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6-4

I E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK
THE INCANDESCENT LAMP
/
The first consideration of lamp design is that a source produce light most
economically for the service intended, or, in other words, that the best
balance of over-all lighting cost in terms of lighting results is secured. To
realize this objective in an incandescent lamp the following factors must
be definitely specified: filament material, length, diameter, form, coil
spacing, mandrel size (the mandrel is the form on which the filament is
wound), lead-in wires, number of filament supports, method of mounting,
proper vacuum or filling gas, gas pressure, bulb size, bulb shape, tempera-
ture, and surface treatment (frosting, coating, silver or aluminum pro-
cessing). (See Fig. 6-5.) Very careful production control is equally
GAS
The gas used in most lamps of 40 watts
and above prevents rapid evaporation of
the filament, permitting higher temper-
atures which result in higher efficiencies.
Usual gas is a mixture of nitrogen and
argon. Some lamps for special services
may use krypton or hydrogen.
LEAD-IN WIRES
These wires conduct the current to and from
the filament. Copper is used- from base to stem
press, and nickel from stem press to filament.
STEM PRESS
The glass and lead-in wires are sealed airtight
at this point. Here the lead-in wire is a combina-
--'
"Hon of a nickel-iron alloy core and a copper sleeve
(Dumet wire) having substantially the same co- /
efficient of expansion as the glass. /
EXHAUST TUBE
. ,
/
Through this tube, projecting beyond the bulb during
manufacture, the air is exhausted and the bulb filled
with inert gases. The tube is then sealed off.
SUPPORT WIRES
Molybdenum wires hold the filament in
place; a minimum number reduces heat
losses.
BUTTON
The glass is softened during assembly
and the support wires stuck in it. It is
supported by the button rod.
MICA DISK
The mica disk reduces circulation of hot gases
into the neck of the bulb, protecting the stem
press, stem, and socket from excessive tem-
peratures when necessary.
FUSE
The fuse is designed to open the circuit if the
filament arcs. By reducing sputtering of the
metal, cracking of the bulb is prevented. It
also protects the circuit and prevents blowing
of the line fuses.
C-17 FILAMENT
'
,-7 FILAMENT
f'
f
SUPPORTS
, LEAD-IN
r
SUPPORTS
. GLASS BUTTON
ROD
-ARBOR WIRE
STEM PRESS
SIDE VIEW
OF MOUNT
T
TOP VIEW
,C-9 FILAMENT /
j,m.,, w
FILAMENT
/
\\
M-jf/- SUPPORTS 1
t
1 /L.
LEAD-IN \
_jfr'
SUPPORTS \
4GLASS BUTTON
J
|
ROD
Jr-ARBOR WIRE
WSTEM PRESS
/ \
SIDE VIEW
OF K10UNT
100- WATT, ROUGH
-
SERVICE LAMP, A-23 BULB
100-WATT, VIBRATION-
SERVICE LAMP, A-23 BULB
FIG. 6-5. Construction of common types of incandescent lamps for: (a) general
service; (b) rough service; (c) vibration service.

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