CrimPro Riano 2011 - Rules 114 To 127

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (THE BAR LECTURES SERIES) BY WILLARD B.
RIANO 2011
ALS2014B ABALA.BERNARDINO.CASTILLO.A CHUA.DEE.FABICO.PALAD.REYES.SALGADO.TORRENUEVA. 1
kULL 114 - 8AIL

MLANING, NA1UkL, AND UkCSL CI 8AIL

8all ls Lhe secotlty glven for Lhe release of a person ln cusLody
of Lhe law, furnlshed by blm ot o booJsmoo, Lo guaranLee hls
appearance before any courL as requlred under cerLaln
speclfled condlLlons

1haL Lhe accused shall appear before Lhe proper courL
whenever requlred by Lhe courL or by Lhe 8ules ls ooe of tbe
cooJltloos lo oll kloJs of boll

A ball appllcaLlon does noL only lnvolve Lhe rlghL Lo Lhe
accused Lo Lemporary llberLy, buL llkewlse Lhe tlqbt of tbe
5tote to ptotect tbe people ooJ tbe peoce of tbe commoolty
ftom Jooqetoos elemeots

1he rlghL Lo ball ls a coostltotloool tlqbt. lL ls personal ln
naLure and wolvoble.

1he rlghL sprlngs from Lhe ptesomptloo of loooceoce accorded
every accused.

Slnce ball ls Lhe securlLy for Lhe release of a person under Lhe
cusLody of Lhe law, lt ls oot loteoJeJ to covet tbe clvll lloblllty
of tbe occoseJ. 1he money may be applled Lo Lhe paymenL of
flnes and cosLs whlle Lhe excess lf any shall be reLurned Lo Lhe
accused or Lo whoever made Lhe deposlL.

1he granL or denlal of ball has oo lmpoct oo tbe clvll lloblllty of
tbe occoseJ tbot JepeoJs oo coovlctloo by flool joJqmeot.

All prlsoners wheLher under prevenLlve deLenLlon or servlng
flnal senLence CAnnC1 pracLlce Lhelr professlon nor engage ln
any buslness or occupaLlon, or hold offlce, elecLlve or
appolnLlve, whlle ln deLenLlon.

1he presumpLlon of lnnocence ls nC1 a reason for Lhe
deLalned accused Lo be allowed Lo hold offlce or pracLlce hls
professlon. 5ocb ptesomptloo of loooceoce Joes oot cotty wltb
lt tbe foll eojoymeot of clvll ooJ polltlcol tlqbts.

CCNS1I1U1ICNAL 8ASIS CI 1nL kIGn1 1C 8AIL

Sec. 13, ArLlcle lll, 1987 ConsLlLuLlon

All persons, except tbose cbotqeJ wltb offeoses
poolsboble by teclosloo petpetoo wbeo evlJeoce of
qollt ls sttooq, shall, before convlcLlon, be ballable by
sufflclenL sureLles, or be released on recognlzance as
may be provlded by law. 1he rlghL Lo ball shall nC1 be
lmpalred eveo wbeo tbe wtlt of bobeos cotpos ls
sospeoJeJ. Lxcesslve ball shall nC1 be requlred."

SecLlon 7 8ule 114:

no person charged wlLh a caplLal offense, or an
offense punlshable by recluslon perpeLua, or llfe
lmprlsonmenL, shall be admlLLed Lo ball when evldence
of gullL ls sLrong, regardless of Lhe sLage of Lhe crlmlnal
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (THE BAR LECTURES SERIES) BY WILLARD B. RIANO 2011
prosecuLlon." ln Lhe 1rlllanes case, Lhe provlslon of Lhe
8ules apply, for lnsLance, Lo rape or even coop Jetot
caases slnce boLh are punlshable by recluslon
perpeLua. No Jlstloctloo ls moJe os to tbe polltlcol
complexloo of ot tbe motol totpltoJe lovolveJ lo tbe
ctlme cbotqeJ.

1he LesL ls nC1 wheLher Lhe evldence esLabllshed gullL beyond
reasonable doubL bot totbet wbetbet lt sbows evlJeot qollt ot
o qteot ptesomptloo of qollt. 1he courL ls mlnlsLerlally bound
Lo declde whlch clrcumsLances and facLors are presenL whlch
would show evldenL gullL or presumpLlon of gullL. 1he word
sLrong" does nC1 mean proof beyond reasonable doubL."

lf Lhe accused had 8LLn SLn1LnCLu Lo recluslon perpeLua,
Lhe boll sboolJ bove beeo cANcllu, losteoJ of locteosloq lt.
Where Lhe rlghL Lo ball exlsLs, lL should noL be rendered
nugaLory by requlrlng a sum LhaL ls excesslve, oLherwlse Lhe
rlghL Lo ball becomes meanlngless.

8AIL IN 1nL MILI1Ak - NC1 kLCCGNI2LD

1he mlllLary ls Lhe LxCL1lCn Lo Lhe general rule of ball ln Lhe
8lll of 8lghLs. 1be tlqbt to speeJy ttlol ls glven more emphasls
ln Lhe mlllLary where Lhe rlghL Lo ball does nC1 exlsL. 1hey
cannoL say Lhey are dlscrlmlnaLed. (Lqual LreaLmenL of
persons slmllarly slLuaLed)

8AIL IN Lk1kADI1ICN kCCLLDINGS - NC1 A MA11Lk CI kIGn1 (AU1nCk
8LLILVLS 1nA1 1nL kIGn1 1C DUL kCCLSS IS 8kCAD LNCUGn 1C INCLUDL
1nIS)

CASL: US GCV1 v. UkGANAN
lSSuL: W/n a person faclng exLradlLlon ls enLlLled Lo ball.
PLLu: 8AlL nC1 A MA11L8 Cl 8lCP1 ln exLradlLlon cases. 1he
courL however, dld nC1 hold LhaL ball nLvL8 applles.

WP??
1. 1he use of Lhe word convlcLlon," suggesLs LhaL ball applles
only when a person bos beeo ottesteJ ooJ JetoloeJ fot
vlolotloo of lblllpploe ctlmlool lows. lL does nC1 apply Lo
exLradlLlon proceedlngs, because exLradlLlon courLs Jo oot
teoJet joJqmeots of coovlctloo ooJ ocpolttol

2. 1he consLlLuLlonal provlslon on ball wlll noL apply Lo a case
llke exLradlLlon, where tbe ptesomptloo of loooceoce ls oot ot
lssoe.

3. LxLradlLlon proceedlngs are nC1 crlmlnal ln naLure buL sol
qeoetls, o closs lo ltself. Slnce lL ls noL a crlmlnal proceedlng, lL
wlll noL call lnLo operaLlon all Lhe rlghLs of Lhe accused under
Lhe 8lll of 8lghLs and does noL lnvolve a deLermlnaLlon of gullL
or lnnocence.

LkCL1ICN 1C 1nL "NC 8AIL kULL" IN Lk1kADI1ICN kCCLLDINGS

8all may be applled for and granLed as an excepLlon, only
upon a clear and convlnclng showlng LhaL:
1. Cnce granLed ball, Lhe appllcanL wlll NO1 be o fllqbt tlsk ot o
Jooqet to tbe commoolty ooJ
2. 1haL Lhere exlsL speclol, bomooltotloo, ooJ compellloq
cltcomstooces.

UkGANAN CASL kL-LkAMINLD

CASL: Gov't of nk v. C|a||a (S years after the US Govt v.
urganan case)
lSSuL: W/n ball applles Lo exLradlLlon cases
PLLu: ?LS (vlewed ln Lhe llghL of varlous LreaLy obllgaLlon of
Lhe hlllpplnes concernlng respecL for Lhe promoLlon and
proLecLlon of human rlghLs.)

CourL polnLed ouL Lrends whlch lL clalms lL cannoL lgnore"
1. 1he growlng lmporLance of Lhe lndlvldual person ln publlc
lnLernaLlonal law
2. Plgher value now belng glven Lo human rlghLs ln Lhe lnL'l
sphere
3. Correspondlng duLy of counLrles Lo observe Lhese unlversal
human rlghLs ln fulfllllng LreaLy obllgaLlons
4. uuLy of Lhe courL Lo balance Lhe rlghLs of Lhe lndlvldual
under our fundamenLal law, on one hand, and Lhe law on
exLradlLlon, on Lhe oLher.

noLlng LhaL ball had ln Lhe pasL been C8An1Lu 1C
uLC81A1lCn 8CCLLulnCS, Lhe CourL reasoned LhaL lf ball
can be granLed ln deporLaLlon cases, lL sees no [usLlflcaLlon
why lL should noL also be allowed ln exLradlLlon cases. AfLer
all, boLh are oJmlolsttotlve ptoceeJloqs wbete tbe loooceoce
ot qollt of tbe petsoo JetoloeJ ls oot lo lssoe.

8AIL IN DLCk1A1ICN kCCLLDINGS - MA11Lk CI DISCkL1ICN

1he rlghL Lo ball ls nC1 a maLLer of rlghL buL o mottet of
Jlsctetloo oo tbe pott of tbe commlsslooet of lmmlqtotloo ooJ
uepottotloo.

SecLlon 37 of Lhe hll. lmmlgraLlon AcL

Any allen under arresL ln a
deporLaLlon proceedlng MA? be
released under bond or under
such condlLlons as may be
lmposed by Lhe Commlssloner of
lmmlgraLlon."

1he use of Lhe word MA? ln sald provlslon lndlcaLes LhaL Lhe
granL of ball ls merely permlsslve and nC1 mandaLory on Lhe
parL of Lhe Commlssloner. 1he exerclse of Lhe power ls wbolly
Jlsctetloooty.

WnC IUkNISnLS 1nL 8AIL - ALICAN1 nIMSLLI Ck A 8CNDSMAN

C8LIGA1ICN AND kIGn1 CI 1nL 8CNDSMAN, AkkLS1 WI1nCU1 A
WAkkAN1 (LCCk A1 CCDAL !)

1he auLhorlLy of Lhe bondsman Lo arresL or cause Lhe arresL of
Lhe accused sprlngs from Lhe old prlnclple LhaL once Lhe
obllgaLlon of ball ls assumed, tbe booJsmoo ot sotety becomes
tbe jollet of tbe occoseJ, and ls subrogaLed Lo all Lhe rlghLs and
means whlch Lhe gov'L possesses Lo make hls conLrol over hlm
effecLlve.

1nL ALICAN1 ICk 8AIL MUS1 8L IN CUS1CD

8all CAnnC1 be avalled of by someone ouLslde Lhe cusLody of
Lhe law. A freeman Lherefore, lS nC1 enLlLled Lo ball.

1he rule conslders ball as appllcable CnL? Lo a person ln
cusLody of Lhe law" and does noL cover a person who ls ln Lhe
en[oymenL of hls physlcal llberLy. A luCl1lvL may nC1 apply
for ball unless he glves hlmself up flrsL so he may be placed
under Lhe cusLody of Lhe law.

A person ls sald Lo be ln cusLody lf he ls ottesteJ by vlttoe of
wottoot ot eveo wltboot o wottoot ot lf be voloototlly sobmlts
blmself to tbe jotlsJlctloo of tbe coott os wbeo be sotteoJets
to tbe ptopet ootbotltles.

1he accused who ls coofloeJ lo o bospltol may be deemed Lo
be ln Lhe cusLody of Lhe law lf he clearly communlcaLes hls
submlsslon Lo Lhe courL whlle conflned ln Lhe hosplLal.
(physlcal lncapaclLy and as a maLLer of humane conslderaLlon)

LkCL1ICNS 1C 1nL kULL 1nA1 1nL ALICAN1 MUS1 8L IN CUS1CD CI
1nL LAW (IM1)

a. When Lhe ball ls requlred Lo guaranLee LhaL appearance of a
maLerlal wlLness under Sec. 14, 8ule 119
b. When ball ls requlred Lo guaranLee Lhe appearance of a
prosecuLlon wlLness ln cases where Lhere ls a subsLlLuLlon of
Lhe lnformaLlon

8AIL ICk 1nCSL NC1 L1 CnAkGLD

Any person ln cusLody who ls nC1 yeL charged ln courL may
apply for ball wlLh any courL ln Lhe provlnce, clLy, or
munlclpallLy, where he ls held.

A person deprlved of hls llberLy by vlrLue of arresL or volunLary
surrender may apply for ball as soon as he ls deprlved of hls
llberLy, eveo befote o complolot of lofotmotloo ls flleJ oqolost
blm.

A munlclpal Lrlal courL [udge has nC auLhorlLy Lo granL ball Lo
an accused arresLed ouLslde of hls LerrlLorlal [urlsdlcLlon.

LIILC1S CI IAILUkL 1C ALAk IN 1nL 1kIAL (SLC 2(C) CI kULL 114 AND
SLC. 23 CI kULL 114)

CCUk1 CANNC1 kLUIkL AkkAIGNMLN1 8LICkL 1nL GkAN1 CI 8AIL

ISSUL: W]N an accused must f|rst be arra|gned before he
may be granted ba||
nLLD: NC

1he granL of ball should nC1 be condlLloned upon Lhe prlor
arralgnmenL of Lhe accused. 8all should be granLed before
arralgnmenL, otbetwlse tbe occoseJ wlll be ptecloJeJ ftom
fllloq o motloo to poosb wblcb ls to be Jooe 8lOk
ottolqomeot.

1o condlLlon Lhe granL of ball on hls arralgnmenL would be Lo
place hlm ln a poslLlon where he has Lo choose beLween
1. llllng a moLlon Lo quash and Lhus delay hls release unLll hls
moLlon can be resolved because prlor Lo lLs resoluLlon, he
cannoL be arralgned
2. loregolng Lhe flllng of a moLlon Lo quash so LhaL he can be
arralgned aL once and LhereafLer be released on ball
NO1. 1bese sceootlos ooJetmloes tbe occoseJs tlqbt oot to
be pot oo ttlol except opoo o vollJ complolot ooJ lofotmotloo
sofflcleot to cbotqe blm wltb o ctlme ooJ bls tlqbt to boll.

ISSUL: W]N a mot|on to quash may be f||ed dur|ng the
pendency of a pet|t|on for ba||
nLLD: LS

no such lnconslsLency exlsLs beLween an appllcaLlon of an
accused for ball and Lhe flllng of a moLlon Lo quash.

1he purpose of ball ls Lo obLaln Lhe provlslonal llberLy of a
person charged wlLh an offense unLll convlcLlon whlle aL Lhe
same Llme securlng hls appearance aL Lhe Lrlal. Cn Lhe oLher
hand, a moLlon Lo quash an lnformaLlon ls Lhe mode by whlch
an accused assalls Lhe valldlLy of a crlmlnal complalnL or
lnformaLlon. Ao occoseJ moy flle o motloo to poosb tbe
lofotmotloo, os o qeoetol tole, befote ottolqomeot.

lf a moLlon Lo quash a crlmlnal complalnL or lnformaLlon on
Lhe ground LhaL same does noL charge any offense ls granLed
and Lhe case ls dlsmlssed and Lhe accused ls ordered released,
Lhe peLlLlon for ball may become mooL and academlc.

ICkMS CI 8AIL (kLAD CCDAL SLC 10-1S)
8all may be glven ln Lhe ff forms:
a. CorporaLe sureLy
b. roperLy 8ond
c. Cash deposlL
d. 8ecognlzance

ueposlL musL be made wlLh Lhe persons enumeraLed ln Lhe
rule (ooly tbe collectot lf lotetool teveooe, clty, ptovloclol,
moolclpol tteosotet ls ootbotlzeJ) A IuuC l5 NO1 ON of
Lhose auLhorlzed Lo recelve a deposlL of cash ball, nor should
such cash be kepL ln Lhe [udge's offlce, much less ln hls
resldence.

kLLLASL CN kLCCGNI2ANCL MA 8L CkDLkLD 8 1nL CCUk1 IN 1nL II
CASLS:

a. When Lhe offense charged ls for vlolaLlon of an ordlnance, a
llghL felony, or a crlmlnal offense, Lhe lmposable penalLy of
whlch does noL excess 6 monLhs lmprlsonmenL and/or 2000
flne, under 8.A. no. 6036

b. Where a person has been ln cusLody for a perlod equal Lo or
more Lhan Lhe mlnlmum of Lhe lmposable prlnclpal penalLy,
wlLhouL appllcaLlon of Lhe lndeLermlnaLe senLence Law or any
modlfylng clrcumsLance, ln whlch case, Lhe courL ln lLs
dlscreLlon, may allow hls release on PlS CWn recognlzance, or
on a reduced ball, aL Lhe dlscreLlon of Lhe courL.

c. ln case of a youLhful offender held for physlcal and menLal
examlnaLlon, Lrlal, or appeal, lf he ls unable Lo furnlsh ball (u
603)

d. ln summary procedure, when Lhe accused has been
arresLed for fallure Lo appear when requlred. Pls release shall
be elLher on ball or on recognlzance by a responslble clLlzen
accepLable Lo Lhe courL.

GUIDLLINLS IN IIkING 1nL AMCUN1 CI 8AIL (SLC. 9)

ln flxlng ball, Lhe amounL should be hlgh enough Lo assure Lhe
presence of Lhe accused when such presence ls requlred buL
no hlgher Lhan ls reasonably calculaLed Lo fulfll Lhls purpose.

1he exlsLence of a blqb Jeqtee of ptoboblllty tbot tbe
JefeoJoot wlll obscooJ confers upon Lhe courL no greaLer
dlscreLlon Lhan to lNckA5 tbe booJ to socb omooot as
would reasonably Lend Lo assure Lhe presence of Lhe
defendanL when lL ls wanLed, such amounL Lo be sub[ecL, of
course, Lo Lhe provlslon LhaL excesslve ball shall noL be
requlred.

DUkA1ICN CI 1nL 8AIL (SLC. 2(A) kULL 114)

1he ball bond posLed by an accused can only be used durlng
Lhe 13-day perlod Lo appeal and nC1 durlng Lhe enLlre perlod
of appeal. lor Lhe accused Lo conLlnue hls provlslonal llberLy
on Lhe SAML ball bond, consenL of Lhe bondsman ls necessary.

