the
characters are oppressed form the religions ideasB is there any
struggle.
E. Is there any class conflict in the text B Is it like 6arx had saidB
F. To what extend are the likes of the character influenced or determined
"y socio & political factorsB
G. ,ow the economic force medicates the "ehavior the characters or
what ideology moved them B Is there any co modification.
str!''e
* snake come to may water through on not , not day & gain pajamas for the
head to drand there.
In the deep strange !scented shad of the great dark.
Aar"on tree
I came down the step with my picture *nd must wait !stem & wait for there.
he was at the though "efore me ,e reached down from a place into the
earth.
*ccording to the 6arxist ,the poor has the pathetic condition under the
exploitation of the capitalists. In a literary text we can see the real social
situation "ecause literature is the super structure & the socio! economic
condition is the "ase . the pathetic voice of porletateriates can "e seen in the
literary text.
In this poem the speaker 'g' represented the poor &
porletariates 2here as the 'snake' represented the capitalist . In this poem
the speaker condition is full of pain & tragic "ecause of exploitation of the
"ourgeoisie & Aapitalists . The speaker could get the drink the water through
he asked in day . The snake was already there where he went to drink
water .In real social situation the capitalist never let the porletariate to live
happily .The speaker was wearing only pajamas "ecause "eing a poor he
didn't have any formal dress. The word 'hot' hot' indicate the working
condition of the field where the worker & lavaurus were working with
difficulties. .centhough he was working in the hot day yet he didn't get to
drink water due to the snake . The "ourgeoisie & capitalist always exploited
the poor . ,e had to wait & wait for the masters. ,e was not allowed to sit in
the shade of the tree.
3orum The a"ove description . 2e can say that this
poem is truly 6arxist poem "ecause the voice of the porletariate is raised in
it & the exploitation of the capitalist is exposed clearly & completely "y
using the capitalist as the sym"olic. /nake the feel has used satine over the
exploitation of them.
1o! are 4#at yo! o4n (A Mar$ist Readin' of Great Gats+y
$. The real economic situation of the $D%<s in *merica is portrayed in the
novel the 5reat 5*ts"y. It is the real picture of the ?aze age of the
*merican -ream.
%. commodification is the main issue of the novel "ecause values of
everything is determined "y its exchange values or sign value in other
words even human relationship is determined "y the materialist .
9. Tom's concept of commodification is vivid +++in it . myrter welsom
was attracted towards hi+++due to his wealth . -aisy married to Tom
"ecause of his economic higher status .
@. 5ats"y's character was also motivated "y the *merican dream "ecause it
was the capitalist ideology t teach the poor to "e wealthy at any cast .
4. -aisy's extramarital relationship with 5ats"y with also is "ased is
commodification . The wealth of 5ats"y was just for sign exchange
value.
E. This novel is the "est criticism of capitalism "ecause of tailure of
capitalist ideology the *merican dream has shown "eing failure.
Mar$ist Interpretation of t#e Great Gats+y
The 5reat 5ats"y "y 3itz5erald is the real represented of the $D%<s
*merican socio!economic situation . *s the 6arxism says the novel is
the reflection of the social situation of the =/* during the post war
period. It is the mirror of the ?azz age when the *mericans were running
"ehind the material prosperity. The ideology of *merican dream had
caused them to "e more capitalist & materialistic .
The 5reat 5ats"y criticizes capitalistic culture "y shoeing its
negatives effects on those who are the most successful product.
commdification is visi"le in everycharacter of the novel . In other words
an o"ject "ecomes a commodity. when it has the exchange value & sign
value . Tom is the main character who commodifies the world with his
money . 3or him all the thing & all people are commodities. This
marriage to -aisy youth & "eautywith money . /imilarly Tom usese his
money to (purches( 6yrtlr 2ilson.
-eu to his expensive wealth of Tom, myrtle & other women were
attracted to him. .ven daisy extramarital affair with 5ats"y is
"ased on commodification . /he difnHt like to marry eith 5ats"y
when he was poor. 5ats"y is holding the so called *merican dream
& the writer fietzgrerald shows the hollowness of the drean . n a
fag to rich, 5ats"y has raised from the extreme poverty to extreme
rich in a few year . *ctually he wants to "uy his last love.
5ats"y in this novel represents the *merican
dream "ut the dream corrupted him . ,e didnHt drink alcohol as
well. It seem that the wealth of 5ats"y is only for sign exchange
value. ,ence the the 5reat 5ats"y is the powerful criti;ue if
capitalism. *t last 5ats"y lost his life due to his wealth. ,is yellow
car was the cause "ehind his death. ,e was the representation of
*merican dream & capitalism . /o the death of 5ats"y represents
the failure of *merican dream.
In conclusion , as 6arx says literature
is the reflection of the socio!economic situation & its shows the
real context of society . /o also this novel represents the real
picture of *merican of $D%<s.
FEMINIST CRITICISM
3eminism studies & advocates the right of women.
It also studies the representation of women in literature.
The aim of feminism is to end the gender ine;uality
promoting womenHs right .
3eminism is always against the patriarchy .It also examine
the way I which literature rein force or undermines. The
economic , political, social & psychological representation of
women .
I,eH refers "oth man & women "ut the feminist reject this
discrimination in language.
The straggle of female of their right has long history against
patriarchy. The movement come in literature only after
$D%<s.
The "ooks of male (white) were consider get, universal,
canonical(s]lGb|o) & applied curriculums. The female
works were marginalized . In the literary history ,only the
name of male writers can "e seen.
In the field of academic, the experiment were done only in
male & might have the "ad affection female.
FEMINIS* .RI*I.ISM
3eminist criticism is a type of literary criticism
which may study & advocate the right of women . It is the
study of repressed(bdg) repress+..of women in literature .
The main aim of feminism is to end gender ine;uality
promoting womenHs right . The concept of gender id social
conducts. The female should challenging the power of
structure of the society & re"el (ljb|f]x)against social
patriarchy. The demand to e;ual right of women. The major
enemy of feminist is the patriarchy.
3eminist criticism examines the way in which
literature reinforces an undermine (zf]if0f ug{ ) the economic,
political & psychological oppression of women of women . The
over simplification of the use of Jhe J for "oth males & females is
not good. The struggle of women for e;uality finally reached I the
literary study in the late $DE<s. 7efore the times the males (white )
"ooks were considered (taken) universal &canonical(d'nwf/ )."ut
3emale works were marginalized . In the curriculum only the take
of white male were included. *t 3eminist writer didnHt like to write
from the male point of view . /o they were marginalized . The
voice of the female has "een loudly heared only after $DF<s in the
field of literature.
.ven in the culture males are considered
greater & their experience one taken as universal . The *ppriach is
not e;ual till now a days. 3or example in the field of medical
science the experiment has "een done an male "ut considered the
medicine might "e e;ually useful for female tool . 7ut it might
create many side effect on females. /o I the field of medical
science there is the discrimination . The feminist raise their voice
to end such discriminations.
