The industrial age marked a major change in the role of the architect. Society representing the building design professions were founded. Government regulation took the form of detailed municipal and national building codes.
The industrial age marked a major change in the role of the architect. Society representing the building design professions were founded. Government regulation took the form of detailed municipal and national building codes.
The industrial age marked a major change in the role of the architect. Society representing the building design professions were founded. Government regulation took the form of detailed municipal and national building codes.
The coming of the industrial age also marked a major change in the role of the architect. The artistarchitects of the Renaissance had the twin patrons of church and state upon whom they could depend for commissions. In the rising industrial democracies the market for large-scale buildings worthy of an architects attention widened, and the different users asked for a bewildering range of new building types. The response of the architect was to develop the new role of licensed professional on the model of professions such as law and medicine. In addition, with the coming of building science, there was a further division of labour in the design process; structural engineering appeared as a separate discipline specializing in the application of mathematical models in building. One of the first buildings for which the architect and engineer were separate persons was the Granary (1811) in Paris. Societies representing the building design professions were founded, including the Institution of Civil Engineers (1818) and the Royal Institute of British Architects (1834), both in London, and the American Institute of Architects (1857). Official government licensing of architects and engineers, a goal of these societies, was not realized until much later, beginning with the Illinois Architects Act of 1897. Concurrent with the rise of professionalism was the development of government regulation, which took the form of detailed municipal and national building codes specifying both prescriptive and performance requirements for buildings. VOCABULARY Major = O maior / Principal / grande Rising = Crescente / ascendente Large-scale = Em grande escala Buildings = Edifcios / prdios / edificaes Worthy = Digno / merecedor / meritrio / respeitvel / merecido Bewildering range = Estonteante gama / atordoante variedade Structural engineering = Engenharia estrutural Goal = Objetivo / Meta Development = Desenvolvimento 1. RESPONDA AS PERGUNTAS DE ACORDO COM O TEXTO. a) O que tambm marcou uma mudana no papel do arquiteto? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ b) O que os diferentes usurios pediram diante do crescimento do mercado de edifcios de grande escala? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
c) Qual foi a resposta dos Arquitetos?
____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ d) Em que a Engenharia Estrutural especializada? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ e) Qual foi o primeiro edifcio a ter um Arquiteto e um Engenheiro trabalhando como dois profissionais separados em sua construo? Em que ano e onde isto aconteceu? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ f) Em que cidade foi fundada as sociedades: Institution of Civil Engineers and the Royal Institute of British Architects? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ g) O que estava concorrendo com o crescimento do profissionalismo? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Diga em que linha e essas ideias aparecem. a) Achegada da era industrial tambm provocou uma grande mudana no papel do arquiteto (linha________) b) A necessidade de se construir prdios em grande escala aumentou com a ascenso da democracia industrial (linha____________) c) O Granary foi dos primeiros edifcios a usar um engenheiro e um arquiteto no seu planejamento e construo. (linha____________) 3. Choose the correct alternative. a) In the sentence upon whom they could depend for commissions., they refers to: ( ) the Renaissance ( ) artist-architects ( ) the twin patrons b) In the sentence which took the form of detailed municipal and national building codes, which refers to: ( ) the rise of professionalism ( ) Illinois Architects ( ) government regulation
4. Leia o texto acima e complete as frases em ingls.
a) A major change in the role of the architect was caused by tthe_____________________. b) A bewildering range of new building types was asked by the_______________________. c) In the city of__________________ were founded societies representing the building design professions. d) The development of government regulation was concurrent with____________________. 5. Associe as colunas de acordo com a traduo. ( a ) each ( c ) then ( e ) now ( f ) back