NC kLLLASL Ck 1kANSILk CI LkSCN IN CUS1CD, LkCL1ICNS (SLC. 3
kULL 114)

no person under deLenLlon by legal process shall be released
or Lransferrred excepL:
upon order of Lhe courL, or
When he ls admlLLed Lo ball

WnLN 8AIL IS NC1 kLUIkLD (SLC. 16 kULL 114)

noL requlred when Lhe law or Lhe 8ules of CourL so provlde

ln Lhe followlng cases, ball ls noL requlred prlor Lo Lhe release
of Lhe person ln cusLody:

8eleased lmmedlaLely (wlLhouL pre[udlce Lo Lhe
conLlnuaLlon of Lhe Lrlal or Lhe proceedlngs on apeal) -
A person has been ln cusLody for a perlod equal Lo or
more Lhan Lhe posslble maxlmum lmprlsonmenL
prescrlbed for Lhe offense charged

8eleased afLer 30 days of prevenLlve lmprlsonmenL - lf
Lhe maxlmum penalLy Lo whlch Lhe accused may be
senLenced ls desLlerro

!udge may lssue summons lnsLead of warranL of arresL. Slnce
no arresL ls made, ball ls noL requlred
Cases flled wlLh Lhe M1C or Mun1C for an offense
punlshable by an offense punlshable by an
lmprlsonmenL of less Lhan 4 years, 2 monLhs and 1 day
!udge ls saLlsfled LhaL Lhere ls no necesslLy for placlng
Lhe accused under cusLody

under Sec 1 of 8A 6036
lf a person ls charged wlLh vlolaLlon of a munlclapl or
clLy ordlnance
A llghL felony and/or a crlmlnal offense - penalLy of
whlch ls noL hlgher Lhan 6 monLhs lmprosenmenL and
or a flne of 2000 esos or boLh where lL ls esLbllshed
LhaL he ls unable Lo posL Lhe requlred cash or ball bond
LxCL1lCnS
o ln flagranLe
o Confess Lo Lhe commlsslon of Lhe offense
(unles confesslon ls laLer repudlaLed by hlm ln a
sworn sLaLemenL or ln open courL as havlng
been exLracLed Lhrough force or lnLlmldaLlon)
o revlously escaped from legal conflnemenL,
evaded senLence or [umped ball
o revlously vlolaLed Lhe provlslons of Sec 2 of
Lhe law - (lnsLead of ball - person charged wlLh
any offesne conLemplaLed by S1 hereof shall be
requlred Lo slgn ln Lhe presence of 2 wlLnesses
of good sLandlng a communlLy a sworn
sLaLemenL blndlng hlmself, pendlng flnal
declslon of hls case, Lo reporL Lo Lhe clerk of Lhe
CourL hearlng hls case perlodlcally every 2
weeks - more of Lhls aL page 333)
o 8ecldlvlsL or a hablLual dellnquenL or has been
prevlously convlLed for an offesne Lo whlch Lhe
law or ordlnance aLLaches an equal or greaLer
penalLy or for 2 or more offesnes Lo whlch lL
aLLaches a llghLer fpenalLy
o CommlLs Lhe offesne whlle on parole or under
condlLlonal pardon
o Accused has prevlously been pardoned by Lhe
munlclapl or clLy mayor for vlolaLlon of m[nclpal
or clLy ordlnance for a LleasL 2 Llmes

WnLN 8AIL IS NC1 ALLCWLD

When evldence of gullL ls S18CnC regardless of Lhe sLage of
Lhe crlmlnal prosecuLlon - erson charged wlLh
a caplLal offense or
an offense punlshable by recluslon perpeLua or llfe
lmprlsonmenL

AfLer a [udgemenL of convlLlon has become flnal
LxcepLlon: lf before flnallLy of Lhe [udgemenL Lhe
accused applles for propbaLlon - he may be allowed
Lemporary llberLy under hls ball
no ball was flled or Lhe accused ls lncapable of flllng
one - courL may allowhls release on recognlzance Lo
Lhe cusLody of a responslble member of Lhe
communlLy

AfLer Lhe accused has commenced Lo serve senLence

WnLN 8AIL IS A MA11Lk CI kIGn1

Ceneral 8ule: All persons ln cusLody shall be admlLLed Lo ball
as a maLLer of rlghL. Applles Lo Lhe ff slLuaLlons:
8efore convlcLlon by Lhe M1C, Mun1C, Mun1C ln
ClLles, Munlclpal ClrculL 1rlal CourL
AfLer convlcLlon by Lhe courLs menLloned above
8efore convlcLlon by Lhe 81C of an affoense nC1
punlshable by deaLh, recluslon perpeLua or llfe
lmprlsonmenL

unlshable by rlslon Correcclonal

!udge ls Lo flx a hlgher amounL of ball and noL Lo cancel Lhe
same - Lxlsence of a hlgh degree of probablllLy LhaL Lhe
defendanL wlll abscond confers upon Lhe courL no greaLer
dlscreLlon Lhan Lo lncrease Lhe bond Lo such an amounL as
would reasonably Lend Lo assure Lhe presence of Lhe
defendanL when lL ls wanLed

nC1 a maLLer of rlghL - SecLlon 7 8ule 114 (evldence of gullL ls
sLrong), sound dlscreLlon of Lhe courL, prosecuLlon has Lhe
burden of showlng LhaL evldence of gullL ls sLrong
CourL should flrsL conducL a hearlng, wheLher
summary or oLherwlse ln Lhe dlscreLlon of Lhe courL Lo
deLermlne Lhe exlsLence of sLrong evldence or Lhe lack
of lL
ln a ball hearlng, Lhe courL does noL slL Lo Lry Lhe
merlLs of Lhe case

kLMLD WnLN 8AIL IS DLNILD

CerLlorarl - where Lhe Lrlal courL commlLLed a grave abuse of
lLs dlscreLlon amounLlng Lo access or lack of [urlsdlcLlon ln
lssulng Lhe sald order

WnLN 8AIL IS A MA11Lk CI DISCkL1ICN

MaLLer of 8lCP1: 8efore convlcLlon by Lhe 81C of an offense
noL punlshable by deaLh, recluslon perpeLua or llfe of
lmprlslonmenL.

8u1: when Lhe accused has been convlcLed ln Lhe 81C of an
offense noL punlshable by deaLh, recluslon perpeLua or llfe
lmprlslonmenL, Lhe admlsslon Lo ball becomes dlscreLlonary.
Applles wheLher ball ls a mLLer of rlghL or a maLLer of
dlscreLlon: A hearlng musL be conducLed wheLher or noL Lhe
prosecuLlon refuses Lo presenL evldence and Lhe prosecuLor
musL be noLlfled Lo requlre hlm Lo submlL hls
recommendaLlon.

lf accused ls senLenced Lo suffer recluslon perpeLua hls
convlcLlon clearly lmporLs LhaL Lhe evldence of gullL ls sLrong.
8all musL noL Lhen be granLed LoL Lhe accused durlng Lhe
pendency of hls appeal from Lhe [udgemenL of convlcLlon.

MlsconcepLlon: when an accused ls acharged wlLh Lhe crlme
of murder - noL enLlLled Lo ball aL all or LhaL Lhe crlme of
murder ls non-ballable.

Accused ls sLlll enLlLled Lo ballbuL no longer as a maLLer of
rlghL. Calls for a [udlclal deLermlnaLlon LhaL Lhe evldence of
gullL ls noL sLrong ln order Lo granL ball.

WnLkL ALICA1ICN ICk 8AIL IS 1C 8L IILLD WnLN 8AIL IS A MA11Lk CI
DISCkL1ICN AND AI1Lk CCNVIC1ICN 8 1nL k1C

1rlal CourL
Lven lf a noLlce of appeal has already been flled
provlded LhaL Lhe Lrlal courL has noL yeL LransmlLed Lhe
orlglnal record Lo Lhe appellaLe courL
ConslsLenL wlLh Sec 6 of 8ule 120 (1he courL
promulgaLlng Lhe [udgmenL shall have auLhorlLy Lo
accepL Lhe noLlce of appeal and Lo approve Lhe ball
bond pendlng appeal)
AppellaLe CourL
lf Lhe orlglnal record has already been LransmlLLed Lo
Lhe appllaLe courL
lf Lhe declslon of Lhe 81C convlcLlng Lhe accused
changed Lhe naLure of Lhe offense from non-ballable Lo
ballable

lf Lhe appllcaLlon for ball ls granLed, Lhe accused may be
allowed Lo conLlnue on provlslonal llberLy durlng Lhe
pendency of Lhe appeal under Lhe same ball. Powever, sub[ecL
Lo Lhe consenL of Lhe bondsman.

WnLN ALICA1ICN ICk 8AIL AI1Lk CCNVIC1ICN 8 1nL k1C SnALL 8L
DLNILD

8all denled: lf Lhe penalLy lmposed ls deaLh recluslon perpeLua
or llfe lmprlsonmenL slnce Lhe convlcLlon lndlcaLes sLrong
evldence of gullL based on proof beyond reasonable doubL

8uL lf merely lmprlsonmenL exceedlng 6 years - Shall be
denled ball, or hls ball already allowed shall be cancelled ll Lhe
prosecuLlon shows Lhe followlng or oLher slmllar
clrcumsLances
8ecldlvlsL or a quasl-recldlvlsL, a hablLual dellnquenL or
has commlLLed Lhe crlme aggravaLed by Lhe
clrcumsLances of relLeraLlon,
revlously escaped from legal conflnemenL, evaded
senLence or vlolaLed Lhe condlLlons of hls ball wlLhouL
[usLlflcaLlon
Accused commlLLed Lhe offense whlle under probaLlon,
parole or condlLlonal pardon
ClrcumsLances of hls case lndlcaLe Lhe probablllLy of
fllghL lf released on ball
undue rlsk LhaL he may commlL anoLher crlme durlng
Lhe pendency of Lhe appeal

CourL ls noL auLhorlzed Lo deny or cancel Lhe ball exparLe ---
rule requlres nC1lCL 1C 1PL ACCuSLu

8esoluLlon of Lhe 81CC denylng or cancelllng Lhe ball - may be
revlewed by Lhe appellaLe courL moL proplo or on moLlon of
any parLy afLer noLlce Lo Lhe adverse parLy ln elLher case

8AIL LNDING ALAL

1he dlscreLlonary naLure of Lhe granL of ball pendlng appeal
does noL mean LhaL ball should auLomaLlcally be granLed
absenL any of Lhe clrcumsLances menLloned ln Lhe 3
rd

paragraph of Sec 3 8ule 114
1
sL
scenarlo:
o deals wlLh clrcumsLances enumeraLed ln Lhe
sald pargraph noL belng presenL
o ball ls a maLLer of sound [udlclal dlscreLlon
appellaLe courL has Lhe dlscreLlon Lo ganL or
denay ball
o an appllcaLlon for ball pendlng appeal may be
denled even lf Lhe ball-negaLlng clrcumsLances
ln Lhe 3
rd
paragraph of SecLlon 3 are absenL
2
nd
scenarlo
o conLemplaLes Lhe exlsLence of aL leasL one of
Lhe sald clrcumsLances
o appellaLe courL exerclses a more sLrlngenL
dlscreLlon Lo carefully acerLaln wheLher any of
Lhe enumeraLed clrcumsLances ln facL exlsLs
o a flndlng LhaL none of Lhe sald clrcumsLances ls
presenL wlll noL auLomaLlcally resulL ln Lhe
granL of ball - wlll slmply auLhrolze Lhe courL Lo
use Lhe less sLrlngenL sound dlscreLlon
approach

AppellanL has no rlghL Lo be freed on ball pendlng hls appeal
from Lhe Lrlal courL's [udgemenL where hls convlcLlon carrles a
penalLy of lmprlsonmenL exceedlng 6 years and Lhere ls a
[usLlflcaLlon for Lhe cancellaLlon of hls ball pursuanL Lo Lhe
Lhlrd paragraph of SecLlon 3 (b) (d) and (e) of 8ule 114

lnexcusable non-appearance: also showed Lhe probablllLy LhaL
he mlghL flee or commlL anoLher crlme whlle released on ball

nLAkING CI ALICA1ICN ICk 8AIL IN CIILNSLS UNISnA8LL 8
DLA1n, kLCLUSICN LkL1UA, Ck LIIL IMkISCNMLN1, 8UkDLN CI
kCCI IN 8AIL ALICA1ICN

1o be conducLed when a person ls ln cusLody for Lhe
commlsslon of an offesnse punlshable by deaLh, recluslon
perpeLua, or llfe lmprlsonmenL. rosecuLlon has Lhe burden of
showlng LhaL evldence of gullL ls sLron. noL a maLLer of rlghL

1o enable Lhe [udge Lo make an lnLelllgenL assessmenL of Lhe
evldence presenLed by Lhe parLles

WheLher summary or oLherwlse

Summary Pearlng
such brlef and speedy meLhod of recelvlng and
conslderlng Lhe evldence of gullL as ls pracLlcable and
conslsLenL wlLh Lhe purpose of hearlng whlch ls merely
Lo deLermlne Lhe welghL of evldence for Lhe purposes
of ball.
CourL does noL slL Lo Lry Lhe merlLs or Lo enLer lnLo any
nlce lnqulry as Lo Lhe wlghL LhaL oughL Lo be allowed Lo
Lhe evldence for or aglnsL Lhe accused, nor wlll lL
speculaLe on Lhe ouLcome of Lhe rlal or on whaL
furLher evldence may be Lhereln offered andadmlLLed
Course of lnqulrLy - may be lefL Lo Lhe dlscreLlon of Lhe
courL whlch may conflne lLself Lo recelvlng such
evldence as has reference Lo subsLanLlal maLLers
avoldlng unnecessary examlnaLlon and cross
examlnaLlon

rosecuLlon ls equally enLlLled Lo due process.

1o deLermlne Lhe amounL of ball based on Lhe guldellnes seL
forLh ln Sec. 6, 8ule 114. WlLhouL Lhe requlred hearlng, Lhe
ball whlch may be granLed Lo Lhe accused would be arblLrary
and wlLhouL basls.

lalnly lndlspensable before a [udge can deLermlne wheLher
Lhe evldence for Lhe prosecuLlon ls sLrong.

1he absence of ob[ecLlonf rom Lhe prosecuLlon ls never a basls
for Lhe granL of ball ln such cases.

!udge has no rlghL Lo presume LhaL Lhe prosecuLor knows
whaL he ls dolng on accounL of famlllarlLy wlLh Lhe case
because lL has Lhe effecL of cedlng Lo Lhe prosecuLor Lhe duLy
of exerclslng [udlclal dlscreLlon Lo dLermlne wheLher Lhe gullL
of Lhe accused ls sLrong.

1he duLy Lo exerclse dlscreLlonls noL reposed upon Lhe
prosecuLor because [udlclal dlscreLlon ls Lhe domaln of Lhe
[udge.
MandaLory ln order Lo glve Lhe prosecuLlon reasonable
opporLunlLy Lo oppose Lhe appllcaLlon by provlng LhaL
evldence of gullL ls sLrong.

narclso v. SanLa 8omana Cruz: page 344 - 343

MandaLory duLy Lo conducL a hearlng deslplLe Lhe
prosecuLlon's refusal Lo adduce evldence ln oopposslLlon Lo
Lhe appllcaLlon Lo granL and flx ball or when Lhe prosecuLlon
chooses Lo [usL flle a commenL.

uoes noL relleve Lhe [udge of Lhe duLy Lo seL Lhe moLlon for
ball for hearlng - Lhe facL LhaL Lhe prosecuLor lnLerposed no
ob[ecLlon Lo Lhe appllcaLlon for ball by Lhe accused.

DU1ILS CI 1nL 1kIAL IUDGL IN A L1I1ICN ICk 8AIL IN CIILNSLS
UNISnA8LL 8 kLCLUSICN LkL1UA, LIIL IMkISICNMLN1 Ck DLA1n

noLlfy Lhe prosecuLor of Lhe hearlng of Lhe appllcaLlon
for ball or requlre hlm Lo submlL hls recommendaLlon
ConducL a hearlng of Lhe appllcaLlon for ball regardless
of wheLher or noL Lhe prosecuLlon refuses Lo presenL
evldence Lo show LhaL Lhe gullL of Lhe accused ls sLrong
fo Lhe purpose of enabllng Lhe courL Lo exerclse lLs
sound dlscreLlon,
ueclde wheLher Lhe evldence of gullL of Lhe accused ls
sLrong based on Lhe summary of evldence of Lhe
prosuecLlon
lf sLron - dlscharge Lhe accused upon Lhe approval of
Lhe ball bond. CLherwlse, peLlLlon should be denled.

Absense wlll lnvalldaLe Lhe granL or Lhe denlal of Lhe
applclaLlon for ball - CourL's granL or refusal of ball musL
conLaln a summary of Lhe evldence for Lhe prosecuLlon on Lhe
basls of whlch should be formulaLed Lhe [udge's own
concluslon on wheLher such evldence ls sLrong enough Lo
lndlcaLe Lhe gullL of Lhe accused.

Lven lf Lhe caplLal offesne charged ls ballable (weak evldence)
0 rlghL Lo ball may [usLlflably wsLlll be denled lf Lhe probablllLy
of escape ls greaL

A granL of ball does noL prevenL Lhe Lrler of facLs from maklng
a flnal assessmenL of Lhe evldence afLer full Lrlal on merlLs.
Cond

LVIDLNCL IN 8AIL nLAkING AkL AU1CMA1ICALL kLkCDUCLD A1 1nL
1kIAL

Powever, any wlLhness durlng Lhe ball hearlng may, upon
moLlon of elLher parLy, be recalled by Lhe courL for addlLlonal
examlnaLlon excepL lf such wlLness ls dead, ouLslde Lhe
hlllpplnes or oLherwlse unable Lo LesLlfy.

CAI1AL CIILNSLS

May be punlshed wlLh deaLh - An offense whlch under Lhe law
exlsLlng aL Lhe Llme of lLs commlsslon and of Lhe appllcaLlon
for admlsslon Lo ball

CaplLal naLure - deLermlned by Lhe penalLy prescrlbed by law
and noL Lhe penalLy Lo be acLually lmposed

lmposlLlon of deaLh penalLy - now prohlblLed (8A 9346) . ln
lleu of Lhe deaLh penalLy:
enalLy of recluslon perpeLua, when Lhe law vlolaLed
makes use of Lhe nomenclaLure of Lhe pnalLles of Lhe
8C
enalLy of llfe lmprlsonmenL - law vlolaLed does noL
make use of Lhe nomenclaLure of Lhe penalLles of Lhe
8C

LIILC1 CI kA 9346 CN 1nL GkADUA1ICN CI LNAL1ILS

eople v. 8on

SenLence of recluslon Lemporal lmposed on Lhe accused
appllanL by Lhe CA for Lhe 2 counLs of aLLempLed quallfled
rape commlLLed agalnsL a mlnor by relaLlve menLloned ln Lhe
law. 1he senLence was prescrlbed by Lhe appllaLe courL prlor
LoL Lhe enacLmenL of 8A nC. 9346 whlch ended Lhe lmposlLlon
of Lhe deaLh penalLy ln Lhe hlllpplnes

W/n hls penalLy for aLLempLed quallfled rape, whlch under
Lhe penal law should be 2 degrees lower Lhan LhaL of
conummaLed quallfled rape, should be compuLed from deaLh
or recluslon perpeLua

W/n 8A no. 9346 lnLended Lo deleLe Lhe word deaLh as
expressly provlded for ln Lhe graduaLed scale of penalLles
under ArLlcle 71

CourL ruled ln Lhe afflrmaLlve and found 8A no. 9346
unequlvocally bar Lhe appllcaLlon of Lhe deaLh penalLy, as well
as Lo expressly repeal all such sLaLuLory provlslons requlrlng
Lhe appllcaLlon of Lhe deaLh penalLy. Such effecL necessarlly
exLends Lo lLs relevance Lo Lhe graduaLed scale of penalLles
under ArLlcle 71. lL cannoL flnd basls Lo conclue LhaL 8A 9346
lnLeded Lo reLaln Lhe operaLlve effecLs of Lhe deaLh penalLy ln
Lhe graduaLlon of Lhe oLher penalLles ln our laws.

1he deLermlnaLlon of hls penalLy shall be reckoned noL from 2
degrees lower Lhan deaLh buL 2 degrees lower Lhan recluslon
perpeLua. Pence, Lhe maxlmum Lerm of hls penalLy shall no
longer be recluslon Lemporal buL lnsLead prlson mayor

1he debarrlng of Lhe deaLh penalLy Lhrough 8A no. 8346 dld
noL correspondlngly declasslfy Lhose crlmes prevlously
caLalogued as henlous.

1he amendaLory effecLs exLend only Lo Lhe appllcaLlon of Lhe
deaLh penalLy buL noL Lo Lhe deflnlLlon or classflcaLlon of
crlmes.

8A no. 9346 does noL serve as basls for Lhe reducLlon of clvll
lndemlnlLy and oLher damages LhaL adhere Lo helnous crlmes.

INCkLASL Ck kLDUC1ICN CI 8AIL

Lven afLer accused ls admlLLed Lo ball

lncreased amounL musL be glvlen wlLhln a reasonable perlod lf
Lhe accused wanLs Lo avold belng Laken llnLo cusLody

8AIL ICk ACCUSLD CkIGINALL kLLLASLD WI1nCU1 8AIL

Pe may laLer be requlred Lo glve ball ln Lhe amounL flxed by
Lhe courL wheenver aL any subsequenL sLage of Lhe
proceedlngs a sLrong showlng of gullL appears Lo Lhe courL. lf
he does noL glve balle he may be commlLLed lnLo cusLody

ICkILI1UkL CI 8AIL

lf accused falls Lo appear ln person as requlred by Lhe courL or
by Lhe 8ules. 8ondsmen shall be glven 30 days wlLhln whlch Lo
produce Lhelr prlnclpal and Lo show cause why no [udgemenL
should be rendered agalnsL Lhem for Lhe amounL of ball.

8ondsmen musL, wlLhln Lhe perlod: - falllng ln Lhese 2, a
[udgmenL shall be rendered agalnsL Lhe bondsmen, [olnLly and
severally, for Lhe amounL of Lhe ball.
roduce Lhe body of Lhelr prlnclpal or glve Lhe reasons
for hls non-producLlon, and
Lxplaln why Lhe accused dld noL appear.

lf 8ondsmen move for Lhe mlLlgaLlon of Lhelr llablllLy - CourL ls
requlred noL Lo reduce or oLherwlse mlLlgaLe Lhe llablllLy of
Lhe bondsmen, unless Lhe accused has been surrendered or ls
acqulLLed.