*RA0I*IONAL GEN0ER ROLE
2omen are no "y "orn feminine .5ender is the social &
cultural construct .(kgldt).
The inferior position of women is in the patriarchy society is
cultural not the "iological one.
Traditional 5ender 8ole!
6en Krational, strong, protective,
decisive, courageness, intelligent
T58

2omen! emotional ,weak. nurturing
/u"missive, "eautiful , docile .
.ven in the work female are given less wage then male .
It is said that females are mostly affected from hysteria than
male.
/o the females have not "y "orn ingerinity they are made
inferior "y the make or patriarchy.
3emales are considered in mathematic, if some one is
intelligent . she is considered exceptions.
.ven the women donHt have self!confidence . It is "ecause
they donHt get opportunity to "uild their confidence.
/tereotype a"out female in literature!
5od 5ifl! su"missive,
"eautiful,
-ocile, virginal, angelic.
3emale
7ad 5ift Kviolent , *ggressive,
-estructive, courageous witch.
.ven in 7i"le .va is shown as a cause of the fall of human
"eing from the heaven.
/ex
/lut (* women who slept with many
males
whore (j]Zof)
stall ( * male who slept with many female
courage (jxfb'/)
Traditional 5ender 8ole
5ender is the concept which is social or culture construct .
It is nolt the "iological concept . Traditional 5ender 8ole
divides males & females with their ;ualities. 3or the male
a man should "e rational , strong , protective. Aourageous
& a women should "e emotional, weak nurturing ,
su"missive, docile etc. These 5ender roles are used to
show the male .supremacy over females. 3rom this so
called role the female are exploited "y the male . .ven in
the work they are paid less wage to the women . *ll the
gender roles are cultural construct. They are not "iological
. /o female should elegy them.
There is not in"orn inferiority of
women. they are not "y "orn feminine in the9 patriarchal
society the females are considered inferior . They think
that female have the diseases like hysteria "ut it is due to
the social condition. 2omen are really oppressed "y the
traditional gender role. To satisfy male monopoly they
have made such rules as females take as true . The female
think that they are inferior due to the stereotype. 3or
example, 3emales+.called weak in mathematics & the
females+donHt take courage to read it.
6ale didnHt provide them economic &
educational opportunities to make them powerless . The
women didnHt have self confidence. .ven in literature,
female characters are stereotyped ether a good girl or as a
"ad girl . * good girl who is violent, aggressive.
Aourageous, defensive etc. The patriarchal ideology has
made the identity of women. It she accept the patriarchal
& traditional gender role , she is called a good girl . If not
she is called a "ad one. In the context of sex, the male is
taken as staid if he slept with many women. *nd if women
does she is called slut(j]Zof). *ll the rules are from
patriarchy . /o she female should revolt against the gender
role.
A S!""ary of fe"inist %re"ise

patriarchal ideology keeps the women & men in traditional
gender role. The society of the world is male dominated society.
The patriarchy tries to justify the make domination over
females.
The following can "e taken as the main feminists premise.
$. women are oppressed (bjfO{Psf ) "y patriarchy , economically
politically, socially & psychologically.
%. In every field of patriarchal society women is (other( . /he is
o"jectified, marginalized & defined as what she lack & man has.
9. *ll the western civilization is deeply rooted (/f uf!]sf]) in
patriarchal ideology. The western canon (d'"o #fu) of literature
including fancier tale are the induct of patriarchal ideology.
@. 2hile "iology determines our sex(male & female) "ut culture
determines our gender (masculine feminine) women are tought to
do though don't like to do so.
4. *ll the feminist including feminist theories are have ultimate (
$lGtd) goal is to change the world promoting women's right .
They won't change the patriarchy & they like to get the e;ual right.
E. 5ender issue play a part in every aspect of human activities
whether we realize it or not.
Gettin' +eyond patriarc#y
$. #atriarchy is the main cause of discrimination , marginalization &
domination our female.
%. #atriarchy is the identity maker of male & female in the society.
9. 0ur mood fo thinking & our language are patriarchal. ,ow can a
female speak & think differently B
@. The foundation human existence is patriarchal. so how con we ever
"ecome non!patriarchalB
4. The feminist have offered many solution!
The patriarchal think is an ideology . *ll ideologies have the
limitation . They have the contradictory points . They should
catch the point of over turned the patriarchy .
6any feminist have given different theories against the
patriarchy .
E. 6any wollst one craft (vindication of the right of women .(
F. >irginia 2oolf (* room of one 's own (
G. /imonde 7ehavior (The second sex. (
D. The women should constantly struggle to over through the
patriarchy .
$<.The feminist should take the help of other theories, like 6arxism
deconstruction etc. They should look how the female exploited
economically & psychologically . In the deconstruction there is the
high hierarchy "etween all the things & the hierarchy should "e
"lurred (end). /o feminist demand the end of hierarchy "etween
male & female.
#atriarchy is the main cause of discrimination marginalization
& domination over women . The patriarchy should "e over
thrown for the e;uality "etween male& female . 7ut our
thinking , language & consciousness are influenced "y the
patriarchy . The foundation of human existence is patriarchal. It
is very difficult to go "eyond patriarchy.

The feminist have offered
the ways to of against patriarchy . *t first patriarchy is an ideology.
It has some limitations & weaknesses with the help of it the
feminist should go against it . /ome feminist have given their
theories to go "eyond patriarchy +..the right of women >irginia
2oolf wrote ++essay (* 8oom of one's own( . /imilarly
simonde "ehavior wrote (The second sex (to go against patriarchy.
The feminist should constantly struggle to against the
male domination . They can take the help of other theories like
6arxism, psychoanalysis, deconstruction . They can understand
how the female are economically & psychologically exploited.
-econstruction teacher them how do end the hierarchy "etween
male & female.
Frenc# Fe"inis"
The voice of feminism was raised loudly in grace than in any
other country .
The movement of feminist was lead "y !
?ulia kristeva
simonde "ehavior
6oni;ue writing
,elen ciaos
They have raised the voice for e;ual opportunity & the e;ual
access to justice for women.
3rench feminism in two forms!
$. 6aterialistic feminism
%. psychoanalytic feminism
6aterialistic ! They see how the female are exploited economically .
simon de 7ehavior ! The second sex ! The female are domestic la"our
without paying .
psychoanalytic ! They see how the female are psychoargically
exploited in patriarchal society. ?ust kristeva! /he has raised the issue
;uestion over the language & unconscious .
3rench 3eminism ! :omarks
The 3rench feminism is the movement which was started in france "y
the feminist thinkers like juliea kristiva , simod de 7eauvoir , man;uL
witting & ,elen cixous. 6ainly in MDF<s they have developed the
feminist theories . This movement was political & social voice for the
e;ual opportunities & e;ual access to justice for women . 3rench
feminism can "e divided into two groups.
$. 6aterialistic feminism !