!udgemenL agalnsL Lhe bondsmen cannoL be enLered unless
such [udgmenL ls precded by an order of forfe|ture and an
opporLunlLy glven Lo Lhe bondsmen Lo produce Lhe accused or
Lo adduce saLlsfacLory reason for Lhelr lnablllLy Lo do so.
(dlfferenL from Lhe [udgemenL on Lhe bond whlch ls lssued lf
Lhe accused was noL produced wlLhln Lhe 30 perlod)

CANCLLLA1ICN CI 1nL 8AIL, kLMLD

CancellaLlon by appllcaLlon of Lhe bondsmen - wlLh due noLlce
Lo Lhe prosecuLor
upon surrender of Lhe accused
roof of hls deaLh
AuLomaLlc cancellaLlon
AcqulLLal of Lhe accused
ulsmlssal of Lhe case
LxecuLlon of Lhe [udgemenL of convlcLlon

Sec 3 of 8ule 114
Where Lhe penalLy lmposed by Lhe Lrlal courL ls
lmprlsonmenL exceedlng 6 years lf any of Lhe grounds
ln Lhe sald secLlon ls presenL as when clrcumsLances
lndlcaLe Lhe probablllLy of fllghL
AuLhorlzes Lhe appellaLe courL Lo moLu proprlo or on
moLlon of any parLy revlew Lhe resoluLlon of Lhe 81C
afLer noLlce Lo Lhe adverse parLy ln ealLher case
8emedy agalnsL Lhls: flllng wlLh Lhe CA a moLlon Lo
revlew Lhe sald order. llllng of a separaLe pelLlon vla a
speclal clvll acLlon for cerLlorarl before Lhe appellaLe
courL ls proscrlbed and conLravenes Lhe rule agalnsL
mulLlpllclLy of sulLs and consLlLuLes forum shopplng

ALICA1ICN ICk Ck ADMISSICN 1C 8AIL NC1 A 8Ak 1C C8ILC1ICNS
CN ILLLGAL AkkLS1, LACk CI Ck IkkLGULAk kLLIMINAk
INVLS1IGA1ICN

Shall noL bar hlm from challenglng boLh Lhe valldlLy of hls
arresL or Lhe legallLy of Lhe warranL lssued Lherefore
Shall noL bar hlm from assalllng Lhe regularlLy or quesLlonlng
Lhe absence of a prellmlnary lnvesLlgaLlon of Lhe charge
agalnsL hlm

rovlded: Pe ralses Lhem before enLerlng hls plea

CourL shall resolve Lhe maLLer as early as pracLlbale - 8u1 nC1
laLer Lhan Lhe sLarL of Lhe Lrlal of Lhe case

CuraLlve ln naLure
ueslgned Lo curb evlls ln procedural rules
lnLended Lo modlfy prevlous rullngs LhaL an appllcaLlon
for ball or Lhe admlsslon Lo ball by Lhe accused shall be
consldered as a walver of hls rlghL Lo assall Lhe warranL
lssued for hls arresL on Lhe legallLles or lrregularlLles
Lhereon

1he prlnclple LhaL Lhe accused ls precluded from quesLlonlng
Lhe legallLy of Lhe arresL afLer arralgnmenL ls Lrue only lf he
volunLarlly enLers hls plea and parLlclpaLes durlng Lrlal,
wlLhouL prevlously lnvoklng hls ob[ecLlons LhereLo.

ku|e 11S: k|ghts of the Accused

kIGn1S CI 1nL ACCUSLD A1 1nL 1kIAL (SLC. 1)
1. 1o be presumed lnnocenL unLll Lhe conLrary ls proven
beyond reasonable doubL.
2. 1o be lnformed of Lhe naLure and cause of Lhe
accusaLlon agalnsL hlm.
3. 1o be presenL and defend ln person and by counsel aL
every sLage of Lhe proceedlngs, from arralgnmenL Lo
promulgaLlon of [udgmenL.
" Accused: may wa|ve hls presence aL Lhe Lrlal
pursuanL Lo Lhe sLlpulaLlons seL forLh ln hls ball,
unless hls presence ls speclflcally ordered by Lhe
courL for purposes of ldenLlflcaLlon.
" Absence of accused wlLhouL [usL cause = walver.
4. 1o LesLlfy as a wlLness ln hls own behalf buL sub[ecL Lo
cross-examlnaLlon on maLLers covered by dlrecL
examlnaLlon.
" Pls sllence shall noL pre[udlce hlm.
3. 1o be exempL from belng compelled Lo be a wlLness
agalnsL hlmself.
6. 1o confronL and cross-examlne Lhe wlLnesses agalnsL
hlm aL Lhe Lrlal.
7. 1o have compulsory process lssued Lo secure Lhe
aLLendance of wlLnesses and producLlon of oLher
evldence ln hls behalf.
8. 1o have speedy, lmparLlal, and publlc Lrlal.
9. 1o appeal ln all cases allowed and ln Lhe manner
prescrlbed by law.

kLSUM1ICN CI INNCCLNCL
" ConsLlLuLlonal orlgln (Sec. 14(2) of ArL. lll)
" An accused ls Lo be presumed lnnocenL unLll hls gullL ls
proven beyond reasonable doubL.
" 1hls presumpLlon prevalls over presumpLlon of
regularlLy of Lhe performance of offlclal duLy.
" resumpLlon of regularlLy: a mere presumpLlon
dlspuLable by conLrary proof and whlch when
challenged by evldence cannoL be regarded as blndlng
LruLh.

kIMA IACIL kLSUM1ICNS CI GUIL1
" 1he leglslaLure has Lhe power Lo provlde LhaL proof of
cerLaln facLs can consLlLuLe prlma facle evldence of Lhe
gullL of Lhe accused and Lhen shlfL Lhe burden of proof
Lo Lhe accused provlded Lhere ls a raLlonal connecLlon
beLween Lhe facLs proved and Lhe ulLlmaLe facL
presumed.
" 1he presumpLlon musL be based on facLs and Lhese
facLs musL be parL of Lhe crlme when commlLLed.
" AL no lnsLance can Lhe accused be denled Lhe rlghL Lo
rebuL Lhe presumpLlon.

UAN1UM CI LVIDLNCL: kCCI 8LCND kLASCNA8LL DCU81
" uLln: 1haL doubL engendered by an lnvesLlgaLlon of
Lhe whole proof and an lnablllLy afLer such
lnvesLlgaLlon Lo leL Lhe mlnd resL each upon Lhe
cerLalnLy of gullL.
" Moral cerLalnLy only ls requlred, or LhaL degree of
proof whlch produces convlcLlon ln an unpre[udlced
mlnd.
" 8efore an accused ls convlcLed, hls gullL musL be
proven beyond reasonable doubL.
" resumpLlon on lnnocence ends when lL ls overcome ln
a flnal convlcLlon.
" WlLhouL proof beyond reasonable doubL, Lhe accused
ls enLlLled Lo an acqulLLal.
" 1he burden of proof lles wlLh Lhe rosecuLlon. 1he
rosecuLlon musL resL on Lhe sLrengLh of lLs own
evldence and musL noL rely on Lhe weakness of Lhe
defense.
" 1he consLlLuLlonal presumpLlon of lnnocence can be
accorded Lo Lhe accused only ln Lhe absence of
evldence Lo prove hls gullL beyond reasonable doubL.
" 1he exlsLence of a presumpLlon lndlcaLlng Lhe gullL of
an accused does noL ln lLself desLroy Lhe consLlLuLlonal
presumpLlon of lnnocence unless Lhe lnculpaLlng
presumpLlon, LogeLher wlLh all Lhe evldence, or Lhe
lack of any evldence or explanaLlon, proves LhaL
accused's gullL beyond reasonable doubL. unLll Lhe
accused's gullL ls shown ln Lhls manner, the
presumpt|on of |nnocence cont|nues and unt|| a
promu|gat|on of f|na| conv|ct|on |s made, th|s
const|tut|ona| mandate preva||s.

kCSLCU1ICN MUS1 kLS1 CN I1S CWN MLkI1S
" lf Lhe prosecuLlon falls Lo meeL Lhe requlred quanLum
of evldence, Lhe defense may loglcally noL even
presenL evldence on lLs own behalf.
" Cnce Lhe presumpLlon of lnnocence ls overcome, Lhe
defense bears Lhe burden of evldence Lo show
reasonable doubL as Lo Lhe gullL of Lhe accused.

LIILC1 CI IAILUkL 1C IDLN1II 1nL LkL1kA1Ck
" 1rlal courLs are mandaLed Lo look aL Lhe dlrecL
examlnaLlon of wlLnesses and Lhe LoLallLy of evldence
before Lhem.

IAILUkL 1C CCML WI1n CS1-SLI2UkL kCCLDUkLS SL1 8 LAW
" 1he fallure Lo comply wlLh Lhe procedure ralses doubL
as Lo lLs orlgln.
" Whlle Lhe drugs may be admlLLed as evldence, lL does
noL necessarlly follow LhaL Lhe same should be glven
evldenLlary welghL lf Lhe procedures were noL
complled wlLh.
" 1he admlsslblllLy od evldence depends on lL relevance
and compeLence whlle Lhe welghL of evldence perLalns
Lo evldence already admlLLed and lLs Lendency Lo
convlnce and persuade.

1nL LUICISL kULL
" 1he courL ls faced wlLh confllcLlng verslons of Lhe
prosecuLlon and Lhe defense and where Lhe evldence,
facLs and clrcumsLances are capable of Lwo or more
explanaLlons, one of whlch ls conslsLenL wlLh Lhe
lnnocence of Lhe accused and Lhe oLher ls conslsLenL
wlLh hls gullL.
" Where Lhe evldence ln a crlmlnal case us evenly
balanced, Lhe consLlLuLlonal presumpLlon of lnnocence
LllLs Lhe scales ln favor of Lhe accused.
" no equlpolse rule lf Lhe evldence ls noL evenly
balanced.

kIGn1 1C 8L INICkMLD CI 1nL NA1UkL AND CAUSL CI ACCUSA1ICN
" 1he complalnL/ lnformaLlon musL comply wlLh Lhe
requlremenLs under 8ule 110.
" 1he purpose of Lhe lnformaLlon ls Lo lnform Lhe
accused of Lhe naLure and cause of Lhe accusaLlon
agalnsL hlm or Lhe charge agalnsL hlm so as Lo enable
hlm Lo prepare a sulLable defense.
" An example of denlal of Lhe rlghLs of Lhe accused Lo be
lnformed of Lhe charges agalnsL hlm/ denlal of due
process:
# Pe ls charged wlLh slmple rape and convlcLed of lLs
quallfled form punlshable by deaLh alLhough Lhe
aLLendanL clrcumsLances quallfylng Lhe offense
and resulLlng ln caplLal punlshmenL were noL seL
forLh ln Lhe lndlcLmenL on whlch he was arralgned.
" An accused may noL be convlcLed of vlolaLlon of 822
lf Lhe check descrlbed ln Lhe lnformaLlon ls noL Lhe
check allegedly lssued and admlLLed ln evldence.
" ln lmplemenLlng Lhe rlghL of Lhe accused Lo be
lnformed of Lhe naLure and cause of accusaLlon agalnsL
hlm, Lhe 8CC speclflcally requlre LhaL Lhe acts or
om|ss|ons comp|a|ned of as const|tut|ng the offense,
lncludlng Lhe qua||fy|ng and aggravat|ng
c|rcumstances musL be sLaLed ln ordlnary and conclse
language - ln Lerms sufflclenL Lo enable a persons of
common undersLandlng Lo know whaL offense ls belng
charged.
" A mlnor varlance beLween Lhe lnformaLlon and Lhe
evldence does noL alLer Lhe naLure of Lhe offense, nor
does lL deLermlne of quallfy Lhe crlme of penalLy, so
LhaL even lf a dlscrepancy exlsLs, Lhls cannoL be
pleaded as a ground for acqulLLal.
" lf an accused ls charged wlLh a speclflc crlme, he ls duly
lnformed noL only of such speclflc crlme, buL also of
lesser crlmes or offenses lncluded Lhereln.
" lallure Lo flle a moLlon Lo quash Lhe lnformaLlon
cannoL amounL Lo a walver of Lhe consLlLuLlonal rlghL
Lo be lnformed.

kIGn1 1C CCUNSLL CI 1nL ACCUSLD AND CI LkSCNS AkkLS1LD,
DL1AINLD Ck UNDLk CUS1CDIAL INVLS1IGA1ICN: kA 7483
" ln crlmlnal cases, Lhe rlghL of an accused person Lo be
asslsLed by a member of Lhe bar ls lmmuLable.
CLherwlse, Lhere would be a grave denlal of due
process.
" Lvery person under cusLody of Lhe law en[oys Lhe rlghL.
" kA 7483: Any persons arresLed, deLalned or under
cusLodlal lnvesLlgaLlon shall aL all Llmes be asslsLed by
counsel."

MLANING CI CUS1CDIAL INVLS1IGA1ICN, Lk1LNDLD MLANING
" 1he sLage where Lhe pollce lnvesLlgaLlon ls no longer a
general lnqulry lnLo an unsolved crlme buL has begun
Lo focus on a parLlcular suspecL Laken lnLo cusLody by
Lhe pollce who carry ouL a process of lnLerrogaLlon
LhaL lends lLself Lo ellclL lncrlmlnaLlng sLaLemenLs.
" 8A 7483 has exLended Lhe consLlLuLlonal guaranLee Lo
slLuaLlons ln whlch an lndlvldual has noL been formally
arresLed buL has mere|y been |nv|ted for quest|on|ng.
# CusLodlal lnvesLlgaLlon shall lnclude Lhe pracLlce
of lssulng an lnvlLaLlon Lo a persons who ls
lnvesLlgaLed ln connecLlon wlLh an offense he ls
suspecLed Lo have commlLLed". (Sec. 2 of 8A 7483)

kIGn1S CI LkSCNS UNDLk CUS1CDIAL INVLS1IGA1ICN, CUS1CDIAL
INVLS1IGA1ICN kLCk1
" 8equlslLes for a valld cusLodlal lnvesLlgaLlon reporL:
1. ln wrlLlng by Lhe lnvesLlgaLlng offlcer
2. lf Lhe person arresLed or deLalned does noL know
how Lo read or wrlLe, lL shall be read and
adequaLely explalned Lo hlm by hls counsel or by
Lhe asslsLlng counsel ln Lhe language or dlalecL
known Lo hlm. 1hls ls Lo be done before Lhe reporL
ls slgned. lf Lhls procedure ls noL done, Lhe
lnvesLlgaLlon reporL shall be null and vold and of
no effecL whaLsoever.
" ln Lhe absence of any lawyer, no cusLodlal lnvesLlgaLlon
shall be conducLed and Lhe suspecLed persons can only
be deLalned by Lhe lnvesLlgaLlng offlcer ln accordance
wlLh ArL. 123 of Lhe 8C.
" A counsel shall aL all Llmes be allowed Lo confer
prlvaLely wlLh Lhe persons arresLed, deLalned or under
cusLodlal lnvesLlgaLlon. (urpose: Lo curb Lhe
unclvlllzed pracLlce of exLracLlng a confesslon)
" "1o be |nformed": obllgaLlon on Lhe parL of Lhe pollce
lnvesLlgaLor Lo explaln, effecLlve communlcaLlon LhaL
resulLs ln an undersLandlng of whaL ls conveyed.
" 1he suspecL musL also be advlsed LhaL he has Lhe
opLlon Lo re[ecL Lhe counsel provlded for hlm by Lhe
pollce auLhorlLles.
" 1he counsel musL be compeLenL and lndependenL and
preferably Lhe cholce of Lhe persons arresLed, deLalned
of under cusLodlal lnvesLlgaLlon.
" 1he counsel provlded by Lhe lnvesLlgaLlng offlcer ls
any lawyer, excepL Lhose dlrecLly affecLed by Lhe case,
Lhose charged wlLh conducLlng prellmlnary
lnvesLlgaLlon, or Lhose charged wlLh Lhe prosecuLlon of
crlmes".
" Mere lnqulry of Lhe commlsslon of a crlme by law
enforcemenL auLhorlLles does noL auLomaLlcally Lrlgger
Lhe appllcaLlon of Lhe rlghL Lo counsel.
" A pollce llne-up ls noL parL of cusLodlal lnquesL slnce
Lhe accused ls noL yeL belng lnvesLlgaLed. 1he rlghL Lo
counsel does noL yeL aLLach.
" A suspecL's uncounselled sLaLemenL before Lhe
barangay chalrman ls admlsslble.

kIGn1 1C CnCCSL A CCUNSLL IS NC1 LLNAk, kIGn1 MA 8L WAIVLD
" lf Lhe chosen counsel dellberaLely makes hlmself
scarce, Lhe courL ls noL precluded from appolnLlng a Je
oflclo counsel, whlch lL conslders compeLenL and
lndependenL, Lo enable Lhe Lrlal Lo proceed unLll Lhe
counsel of cholce enLers hls appearance.
" 1he rlghL Lo counsel may be walved buL Lo lnsure LhaL
Lhe walver ls volunLary and lnLelllgenL, Lhe walver musL
be ln wrlLlng and ln Lhe presence of Lhe counsel of Lhe
accused.

CCML1LN1 AND INDLLNDLN1 CCUNSLL
" Competent Counse|: able Lo advlce and asslsL hls cllenL
from Lhe Llme Lhe confessanL answers Lhe flrsL
quesLlon asked by Lhe lnvesLlgaLlng offlcer unLll Lhe
slgnlng of Lhe exLra[udlclal confesslon. 1he lawyer
should ascerLaln LhaL Lhe confesslon ls made
volunLarlly and LhaL Lhe person under lnvesLlgaLlon
fully undersLands Lhe naLure and consequence of hls
exLra[udlclal confesslon ln relaLlon Lo hls consLlLuLlonal
rlghLs.
" 1he accused ls enLlLled Lo effecLlve, vlgllanL and
lndependenL counsel.
" Where Lhe prosecuLlon falled Lo dlscharge Lhe SLaLe's
burden of provlng wlLh clear and convlnclng evldence
LhaL Lhe accused had en[oyed effecLlve and vlgllanL
counsel before he exLra[udlclally admlLLed hls gullL, Lhe
exLra[udlclal confesslon cannoL be glven any probaLlve
value/ ls lnadmlsslble ln evldence.
" 1hls rlghL assumes an act|ve |nvo|vement by Lhe
lawyer ln Lhe proceedlngs, parLlcularly aL Lhe Lrlal of
Lhe case.
" lL means an efflclenL and Lruly declslve legal asslsLance
and noL a slmple perfuncLory represenLaLlon.

kIGn1 1C CCUNSLL IN ADMINIS1kA1IVL CASLS
" AsslsLance of counsel ls noL lndlspensable ln
admlnlsLraLlve proceedlngs.
" A parLy ln an admlnlsLraLlve lnqulry may or may noL be
asslsLed by counsel, lrrespecLlve of Lhe naLure of Lhe
charges and of respondenL's capaclLy Lo represenL
hlmself, and no duLy resLs on such body Lo furnlsh Lhe
person belng lnvesLlgaLed wlLh counsel.
" AdmlnlsLraLlve lnvesLlgaLlons are conducLed merely Lo
deLermlne wheLher Lhere are facLs LhaL merlL
dlsclpllnary measures agalnsL errlng publlc offlcers and
employees, wlLh Lhe purpose of malnLalnlng Lhe
dlgnlLy of governmenL servlce.