%. #sychoanalytic
In materialistic feminism the feminist look the social & economical
oppression over women "y the males . They examine how the patriarchal
tradition & institutions control the economic power of the society . In the
society economic power is in the hard of male & female should have to
depend on male for her "asic needs. /imon de 7eaver, in her essay ( The
second sex (expresses that now the male have exploited the la"or of
females. The male dominated society or patriarchy women are regarded as
the unpaid la"ors. They don't think the sentiment (#fjgf) of the women . /he
encouraged women not to surrender in front of the patriarchy. It likes the
potentiality & always put them under the control of male . This feminist
movement demands for the e;uality of women with their male counterpart.
The psychoanalytic feminism talks a"out the
influenced of patriarchy on women psychology . They focus their study
a"out how the patriarchy controls the psychology of women. 0ppression of
women is noit limited to the economy & political power , it includes the
psychology . 3or the 3rench feminist the li"eration of women is possi"le
only when the can reject the patriarchy . ?ulia kristeva raise the issue of
language "ecause the patriarchy has made the language to exploited &
marginalization the females . The words like ( 6anpower(,(
/pokesman( ,(/tatement(, can't represent the voice of women . The female
should developed their own /emitic language( self language of women.)
M!ti ) .!t!ra Fe"inis"
The main goal of feminism is to "e aware a"out their su"jectivity .
6iddle class female are leaders of feminist movement of *merica.
Aommon experience of women cause them to develop the sisterhood
among all the females of the world .
In the >ictorian time (true women( were those who were su"missive
$f%fsf/& ) , docile(nfn'), "eautiful and polite . It is the ideology of
patriarchy that had *merica there are two types of domination !
$. racial domination
%. 5ender domination
In every culture , there is the domination over females . 5lo"al approach
(ljZj'ofk& )is needed to reform it.
*ll the women are oppressed (bjfO{Psf]) "y the patriarchy. *nd
each women specific (ljz]if) needs, desire, pro"lems are shaped "y
her race , class, nationality. patriarchy .aerates(;()*+nt ) differently
in different countries. There con "e significant) clear difference
"etween patriarchy & in the united state. 6exico , 1epal or Iran . The
feminist try to understand the domination of the females in every
culture & in every race . To reform the condition the 5lo"al approach
(vision ) is needed . /o the feminist should understand the exploitation
over female "y the male is different in every country . Net patriarchy
is their ultimate enemy.
The main aim of feminism is the gain the
awareness of women a"out their su"jectivity . The common experience of
the women causes them to have the sisterhood among them . In a united
state the females are exploited in term of gender & the race . The "lack
women's condition is pathetic ( "oflgo) than the white women . The
patriarchy is operated differently in different countries & culture. It
causes the need of multi culture feminism in the world.
Gender St!dies / Fe"inis"
5ender (feminity & masculinity ) is the social construct (OdfhjfE
lgldPt)
5ender role influnces our activities.
5ender role is the social construct where as sex is the "iological
construct. 5ender means the masculine & feminine .role where as sex
means the male & female .
5ender study is the main concern of the feminist . The concept of
5ender is not good "ecause it "rings discrimination .
The patriarchy supports the role of male & they say male are "y "orn
such in their activities . They say male are aggressive (l/;fxf) "y "orn
due to the testosterone hormone. 7ut when the research was conduct,
there was not nature of aggression is that hormone .
7reed winning task( sdf,g] sfd) is given to male & care taking
"a"ies is taken as female instinct (Gdft u'0f) . It is also the social
construct.
The gender role (feminity &masculinity )is the social construct. The
sex male & female is the "iological construct people think that the
role of male & female is the "y "irth nature "ut in reality it is the
cultural construct . The gender role influences over our activities .
0ur gender determines our identity our relation with other people . It
also influences our profession (k]zf) education , employment etc.

5ender study is the main concern of the feminist
under the gender studies they have to study a"out the domination &
exploitation over women . The difference "etween gender & sex is also the
su"ject matter of their study . It is know that the gender discrimination is not
good . The male patriarchy tries to justify the role of male as that is "y
"irth . It is said that males are aggressive "y "irth "ecause of the testosterone
hormone . 7ut when the research was conducted over it . It was found that
there is no any aggressiveness in that hormone .
7read winning task
(xft d'- f]g{ ;d.of sfd) to give the male the care of taking of "a"ies is
taken as female instinct . ,owever, some male are very interested to take
care "a"ies. It show that the interest of taking care of "a"ies is also the social
construct . 3rom these examples we can "iological . The division of gender
into two categories couldn't includes the gays.(Odlnu:)
Fe"inis" / ,terat!re
/ome literary text are a"lut the patriarchy . They reinforce & support
the patriarchal domination .
7ut the other text provide the ground for feminism
3eminist raised the ;uestion over the male Aonon of literature in
$DF<s .They need the text against the grain . They showed the
opposite meaning of a text.
The feminist analysis the female character of a text & how they are
presented . .ither the female character are presented as the thing og
exploitation or having the revolutionary spirit.
The feminist support the feminist text & criticizes the text which have
the patriarchal ideology .
/ome literary works provide ground for the feminist analysis . 7ut
some other ;uestion over the male canonical text . In $DF<s the
feminist ;uestion over the so called canonical writers. They read the
text against the grain .(prove against the main aim) . It means to show
the opposite meaning of the text. the patriarchal ideology should "e
exploded (find out ) in the text & what are the feminist ideas are
there .They also study how the female character are presented in the
text . /ometime they might "e shown as revolutionary "ut at the other
time they are shown "eing exploited "y the patriarchy .
So"e 5!estion fe"inists critics as-ed a+o!t iterary 4or-s
*. what does the works (text) says a"out patriarchy B *"out political,
economic& psychological oppression over female B ,ow are the
presented in the text B ,ow the gender issue influences over her
activities B ,as it patriarchal agenda and feminist agendaB
7. 2hat dose the work suggest a"out the way in which class, race &
other cultural factor are related to gender in controlling over women B
A. ,ow does the work present masculinity &feminity B ,ow the text
look at the genderB
-. Is it possi"le to make a group of sisterhood to fight (resist ! k|ltjfb)
with patriarchy B ,ow the feminist raise the voice to improve to
worldB
.. 2hat role does the work play in the history & literary tradition of
womenB
3. ,ow does the author style contri"ute to support the feminism B
5. 2hat does the work suggest a"out women's creativityB
Fe"inist Readin' of 6*#e Great Gats+y6
This novel is patriarchal novel.
Tom's view is patriarchal & he support the masculine gender role. ,e
thought female should follow the patriarchal role.
5ats"y has also the patriarchal notion "ecause he thought he would
lure (nf]/of,g') -aisy with his property . 2omen are presented as
the o"ject to "e sold & "rought rather than the human "eing .
The $D%<s *merican society is shown in this novel when the female
didn't have freedom.
*ll the female in the novel are revolutionary "ecause they have
challenged the traditional role & they have rejected the kitchen culture
.
*ll the female character have extramarital affair .It also shows that
they were against the patriarchy .
In this novel Tom's view is patriarchal & he supports the masculine
gender role . The thought women should follow the patriarchal gender
role . Tom seems to "e the agent of patriarchy which he hypocrite in
nature. Though he is married "ut he keeps extramarital affair with 6rs.
2ilson & many other girls. ,e didn't like to have -aisy 's relation to
5ats"y . /imilarly 5ats"y has the opinion that -aisy was his former
(k'/fgf]) "eloved & he earned a lots of property to lure easy his thinking
show that the face that in patriarchy women are presented as on o"ject to
"e sold & "ought rather than human "eing.

The novel also shows the true picture of
*merica in $D%<s. 7efore the world war $st, woman didn't have any
freedom, they had to remain. 2ith the limitation of patriarchy. 7ut after
the world war $st wormer were ;uite free & they are seen smoking &
drinking like the man in this novel. The society in the past walked
dou"tfully look the women smoking & drinking were regarded for male
ha"it "ut in the novel women have openly challenged it. 6ain female
character like -aisy, 2ilson, 7aker directly challenged the traditional
role as kitchen erasure .They prefer to go to parties &enjoyment.
-aisy life doesn't remain under the role given "y the
patriarchy . Though she is married having a "a"ies & she has the
extramarital affair to 5ats"y. *ll the women character have openly
challenged the patriarchal sexual role . ?orden 7arker involved pre!
marital sex & love relationship with nick. 6yrtle 2ilson is engaged with
Tom though she is married . Their clothing hair ! style are pretyy modern
unlike their mothers. The patriarchal concept is that women should have
know ha"it of pu"lic smoking & drinking . 7ut all the female of the
novel are against it. /o this novel shows the anti patriarchal ideas.

NE7 .RI*I.ISM
Textual approach .
/tarted in the =/* from $D@<s to $DE<s .
It focuses on the text itself .
1ot extra !textual evidence .
There is nothing "eyond the text, all the thing are inside the text.
It is the o"jective study . It seems organic unity.
2e should not interpreter a text from writer's perspective & its effect,
on the readers.
It studies the literary elements.
paradox( lj/f]wf#0f)
Irony (lj!1jgf)
*m"iguity(bf]wf/ )
Tension (ljjfb)
:iterary elements.(;+xTos tTj)
1ew criticism is a textual approach the
was in practice from $D@<s in the =/*. It was started "y the *merican
criticis for the first time as close reading of a text . It studies the text as a
sufficient entity (element) .It rejects other extra!textual information kike
"iographical, sociological & historical matters 1ew criticism was introduced
in *merican as close read . It only focus on a text to support the literary
interpretation . It is still popular is the school & college , curriculums. To
oppose the 1ew criticism, many new theories were "orn like reader response
criticism, 1ew historicism, -econstruction etc. 1ew criticism says there is
nothing "e yond the text . The text is the complete whole or it has the orianic
unity. *ll parts are related to give the meaning .
*HE *E8* I* SELF
Text is the sufficient unity . 3or interpretation.
1o deed to go "eyond the text for interpretation .
:iterary work is timeless, autonomous, ver"al o"ject(z?"nQ jgQsfQ) .
8eaders & reading may change "ut the literary text stage the some .
Its meaning is inside the text not "eyond the text.
In the $Dth century & early %<th century the "iographical &
historical, interpretation were in practice . *t that time to interpreter a
text writers "iography should "e read.
7ut for 1ew criticism , the writer's life & time are not important . /o
also the effect of the text on the reader is also not the important
factor.
2e should read closely to find out sym"ol metaphor, character, plots
& other literary elements. /o text is the sufficient entity (element) .
*HE *E8* I*SELF
3or the new criticism the text it self is the sufficient entity
for the interpretation . 1o need to go "eyond the text for its interpretation
.3or the 1ew critics literary work is timeless (;dosf] k|#fj jf2 .jtGq) ,
8eaders & reading may change "ut the literary text not "eyond the text.
In the $Dth century & early %<th century the
"iographical, historical criticism were in practice (k|*ng) . *t that time to
interpret a text, the studied the authors life & time . To find the authors in
tension they read there "iography. 7y reading there desires , essay's &letters
they tried to find out the intention of the author. "ut for the new criticism the
text is the main thing for the interpretation things. 3or example , we can't
telephoned to shakespeare to know his intention an ' ,amlet' . To try to find
out the author intention for a text is called intentional fallacy (u3t&).
1ot only the authors intention is used for the
interpretation "ut also the readers++..response are not necessary for it. The
reader response may differ(l#Gg4 l#Gg) to the textual meaning . 8eaders
feeling may "e due to their own experience . It some"ody tries to interpret
the text for the reader response, that is called affective fallacy .
In conclusion a text has its meaning which we can get from a
close reading. 2e should provide the examples from the text. sym"ols
metaphors, point of view , character, plot are the formal element should "e
studies . /o the text is sufficient entity.
LI*ERAR1 LANG,AGE / ORGANI. ,NI*1
:iterary language & scientific language & everyday language are different
in nature.
:iterary language scientific language
!connotation (deep meaning ) ! -enotation (dictionary meaning )
!Indirect meaning ! -irect meaning
! -eli"erately made language ! Intentionally or directly said
(fg& fg&) language
ORGANI. ,NI*1
3orm content
(structure ) + (meaning)
0rganic unity
3our kinds of linguistic elements
paradox( lj/f]wf#0f)
Irony (lj!1jgf)
*m"iguity(bf]wf/ )
Tension (ljjfb)
Alose reading ! single meaning figurative language .
Image (dfgl;s l*q)
/ym"ol5;(s]t)
6etaphor(,kof]u)
/imile (,kdf)
LI*ERAR1 LANG,AGE /ORGANI. ,NI*1
:iterary language is different than the scientific language and everyday
language scientific language & everyday language depend on denotation
(surface meaning). They have the surface meaning. /cientific language
doesn't try to "eautify. Its jo" is to show the fact or o"ject truth. 7ut literary
language depend upon connotation (deep meaning) for example (father(
means male parents. It is denotation. Its connotation is (authority( ,
(protection(& (refund a"ility( in literary language . It is deli"erately made
to give the indirect meaning.

The form (how the language is used) & is the
content (what it means) have the insepara"le unity in a literary text . The text
should "e united like an organism. To have the organic unity the form &
content should "e mixed with the meaningful way. In an organic unity there
should "e the complexity & order.
3or the new criticism complexity of the text is created "y
the multiple meaning "rought to gather. The four kinds of organic element
make a text a complex . #aradox , irony , am"iguity, elements that seems to
"e one thing "ut happens differently . *m"iguity creates two or more
different meaning . Tension means like to gather of opposites. *ll the
multiple meaning should "e resolved (;dfwfg) "y close reading ,figurative
language also make the text "eautiful & meaningful . The use of simile.
metaphor image, sym"ols etc are important for the new critics .
NE7 .RI*I.ISM AS INS*RANSI. & OBJE.*I9E .RI*I.ISM
new criticism demands the study of formal elements closely to
discover the theme of a text.