Lk1kAIUDICIAL CCNILSSICNS, kIGn1S CI LkSCNS UNDLk CUS1CDIAL
INVLS1IGA1ICN
" A confesslon ls admlsslble ln evldence lf lL ls
saLlsfacLorlly shown Lo have been obLalned wlLhln Lhe
llmlLs lmposed by Lhe 1987 ConsLlLuLlon.
" lL musL be LesLed for vo|untar|ness, LhaL ls, lf lL was
glven freely by Lhe confessanL wlLhouL any form of
coerclon or lnducemenL.
" 1he volunLarlness of a confesslon may be lnferred from
lLs language such LhaL lf, upon lLs face, Lhe confesslon
exhlblLs no susplclous clrcumsLances Lendlng Lo casL
doubL upon lLs lnLegrlLy, lL belng repleLe wlLh deLalls -
whlch could only be supplled by Lhe accused -
ref|ect|ng spontane|ty and coherence, lL may be
consldered volunLary.
" 1he pracLlce of lnduclng suspecLs Lo slgn recelpLs for
properLy allegedly conflscaLed from Lhelr possesslon ls
unusual and vlolaLlve of Lhe consLlLuLlonal rlghL Lo
remaln sllenL - lnadmlsslble ln evldence.
" kequ|s|tes of a va||d extra[ud|c|a| confess|ons:
1. ln wrlLlng and slgned by Lhe persons arresLed,
deLalned or under cusLodlal lnvesLlgaLlon
2. Slgned ln Lhe presence of hls counsel or ln Lhe
laLLer's absence, upon a valld walver.
3. ln Lhe evenL of a valld walver, lL musL be slgned ln
Lhe presence of any of Lhe parenLs, elder broLhers
and slsLers, hls spouse, Lhe munlclpal mayor, Lhe
munlclpal [udge, dlsLrlcL school supervlsor or prlesL
or mlnlsLer of Lhe gospel as chosen by hlm.
" Wa|ver of the prov|s|ons of Art. 12S of the kC must
be:
1. ln wrlLlng
2. Made by Lhe persons arresLed, deLalned or under
cusLodlal lnvesLlgaLlon
3. 1haL persons musL slgn Lhe walver ln Lhe presence
of hls counsel.
" Admlsslons under cusLodlal lnvesLlgaLlon made
wlLhouL Lhe asslsLance of counsel are barred as
evldence.
" An extra[ud|c|a| confess|on, to be adm|ss|b|e, must
conform to the fo||ow|ng requ|s|tes: [VA-LW]
1. 1he confesslon musL be volunLary
2. 1he confesslons musL be made wlLh Lhe asslsLance
of a compeLenL and lndependenL counsel,
preferably of Lhe confessanL's cholce
3. 1he confesslon musL be express
4. 1he confesslon musL be ln wrlLlng.
" An exLra[udlclal confesslon made by Lhe accused shall
noL be sufflclenL ground for convlcLlon unless
corroboraLed by evldence of corpus dellcLl.
" 1he accused wlll noL be enLlLled Lo an acqulLLal lf hls
convlcLlon was not based on Lhe evldence obLalned
durlng such cusLodlal lnvesLlgaLlon.
" LxLra[udlclal confesslon before Lhe banLay-bayan
requlres LhaL lL be made ln Lhe presence of a lawyer.

kIGn1 1C SLLD 1kIAL, SLLD DISCSI1ICN CI CASLS
" Cne free from vexaLlous, caprlclous and oppresslve
delays, lLs purpose belng Lo assure LhaL an lnnocenL
persons may be free from Lhe anxleLy and expense of a
courL llLlgaLlon or, lf oLherwlse, of havlng hls gullL
deLermlned wlLhln Lhe shorLesL posslble Llme
compaLlble wlLh Lhe presenLaLlon and conslderaLlon of
whaLsoever leglLlmaLe defense he may lnLerpose."
" uue regard musL be glven Lo Lhe facLs and
clrcumsLances surroundlng each case.
" Speed ls noL Lhe chlef ob[ecLlve of Lhe Lrlal. Careful
and dellberaLe conslderaLlon for Lhe admlnlsLraLlon of
[usLlce ls more lmporLanL LhaL a race Lo end Lhe Lrlal.
" !usLlce shall be lmparLlally admlnlsLered wlLhouL
unnecessary delay.

WnLN kIGn1 1C SLLD DISCSI1ICN CI CASLS IS VICLA1LD.
" When aLLended by vexaLlous, caprlclous and
oppresslve delays, or when un[usLlfled posLponemenLs
of Lhe Lrlal are asked for and secured, or when wlLhouL
cause of [usLlflable moLlve, a long perlod of Llme ls
allowed Lo elapse wlLhouL Lhe parLy havlng hls case
Lrled.
" lnordlnaLe delay ln LermlnaLlng Lhe prellmlnary
lnvesLlgaLlon of an accused vlolaLes hls consLlLuLlonal
rlghL Lo due process.
" A [udge's lllness should noL be an excuse for hls fallure
Lo render Lhe correspondlng declslon or resoluLlon
wlLhln Lhe prescrlbed perlod. ln case of poor healLh,
Lhe [udge concerned needs only ask Lhe SC for an
exLenslon of Llme Lo declde cases, as soon as lL
becomes clear Lo hlm LhaL Lhere would be a delay ln
hls dlsposlLlon of cases.
" A heavy workload due Lo addlLlonal work, as acLlng
presldlng [udge ln oLher courLs, ls noL sufflclenL
[usLlflcaLlon for Lhe delay because [udges are allowed,
upon moLlon or leLLer-requesL, exLenslons of Lhe
reglemenLary perlod ln decldlng cases.
" 1he absence of a branch clerk should noL affecL Lhe
prompL dlsposlLlon of case. Lven Lhe non-submlsslon
of Lhe LranscrlpL of sLenographlc noLes would noL
relleve [udges of Lhelr duLy Lo render a declslon wlLhln
Lhe requlred perlod.
" uefecLs ln Lhe moLlon are noL reasons for a [udge noL
Lo acL on Lhe same.

UkCSL CI 1IML LIMI1S SL1 8 LAW Ck 1nL kULLS, kINCILL CI SLLD
1kIAL IS A kLLA1IVL 1LkM
As a general prlnclple, rules prescrlblng Lhe Llme wlLhln
whlch cerLaln acLs musL be done are consldered
absoluLely lndlspensable Lo Lhe prevenLlon of needless
delays.
lallure Lo resolve cases wlLhln Lhe perlod flxed by law
consLlLuLes a serlous vlolaLlon of Lhe ConsLlLuLlon.
Cross lnefflclency warranLs lmposlLlon of
admlnlsLraLlve sancLlons.
ln splLe of Lhe prescrlbed Llme llmlLs, Lhe prlnclple of
speedy Lrlal" ls a relaLlve Lerm and lnvolves a degree
of flexlblllLy. 1he essenLlal lngredlenL ls C8uL8L?,
LxLul1lCuS and noL mere speed.
!usLlflable delays when so warranLed by Lhe slLuaLlon,
are allowed.

kLMLD ICk A VICLA1ICN CI 1nL kIGn1 1C SLLD 1kIAL Ck DISCSI1ICN
CI CASLS
1rlal courL may dlsmlss a crlmlnal case on a moLlon
oolle ptosepol lf Lhe accused ls noL broughL Lo Lrlal
wlLhln Lhe prescrlbed Llme and ls deprlved of hls rlghL
Lo a speedy Lrlal on accounL of unreasonable or
caprlclous delay by Lhe prosecuLlon.
ulsmlssal based on a vlolaLlon of rlghL Lo speedy Lrlal ls
equlvalenL Lo an acqulLLal and double [eopardy may
aLLach.

SLLD 1kIAL AC1 CI 1998
erLlnenL provlslons: SecLlon 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

GUIDLLINLS 1C DL1LkMINL VICLA1ICN CI 1nL kIGn1 1C SLLD
DISCSI1ICN CI CASLS, 8ALANCING 1LS1
Culdellnes ln deLermlnlng wheLher or noL Lhe rlghL Lo Lhe
speedy dlsposlLlon of cases has been vlolaLed:
1. 1he lengLh of delay
2. 1he reasons for such delay
3. 1he asserLlon or fallure Lo asserL such rlghL by Lhe
accused, and
4. 1he pre[udlce caused by Lhe delay

8alanclng LesL: conducL of boLh Lhe prosecuLlon and
defendanL are welghed. 1he LesL necessarlly compels courLs Lo
approach speedy Lrlal cases on an oJ boc basls where courLs
should assess and ldenLlfy cerLaln facLors whlch courLs should
assess ln deLermlnlng wheLher a parLlcular defendanL has
been deprlved of hls rlghL such as Lhe leoqtb of delay, Lhe
teosoo for Lhe delay, Lhe defendanL's ossettloo of hls rlghL,
and ptejoJlce Lo Lhe defendanL.

-unLll Lhere ls some delay LhaL ls presumpLlvely
pre[udlclal, Lhere ls no necesslLy for lnqulry lnLo Lhe
oLher facLors LhaL go lnLo Lhe balance.

1nL kIVILLGL AGAINS1 SLLI-INCkIMINA1ICN
1he prlvllege ls expressed ln Lhe ConsLlLuLlon and ln
Lhe 8ules of CourL
roLecLlon agalnsL Lhe coerclve powers of Lhe SLaLe
1he rlghL agalnsL self-lncrlmlnaLlon ls noL self-execuLlng
or auLomaLlcally operaLlonal. lL musL be clalmed. lf noL
clalmed by or ln behalf of Lhe wlLness, Lhe proLecLlon
does noL come lnLo play.
1he rlghL may be walved, expressly, or lmplledly, as by
a fallure Lo clalm lL aL Lhe approprlaLe Llme.
1he asserLlon of Lhe prlvllege agalnsL self lncrlmlnaLlon
musL be ralsed ln response Lo each speclflc lnqulry or lL
ls walved. 8lankeL asserLlon of prlvllege ls noL
permlLLed.
1he rlghL prescrlbes an optloo of tefosol to ooswet
loctlmlootloo poestloos ooJ oot o ptoblbltloo of
lopolty. lL slmply secures Lo a wlLness, wheLher he be
a parLy or noL, Lhe rlghL Lo refuse Lo answer any
parLlcular lncrlmlnaLory quesLlon.

1nL kIVILLGL ALILS CNL 1C NA1UkAL LkSCNS
1he ConsLlLuLlonal prlvllege agalnsL self-lncrlmlnaLlon
ls essenLlally a personal one, applylng only Lo naLural
lndlvlduals.
Slnce corporaLe exlsLence lmplles amenablllLy Lo legal
powers, a subpoena Joces tecom may be dlrecLed Lo a
corporaLlon whlch ls under a duLy Lo produce records,
books, and papers ln lLs possesslon when Lhey may be
properly requlred ln Lhe admlnlsLraLlon of [usLlce. An
lndlvldual may noL lnvoke Lhe prlvllege Lo refuse Lo
produce corporaLe records when Lhe subpoena ls
dlrecLed Lo Lhe corporaLlon.

1nL kIVILLGL kC1LC1S A LkSCN IkCM 1LS1IMCNIAL CCMULSICN Ck
LVIDLNCL CI A CCMMUNICA1IVL NA1UkL
rlvllege agalnsL self-lncrlmlnaLlon proLecLs a person
only from LesLlmonlal compulslon or a compelled
LesLlmony of a communlcaLlve naLure wlLhouL
however, declarlng LhaL Lhe prlvllege applles only Lo
cases where a LesLlmonlal evldence ls exLracLed from
Lhe llps of Lhe wlLness or from sLrlcL oral LesLlmony.
Slnce Lhe blood LesL evldence, alLhough an
lncrlmlnaLlng producL of compulslon, was nelLher
peLlLloner's LesLlmony nor evldence relaLlng Lo some
communlcaLlve acL or wrlLlng by peLlLloner, lL was noL
lnadmlsslble on prlvllege grounds."
1he prohlblLlon of compelllng a man ln a crlmlnal courL
Lo be wlLness agalnsL hlmself ls a prohlblLlon of Lhe use
of physlcal or moral compulslon Lo exLorL
communlcaLlons from hlm, noL an excluslon of hls
body as evldence when lL may be maLerlal. 1he
ob[ecLlon ln prlnclple would be Lo forbld a [ury Lo look
aL a prlsoner and compare hls feaLures wlLh a
phoLograph proof.
Merely exhlblLlng hls person for observaLlon by
wlLnesses and uslng hls volce as an ldenLlfylng physlcal
characLerlsLlc lnvolved no compulslon of Lhe accused
Lo glve evldence of a LesLlmonlal naLure agalnsL
hlmself.
ln vlllaflor v. Summers, Lhe courL re[ecLed Lhe
argumenL of a woman accused of adulLery LhaL Lo
compel her Lo submlL Lo a physlcal examlnaLlon Lo
deLermlne her pregnancy was a vlolaLlon of her rlghL
agalnsL self-lncrlmlnaLlon
Morphlne forced ouL of Lhe mouLh of Lhe accused was
admlLLed ln evldence.
CbLalnlng unA samples ln a crlmlnal case or ln a
paLernlLy case wlll noL vlolaLe Lhe rlghL agalnsL self
lncrlmlnaLlon.
hlllpplne declslons on Lhe prlvllege agalnsL self-
lncrlmlnaLlon baslcally mlrror Lhose of Lhelr Amerlcan
counLerparLs.
8uL a forced re-enacLmenL ls qulLe anoLher Lhlng.
Pere, Lhe accused ls noL merely requlred Lo exhlblL
some physlcal characLerlsLlcs, by and large, he ls made
Lo admlL crlmlnal responslblllLy agalnsL hls wlll. lL ls a
pollce procedure [usL as condemnable as an
uncounseled confesslon.
Compulslon as lL ls undersLood does noL necessarlly
connoLe Lhe use of vlolence, lL may be Lhe producL of
unlnLenLlonal sLaLemenLs. ressure whlch operaLes Lo
overbear hls wlll, dlsable hlm from maklng a free and
raLlonal cholce, or lmpalr hls capaclLy for raLlonal
[udgmenL would be sufflclenL.
A mere handwrlLlng exemplar, ln conLrasL of Lhe
conLenL of whaL ls wrlLLen, ls merely an ldenLlfylng
physlcal characLerlsLlc ouLslde of Lhe proLecLlon of Lhe
consLlLuLlon.
Powever, lf Lhe accused ls forced Lo Lake a dlcLaLlon ln
hls own handwrlLlng, Lhe purpose of Lhe order was for
Lhe courL Lo have a basls for comparlng peLlLloner's
handwrlLlng and Lo deLermlne wheLher or noL he
wroLe cerLaln documenLs supposed Lo be falslfled,
evldence was lnadmlsslble. Pere Lhe wlLness ls
compelled Lo wrlLe and creaLe, by means of Lhe acL of
wrlLlng, evldence whlch does noL exlsL, and whlch may
ldenLlfy hlmself as Lhe falslfler.
noL every acL of afflxlng one's slgnaLure ls wlLhln Lhe
proLecLlon of Lhe prlvllege, as long as Lhe purpose ls
noL Lo lncrlmlnaLe.

kIVILLGL Lk1LNDS 1C LAWLkS ADVISING A WI1NLSS 1C INVCkL 1nL
kIVILLGL.
A lawyer may noL be penallzed even Lhough hls advlce
caused Lhe wlLness Lo dlsobey courL order.

LkSCNS WnC AkL MLkL CUS1CDIANS CI DCCUMLN1S CANNC1 CLAIM
1nL kIVILLGL

kCCLLDINGS IN WnICn 1nL kIVILLGL MA 8L ASSLk1LD
1he prlvllege may be asserLed ln any proceedlng, clvll or
crlmlnal, admlnlsLraLlve or [udlclal, lnvesLlgaLory or
ad[udlcaLory.

DIS1INC1ICNS 8L1WLLN 1nL CLAIM CI 1nL kIVILLGL 8 AN ACCUSLD AND
8 A MLkL WI1NLSS
An accused occuples a dlfferenL Ller of proLecLlon from
an ordlnary wlLness. Whereas an ordlnary wlLness may
be compelled Lo Lake Lhe wlLness sLand and clalm Lhe
prlvllege as each quesLlon requlrlng an lncrlmlnaLlng
answer ls shoL aL hlm, an accused may alLogeLher
refuse Lo Lake Lhe wlLness sLand and refuse Lo answer
any and all quesLlons. lor, ln reallLy, Lhe purpose of
calllng hlm lnLo Lhe sLand ls Lo lncrlmlnaLe hlm.
An accused cannoL be compelled Lo be a wlLness for
Lhe prosecuLlon, for a co-accused or even for hlmself.

WAIVLk CI 1nL kIVILLGL
1he prlvllege may be walved.
lL may be walved by Lhe fallure Lo Llmely asserL Lhe
rlghL.
1o become effecLlve, a walver musL be cerLaln and
unequlvocal, and lnLelllgenLly, undersLandably, and
wllllngly made, such walver followlng only where
llberLy of cholce has been fully accorded.

kIVILLGL DCLS NC1 AL WnLN WI1NLSS IS GIVLN IMMUNI1 IkCM
kCSLCU1ICN
1he governmenL may granL lmmunlLy ln one of Lhe Lwo
followlng Lwo forms:
a. LransacLlonal lmmunlLy - compleLely proLecLs Lhe
wlLness from fuLure prosecuLlon for crlmes relaLed Lo
hls LesLlmony
b. use-and-derlvaLlve lmmunlLy - prevenLs prosecuLlon
only from uslng wlLness' own LesLlmony of any
evldence derlved from Lhe LesLlmony agalnsL Lhe
wlLness.

kIGn1 1C DLILND nIMSLLI AND kIGn1 1C 8L nLAkD
Accused ls accorded Lhe rlghL Lo defend hlmself elLher
ln person or by counsel.
Accused has a rlghL Lo walve hls presence aL Lhe Lrlal
buL he shall be requlred Lo be aL Lrlal, lf hls presence ls
speclflcally ordered for purpose of ldenLlflcaLlon.
Walver of rlghL Lo be presenL may be lnferred from hls
absence.
lf accused escapes, lL shall be deemed a walver Lo be
presenL on all subsequenL Lrlals and unLll cusLody of
hlm ls regalned.

kIGn1 1C 1LS1II AS A WI1NLSS
1he accused has a rlghL Lo LesLlfy as a wlLness ln hls
own behalf buL sub[ecL Lo cross-examlnaLlon on
maLLers covered by dlrecL examlnaLlon.
1he quesLlons LhaL may be asked of Lhe accused ln a
cross-examlnaLlon are llmlLed Lo Lhe maLLers covered
by Lhe dlrecL examlnaLlon.
1he wlLness may be cross examlned by Lhe adverse
parLy noL only as Lo any maLLer sLaLed ln Lhe dlrecL
examlnaLlon or Lhose maLLers connecL wlLh Lhe dlrecL
examlnaLlon buL Lhe examlner ls glven sufflclenL
fullness and freedom Lo ask quesLlons LhaL would LesL
Lhe accuracy and LruLhfulness of Lhe wlLness.

kIGn1 1C CCNIkCN1 AND CkCSS-LkAMINL 1nL WI1NLSSLS AGAINS1 nIM.
1hls ls a consLlLuLlonal rlghL
Cross-examlnaLlon ls essenLlal Lo LesL accuracy, expose
falsehoods, half-LruLhs, eLc.
1he rlghL ls a personal one whlch may be walved
expressly or lmplledly by conducL, amounLlng Lo a
renunclaLlon of Lhe rlghL Lo cross examlnaLlon
Where a parLy has had Lhe opporLunlLy Lo cross-
examlne a wlLness buL falled Lo avall hlmself of lL, he
necessarlly forfelLs Lhe rlghL Lo cross-examlne and Lhe
LesLlmony glven on dlrecL examlnaLlon of Lhe wlLness
wlll be recelved or allowed Lo remaln ln Lhe record.
lf one ls deprlved of Lhe opporLunlLy Lo cross-examlne
wlLhouL faulL on hls parL, lL ls generally held LhaL he ls
enLlLled Lo have Lhe dlrecL examlnaLlon sLrlcken from
record.

kIGn1 1C USL 1LS1IMCN CI DLCLASLD WI1NLSS
LlLher parLy may uLlllze as parL of lLs evldence Lhe
LesLlmony of a wlLness who ls deceased, ouL of or
cannoL wlLhouL due dlllgence be found ln Lhe
hlllpplnes, unavallable or oLherwlse unable Lo LesLlfy,
glven ln anoLher case or proceedlng, [udlclal or
admlnlsLraLlve, provlded Lhey lnvolve Lhe same parLles
and sub[ecL maLLer and Lhe adverse parLy had Lhe
opporLunlLy Lo cross-examlne hlm.
koles of vlJeoce.
lor Lhe provlslon Lo apply, Lhe followlng requlslLes
musL be saLlsfled:
a. 1he wlLness ls dead or unable Lo LesLlfy
b. Pls LesLlmony or deposlLlon was glven ln a former
case or proceedlng, [udlclal or admlnlsLraLlve
beLween Lhe same parLles or represenLlng Lhe
same lnLeresLs
c. 1he former case lnvolved Lhe same sub[ecL LhaL ls
ln Lhe presenL case, alLhough dlfferenL cause of
acLlon
d. 1he lssue LesLlfled by Lhe wlLness ln Lhe former Lrlal
ls Lhe same lssue lnvolved ln Lhe presenL case
e. 1he adverse parLy had an opporLunlLy Lo cross-
examlne Lhe wlLness ln Lhe former case

kIGn1 1C CCMULSCk kCCLSS
May be lnvoked by accused Lo secure aLLendance of
wlLnesses
1he accused may move for Lhe lssuance of a subpoena
oJ testlflcooJom or a subpoena Joces tecom
upon fallure of Lhe wlLness Lo aLLend, Lhe courL or
[udge lssulng Lhe subpoena, upon proof of hls fallure Lo
aLLend, may lssue a warranL for hls arresL.