Intrinsic criticism (Text #Gbf l#q)means to study only "ased on the
context created "y the text . 1ew criticism confines its study on the
text itself.
.xtreme criticism goes outside the text for interpretation .
1ew criticism is also called an o"jective criticism "ecause it only
focuses at text and its elements.
The single "est interpretation !
2e should find out the single "est interpretation of a text .
* 1ew criticism is the single "est interpretation of a text.
7ut due to its narrow concept to a text the failure of new criticism
"egins.
It is impossi"le to read a novel & an epic "y applying the new
criticism . it is a only possi"le to study short poem &short story.
It is confidently on the study of the formal of a text can't "e a
interpreted with it to give the actual meaning .
The ideological theories came forward for the interpretation & 1ew
criticism was ended .
*HE 3,ES*ION NE7 .RI*I.S AS:E0 ABO,* LI*ERAR1 *E8*
The formal element & figurative language .
,ow there is the organic unity "etween form &content.
,ow the single theme con "e find out from the text .
NE7 .RI*I.AL REA0ING OF 6*HE GREA* GA*SB16
The 1ovel is full of sym"ols & imagery . It has many satire, irony,
metaphor, simile & many others literary devices.
-aisy's white dress chastity(kljq)outwardly she is chest ful "ut
ironically she is not so.
5ats"y's car & his mansion sym"ol the material prosperity
(6jls ;1kGtf ) . Ironically his car causes his death .
>alley of *shes loss of morality, civilization & humanity.
5reen light of -aisy's house sym"ol of hope .
The old railway timeta"le The lose of value & determination.
-aisy's "lue garden , "lue lown ,"lue house Tom's vulgar ($;n& )
character.
*ll the characters are running after their longing "ut no"ody gets
fulfillment.
1ew criticism takes a text as the a"solute whole. There is no
extra textual material needed for the interpretation. The writer's "iography &
the readers impression "oth are not necessary for a textual interpretation . *
text is itself & it has the organic unity. 7y interpretation the literary elements
of a text . we can get a single interpretation .
The novel ( The 5reat 5ats"y( is full of sym"ols & imagery . It
has many irony , /atires metaphors, simile & other literary devices . The
1ovel is full of imagery of unfulfilled longing -aisy's whites drew is
sym"olic "ecause it shows the chastity (kljqtf) outwardly "ut ironically
-aisy isn't chestnut . 5ats"y's car . mansion & his parties are the sym"ols of
material prosperity that ironically course his death . (The valley if *shes( is
also the sym"ol of loss of morality, civilization & humanity . (The 5reen
light ( of -aisy's house is the sym"ol of hope for 5ats"y. The old time ta"le
list of the railway station is the sym"ol is the sym"ol of loss of vulgar&
determination . -aisy's "lue eyes. "lue garden ,"lue lawn , "lue color of her
house are the sym"ol of Tom's vulgar character. *ll the character are
running "ehind their unfulfilled longing "ut no"ody gets fulfillment. 3or
example 5ats"y is longing for lost love "ut he couldn't . ,e got death
instead. 6yrtle was longing for Tom's love "ut she shouldn't she also got
death . The novel has used vivid images that makes the novel meaningful.
The name of 5ats"y as 5reat is also satirical. The novel itself os the sym"ol
of *merican -ream .
REA0ER ;RES%ONSE .RI*I.ISM
This criticism focuses on reader response to literary text .
It says each interpretation is valid (.j&sfo{ ) in the context
from which a reader approach a text .
-ifferent readers may reader the some text differently .in
different occasion may produce different meaning .
It has not fixed & final meaning . .ach all the theories can "e
taken as reader response criticism . This concept come
against the o"jective criticism or new criticism.
It denies having a single meaning of a text. It was developed
in a $DE<s when new criticism "ecome failure .
REA0ER ;RES%ONSE .RI*I.ISM
This criticism focuses in reader response to literary
text. It says each interpretation is valid in the context from which a
reader approaches (b7li2sf]0f) a text . different reader many read
the some text ;uite differently . .ven the some readers reads the
different occasion may produce different meaning . * literary text
exists only when the readers read it . It possesses no fixed idea &
final meaning . .ven all theories can "e taken as reader response
criticism . This concept come against the o"ject criticism or new
criticism "ecause it denies ($l.jsf/ ) of having a single meaning . It
was developed well in $DE<s when new criticism "ecome failure.
8eader response criticism shows the
transactional relationship 5;x ;1jGw) "etween the reader & the
text . =ntil the reader doesnHt read it , The text doesnHt any
existence . It is the su"jective analysis of the reader a"out any text .
*RANSA.*IONAL REA0ER RES%ONSE *HEOR1
It shows the transactional "etween text & reader .
If we read a text , we respond it in our personal way.
7y applying our feeling & memories, we interpret a text .
Text & reader "oth are e;ually important elements .
The different interpretation give accepta"le different
meaning.
2e should justify the interpretation with the textual matter .
This ideas of transactional reader response theory was given "y
8osen"latt that she demands there should "e transaction "etween a
text & the readers . The printed material "ecomes a text which the
reader read. The reader respond the text in their personal way
feeling memories & idea may "e helpful for the interpretation of a
text. -ifferent readers interpret the text differently & all the
interpretation are valid our approach to the text must "e aesthetic
rather than efferent (are fact).
*s we read the text we respond in our personal way. 2hen we read
the text many time we correct ourselves & reach to the
interpretation so the relationship "etween text & reader is
important for its interpretation. The text has the existence when the
readers read it . 2e should justify our interpretation from the
textual evidences.
AFFE.*I9E S*1LIS*I.
It tells us that literary text is an event that occurs in time & it exist
only when it is read than an o"ject that o"ject that exists in space.
*ny literary work is examined closely often line "y line or word "y
word to understand now (stylistic) it affects the reader in the
process of reading. Text is not an independent o"ject O It doesnHt
exist without readers. * text doesnHt have any fixed meaning
,unless the reader read it. The value of text lies must to go the
hands of the readers. *ffective stylistic means how the style of the
text create the effect an the readers. 3rom this text gets response
from the readers. The text doesnHt have any value & meaning
unless we read it. Its effect on the readers depends on the style of
its writing. It the language it is for grounded it affect the reader
much.
S,BJE.*I9E REA0ER RES%ONSE *HEOR1
This theory argues that there is no literary text "eyond the
meaning created "y the readers interpretations. To put in other
words. The text which the critic analyzes is not the literary text .
2ritten response of the readers. 2hen the reader reads the text
he)she interpret a text according to his)her knowledge . .very
interpretation are true & accepta"le.
There are two types of o"jectives $) 8eal o"ject,
%)sym"olic o"ject. 8ead o"ject such as chair, ta"le can "ooks. The
experience create when someone read the printed passage of a text
like language itself is the sym"olic o"ject . It doesnHt occur in
physical world "ut in the conceptual world or in the mind of the
readers. 0urs perception reading experience & meaning created the
sym"olic world. The meaning is actually the meaning of
sym"olization. The text is not on the page "ut in the mind of the
readers. .very reader have there own interpretation of the text they
read. There is no o"jective meaning. /o reader response theory is
the su"jective interpretation of the readers.
%S1.HOLOGI.AL REA0ER RES%ONSE *HEOR1
Normal Holland #urpose the concept that means we react
to the literary text with our psychological situation.
Readers Interpretation reveals a"out themselves not a"out
the text.
It is the exploration of readers psychology.
It you dislike your drunkard father you will react hardly to
the drunkard character.
To control the world around you, you identify the
protagonist or antagonist.
0ur interpretation of the text re simply the product of the
fears, defense needs & desires.
The interpretation is the psychological state of the readers,
not its meaning.
1ormal ,olland "elieves that we react to literary text without
psychological state of our daily life. ,e "elieves that readers
interpretation reveals a"out themselves not a"out the text while
reading the text the is an exploration of reader psychology . 3or
example if you dislike drunkard father, you pro"a"ly will dislike
any character of the text who remem"ers your father.
If you like to control the word
around you, you identify yourself with powerful protagonist or
antagonist. The interpretation of any text is the reflection of the
readers desire of his)her psychological need. 2hen we read a
literary text , we identify ourselves with the characters. 2e
unconsciously create a text in our mind while we are reading or
analyzing a text+ our interpretation of the text simply the products
of the fear, defense needs, desires of our mind . /o it is the
psychological process. It shows the psychology of the readers not
the meaning of the text.
SO.IAL REA0ER RES%ONSE *HEOR1
/ocial reader response theory is associated with the concept
of /tanley fish who "elieves that there is not individual
su"jective response over the text according to fish our
su"jective response is the product of the community where
we grown up. 2e use the shared feeling among the
community. 0ur response is determined "y the social
situation. The institutions like school, college, church etc.
affect our thinking & this might "e reflect on our
interpretation , The different people of different community
"ring different responses for the interpretation of the text.
0EFINING REA0ERS
2hile reading the reader response theory. 2e show define who the
readers are we need to know the concept that what is the difference
"etween readers & the reader JreadersR means any"ody who could
read "ut Jthe readerR means to whom the text is addressed. The
readers means the person for when the text applied & intent ended
to "e read. Jimplied readersR are those who are fixed &
hypothetical readers are those whom the writers hopes to "e read
his text. 2ithout readers, there is no existence of any text. =nless
the readers read the text its has no value & existence. 0nly the
printed things canHt "e a text, unless it is commented & read "y
others.
SOME 3,ES*IONS REA0ER RES%ONSE .RI*I.S AS:E0
ABO,* LI*ERAR1 *E8*
8eader Kresponse theory assures that every criticism are valid.
.very reader can apply their own knowledge feeling , experience
to interpret a text. There is no any fixed way to interpret a text for
the reader response critics. The following ;uestion might "e
helpful for the interpretation of a text.
,ow does a interaction of a text & a reader create meaningB
,ow does s phrase K"y K phrase & word K"y Kword
analyzing of a short text us a"out the reading "uilt in +.
,ow does reader response "e similar to the topic of the textB
,ow does the "iography of the author is not important for
the interpretation of a textB It is a way of interpretation.
,ow the social & psychological contexts are help to interpret
a textB
,ow the readers su"jective interpretation can "e shown in
the textB
REA0ER ;RES%ONSE ANAL1SI. OF <GREA* GA*SB1=
8eaders response theory means the interpretation of
a text on the reader perspectives. .very reader has his or her way
to interpretation & every interpretation is valid. In the novel J5reat
5ats"yR the readers can get multiple approaches for its
interpretation. The novel supports many critical readings contained
in this text"ook , so there is the indeterminacy of single meaning
"ecause every theorist can used his theory to interpret it. /ome
readers may think that the IheroH is a Iromantic heroH some people
think that it is the story of 5ats"yHs private life. /ome of them
interpret the novel as it is the representation of jazz age. It is also
taken as love story & the sym"olic of *merican dream . It show
the history of *merican of the past war period.
1ick narrates the novel in his first person narration. 1ickHs
narration makes our positive & negative feeling towards 5ats"y.
,e tells 5ats"yHs faithful devotion to -aisy, shows that his positive
response & the reader give sympathy to 5ats"y when nick
narrators a"out his smuggling & his lie a"out his higher status. 2e
feel negative toward 5ats"y. Tom represents 5ats"y as a "ad
person "ut ?orgen "aker &1ick have the positive feeling towards
5ats"y. -aisy has also positive & negative impression towards the
readers. The text show the possi"ility of multiple meaning , that is
suita"le for reader response theory.
S*R,.*,RALISM
.merged in $D4<s .
3erdinand de /aussure! $D$E (course of 5eneral linguistics.(
:anguage ! -iachronic linguistic( historical)
/ynchronic linguistic (particular )
5enerally ( structure ( means physical from & shape or out
look . /tructuralists imagine that is structure of every thing in the world .
They imagine that there any types of structure of everything . The surface
phenomena (outer structure !j+x/& ;(/*gf) & underlying phenomena
( internal structure !l#lq ;(/*gf ) . /urface phenomena is the physical
o"ject & the underlying phenomena is the internal structures which sapes
the surface structure . for examples in .nglish we have million of words
from the 9$ phonemes .
/tructuralism is a dominant intellectual
movement popular in $DE<s in france . It is applied in every field of
human life It is used in language . literature ,culture , myth etc. language
is the structural system of words . 7y using the underline structure of a
sentence (su" S ver"So"j). we can make thousands of surface structures .
3erdinand de /aussure was the propound (;(.8fx9 )of this concept . ,e
crams that language has the surface & underlying structure .
S*R,*,RAL LANG,S*I.S
structural linguistics was developed "y 3erdinand de /aussure. It
"ecome popular only after $D4<s .
7efore /aussure language was studied in terms of history of
changes individual wards over time. That is called diachronic study
of language .
/aussure realized that we need to understand language in term of
its structure & relationship among words as they are used in a
given time . It is called synchronic study of language .
/aussure purposes that every languages has give & surface
structure deep structure called langue & the surface structure is
called (deep structure) parole . (surface structure) langue is the
proper o"ject of study.
:anguage works in terms of difference structure are nit merely the
collection of words. It has the internal structure. -ifference means
the a"ility to identity a word.
2ords are a linguistic sign that has two components. /ignifier &
signified.
signifier signified
sound image mental picture
) tree ) concept (picture)
It is the ar"itrary relation "etween signifier & signified . It is due to the
convention.(*ng*3t&)
S*R,.*,RAL LING,IAS*I.S
The concept of structural linguistics was developed "y 3erdinand de
/aussure during $D$9 yet it was "ecome popula only after $DE<s. 7efore
/aussure , the language was studied in terms of history . The sistorical study
of language is called diachronic study of language .It only studied the
change in language & in words in terms of history . /aussure felt the need to
understand language & its structure. Then he purposes the synchronic study
of language . That is not the historical study "ut it is the study of language of
a particular time . The sycchronic study of language focuses on the atructure
of it . It studies the deep structure from which we can make many surface
structure . It doesn't go "ack to the origin of language .It looks at the
underlines rules & function of the language .