kIGn1 1C ALAL
ln all crlmlnal prosecuLlons, Lhe accused shall have Lhe
rlghL Lo appeal ln Lhe manner prescrlbed by law.
" As esLabllshed rule ln appellaLe revlew ls LhaL Lhe Lrlal
courL's flndlngs, lLs assessmenL of Lhe credlblllLy of Lhe
wlLnesses and Lhe probaLlve welghL of Lhelr
LesLlmonles, as well as Lhe concluslons drawn from Lhe
acLual flndlngs, are accorded respecL, lf noL concluslve
effecL unless Lhere appears ln Lhe record some facLs or
clrcumsLances of welghL and lnfluence whlch have
been overlooked and, lf consldered, would affecL Lhe
resulL.

kULL 116
l. Meanlng and lmporLance of arralgnmenL
An arra|gnment |s the stage where, ln Lhe
mode and manner requlred by Lhe 8ules, an
accused, for the f|rst t|me |s granted the
opportun|ty to know the charge that confronts
h|m
Iorma| mode and manner of |mp|ement|ng
the const|tut|ona| r|ght of an accused to be
|nformed of the nature and cause of
accusat|on aga|nst h|m
lL ls an lndlspensable requlremenL of due
process
1he [udge or clerk of courL reads Lhe crlmlnal
complalnL or lnfo Lo Lhe defendanL.
WlLhouL prlor arralgnmenL, double [eopardy
can'L be lnvoked nor can Lhere be Lrlal ln
absenLla.
ll. uuLy of Lhe courL before arralgnmenL
(a) lnform Lhe accused of hls rlghL Lo counsel,
(b) ask hlm lf he deslres Lo have one, (c) musL
asslgn a counsel de offlclo Lo defend hlm
unLLSS Lhe accused (l) ls allowed Lo defend
hlmself ln person or (ll) has employed a counsel
of hls cholce
1hls duLy ls mandatory
1he courL shall appolnL as counsel de offlclo
members of Lhe bar ln good sLandlng who, by
reason of Lhelr experlence and ablllLy, can
compeLenLly defend Lhe accused.
ln locallLles where members of Lhe bar aren'L
avallable, courL may appolnL any person,
resldenL of Lhe provlnce and of good repuLe for
problLy and ablllLy, Lo defend Lhe accused
Counsel de offlclo wlll be glven reasonable Llme
Lo consulL wlLh Lhe accused as Lo hls plea
before proceedlng wlLh arralgnmenL.
lll. CpLlons of Lhe accused before arralgnmenL and
plea
8lll of parLlculars: 1he accused may, before
arralgnmenL, move for a blll of parLlculars Lo
enable h9lm Lo properly plead and prepare for
Lrlal. 1he moLlon shall (a) speclfy Lhe alleged
defecLs of Lhe complalnL or lnformaLlon and
shall (b) speclfy Lhe deLalls deslred
Suspenslon of arralgnmenL:
o Accused appears Lo be sufferlng from
an unsound menLal condlLlon whlch
renders hlm unable Lo fully
undersLand Lhe charge agalnsL hlm
and Lo plead lnLelllgenLly LhereLo
- CourL shall order hls menLal
examlnaLlon and lf necessary,
conflnemenL
o 1here exlsLs a pre[udlclal quesLlon
o 1here ls a peLlLlon for revlew of Lhe
resoluLlon of Lhe prosecuLor whlch ls
pendlng aL elLher Lhe uC! or Cfflce of
Lhe resldenL.
- erlod of suspenslon shall noL
exceed 60 days from Lhe flllng of
Lhe peLlLlon wlLh Lhe revlewlng
offlce
MoLlon Lo quash: 8efore enLerlng plea, Lhe
accused may move Lo quash Lhe complalnL or
lnfo on any of Lhe grounds ln 3, 8ule 117
Challenge Lhe valldlLy of arresL or legallLy of Lhe
warranL lssued or assall Lhe regularlLy or
quesLlon Lhe absence of a prellmlnary
lnvesLlgaLlon of Lhe charge
o lf such ob[ecLlon ls noL done aL or
before arralgnmenL, Lhe ob[ecLlon ls
deemed walved. Such walver ls
LanLamounL Lo a flndlng of probable
cause.
lv. lea made before a courL wlLh no [urlsdlcLlon
uoes noL glve rlse Lo double [eopardy
v. ArralgnmenL under an amended lnformaLlon,
subsLlLuLed lnformaLlon
lf Lhe lnformaLlon was substant|a||y amended,
an arralgnmenL on Lhe amended lnfo ls
mandatory
lf Lhe amendmenL ls only as Lo form, Lhere ls no
need for another arra|gnment
vl. Where arralgnmenL ls Lo be made
8efore Lhe courL where Lhe complalnL or lnfo
was flled or asslgned for Lrlal
vll. Pow arralgnmenL ls made
ln open courL
8y Lhe [udge or clerk by furnlshlng Lhe accused
wlLh a copy of Lhe complalnL or lnfo
8eadlng Lhe same ln Lhe language or dlalecL
known Lo hlm
Asklng Lhe accused wheLher he pleads gullLy or
noL gullLy
vlll. When arralgnmenL ls Lo be made
lL shall be held w|th|n 30 days from the date
the court acqu|res [ur|sd|ct|on over the person
of the accused, un|ess a shorter per|od |s
prov|ded by speclal law or SC Clrcular.
1he followlng shall be excluded ln compuLlng
Lhe perlod: (a) Llme of Lhe pendency of moLlon
Lo quash, (b) Llme for Lhe pendency of Lhe blll
of parLlculars, (c) oLher causes [usLlfylng
suspenslon of arralgnmenL.
Where a plea of not gu||ty ls enLered, Lhe
accused shall have aL leasL 1S days Lo prepare
for Lrlal.
1r|a| sha|| commence w|th|n 30 days from
arra|gnment as flxed by Lhe courL
lf accused pleads noL gullLy, he shall sLaLe
wheLher he lnLerposes a negaLlve or afflrmaLlve
defense.
When accused ls under prevenLlve deLenLlon,
hls case shall be raffled and lLs records
LransmlLLed Lo Lhe [udge Lo whom Lhe case was
raffled wlLhln 3 days from Lhe flllng of Lhe lnfo
or complalnL. Accused shall be arralgned wlLhln
10 days from Lhe daLe of Lhe raffle and pre-Lrlal
conference shall be held wlLhln 10 days afLer
arralgnmenL.
lx. 1here can be arralgnmenL afLer submlsslon of Lhe
case for declslon
x. 8ecord of arralgnmenL
ArralgnmenL and plea shall be made of record.
lallure Lo do so shall noL affecL valldlLy of Lhe
proceedlngs
xl. resence of Lhe accused
Pe musL be presenL aL Lhe arralgnmenL and
persona||y enter h|s p|ea
xll. resence of Lhe offended parLy
rlvaLe offended parLy shall be requ|red to
appear at the arra|gnment for Lhe followlng:
(a) plea bargalnlng, (b) deLermlnlng clvll
llablllLy, (c) oLher maLLers requlrlng hls
presence.
lf he falls Lo appear desplLe due noLlce, courL
may allow Lhe accused Lo enLer a plea of gullLy
Lo a lesser offense whlch ls necessarlly lncluded
ln Lhe offense charged wlLh Lhe conformlLy of
Lhe Lrlal prosecuLor
xlll. When a plea of 'noL gullLy' shall be enLered
AcLual plea of noL gullLy
lL shall also be enLered for Lhe accused lf (a) he
refuses Lo plead, (b) he makes a condlLlonal
plea, (c) when he pleads gullLy buL presenLs
exculpaLory evldence ln whlch case Lhe gullLy
plea shall be wlLhdrawn and a plea of noL gullLy
shall be enLered, (d) when he so clearly pleads
gullLy
8y enLerlng a plea of noL gullLy, he submlLs
hlmself Lo Lhe [urlsdlcLlon of Lhe Lrlal courL,
curlng any defecL ln hls arresL
A cond|t|ona| p|ea presupposes LhaL Lhe plea of
gullLy ls condlLloned upon Lhe lmposlLlon of a
lesser penalLy and noL a mere requesL Lo be
meLed a lesser penalLy afLer a plea of gullLy.
When Lhe accused pleads gullLy and bargalns
for a lesser penalLy, lL ls noL a plea Lo a lesser
offense. lL ls a plea LhaL made condlLlons on Lhe
penalLy Lo be lmposed. An accused can'L do
LhaL. 1he essence of Lhe plea of gullLy ls LhaL
Lhe accused admlLs absoluLely and
uncondlLlonally hls gullL and responslblllLy for
Lhe offense.
When a plea of gullLy ls noL deflnlLe or
amblguous, or noL absoluLe, Lhe same amounLs
Lo a plea of noL gullLy
xlv. lea of gullLy ls [udlclal confesslon, effecL on
aggravaLlng clrcumsLances
lea of gullLy ls a [udlclal confesslon of gullL -
an admlsslon of all Lhe maLerlal facLs alleged ln
Lhe lnfo, lncludlng Lhe aggravaLlng
clrcumsLance alleged.
Concluslons of law are noL admlLLed by a plea
of gullLy because concluslons of law are noL
facLs.
xv. LxcepLlon Lo Lhe admlsslon of aggravaLlng
clrcumsLances
1he evldence may dlsprove Lhe exlsLence of
aggravaLlng clrcumsLances desplLe Lhe plea of
gullLy becasue a plea of gullLy does noL
dlspense wlLh Lhe presenLaLlon of evldence.
Pence, Lhe plea of gullLy wlll be consldered
wlLh regard Lo Lhe crlme only, noL Lhe
aggravaLlng clrcumsLance/s.
xvl. lea of gullLy Lo a lesser offense, plea bargalnlng
|ea barga|n|ng |n cr|m|na| cases ls a process
where Lhe accused and Lhe prosecuLlon work a
muLually saLlsfacLory dlsposlLlon of Lhe case
sub[ecL Lo courL approval. lL usually lnvolves Lhe
defendanL's pleadlng gullLy Lo a lesser offense
or Lo only one or some of Lhe counLs of a mulLl-
counL lndlcLmenL ln reLurn for a llghLer
senLence.
xvll. 8equlslLes for a plea of gullLy Lo a lesser offense
(a) 1he lesser offense ls necessarlly lncluded ln
Lhe offense charged and (b) Lhe plea musL be
wlLh Lhe consenL of boLh Lhe offended parLy
and Lhe prosecuLor
1he accepLance of an offer Lo plead gullLy Lo a
lesser offense ls noL demandable by Lhe
accused as maLLer of rlghL buL ls a maLLer
addressed enLlrely Lo Lhe sound d|scret|on of
the tr|a| court.
An offense may be sald Lo necessarlly lnclude
anoLher when some of Lhe essenLlal elemenLs
or lngredlenLs of Lhe former as alleged ln Lhe
complalnL or lnfo consLlLuLe Lhe laLLer
xvlll. lea of gullLy Lo a lesser offense afLer arralgnmenL
Ceneral rule: a plea of gullLy Lo a lesser offense
ls made durlng arralgnmenL
8u1 lL can be made even afLer arralgnmenL and
afLer a plea of gullLy, so long as lL Lhe requlslLes
are presenL:
o 1he plea of gullLy ls wlLhdrawn
o 1he plea of noL gullLy and Lhe
wlLhdrawal of Lhe prevlous gullLy plea
shall be made before Lrlal
o 1he lesser offense ls necessarlly
lncluded ln Lhe offense charged
o 1he plea musL have Lhe consenL of Lhe
prosecuLor and Lhe offended parLy.
(1he consenL of Lhe offended parLy
shall noL be requlred lf sald parLy falls
Lo appear durlng Lhe arralgnmenL
desplLe due noLlce)
lL ls lncumbenL upon a Lrlal [udge Lo ascerLaln
and be fully convlnced LhaL Lhe plea of gullLy
was volunLarlly made and lLs consequences
fully comprehended by Lhe accused.
xlx. no need for amendmenL of lnformaLlon/complalnL
(when Lhere ls a plea Lo a lesser offense and Lhe
same was allowed by Lhe courL)
xx. When plea of gullLy Lo a lesser offense ls noL
mlLlgaLlng
A plea of gullLy made afLer arralgnmenL and
afLer Lrlal had begun does noL enLlLle Lhe
accused Lo have such plea consldered as
mlLlgaLlng.
xxl. lea of gullLy Lo a caplLal offense
When Lhe accused pleads gullLy Lo a cap|ta|
offense, |t |s not proper for the court to
|mmed|ate|y render [udgment on the bas|s of
the gu||ty p|ea.
1he courL ls mandaLed Lo perform Lhe
followlng:
o 1o conducL a search|ng |nqu|ry Lo
ascerLaln (a) volunLarlness of Lhe plea,
(b) Lo ascerLaln wheLher or noL Lhe
accused has full comprehenslon of Lhe
consequences of hls plea
o 1o requlre Lhe prosecuLlon Lo prove
Lhe followlng (a) Lhe gullLy of Lhe
accused and (b) Lhe preclse degree of
hls culpablllLy
o 1o ask Lhe accused lf he wlshes Lo
presenL evldence and allow Lhe
accused Lo presenL evldence ln hls
behalf when he so deslres
Such menLloned process ls mandatory
1he courL requlres Lhe lnLroducLlon of evldence
for Lhe purpose of esLabllshlng Lhe gullL and Lhe
degree of culpablllLy (wheLher as prlnclpal,
accompllce or accessory) of Lhe defendanL
because a plea of gullLy ls only a supporLlng
evldence or secondary basls for a flndlng of
culpablllLy
xxll. Meanlng of searchlng lnqulry"
rocedure:
o 1he [udge ascerLalns from Lhe accused
hlmself (1) how he was broughL lnLo
Lhe cusLody of Lhe law, (2) wheLher he
had Lhe asslsLance of a compeLenL
counsel durlng Lhe cusLodlal and
prellmlnary lnvesLlgaLlon and (3)
under whaL condlLlons he was
deLalned and lnLerrogaLed durlng Lhe
lnvesLlgaLlons (such ls done ln order Lo
flned ouL LhaL Lhe accused has been
coerced or placed under a sLaLe of
duress)
o !udge musL ask Lhe defense counsel a
serles of quesLlons as Lo wheLher he
had conferred wlLh, and compleLely
explalned Lo, Lhe accused Lhe meanlng
and consequences of a plea of gullLy
o !udge musL ellclL lnformaLlon abouL
Lhe personallLy proflle of Lhe accused,
such as hls age, soclo-economlc
sLaLus, and educaLlonal background,
whlch may serve as a LrusLworLhy
lndex of hls capaclLy Lo glve a free and
lnformed plea of gullLy
o !udge musL lnform Lhe accused Lhe
exacL lengLh of lmprlsonmenL or
naLure of Lhe penalLy under Lhe law
and Lhe cerLalnLy LhaL he wlll serve
such senLence.
o !udge musL lnqulre lf Lhe accused
knows Lhe crlme wlLh whlch he ls
charged and fully explaln Lo hlm Lhe
elemenLs of Lhe crlme whlch ls Lhe
basls of hls lndlcLmenL.
o All quesLlons posed Lo Lhe accused
should be ln a language known and
undersLood by Lhe accused
o 1he Lrlal [udge musL saLlsfy hlmself
LhaL Lhe accused, ln pleadlng gullLy, ls
Lruly gullLy. 1he accused musL be
requlred Lo narraLe Lhe Lragedy or
reenacL Lhe crlme or furnlsh lLs
mlsslng deLalls.
Whlle Lhe convlcLlons based on pleas of gullLy
Lo Lhe caplLal offenses have been seL aslde
because of Lhe |mprov|dence of the p|ea, the
same ho|ds true on|y when such p|ea |s the
so|e bas|s of the [udgment.
xxlll. lea of gullLy Lo a non-caplLal offense
When Lhe accused pleads gullLy Lo a non-caplLal
offense, Lhe courL may recelve evldence from
Lhe parLles Lo deLermlne Lhe pena|ty |mposed.
1here ls no rule whlch provldes LhaL slmply
because Lhe accused pleaded gullLy Lo Lhe
charge LhaL hls convlcLlon auLomaLlcally
follows. AddlLlonal evldence lndependenL of
Lhe plea may be consldered Lo convlnce Lhe
[udge LhaL lL was lnLelllgenLly made.
xxlv. lmprovldenL plea of gullLy
A plea of gullLy ls made |mprov|dent|y and
rendered |neff|cac|ous when Lhe Lrlal courL
falled ln lLs duLy Lo conducL Lhe prescrlbed
searchlng lnqulry lnLo Lhe volunLarlness of Lhe
accused's plea of gullLy and full comprehenslon.
When Lhere ls an lmprovldenL plea of gullLy, lL
does noL mean LhaL Lhe case should be
remanded Lo Lhe Lrlal courL. Such ls only
approprlaLe when Lhe appellanL's gullLy plea
was Lhe sole basls for hls convlcLlon.
ConvlcLlons based on lmprovldenL plea of gullLy
are seL aslde on|y lf such plea ls Lhe sole basls
of Lhe [udgmenL.
An lmprovldenL plea of gullLy may be
wlLhdrawn even durlng Lrlal or even afLer
[udgmenL provlded (a) Lhe wlLhdrawal ls made
prlor Lo Lhe flnallLy of Lhe [udgmenL of
convlcLlon and (b) Lhe wlLhdrawal ls permlLLed
by Lhe courL.
When wlLhdrawn, Lhe prevlous plea of gullLy
shall be changed Lo a plea of noL gullLy.
xxv. roducLlon or lnspecLlon of maLerlal evldence
10 auLhorlzes Lhe courL Lo lssue an order Lo
Lhe prosecuLlon Lo produce and permlL Lhe
lnspecLlon and copylng or phoLographlng of any
wrlLLen sLaLemenL glven by Lhe complalnanL
and oLher wlLnesses ln any lnvesLlgaLlon of Lhe
offense conducLed by Lhe prosecuLlon or oLher
lnvesLlgaLlng offlcers, as well as any deslgnaLed
documenLs, whlch conLaln or consLlLuLe
evldence maLerlal Lo any maLLer lnvolved ln Lhe
case and whlch are ln Lhe possesslon or under
Lhe conLrol of Lhe prosecuLlon, pollce or oLher
law lnvesLlgaLlng agencles.
Such producLlon or lnspecLlon ls allowed upon
moLlon of Lhe accused wlLh noLlce Lo Lhe
parLles
urpose of such ls Lo prevenL surprlse,
suppresslon, or alLeraLlon of Lhe evldence

ku|e # 117
Mot|on to uash

1lme for flllng Lhe moLlon Lo quash
AnyLlme before Lhe accused enLers hls plea
Cenerally noL allowed ln a summary procedure
o LxcepL: on Lhe ground of lack of [urlsdlcLlon
over sub[ecL maLLer
o Cr fallure Lo comply wlLh barangay conclllaLlon
proceedlngs

lorm and conLenLs of a moLlon Lo quash
ln wrlLlng
Slgned by Lhe accused or hls counsel
Speclfy Lhe facLual and legal grounds of Lhe moLlon

ulsLlncLlons beLween MoLlon Lo Cuash and uemurrer Lo
evldence
Mot|on to uash Demurrer to Lv|dence
llled before accused enLers
hls plea
AfLer Lhe prosecuLlon resLs lLs
case
uoes noL requlre proper leave
of courL
LlLher wlLh leave or wlLhouL
leave of courL
lnsufflclency of evldence ls
noL a ground
lL ls a ground
Cround may be based on Lhe
maLLers found on Lhe face of
Lhe complalnL or lnfo
8ased on maLLers ouLslde of
Lhe complalnL or lnfo or lack
of lL
AfLer Lhls ls granLed, a
dlsmlssal does noL necessarlly
follow
ueemed an acqulLLal
CerLlorarl or prohlblLlon lles noL revlewable by appeal or
by cerLlorarl before
[udgemenL

CourL shall conslder only Lhose grounds sLaLed ln Lhe moLlon.

Crounds for moLlon Lo quash
lacLs charged do noL consLlLuLe an offense
CourL has no [urlsdlcLlon over sub[ecL maLLer
CourL has no [urlsdlcLlon over Lhe person of Lhe
accused
Cfflcer who flled Lhe lnformaLlon had no auLhorlLy Lo
do so
lL does noL conform subsLanLlally Lo Lhe prescrlbed
form
More Lhan one offense ls charged excepL when a slngle
punlshmenL for varlous offenses ls prescrlbed by law
1haL Lhe crlmlnal acLlon or llablllLy has been
exLlngulshed
lL conLalns avermenLs whlch, lf Lrue, would consLlLuLe a
legal excuse or [usLlflcaLlon
Accused has been prevlously convlcLed or acqulLLed of
Lhe offense charged, or Lhe case ls LermlnaLlon or
dlsmlssed wlLhouL hls express consenL

LxecuLlon of an affldavlL of deslsLance ls noL a ground for a
moLlon Lo quash.

Absence of probable cause noL a ground Lo quash an
lnformaLlon.
8uL lL may be a ground for dlsmlssal of Lhe case.

MaLLers of defense are noL grounds for a moLlon Lo quash.
LxcepL: double [eopardy or exLlngulshmenL of crlmlnal
llablllLy

Absence of a prellmlnary lnvesLlgaLlon ls noL a ground Lo
quash an lnformaLlon:
WhaL should be flled ls a peLlLlon for relnvesLlgaLlon.

1esL ln appreclaLlng a moLlon Lo quash:
Sufflclency of Lhe avermenLs ln Lhe lnformaLlon, LhaL ls,
wheLher Lhe facLs alleged, lf hypoLheLlcally admlLLed,
would esLabllsh Lhe essenLlal elemenLs of Lhe offense
as deflned by law wlLhouL conslderlng maLLers allunde
(exLernal)
1he lnformaLlon musL sLaLe clearly and accuraLely Lhe
elemenLs of Lhe crlme charged
A moLlon Lo quash musL dlsLlncLly speclfy noL only lLs
legal buL also facLual grounds

LffecL of fallure Lo asserL any ground of a moLlon Lo quash
MusL be made before a plea Lo Lhe complalnL.
lallure of Lhe accused Lo lnLerpose an ob[ecLlon on Lhe
ground of dupllclLy of Lhe offense charged ln Lhe
lnformaLlon consLlLuLes walver.

Crounds noL walved:
lacLs do noL consLlLuLe an offense
CourL has no offense over Lhe offense charged
Crlmlnal acLlon or llablllLy has been exLlngulshed
uouble [eopardy

uenlal of a MoLlon Lo Cuash
8emedy noL a peLlLlon for cerLlorarl
o AbsenL any showlng of arblLrarlness on Lhe parL
of Lhe courL/offlcer
8emedy ls for Lhe movanL Lo go Lo Lrlal wlLhouL
pre[udlce Lo relLeraLlng Lhe speclal defences lnvoked ln
Lhe moLlon Lo quash

When courL shall order Lhe amendmenL of Lhe lnformaLlon or
complalnL
lf Lhe defecL can be cured
o 8uL lf desplLe Lhe opporLunlLy, Lhe prosecuLlon
falls, courL shall granL Lhe moLlon Lo quash.
o Lven lf Lhe lnformaLlon ls defecLlve due Lo Lhe
facLs noL consLlLuLlng an offense, Lhe dlsmlssal
of Lhe case wlll noL necessarlly follow.
rosecuLlon should be glven a chance Lo correcL
Lhe defecL.

Crder susLalnlng a moLlon Lo quash ls noL a bar Lo anoLher
prosecuLlon
LxcepL:
o 1here ls exLlncLlon of crlmlnal llablllLy
o uouble [eopardy
lf Lhe order Lo flle anoLher complalnL/lnfo ls made, Lhe
accused lf ln cusLody wlll noL be dlscharged excepL lf he
ls admlLLed Lo ball.
o LxcepLlon Lo Lhe excepLlon: lf he ls ln cusLody
for anoLher charge.

uouble [eopardy
8equlslLes:
llrsL [eopardy aLLached prlor Lo Lhe second
o Accused convlcLed or acqulLLed or Lhe case
agalnsL hlm dlsmlssed wlLhouL hls consenL
o ulsmlssal, acqulLLal, convlcLlon was made by a
courL of compeLenL [urlsdlcLlon
o valld complalnL or lnformaLlon
o valld plea
llrsL [eopardy musL have been valldly LermlnaLed
Second [eopardy musL be for Lhe same offense or Lhe
second offense lncludes or necessarlly lncludes ln Lhe
offense charged ln Lhe flrsL lnformaLlon, or ls an
aLLempL Lo commlL Lhe same or a frusLraLlon Lhereof.

LffecLs:
ConvlcLlon or acqulLLal of Lhe accused or Lhe dlsmlssal
of Lhe case ls a bar Lo anoLher prosecuLlon for Lhe
offense charged, or any aLLempL or frusLraLlon Lhereof,
or for an offense charged ln Lhe former complalnL or
lnfo.
AcqulLLal ls flnaaal. SLaLe cannoL seek lLs revlew.
LxcepL:
o 8uL lf Lhe accused appeals, he walves hls rlghL
Lo Lhls consLlLuLlonal safeguard. Also lf Lhe
accused hlmself consenLs Lo Lhe flllng of a
moLlon of reconslderaLlon of Lhe [udgemenL
agalnsL hlm.
o Where Lhe Lrlal courL acLed wlLh grave abuse of
dlscreLlon or Lhere was a mlsLrlal.
AcqulLLal ls noL a bar for Lhe offended parLy Lo appeal
Lhe clvll aspecL of Lhe case. uouble [eopardy only has
reference Lo a crlmlnal case and has no effecL on Lhe
clvll llablllLy of Lhe accused.
LxLlncLlon of crlmlnal llablllLy does noL mean exLlncLlon
of clvll llablllLy as well.

CourL of compeLenL [urlsdlcLlon
llrsL [eopardy wlll noL aLLach lf Lhe acLlon was flled ln a
courL of Lhe place whlch was noL Lhe proper venue for
hearlng Lhe case.
A courL lnlLlally wlLh [urlsdlcLlon may, ln Lhe course of
Lhe proceedlngs, be ousLed of LhaL same [urlsdlcLlon,
an evenL whlch would bar any lnvocaLlon of double
[eopardy.

Curlng an erroneous acqulLLal: Crave abuse of dlscreLlon
amounLlng Lo lack of [urlsdlcLlon
eLlLloner musL show LhaL Lhere was grave abuse of
dlscreLlon amounLlng Lo lack or excess of [urlsdlcLlon
A peLlLlon for cerLlorarl cannoL a Lrlal courL's
evaluaLlon of Lhe evldence and facLual flndlngs. Lrrors
of [udgemenL cannoL be ralsed slnce a wrlL of cerLlorarl
can only correcL errors of [urlsdlcLlon or Lhose lnvolvlng
Lhe commlsslon of grave abuse of dlscreLlon.
When Lhe Lrlal courL, ln allowlng Lhe wlLhdrawal of Lhe
lnformaLlon, glarlngly falled Lo conducL lLs own
deLermlnaLlon of a prlma facle case, Lo lndependenLly
evaluaLe and assess Lhe merlLs of Lhe case agalnsL Lhe
accused and slmply adopLed Lhe resoluLlon lssued by
Lhe SecreLary of !usLlce, Lhere ls a vlolaLlon of Lhe
complalnanL's rlghL Lo due process and consLlLuLes
grave abuse of dlscreLlon amounLlng Lo lack or excess
of [urlsdlcLlon.

rellmlnary lnvesLlgaLlon: uouble [eopardy noL appllcable
ulsmlssal of Lhe case durlng Lhe prellmlnary
lnvesLlgaLlon does noL consLlLuLe double [eopardy
because lL's noL a parL of Lhe Lrlal.
8es !udlcaLa and double [eopardy: res [udlcaLa ln prlson grey
8es [udlcaLa ls a docLrlne of clvll law and has no
bearlng on crlmlnal proceedlngs

AdmlnlsLraLlve cases, double [eopardy noL appllcable
8equlslLes of double [eopardy noL presenL.
A slngle acL may offend agalnsL Lwo or more dlsLlnce
and relaLed provlslons of law, or LhaL Lhe same acL may
flve rlse Lo crlmlnal as well as admlnlsLraLlve llablllLy
ulsmlssal of crlmlnal case does noL mean dlsmlssal of
Lhe admlnlsLraLlve case

valld complalnL or lnformaLlon
Sec 6 of 8ule 110
Accused wlll noL be placed ln [eopardy of convlcLlon
where Lhe facLs alleged ln Lhe complalnL or
lnformaLlon do noL consLlLuLe an offense.
Where Lhe offlcer who flled Lhe lnformaLlon has no
auLhorlLy Lo do so, Lhe lnformaLlon ls lndeed defecLlve
and could noL susLaln a convlcLlon

Accused should have pleaded Lo Lhe charge
lf before arralgnmenL, Lhe prosecuLor wlLhdrew an
lnformaLlon charglng LhefL or robbery agalnsL Lhe same
accused, double [eopardy cannoL be lnvoked because
Lhe accused was never arralgned under Lhe flrsL
lnformaLlon
MusL be a valld plea. noL condlLlonal!
lf a person who pleads gullLy buL durlng Lhe Lrlal sLaLe
LhaL hls acLlons were ln self-defense, Lhls has Lhe effecL
of hlm vacaLlng hls plea of gullLy and he needs Lo plead
anew Lo Lhe charge. lf Lhe courL renders a [udgemenL
wlLhouL dlrecLlng LhaL hls plea be noL gullLy or ask hlm
Lo make a new plea, double [eopardy wlll noL aLLach.

1he accused has been convlcLed or acqulLLed, or Lhe case
agalnsL hlm dlsmlssed or LermlnaLed wlLhouL hls express
consenL
1o lnvoke double [eopardy, Lhe flrsL case musL have
been valldly LermlnaLed by any of Lhe followlng ways:
a) convlcLlon
b) acqulLLal
c) dlsmlssal or LermlnaLlon wlLhouL Lhe
express consenL of Lhe accused. (Sec. 7)
1he mere flllng of Lwo lnformaLlons or complalnLs
charglng Lhe same offense does noL glve rlse Lo Lhe
defense of double [eopardy. lL ls Lhe acqulLLal,
convlcLlon, dlsmlssal, or LermlnaLlon wlLhouL Lhe
express consenL of Lhe accused LhaL ls Lhe basls of such
defense. (1angan v. eople)

ulsmlssal or LermlnaLlon musL be wlLhouL Lhe express consenL
of Lhe accused
ConsenL Lo be express should be poslLlve, dlrecL,
unequlvocal and requlrlng no lnference or lmpllcaLlon
Lo supply lLs meanlng (eople v. vergara)."
Lxample of dlsmlssal wlLhouL consenL: Accused was
broughL before Lhe courL on charges of esLafa. Pe Lhen
asked for permlsslon Lo Lravel abroad, whlch Lhe courL
granLed on Lhe condlLlon LhaL he be arralgned. 1he
arralgnmenL Look place and Lhe accused pleaded noL
gullLy." 1he Cmbudsman flled a moLlon Lo wlLhdraw ex
parLe Lhe Lwo cases agalnsL Lhe accused. 1he courL
granLed Lhe moLlon. 1hereafLer, Lhe Cmbudsman, ln an
aLLempL Lo revlve Lhe cases, flled new lnformaLlons for
malversaLlon. 1he accused flled a moLlon Lo quash,
whlch was granLed. lL was proved LhaL Lhe accused
only learned of Lhe Cmbudsman's moLlon Lo wlLhdraw
afLer Lhe esLafa cases had been dlsmlssed. (eople v.
Lsplnosa)
ulsmlssals equlvalenL Lo acqulLLal even wlLh Lhe consenL of Lhe
accused, speedy Lrlal,demurrer Lo evldence
Whlle Lhe general rule ls LhaL dlsmlssal or LermlnaLlon,
ln order Lo ralse double [eopardy as a defense, musL be
wlLhouL Lhe consenL of Lhe accused, Lhere are cases
when double [eopardy arlses even lf consenL ls glven
by Lhe accused. 1hese are:
o ulsmlssal based on Lhe vlolaLlon of Lhe rlghL Lo
speedy Lrlal,
o ulsmlssal upon moLlon of Lhe accused because
Lhe prosecLlon was noL prepared for Lrlal slnce
Lhe complalnanL and hls wlLnesses dld noL
appear.
1haL Lhe accused |ns|st on a Lrlal ls a requlslLe Lo lnvoke
Lhe rlghL Lo speedy Lrlal. (Lsmena v. ogoy).

uouble [eopardy ln quasl-offenses
ln lvler v. ModesLo-San edro, Lwo lnformaLlons
conLalnlng Lwo separaLe offenses resulLlng from
reckless lmprudence ln a vehlcular accldenL were flled
agalnsL Lhe accused. 1he accused pleaded gullLy Lo one
charge and was convlcLed. Pe Lhen flled a moLlon Lo
quash Lhe oLher lnformaLlon on Lhe basls of double
[eopardy whlch Lhe Lrlal courL denled. 1he Supreme
CourL ruled ln favor of Lhe accused's moLlon Lo quash.

1he reasonlng ls LhaL once convlcLed or acqulLLed of a speclflc
acL of reckless lmprudence, Lhe accused may noL be
prosecuLed agaln for Lhe same acL because Lhe essence of Lhe
quasl-offense of crlmlnal negllgence under ArL. 363 of Lhe 8C
lles ln Lhe execuLlon of an lmprudenL or negllgenL acL, LhaL, lf
lnLenLlonally done, would be punlshable as a felony. 1he law
penallzes Lhe negllgenL or careless acL and noL Lhe resulL
Lhereof. 1he gravlLy of Lhe consequence ls only Laken lnLo
accounL Lo deLermlne Lhe penalLy and lL does noL quallfy Lhe
subsLance. And, as Lhe careless acL ls slngle, wheLher Lhe
ln[urlous resulL should affecL one person or several persons,
Lhe offense (crlmlnal negllgence) remalns one and Lhe same,
and cannoL be spllL lnLo dlfferenL crlmes and prosecuLlons."

When double [eopardy shall noL apply desplLe a prlor
convlcLlon
uouble [eopardy does noL aLLach even when Lhe
offense (a graver offense) lncludes Lhe offense charged
ln Lhe prevlous lnformaLlon ln Lhe followlng cases:
o 1he graver offense developed due Lo
supervenlng facLs arlslng from Lhe same acL or
ommlsslon,
o lacLs consLlLuLlng Lhe graver charge were only
dlscovered afLer a plea had been enLered as Lo
Lhe former lnformaLlon
o lea of gullLy Lo a lesser offense was made
wlLhouL Lhe consenL of Lhe prosecuLor and of
Lhe offended parLy excepL as oLherwlse
provlded ln SecLlon 1(f) of 8ule 116. (Sec. 7)
lf Lhe accused had already served ln whole or ln parL
Lhe [udgmenL under Lhe prevlous lnformaLlon, he shall
be credlLed wlLh Lhe same lf convlcLed of Lhe graver
offense. (Sec.7)
Why? uouble [eopardy does noL exlsL because one
cannoL be ln [eopardy for an offense whlch dld noL
exlsL aL Lhe Llme of Lhe flllng of Lhe flrsL lnformaLlon."

Meanlng of Lhe same offense, when noL Lhe same
Same offense" means Lhe offense charged, or an
aLLempL Lo commlL lL or a frusLraLed sLage Lhereof or
any offense whlch necessarlly lncludes or ls lncluded ln
Lhe offense charged ln Lhe former complalnL or
lnformaLlon. 1hls ls one of Lhose cases where a word ls
deflned by Lhose LhaL come afLer lL. (Sec.7)
When ls Lhe same offense noL really Lhe same? Where
2 dlfferenL laws (or arLlcles of a code) deflne 2 crlmes,
prlor [eopardy as Lo one of Lhem ls no obsLacle Lo a
prosecuLlon of Lhe oLher, alLhough boLh offenses arlse
from Lhe same facLs lf each crlme lnvolves some
lmporLanL acL whlch ls not an essenLlal elemenL of Lhe
oLher (Loney v. eople)."
Lxamples:
o 1hefL of LlecLrlclLy under Lhe 8C and vlolaLlon
of u 401
o lllegal recrulLmenL and LsLafa
o 8 22 and LsLafa
o ulrecL 8rlbery under ArL. 210 of Lhe 8C and
vlolaLlon of Sec. 3(b) of 8A 3019

rovlslonal dlsmlssal, requlslLes
1he flrsL paragraph of SecLlon 8 conLalns Lhe requlslLes
of Lhe Llme-bar" provlded ln Lhe second paragraph. ln
oLher words, afLer compllance wlLh Lhe flrsL paragraph,
Lhe clock wlll sLarL Llcklng as Lo Lhe revlval of Lhe case.
AfLer Lhe correspondlng perlods, Lhe dlsmlssal
becomes permanenL.
1lme-8ar
o enalLy noL exceedlng 6 years: 1 year afLer
lssuance of Lhe order
o More Lhan 6 years: 2 years
8equlslLes:
o ulsmlssal wlLh Lhe express consenL of Lhe
accused
o noLlce Lo Lhe offended parLy

1lme bar rule, when provlslonal dlsmlssal becomes permanenL
lease refer Lo Lhe noLes above.
1here ls an excepLlon Lo Lhe rule provlded. 1he SLaLe
may revlve a crlmlnal case beyond Lhe one-year and
Lwo-year perlods prov|ded that there |s a [ust|f|ab|e
necess|ty for the de|ay.