3or /aussure language is the system of sign or sym"ols.
There id system in every sign . .very sign has two insepara"le entities . It
sound image & concept . It is also called relationship "etween signifier &
signified . The sound image or signifier makes the mental image or
signified . 3or example the word cat has the sound image or signifier )kaet)
that create the mental image or signified that is real animal cat. 7ut the
relationship "etween signifier & signified is ar"itrary & there is no hard &
fast rule. Net, It is used according to the convention . There is no natural
relationship "etween signifier & signified .
The language words in terms of difference .
3or example (cat( is meaningful "ecause it is not (rat( . This is called the
"inary opposition that is the property of language , language has two forms
langue & parole . :angue is the deep structure which help to make meaning
surface structure or parole. /tructure of a sentences . 3or example if we
know a sentences has the deep structural /S>S0. 2e can make many
surface structures.
S*R,.*,RAL AN*HRO%OLOF1
#eople seems to have different culture , ritual , myth & ceremonies
who live in different places &societies.
-ippier diversity, Alaude! :evi!/trauss presented the structuralist
anthropology "ecause he sees the underlying similarities in every
culture & myth.
In every field a system works & the outside activities of people are
only like parole (out side ) . In the underlying lever of the diverse
cultures , there is the common system .
There are various similarities among people though it seems diverse.
The system of marriage , relationship with relatives respect to elders
responsi"ility for family .
In myth we can get common structure of all cultures . There might "e
small elements of myth in every culture that is myth me . ,uman life ,
culture & myth seem to "e diverse & there have no any order , Net
there is structure in every things.
S*R,.*,RAL AN*HRO%OLOG1
The concept was developed "y crud! :evi!/trauss in the sense that
there is certain structure in human "ehaviors, culture, tradition &
myth. #eople the world have different culture, rituals, myth &
ceremonies (,T;j). -espite the diversity (ljljwtf) /trauss presents
the concept of structure in every field . ,e means to say noting is
"eyond the structure . /tructural anthropology always looks for
underlying structure that "ecomes the common feature of the
different types of surface structures . *ll our activities, "ehaviors ,
culture & tradition are governed "y the structure .
/trauss says that the difference which we see among culture &
"ehaviors of human "eings is only the surface difference &
structuralism linguistic shows its parole. The difference is only at
the level of parole in the underlying level of the diverse culture ,
there is some common . Aodified process & rules. 3or example the
mate selection for marriage, relationship with his relationship ,
respects to elders etc. are the common underlying features of human
"ehaviors . ,e also purposes the concept that in the underlying
level, all types of myth have similarity or the deep structure . In
every culture & tradition there is similar order or rules in deep
level . /trauss has mainly focused on myth "ecause he has seem
different elements of myths that are myths . There we can get the
similarities among the diverse culture.
SEMIO*I.S
/emiotic means the study of sign system .
sign C signifier or sound image
signified mental image
There is the ar"itrary relationship yet the convention gives
the meaning .
:anguage is the system of sign or sym"ol. The sym"ol or sign is to "e
studied to find out its meaning. The study is called semiotics .
* sign system is a linguistic & non language o"j or "ehaviors .
There are three types of sign ! $) I can physically resem"lance C man
%) Index! casual relationship C women ,smoke Cfire
9)sym"ols !It is the sign in which the signifier & signified have the
ar"itrary relation yet there is convention.
*ll linguistic elements or words are sym"ol.
(study of science )
SEMIO*I.S
/emiotic is a science that in;uires a"out the
linguistic meaning . In shorts semiotics is the sciences of study of
sym"ols . The meaning of a sign is possi"le when there is structure,
3or semiotics sign has the "road meaning . /emiotics gives the
signifiers a wide range of possi"ility . It only concerns to study the
sym"olic sign . It has also the ar"itrary relationship with the o"jects.
/emiotic studies these sym"ols as the system to make meaningful .
.very words can "e taken as a sym"ol .
In other words the study of sign system of
language is called semiotics. It takes sym"ols as the fundamental &
important sign system . There are three kinds mental & important sign
"etween the sign & real o"ject . The sign is called an I con , It that is
physically resem"le . 3or example a picture of a "oy at the door of the
room that sym"olization a make toilet. It there is physical proximity
or the casual relation that is called index. 3or example smoke
represents fire. The last one is sym"ol that has the ar"itrary
relationship "etween signifier & signified . .very linguistic words are
sym"olic & only the system gives the meaning .
S*R,.*IRALISM / LI*ERA*,RE
/tructuralism is a human science that studies the fundamental
structure of all human experiences.
2ithout structure our wind would "e chaos .( e"TutQn) . There
fundamental structural are similar in literature .
/tructuralism is a literary criticism it deals the narrative (literary
elements) of any piece of literature.
1arrative elements means the structure of plot, /etting ,character,
dialogue etc. of any literary text. In the three levels , we can interpret
any piece of literary .
$) Alassification of literary genre !poetry , play, story, novel, essay,
film, poem.
%) The description of narrative structure .
9) The analysis of literary interpretation .
/tructuralism is a human science that studies the fundamental
structure of all the human experiences without structure our world
would "e chaos . :iterature is also the experience of human life .
These fundamental structures are the same in literature . :iterature is
the field of study & structuralism is the methods of analysis. It deals
with the narrative of literary element of any piece of literature .
1arrative structure means the structure of plot setting , character,
dialogue, etc. In the three levels we can interpret any piece of
literature.
$) Alassification of literary genres.
%) The description of narrative structure .
9) The analysis of literary interpretation .
*#e str!ct!re of iterary 'enres ()
every literary genres have their own structure . Aomedy ,tragedy,
8omance are governed "y certain structure, structural anthropologist
1orthrop 3rye's theory of myth is the structural theories of genres
*ccording to him there are four types of myths.
$. Aomedy (myth of spring ) C happy ending
%. Tragedy (myth of autumn) C sad ending
9. 8omance (myth of summers) C full of laughter
@. Irony & satire (myth of winter)C *ttack over the society & culture.
The narrative representation of are in two ways.
$) The representation of an imaginative world or ideal world . It
seems to "e "etter than the real world.
%) The representation of real world ,which is full of suffering ,
evils ,uncertainty.
*HE S*R,.*,RE OF NARRA*I9E(NARRA*OLOG1)
1arratology is a science the studies the underlying pattern of every
narratives .
1arrative means the elements of plot , the character , point of view ,
setting etc.
In the narrative we find the structure of plot such as conflict
resolution separation or union climax etc.
NARRA*OLOG1
1arratology is a science that always search for the common underlying
pattern in the narrative . 1arrative means the elements of plot , its structure ,
character , point of view , setting etc. Thus the narratology is the projection
of the eternal structure of any narration.