LffecL of eople v. Lacson
1hls case added a requlslLe Lo Lhe Llme-bar rule l.e. the
pub||c prosecutor shou|d be served w|th a copy of the
order of prov|s|ona| d|sm|ssa| of the case.
1he polnL of reckonlng as Lo Lhe perlods was also
furLher quallfled Lo Lhe effecL LhaL Lhe perlods run afLer
Lhe lssuance of Lhe order of dlsmlssal on the pub||c
prosecutor who has contro| of the prosecut|on.
Lxpress consenL Lo a provlslonal dlsmlssal ls glven
elLher vlva voce (fancy Lerm for orally," LaLln llLerally
meanlng wlLh Lhe llvlng volce") or ln wrlLlng. Where
Lhe accused wrlLes on Lhe moLlon of a prosecuLor for a
provlslonal dlsmlssal of Lhe case no ob[ecLlon" or
wlLh my conformlLy," Lhe wrlLlng amounLs Lo express
consenL of Lhe accused."
A case may be revlved wlLhln Lhe Llme-bar by reflllng
Lhe lnformaLlon or flllng a new lnformaLlon. Cenerally,
Lhls may be made wlLhouL need of a new prellmlnary
lnvesLlgaLlon. Powever, a new pre||m|nary
|nvest|gat|on |s requ|red when:
o AfLer Lhe provlslonal dlsmlssal, Lhe orlglnal
wlLnesses of Lhe prosecuLlon or some of Lhem
may have recanted Lhelr LesLlmonles or may
have d|ed or may no |onger be ava||ab|e and
new w|tnesses for Lhe SLaLe have emerged, or
o under a new cr|m|na| comp|a|nt
" Aslde from Lhe orlglnal accused, other
persons are charged
" Crlglnal charge has been upgraded, or
" Crlmlnal ||ab|||ty of Lhe accused ls
upgraded from accessory to pr|nc|pa|
ln lLs flrsL resoluLlon on Lhe case, Lhe Supreme CourL
observed LhaL llke any oLher favorable procedural
rule, Lhls new rule (Sec. 8, 8ule 117), can be glven
reLroacLlve effecL." upon moLlon for reconslderaLlon,
Lhe CourL, Lhrough !usLlce Calle[o, held LhaL Lhe new
rule shou|d not be app||ed retroact|ve|y for Lo do so
wlll be lnconslsLenL wlLh Lhe lnLendmenL of Lhe law Lo
beneflL boLh Lhe SLaLe and Lhe accused, and noL Lhe
accused only. (lf you wanL Lo lndulge your curlouslLy
here are Lhe llnks: 1
sL
8esoluLlon -
hLLp://www.lawphll.neL/[ud[urls/[url2002/may2002/gr
_149433_2002.hLml 2nd 8esoluLlon -
hLLp://www.lawphll.neL/[ud[urls/[url2003/apr2003/gr_
149433_2003.hLml )

WlLhdrawal of lnformaLlon dlsLlngulshed from a moLlon Lo
dlsmlss

MoLlon Lo WlLhdraw
lnformaLlon
MoLlon Lo ulsmlss
8oLh puL an end Lo an acLlon flled ln courL
Crder granLlng moLlon aLLalns flnallLy afLer 13 days from
recelpL Lhereof

W|thout pre[udlce Lo reflllng of
Lhe lnformaLlon upon
relnvesLlgaLlon upon flnallLy
W|th pre[udlce Lo Lhe
reflllng of Lhe same case
upon flnallLy
1lme-bar (Sec. 8) does not
app|y
1lme-bar (Sec.8) app||es

ku|e 118 - re-1r|a|

Courts |n wh|ch pre-tr|a| |s mandatory for cr|m|na| cases:
(Sec. 1)
1. Sandlganbayan
2. 8eglonal 1rlal CourL
3. MeLropollLanL 1rlal CourL, Mlnlclpal 1rlal CourL ln
ClLles, Munlclpal 1rlal CourL, Munlclpal ClrculL 1rlal
CourL

urposes of re-1r|a| ] Matters to be cons|dered
1. lea 8argalnlng
2. SLlpulaLlon of lacLs
3. Marklng for ldenLlflcaLlon of evldence
4. Walver of ob[ecLlons Lo admlsslblllLy of evldence
3. ModlflcaLlon of Lhe order of Lrlal lf Lhe accused admlLs
Lhe charge buL lnLerposes a lawful defense
6. CLher maLLers LhaL wlll promoLe a falr and expedlLlous
Lrlal

When pre-tr|a| sha|| be he|d
Gk: AfLer arralgnmenL and wlLhln 30 days from Lhe daLe Lhe
courL acqulres [urlsdlcLlon over Lhe person of Lhe accused
L: when a shorLer perlod ls provlded for ln speclal laws or
Supreme CourL Clrculars

Duty of [udge before pre-tr|a|
1. SLudy Lhe allegaLlons of Lhe lnformaLlon
2. SLudy Lhe sLaLemenLs ln Lhe wlLness affldavlLs
3. SLudy oLher documenLs whlch form parL of Lhe record
of prellmlnary lnvesLlgaLlon
4. Ask Lhe quesLlons on Lhe lssues ralsed Lhereln. ALSC
quesLlons musL be dlrecLed Lo hlm, noL Lhe oLher
parLles

When pr|vate offended party may be requ|red to attend pre-
tr|a|
G: CourL wlll lssue an order requlrlng Lhe prlvaLe offended
parLy Lo appear for purposes of plea bargalnlng and for oLher
maLLers requlrlng hls presence (tbls ls Jlffeteot ftom tbe pte-
ttlol otJet)
L: noL requlred Lo aLLend lf Lhe case ls a vlolaLlon of Lhe
Comprehenslve urugs AcL of 2002

$ CourL wlll also lssue an order referrlng Lhe case Lo Lhe
8ranch Clerk of CourL Lo seL a prellmlnary conference. lf a
prellmlnary conference ls requlred:
lL shall be seL aL leasL 3 days prlor Lo Lhe pre-Lrlal
1o mark Lhe documenLs or exhlblLs Lo be presenLed by
Lhe parLles
Coples Lhereof wlll be aLLached Lo Lhe records afLer
comparlson
CLher maLLers LhaL may ald ln prompL dlsposlLlon may
be consldered
$ lf lL ls a medlaLlable case, Lhe [udge wlll refer Lhe parLles
and Lhelr counsel Lo Lhe MC unlL for purposes of medlaLlon, lf
avallable

Duty of 8ranch C|erk of Court dur|ng pre||m|nary conference
1. AsslsL Lhe parLles ln reachlng a seLLlemenL for Lhe clvll
aspecL of Lhe case
2. Mark Lhe documenLs Lo be presenLed as exhlblLs and
coples Lhereof
3. AscerLaln from Lhe parLles Lhe undlspuLed facLs
4. AscerLaln admlsslons on Lhe genulneness and due
execuLlon of documenLs marked as exhlblLs
3. Conslder such oLher maLLers as may ald ln Lhe prompL
dlsposlLlon of Lhe case

$ proceedlngs shall be recorded ln Lhe MlnuLes of
rellmlnary Conference, whlch musL be slgned by boLh parLles
and counsel
$ Lhls wlll be aLLached by Lhe 8ranch Clerk of CourL Lo Lhe
case record before Lrlal

What ev|dence may be presented dur|ng tr|a| |tse|f
Gk: no evldence oLher Lhan Lhose ldenLlfled and marked
durlng Lhe pre-Lrlal
L: courL may allow presenLaLlon of oLher evldence for good
cause shown

Non-appearance of counse| for the accused or prosecutor
dur|ng pre-tr|a|
$ CourL may lmpose proper sancLlons or penalLles for lack of
cooperaLlon lf Lhere ls no offer of an accepLable excuse

If |ea 8arga|n|ng |s agreed upon, the court sha||:
1. lssue an order Lo LhaL effecL
2. roceed Lo recelve evldence on Lhe clvll aspecL of Lhe
case
3. 8ender and promulgaLe Lhe [udgmenL of convlcLlon,
lncludlng Lhe clvll llablllLy or damages duly esLabllshed
by evldence
$ PCWLvL8, no plea-bargalnlng for vlolaLlons of Lhe
Comprehenslve uangerous urugs AcL of 2002

If |ea 8arga|n|ng fa||s:
1. !udge shall adopL Lhe mlnuLes of Lhe prellmlnary
conference as parL of Lhe pre-Lrlal proceedlngs
2. Conflrm Lhe marklngs of exhlblLs, admlsslons of
genulneness and due execuLlon of documenLs
3. LlsL ob[ecL and LesLlmonlal evldence
4. ScruLlnlze every allegaLlon ln Lhe lnformaLlon
3. ScruLlnlze Lhe affldavlLs and documenLs formlng parL of
Lhe record of Lhe prellmlnary lnvesLlgaLlon
6. ueflne facLual lssues
7. Ask parLles Lo agree on speclflc daLes for Lrlal
8. 8equlre Lhe parLles Lo submlL Lhe names, addresses,
and conLacL numbers of wlLnesses Lo be summoned
9. Conslder modlflcaLlon of Lhe Lrlal lf Lhe accused admlLs
Lhe charge buL lnLerposes a lawful defense

re-1r|a| Agreements (Sec. 2)
All agreemenLs or admlsslons made durlng pre-Lrlal musL be:
1. 8educed ln wrlLlng
2. Slgned by boLh Lhe accused and counsel
3. MusL be approved by Lhe courL lf Lhe agreemenL
covers Sec. 1 of 8ule 118
C1PL8WlSL, such admlsslons can'L be used agalnsL Lhe
accused

re-tr|a| order
1. lssued by [udge wlLhln 10 days afLer Lhe LermlnaLlon of
Lhe pre-Lrlal
2. ConLalns Lhe acLlons Laken, facLs sLlpulaLed, admlsslons
made, evldence marked, number of wlLnesses Lo be
presenLed, and schedule of Lrlal
3. 8lnds Lhe parLles
4. LlmlLs Lhe Lrlal Lo maLLers noL dlsposed of durlng pre-
Lrlal
3. ConLrols Lhe course of acLlon durlng Lrlal unless
modlfled by Lhe courL Lo prevenL manlfesL ln[usLlce

re-tr|a| |n a c|v|| case re-tr|a| |n a cr|m|na| case
lalnLlff musL make a moLlon
Lo seL Lhe case for pre-Lrlal
Such moLlon ls noL requlred
from Lhe prosecuLloln
re-Lrlal ls held afLer Lhe re-Lrlal ls held afLer
requlslLe moLlon, afLer all
pleadlngs have been served
and flled
arralgnmenL and w/ln 30 days
from Lhe daLe Lhe courL
acqulres [urlsdlcLlon over Lhe
person of Lhe accused, unless
a shorLer perlod ls provlded
urpose ls Lo conslder Lhe
posslblllLy of amlcable
seLLlemenL or of submlsslon
Lo alLernaLlve modes of
dlspuLe resoluLlon
lea bargalnlng, sLlpulaLlon of
facLs, marklng of evldence,
walver of ob[ecLlons Lo
admlsslblllLy of evldence,
modlflcaLlon of Lhe order of
Lrlal, oLher maLLers whlch wlll
promoLe a falr and
expedlLlous Lrlal
SancLlon of non-appearance
ls lmposed upon Lhe non-
apperlng parLy
SancLlon ls lmposed upon
non-appearlng Lhe counsel or
prosecuLor when Lhey cannoL
offer an accepLable excuse
arLles are requlred Lo flle
and serve Lhelr pre-Lrlal brlefs
no pre-Lrlal brlefs requlred
All proceedlngs shall be
recorded. MlnuLes of each
conference shall conLaln
maLLers Laken up Lhereln, and
shall be slgned by Lhe parLles
and Lhelr counsel
SLrlcLer requlremenL: all
admlsslons or agreemenLs
musL be reduced ln wrlLlng
and slgned by Lhe accused
and counsel oLherwlse, Lhey
cannoL be used agalnsL Lhe
accused

Iud|c|a| D|spute keso|ut|on
$ lnnovaLlve concepL ln Lhe [udlclal sysLem, whereln lL ls
hoped LhaL medlaLlon and conclllaLlon aL Lhe level of Lhe [udge
would conLrlbuLe slgnlflcanLly Lo Lhe resoluLlon of medlaLable
cases
$ help lncrease saLlsfacLlon of llLlganLs ln Lhe courL process
$ help decongesL Lhe dockeLs
$ sLrengLhen conclllaLlon durlng Lhe pre-Lrlal sLage ln order Lo
expedlLe resoluLlon of Lhe cases
$ Lhe pre-Lrlal proper ls resumed afLer Lhe !u8, and wlll be
conducLed by Lhe Lrlal [udge

Stages |n [ud|c|a| proceed|ngs w|th IDk
ulvlded ln Lwo sLages:
1. lrom Lhe flllng of Lhe complalnL, Lo Lhe conducL of !u8
durlng Lhe pre-Lrlal sLage
2. re-Lrlal proper Lo Lrlal and [udgmenL

IDk [udge
$ [udge Lo whom Lhe case was orlglnally raffled
$ lf Lhe medlaLlon falls, Lhe !u8 [udge shall noL preslde over
Lhe Lrlal of Lhe same case
L: Lhe parLles may [olnLly requesL LhaL Lhe !u8 [udge preslde
over Lhe Lrlal proceedlngs
$ Pe:
1. As medlaLor and conclllaLor, faclllLaLes Lhe seLLlemenL
dlscusslons and Lrles Lo reconclle Lhe parLles
dlfferences
2. As a neuLral evaluaLor, assesses Lhe relaLlve sLrengLhs
and weaknesses of each parLy's case
3. Makes a non-blndlng and lmparLlal evaluaLlon of each
parLy's chance of success
$ may Lalk Lo Lhe parLles wlLhouL Lhelr lawyers, and may even
Lalk Lo each parLy separaLely (caucus) lf an lmpasse ls reached

IDk |s des|gned to be conf|dent|a|
$ all conferences are done ln prlvaLe
$ !udge may Lake noLes for hls personal consumpLlon, buL
Lhey wlll noL form parLy of Lhe records of Lhe case
Gk: !u8 [udge can'L pass on any lnformaLlon obLalned ln Lhe
course of conclllaLlon, early neuLral evaluaLlon or medlaLlon Lo
Lhe Lrlal [udge or Lo any oLher person
L: Powever, he may confer ln confldence wlLh Lhe medlaLor
who prevlously medlaLed Lhe case, merely for Lhe purpose of
deLermlnlng unresolved lssues

Cases sub[ect to med|at|on for IDk
1. All clvll cases, seLLlemenL of esLaLes, and cases
covered by Lhe 8ule on Summary rocedure, excepL
Lhose whlch by law may noL be compromlsed (e.g.
crlmlnal cases llke vlolaLlon of Lrafflc rules and
regulaLlons, vlolaLlon of munlclpal or clLy ordlnances)
2. Cases cognlzable by Lhe Lupong 1agapamayapa under
Lhe kaLarungang ambarangay Law
3. Clvll aspecL of 8.. 22 cases
4. Clvll oaspecL of quasl-offenses under 1lLle 14 of Lhe
8C (Lhose lnvolvlng reckless or slmple lmprudence)
5. Clvll aspecL of esLafa and llbel under Lhe propsed
clrcular amendlng A.M. no. 04-1-12-SC
6. Cvll aspecL of LhefL

1|me||ne of IDk
60 days for second-level courLs, 30 days for flrsL-level courLs
1. lalnLlff wlll Lell hls slde of Lhe sLory, Lhen defendanL
wlll Lell hls slde (preferably ln Lhelr own words).
2. 8ased on Lhelr sLorles, Lhe [udge wlll Lry Lo summarlze
Lhe maln lssues ln conLenLlon and Lry Lo probe Lhe
varlous lnLeresLs of Lhe parLles aL play. Pe may acLlvely
propose soluLlons or opLlons.
3. lf a seLLlemenL ls reached:
a. Lhe parLles lmmedlaLely comply wlLh Lhe
agreemenL.
|. arLles, Lhrough Lhelr counsel, may
choose Lo submlL a manlfesLaLlon on Lhe
saLlsfacLlon of Lhe clalms and Lhe
muLual wlLhdrawal of Lhe complalnL and
counLerclalm
||. !udge could Lhen dlsmlss Lhe case based
on Lhls facL
b. 8uL comply ln Lhe fuLure, Lhen a compromlse
agreemenL ls secured
|. Compromlse agreemenL wlll be drafLed
by Lhe parLles wlLh Lhe asslsLance of
Lhelr lawyers
||. rlor Lo slgnlng, Lhe [udge may opL Lo
explaln Lhe conLenLs Lo Lhe parLles and
make sure LhaL Lhey undersLand whaL
Lhey are slgnlng
|||. Slgnlng of Lhe compromlse agreemenL
and flllng a [olnL moLlon Lo approve Lhe
compromlse
|v. !udge approves Lhe compromlse
agreemenL and renders a [udgmenL
based on compromlse
v. Copy of Lhe [udgmenL ls senL Lo Lhe
hlllpplne MedlaLlon CenLer (MC) for
sLaLlsLlcal purposes
4. lf Lhe seLLlemenL ls on Lhe clvll aspecL of a crlmlnal
case, buL Lhe perlod of paymenL exceeds 1 year, Lhe
case may be archlved:
a. upon moLlon of Lhe prosecuLlon
b. wlLh concurrence of Lhe prlvaLe complalnanL
c. and approval of Lhe [udge
5. lf no seLLlemenL ls reached:
a. 1he [udge lssues an order reLurnlng Lhe case
back Lo Lhe Cfflce of Lhe Clerk of CourL for
raffllng
b. Clerk wlll raffle Lhe case Lo anoLher [udge who
wlll conducL Lhe pre-Lrlal proper and Lrlal
c. A copy of Lhe order wlll be senL Lo Lhe MC for
sLaLlsLlcal purposes

Court-Annexed Med|at|on Gu|de||nes (A.M. No. 04-3-0S-SC)
$ medlaLlon before a courL-appolnLed medlaLor
1. 8e-orlenLaLlon of aLLlLudes Lowards dlspuLe
a. When llLlgaLlon ls shlfLed Lo medlaLlon, a
dlfferenL aLLlLude ls called for
b. Lawyers musL asslsL Lhe parLles Lo resolve Lhelr
dlfferences ln ways LhaL are producLlve for Lhelr
fuLure llves
2. 8e-orlenLaLlon of lawyer's role ln medlaLlon
a. Counsel musL drop hls combaLlve role
b. new role ls a collaboraLor wlLh Lhe oLher
counsel Loward Lhe common goal of helplng
Lhelr cllenLs resolve Lhelr dlfferences Lo Lhelr
muLual advanLage
c. MusL now accepL a less dlrecLlve role as advlser
or consulLanL
3. reparaLlon for parLlclpaLlon ln medlaLlon
a. upon recelpL from Lhe Lrlal courL of Lhe order
Lo proceed Lo medlaLlon, counsel shall confer
and dlscuss w/ hls cllenL:
l. MedlaLlon process as essenLlally a
negoLlaLlon process, sLresslng lLs
dlfference from llLlgaLlon, and Lhe
advanLages and beneflLs
ll. SubsLance of Lhe upcomlng medlaLlon
(e.g. subsLanLlve lssues lnvolved, Lhe
oLher slde's poslLlon, posslble
bargalnlng polnLs)
4. arLlclpaLlon ln Lhe medlaLlon sesslons
a. Pelpful lf Lhe lawyers glve Lhelr supporL Lo Lhe
medlaLor
b. Lawyers musL allow Lhelr cllenLs Lo Lake
responslblllLy for maklng declslons durlng
negoLlaLlons w/ln Lhe medlaLlon process
c. Powever, lf Lhe cllenL ls unable Lo bargaln
effecLlvely, and he appears Lo be on Lhe shorL-
end of Lhe power lmbalance, Lhe lawyer may
have Lo Lake a somewhaL more acLlve role
d. As ofLen as may be necessary, lawyer may ask
for a recess ln order Lo glve advlse or
suggesLlons Lo hls cllenL
e. lf medlaLlon falls, Lhe lawyer may have Lo Lake a
more acLlve role durlng !u8
5. AsslsLance ln preparlng a compromlse agreemenL or
wlLhdrawal of complalnL and saLlsfacLlon of clalm
a. Lawyers shall asslsL Lhe medlaLor ln puLLlng ln
wrlLlng Lhe Lerms of Lhe compromlse
agreemenL, seelng Lo lL LhaL Lhey are noL
conLrary Lo law, morals, good cusLoms, publlc
order or publlc pollcy
b. ay parLlcular aLLenLlon Lo lssues of volunLary
compllance, and oLherwlse, enforcemenL
c. Where appllcable, Lhey wlll also help ln Lhe
preparaLlon of a manlfesLaLlon of muLual
saLlsfacLlon of clalms and counLerclalms as
basls for Lhe courL Lo lssue an order of dlsmlssal

D|scovery procedures |n cr|m|na| cases
$ no rule whlch precludes Lhe use of relevanL modes of
dlscovery ln a crlmlnal case
1. appllcable Lo Lhe clvll aspecL of a crlmlnal case
2. 8ule 116 Sec. 10 allows Lhe producLlon and lnspecLlon
of maLerlal evldence ln possesslon of Lhe prosecuLlon
$ slmllar Lo 8ule 27, a mode of dlscovery on Lhe
producLlon or lnspecLlon of documenLs or Lhlngs
3. Where one lssue ln Lhe crlmlnal case ls Lhe menLal
condlLlon of Lhe accused, an examlnaLlon could be
conducLed under Lhe splrlL of 8ule 28, anoLher mode of
dlscovery
4. 8ule 24 Sec. 1 on deposlLlons allows Lhe perpeLuaLlon
of one's own LesLlmony or LhaL of anoLher person
regardlng any maLLer LhaL may be cognlzable ln any
courL of Lhe hlllpplnes
a. any maLLer" lncludes crlmlnal cases
b. Lhe Laklng of deposlLlons ln crlmlnal cases ls
addressed Lo [udlclal dlscreLlon (eople v.
Webb)

l. 18lAL

When tr|a| sha|| commence

1. CLnL8AL L8lCu:
30 days from recelpL of 8L-18lAL C8uL8 [SLC 1]

LxLenslon:
- LxLended perlod [SLC 6] by vlrLue of Sec 7 of Clr. 38-
98:
1
sL
12 monLhs from 9/13/98 - Llme llmlL shall be 180
days
2
nd
12 monLh perlod . 120 days
3
rd
12 monLh perlod . 80 days

Cu88Ln1L? - exLended perlod ls 80 days

2. lf order for a new Lrlal:

CLnL8AL L8lCu:
30 days from noLlce or Lhe order granLlng new Lrlal

LxLenslon: [SLC 3]
! noL exceedlng 180 days from noLlce of Lhe order
! Crder becomes lmpracLlcable due Lo unavallablllLy
of wlLnesses and oLher facLors

Summary of per|ods

1. ArralgnmenL ! WlLhln 30 days from Lhe daLe Lhe
CCu81 ACCul8LS !u8lSulC1lCn over
Lhe accused.
! Lxclude Llme of pendency of Lhe moLlon
Lo quash or blll of parLlculars or oLher
causes [usLlfylng suspenslon of
arralgnmenL.
2. re-Lrlal ! AfLer arralgnmenL
! CLnL8AL L8lCu: WlLhln 30 days from
Lhe daLe Lhe CCu81 ACCul8LS
!u8lSulC1lCn over Lhe person of Lhe
accused

LxcepLlon: shorLer perlod ls provlded for
ln speclal laws or clrculars of Lhe SC.
3. 1rlal ! CLnL8AL L8lCu: 30 days from 8LCLl1
Cl 8L-18lAL C8uL8.