In the narrative we can find such
structure of plot the formulas in the form of "inary opposition such as
conflict & resolution struggle & reconciliation separation & union of
narrative some of the stories have per formative structure & every literary
genres have their own narrative structure . /o the narratology studies all
types of structural elements of any literary text.
SOME 3,ES*IONS S*R,.*,RALIS* .R,*I.S AS:E0 ABO,*
LI*ERAR1 *E8*
,ow should the text "e classified in terms of its genres B
how the text con "e analyzed in terms of narrative or the framer of the
text B
7y using the narrative how cam we find out its meaning with its
eternal structure B
2hat are the semiotics of a given category or a text is used to give the
messages to the readers B
S*R,.*,RAL S*,01 OF 6*HE GREA* GA*SB16
The plot revolves rounds the life of ?ay 5ats"y's pursuit, attainment
& loss of -aisy.
The flash "ack techni;ue that deals a"out 5ats"y's youth "efore the
novel opens .
The plot has the structure of three items to seek to find & loco seek
!find lose pattern's of narrative is used in this novel .
The narrative has the myth of the summer to show the romance of
5ats"y's life. The myth of winter to examine a 1ick a"out the satire
& irony over all the characters.
5ats"y loses -aisy twice . /o also myrtle 2ilson loses Tom.
5ats"y's per suits of economic power helps him to "e rich .
1ick was optimistic to get his jo" "ut at the end he "ecome
pessimistic. The genres of inn & satire is used in the novel . The
Tragic death of 5ats"y makes this touching .
/tructuralism looks at the narrative of any literary text. It studies that
underlying structure of any text that helps to give the meaning . the great
5ats"y is very attractive novel for the structuralist study . The plot revolves
round the life of ?ay 5ats"y's pursuit arraignment & lose of -aisy .
The flash "ack techni;ue of the novel is also very attractive
structure that has made the plot interesting . The early life of 5ats"y is
reveled later in the novel. The plot moves ahead with three items to see to
find & to lose . The seek !find ! lose structure of the plot is applied to the
main characters , 5ats"y & -aisy . ,e seek for -aisy ,he gets her& at the
end he loses her . The narrative myths are also applied in the novel . 3or
example , to show the romance of 5ats"y the summer season is used . The
myth of winter is for the satine & irony in the novel when we examine
1ick . The other character are also related to (seek & lose ( structure
different that the traditional ( seek & find structure . 5ats"y is presented at
that romantic hero & he is was involve in guest. The inn is that he didn't get
what he hoped.
0E.ONS*R,.*ION

It is not destruction . It is the rejection of construction
-errida
signifier
/aussure sign ar"itrary
signified
0E.ONS*,R.*I9E .RI*I.ISM
-econstruction is not the (destruction (. It is the rejection of
construction.
-econstruction is a theory developed "y ?ac;ues -errida in $DE<s &
it "ecame popular in the literary field in $DF<s.
It is against the concept of structuralism. :anguage can't give the
meaning "ecause signifier never reaches to the signified.
:anguage is just the signifiers "ecause it never reaches the ultimate
meaning.
There is no centre, no hierarchy & no meaning "ecause language it
self can't convey the truth.
*ll our concepts are determines "y ideologies & it is also the
construction of language.
-econstruction is against the center, hierarchy & ultimate
meaning
-econstruction is not the destructionO it is the rejection of
construction. -econstruction is a theory developed ?ac;ues -errida
in $DE<s & got popularity in literary field in $DF<s. It tells us
meaning is impossi"le "ecause language couldnHt express it.
:anguage is just the chain of signifierO it is never reaches to
signify. There is no ultimate meaning "ecause signifier canHt
reaches to the truth or meaning due to the lack of language. 2e
canHt get the single meaning of a text. There is no centre & there is
no hierarchy among than . It reject the single meaning that the
language give us . *ll our ideas are "ased on language. /ince it is
not a proper tool & it canHt take us to the ultimate.
0E.ONS*R,.*ION LANG,AGE
:anguage is the important tools of communication if
communication what we want we take language as sta"le & reta"le
means communication "ut deconstruction rejects.
0E.ONS*R,.*ING H,MAN 7ORL0
This history of western metaphysics is "ased on centre. Aentre is
considered as governing force. 7ut philosopher ,eidegger,
1ietzsche, 3reud ;uestion over the truth creates "y language they
were against the centre seeking tendency.
-errida ;uestion over the logo centric ides
of western metaphysics. ,e says there is no centre . 1othing is
powerful as centre & powerless as margin. *ll are e;ual "lare the
margin makes something centre. It is not eternal. The .uropean
regarded their culture as centre & they thought all the other
cultures got meaning from the .uropean culture. 7ut in %<
th
century all the cultures "egin to "e seen as e;ual & powerful. It is
decent ring of the .uropean culture.
/ince all facts given "y language are
mere illusion. :anguage canHt give the meaning or the truth. It
always remains on the plays of signifiers. ,uman "eing get the
experience & ideas through language . we stay in the world
esta"lished "y language. 2e get identity through language. /ince
language itself am"iguous fragmented & incomplete. /o our
identity is also unsta"le . we internalized everything through
language. /ince out childhood "ut we gain nothing more than
confusion & contradiction. /o for -errida it is like peeling the
onion & we never get anything.
0E.ONS*R,.*ING LI*ERAR,RE
-econstruction literature is the rejection of the traditional way of
interpreting literature & providing a new way of method of
analysis . ,ere ,traditional means new criticism, structuralism &
formalism who always search for a single meaning . They "elieve
that the formal elements like imagery sym"olism rhyme, etc. can
give the meaning or theme of a text. 1otion slippery am"iguous.
*ll western theocracies #lato, /aussure & 8ousseau gave
prosperity to speech as primary & authentic original & true "ut the
writing was taken as supplementary of speech "ut deride rejects
this concept "ecause "oth are e;ually important & there no
hierarchy. *ccording to -errida speech was preceded (k|f8+dstf)
"y writing so there is no ;uestion of "eing supplement of speech
the hierarchy is death.
-o rupture the hierarchy of language ,
-errida coined a new word (difference( . This comes from the
3rench two ver"s.
$) To differ
%) To defer
To (differ( means the difference "etween the words of languages.
0ne sign is different than that other sign. The difference of sign
never ended. To (defer( means delay or past pone. The signifier
always delayed to reach up to signified. There is no signified or
meaning to reach. /o language is just the chain of signifiers.
-errida attacks over the structuralism & its concept of single
meaning . /aussure said meaning is possi"le in term a of
differences among signs. 7ut the diffidence never ends . To (defer
( means delays or past pone . The signifier always delayed to
reach up to signified. There is no signified or meaning to reach ./o
language is just the chain of signifiers . -errida attacks over the
structuralism & its concept of single meaning. /aussure said
meaning is possi"le in terms of differences among signs. 7ut the
difference never ends. 3or -errida there is no meaning, no centre
margin no hierarchy "ecause language itself is una"le to gave the
meaning .


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