LxLenslon: 80 days from arralgnmenL.
[Sec 6]

1|me to prepare for tr|a| [Sec 1]
! AfLer enLry of plea of nC1 CulL1?
! 13 days

Lffect of not br|ng|ng the accused to tr|a| w|th|n the
prescr|bed per|od [Sec 9]

1. lnformaLlon may be dlsmlssed upon Lhe moLlon of Lhe
accused.
! Cround: uenlal of rlghL Lo speedy Lrlal
! 8urden of proof:
o Accused: provlng Lhe ground of hls moLlon
o rosecuLor: evldence Lo esLabllsh LhaL Lhe
delay belongs Lo Lhe excluslon of Llme ln Sec
3
! ln case dlsmlssed: sub[ecL Lo rules on double
[eopardy

2. MoLlon made prlor Lo Lrlal, oLherwlse deemed walver
of Lhe rlghL Lo have Lhe charge dlsmlssed.

De|ays to be exc|uded from comput|ng the per|od for non-
commencement of the tr|a|
Not be locloJeJ lo coootloq fot tbe petloJ of commeocemeot
of ttlol. [Sec 3]

lnclude buL are noL llmlLed Lo delays caused by/resulLlng
from/aLLrlbuLable Lo:
a. LxamlnaLlon of Lhe physlcally and menLal condlLlon of
Lhe accused,
b. CLher proceedlngs wlLh respecL Lo oLher crlmlnal
charges agalnsL Lhe accused,
c. LxLraordlnary remedles agalnsL lnLerlocuLory orders,
d. re-Lrlal proceedlngs (should noL exceed 30 days),
e. Crders of lnhlblLlon, or proceedlng relaLlng Lo change
of venue or Lransfer from oLher courLs,
f. llndlng of exlsLence of pre[udlclal quesLlon,
g. Any perlod, noL exceedlng 30 days, durlng whlch any
proceedlng concernlng Lhe accused ls acLually under
advlsemenL,
h. Absence (whereabouLs are unknown or cannoL be
deLermlned by due dlllgence) or unavallablllLy
(whereabouLs are known buL hls presence for Lrlal
cannoL be obLalned by due dlllgence) of an essenLlal
wlLness,
l. MenLal lncompeLence or physlcal lnablllLy of Lhe
accused Lo sLand Lrlal,
[. lnformaLlon belng dlsmlssed upon moLlon of Lhe
prosecuLlon and LhereafLer a charge ls flled agalnsL Lhe
accused for Lhe same offense. (erlod of delay from
Lhe daLe Lhe charge was dlsmlssed Lo Lhe daLe Lhe Llme
llmlLaLlon would commence Lo run as Lo Lhe
subsequenL charge had Lhere been no prevlous
charge.),
k. Accused belng [olned for Lrlal wlLh a co-accused over
whom Lhe courL has noL acqulred [urlsdlcLlon or as Lo
whom Lhe Llme for Lrlal has noL run and no moLlon for
separaLe Lrlal has been granLed,
l. ConLlnuance granLed by any courL moto ptoplo, or on
moLlon of elLher Lhe accused or hls counsel, or Lhe
prosecuLlon, lf Lhe courL granLed Lhe conLlnuance on
Lhe basls of lLs flndlngs seL forLh ln Lhe order LhaL Lhe
ends of [usLlce served by Laklng such acLlon
ouLwelghed Lhe besL lnLeresL of Lhe publlc and Lhe
accused ln a speedy Lrlal.

When the de|ay or suspens|on of tr|a| |s [ust|f|ed by reason of
absence of a w|tness

1. Cne of Lhe excluslons ln compuLlng Lhe Llme whlch Lrlal
musL commence provlded ln Sec 3, refer Lo Lhe perlod
of delay resulLlng from Lhe obseoce ot ooovolloblllty of
an essenLlal wlLness.

2. WlLness musL be an essenLlal wlLness", meanlng
lndlspenslble", necessary" or lmporLanL ln Lhe
hlghesL degree"

3. Absence and unavallablllLy are noL synonymous.
! AbsenL
o WhereabouLs are unknown, or
o WhereabouLs cannoL be deLermlned by due
dlllgence
! unavallable
o resence for Lrlal cannoL be obLalned by
due dlllgence, even lf
o WhereabouLs are known,

Cont|nuous de|ay [Sec 2]

CLnL8AL 8uLL: ConLlnue from day Lo day as far as
pracLlcable unLll LermlnaLed.
LxcepLlon: osLponed for a reasonable perlod of Llme for a
good cause.

! ConLlnuous Lrlal on a weekly or oLher shorL-Lerm Lrlal
calendar aL Lhe earllesL posslble Llme.
! CourL shall seL Lrlal afLer consulLaLlons wlLh Lhe
prosecuLor and defense counsel.

1r|a| per|od [Sec 2]

CLnL8AL 8uLL: ln no case shall Lhe enLlre Lrlal perlod exceed
180 days from Lhe flrsL day of Lrlal.
LxcepLlon: As oLherwlse auLhorlzed by Lhe SC.

ostponement or cont|nuance

1. osLponemenLs noL prohlblLed.

lor posLponemenLs Lo be made:
a. lor a reasonable perlod
b. lor a good cause

2. ConLlnuance Lo serve Lhe end of [usLlce

noL allowed:
! CongesLlon of courL's calendar
! Lack of dlllgenL preparaLlon
! lallure Lo obLaln wlLnesses on Lhe parL of Lhe
prosecuLor.

Allowed:
- lnadequaLe preparaLlon: Laken as a whole, case ls
unusual and complex, due Lo Lhe number of Lhe
accused or Lhe naLure of Lhe prosecuLlon.

3. ConLlnuance may be granLed lf conLlnulng Lhe
proceedlng ls |mposs|b|e or would resulL ln a
m|scarr|age of [ust|ce.

Iactors to be cons|dered for grant|ng cont|nuances or
postponement

! osLponemenLs are sub[ecL Lo [udlclal dlscreLlon.
! lacLors:
a. W/n fallure Lo granL conLlnuance would llkely
make a conLlnuaLlon of Lhe proceedlng lmposslble
or would resulL ln a mlscarrlage of [usLlce, or
b. W/n Lhe case Laken as a whole ls so novel, unusual
and complex, due Lo Lhe number of Lhe accused or
Lhe naLure of Lhe prosecuLlon, or LhaL lL ls
unreasonable Lo expecL adequaLe preparaLlon
wlLhln Lhe perlods of Llme esLabllshed Lhereln.

roh|b|ted grounds for a cont|nuance
a. CongesLlon of courL's calendar or due Lo lack of
dlllgenL preparaLlon, or
b. lallure Lo obLaln wlLnesses on Lhe parL of Lhe
prosecuLor.

Cond|t|ona| exam|nat|on of w|tnesses even before tr|a|

1. WlLnesses for boLh Lhe accused and Lhe prosecuLlon
may be condlLlonally examlned even before Lhe Lrlal of
Lhe case.

WlLness of accused may be:
! Slck or lnflrm and Lhere ls no reasonable ground Lo
belleve LhaL he wlll be able Lo aLLend Lhe Lrlal
because of hls condlLlon.
! AlLhough noL slck or lnflrm, may reslde more Lhan
100 km from Lhe place of Lrlal and has no means Lo
aLLend Lhe Lrlal
! CLher clrcumsLances LhaL exlsL LhaL would make
hlm unavallable durlng Lhe Lrlal or prevenL hlm
from aLLendlng Lhe same.

8emedy of Lhe accused:
llle a moLlon Lo have hls wlLness condlLlonally
examlned. MoLlon shall sLaLe:
a. SubsLance of hls LesLlmony
b. 8eason or reasons for hls lnablllLy Lo aLLend Lhe
Lrlal.
8ead Sec. 12-13 for Lhe procedure of condlLlonal
examlnaLlon (wlLness of accused).

2. CondlLlonal examlnaLlon of wlLnesses of Lhe
prosecuLlon

WlLness of prosecuLlon:
! 1oo slck or lnflrm Lo appear aL Lhe Lrlal
! Pas Lo leave Lhe hlllpplnes wlLh no deflnlLe daLe of
reLurnlng
8ead Sec. 13 for Lhe procedure of condlLlonal
examlnaLlon (wlLness for prosecuLlon).

now to secure appearance of a mater|a| w|tnesses [8ar 1994,
1999]

1. osL ball for such sum as may be deemed proper, lf Lhe
courL ls saLlsfled upon elLher (a) proof, or (b) oaLh LhaL
a maLerlal wlLness wlll noL LesLlfy when requlred, or

2. lf wlLness refuses Lo posL ball, Lhe courL shall commlL
hlm Lo prlson unLll he complles or ls legally dlscharged
afLer hls LesLlmony has been Laken.

D|scharge of accused to be a state w|tness, requ|s|tes [8ar
1998, 1990, 1994, 2006]

1. Several accused are [olnLly charged for an offense,
unless courL orders a separaLe Lrlal for one or more of
Lhe accused.

2. Cne or more of Lhe accused Lrlal [olnLly wlLh Lhe
oLhers, may however, be dlscharged so LhaL Lhey may
be wlLnesses for Lhe sLaLe. lor Lhls purpose, Lhe
prosecuLor shall comply wlLh Lhe followlng:
a. llle moLlon for dlscharge of Lhe accused, or
b. llle Lhe moLlon before Lhe prosecuLlon resLs lLs
case.

3. 1he courL upon recelpL of Lhe moLlon shall requlre
prosecuLlon Lo presenL evldence and Lhe sworn
sLaLemenL of each proposed sLaLe wlLness. 1he courL
shall conducL a hearlng ln supporL of Lhe dlscharge.
1he courL musL be saLlsfled LhaL:
a. 1here ls absoluLe necesslLy for Lhe LesLlmony of
Lhe accused whose dlscharge ls requesLed,
b. 1here ls no oLher dlrecL evldence avallable for
Lhe proper prosecuLlon of Lhe offense
commlLLed, excepL Lhe LesLlmony of sald
accused,
c. 1he LesLlmony of sald accused can
be subsLanLlally corroboraLed ln lLs
maLerlal polnLs,
d. Sald accused does noL appear Lo be Lhe mosL
gullLy, and
e. Sald accused has noL aL any Llme been
convlcLed of any offense lnvolvlng moral
LurplLude.

4. When a crlme ls conLrlved ln secreL, Lhe dlscharge of
one of Lhe consplraLors ls essenLlal because only Lhe
have knowledge of Lhe crlme.

Lv|dence adduced dur|ng the d|scharge hear|ng

1. Shall auLomaLlcally form parL of Lhe Lrlal.

2. lf courL denles Lhe moLlon for dlscharge Lhe accused,
sworn sLaLemenL shall be lnadmlsslble ln evldence.

Lffect of d|scharge of an accused to be a state w|tness

CLn 8uLL: AmounL Lo an acqulLLal and shall be a bar Lo
anoLher prosecuLlon for Lhe same offense

LxcepL: lf Lhe accused falls Lo LesLlfy ln accordance wlLh
hls sworn sLaLemenL, consLlLuLlng Lhe basls for hls
dlscharge.

M|stake |n charg|ng the proper offense

! MlsLake ln charglng Lhe proper offense.
! 8ecome manlfesL aL any Llme before [udgmenL.

LffecLs:
! Accused cannoL be convlcLed of Lhe offense
charged, or any oLher offense necessarlly lncluded
Lhereln.
! Crlglnal case shall be dlsmlssed upon Lhe flllng of
Lhe proper lnformaLlon.
! CourL shall commlL Lhe accused Lo answer for Lhe
proper offense.
! AlLhough Lhe case ls dlsmlssed, Lhe accused shall
noL be dlscharged lf Lhere ls good cause Lo deLaln
Lhe accused.

Crder of tr|a|

1. rosecuLlon shall presenL lLs evldence

a. rove Lhe charge, and
b. rove Lhe clvll llablllLy ln Lhe proper case.

nC1L: ln uangerous urugs cases, lL ls Lhe duLy of
Lhe prosecuLlon Lo presenL a compleLe plcLure
deLalllng Lhe buy-busL operaLlon.

2. Accused wlll Lhen presenL hls evldence Lo prove

! rove hls defense and damage susLalned (lf any),
arlslng from provlslonal remedy ln Lhe case.

3. rosecuLlon may presenL rebuLLal evldence unless Lhe
courL allows lL Lo presenL addlLlonal evldence bearlng
on Lhe maln lssue

4. 1he accused may presenL sur-rebuLLal evldence unless
Lhe courL allows hlm Lo presenL addlLlonal evldence
bearlng on Lhe maln lssue

3. upon submlsslon of Lhe evldence of Lhe parLles, Lhe
case shall be deemed submlLLed for declslon unless Lhe
courL dlrecLs Lhem Lo argue orally or submlL a wrlLLen
memoranda.

Mod|f|cat|on of order of tr|a|, reverse tr|a|
! May be modlfled when Lhe accused admlLs Lhe acL
or omlsslon charged, buL lnLerposes a lawful
defense.

keopen|ng of the proceed|ngs

1. WPLn: AL any Llme before Lhe flnallLy of Lhe [udgmenL
of convlcLlon
WPC: Lhe [udge, may moto ptoplo or upon moLlon,
wlLh hearlng ln elLher case.
WP?: Avold mlscarrlage of [usLlce.
ltoceeJloqs sboll be tetmlooteJ wltblo J0 Joys ftom
otJet qtootloq lt.

2. 8equlslLes:
a. 8e-openlng musL be before Lhe flnallLy of a
[udgmenL of convlcLlon,
b. 1he order ls lssued by Lhe [udge on hls own
lnlLlaLlve or upon moLlon,
c. 1he order ls lssued only afLer a hearlng ls
conducLed,
d. 1he order lnLends Lo prevenL mlscarrlage of
[usLlce, and
e. 1he presenLaLlon of addlLlonal and/or furLher
evldence should be LermlnaLed wlLhln 30 days
from lssuance of Lhe order.

3. A walver of accused's ob[ecLlon Lo Lhe order re-
openlng Lhe case - Lo be effecLlve musL be cerLaln and
unequlvocal.

1r|a| |n absent|a (8ar 1998)

1. Accused need noL always be presenL ln every hearlng,
alLhough lL ls hls rlghL Lo be presenL lf he so deslres.
8lghL ls subsumed under hls consLlLuLlonal rlghL Lo
meeL Lhe wlLnesses agalnsL hlm face Lo face.

2. 1he rule should noL be Laken as Lo mean LhaL Lhe
accused may be Lrled ln hls absence, as a rule. Pe can
only be Lrled lo obseotlo when Lhe followlng requlslLes
concur:
a. 1he accused has already been arralgned,
b. 1he accused has been duly noLlfled of Lhe Lrlal
or hearlngs, and
c. 1he absence of Lhe accused or hls fallure Lo
appear ls un[usLlfled

Instances when the presence of the accused |s requ|red
1. lnsLances:
a. ArralgnmenL and plea, wheLher of lnnocence or
of gullL,
b. uurlng Lhe Lrlal, whenever necessary for
ldenLlflcaLlon purposes, and
c. AL Lhe promulgaLlon of senLence, unless lf for a
llghL offense, ln whlch case, Lhe accused may
appear by counsel or represenLaLlve.

2. Common reason suggesLs LhaL Lhe prosecuLlon musL be
afforded Lhe rlghL Lo ldenLlfy hlm as Lhe perpeLraLor of
Lhe offense and Lhe very person named or descrlbed ln
Lhe complalnL or lnformaLlon. uue process ls meanL for
boLh Lhe eople and Lhe accused and Lhe ldenLlflcaLlon
of Lhe accused ln open courL ls one of Lhe essenLlal
elemenLs ln provlng Lhe eople's case

ku|e on w|tness' cred|b|||ty

1. ConLradlcLlon beLween Lhe conLenLs of an afflanL's
affldavlL and hls LesLlmony ln Lhe wlLness sLand do noL
always mlllLaLe agalnsL Lhe wlLness' credlblllLy.

2. 1ruLh ls esLabllshed noL by Lhe number of wlLnesses
buL by Lhe quallLy of Lhelr LesLlmonles. Whlle Lhe
number of wlLnesses may be consldered a facLor ln Lhe
appreclaLlon of evldence, proof beyond reasonable
doubL ls noL necessarlly wlLh Lhe greaLesL number.

Comments and quest|ons of the [udge dur|ng the tr|a|

1. 1he cold neuLrallLy of an lmparLlal [udge" requlremenL
of due process was cerLalnly denled Lhe accused when
Lhe courL, wlLh lLs overzealousness, assumed Lhe role
of maglsLraLe and advocaLe.

2. AlLhough Lhe Lrlal [udge mlghL have made lmproper
remarks and commenLs, Lhe same dld noL amounL Lo a
denlal of accused's rlghL Lo due process or hls rlghL Lo
lmparLlal Lrlal. 1he Lrlal [udge cannoL be faulLed for
maklng Lhose remarks, noLwlLhsLandlng Lhe sarcasLlc
Lone lL lmpressed. Sarcasm alone cannoL lead Lo Lhe
concluslon LhaL Lhe [udge had Laken Lhe slde of Lhe
prosecuLlon.

Corpus de||ct| |n cr|m|na| cases

! 8ody, foundaLlon or subsLance of a crlme.
! LlemenLs:
a. 1haL a cerLaln resulL has been esLabllshed (l.e.,
a man dled),
b. 1haL some person ls crlmlnally responslble for
lL.
! rosecuLlon ls burdened Lo prove cotpos Jellctl beyond
reasonable doubL elLher by dlrecL evldence or by
clrcumsLanLlal or presumpLlve evldence.

Lxamp|es of essent|a| e|ements of certa|n common offenses
wh|ch the tr|a| court shou|d cons|der before render|ng a
[udgment, some pr|nc|p|es necessary |n dec|d|ng a cr|m|na|
case - pls. see pgs. 333 Lo 368 of 8lano book na lang. lL's llke a
revlew of Crlm 2 :-)

Lack of forma| offer of ev|dence dur|ng the tr|a|
! noL formally offered ln evldence, alLhough ldenLlfled
and marked as exhlblLs durlng pre-Lrlal or Lrlal: nC1
18LA1Lu AS LvluLnCL.
! 1he courL shall conslder no evldence, whlch has noL
been formally offered.
! A formal offer ls necessary because [udges are
mandaLed Lo resL Lhelr flndlngs of facLs and Lhelr
[udgmenL only and sLrlcLly upon evldence offered by Lhe
parLles aL Lhe Lrlal. lLs funcLlon ls Lo enable Lhe Lrlal
[udge Lo know Lhe purpose or purposes for whlch Lhe
proponenL ls presenLlng Lhe evldence, and on Lhe oLher
hand, allows opposlng parLles Lo examlne Lhe evldence
and ob[ecL Lo lLs admlsslblllLy.

ll. uLMu88L8 1C LvluLnCL

Demurrer to ev|dence

1. ls acLually a mot|on to d|sm|ss, whlch ls flled by Lhe
accused afLer Lhe prosecuLlon has resLed lLs case,
based on Lhe ground of lnsufflclency of evldence. 1he
courL may on lLs own lnlLlaLlve dlsmlss Lhe case on Lhe
same ground, buL musL glve prosecuLlon Lhe
opporLunlLy Lo be heard.

2. An ob[ecLlon by one of Lhe parLles ln an acLlon Lo Lhe
effecL LhaL Lhe ev|dence wh|ch h|s adversary produced
|s |nsuff|c|ent ln polnL of law Lo make ouL a case or
susLaln an lssue.

Demurrer of ev|dence w|th |eave of court

1. uemurer of evldence flled by Lhe accused may be (a)
wlLh leave of courL or (b) wlLhouL leave of courL. ower
Lo granL leave Lo Lhe accused Lo flle a demurrer ls
addressed Lo Lhe sound d|scret|on of the tr|a| court,
and Lhe purpose ls Lo deLermlne whether the accused
|n f|||ng h|s demurrer |s mere|y sta|||ng the
proceed|ngs.

2. MoLlon for leave of courL Lo flle a demurrer Lo Lhe
evldence shall sLaLe lLs grounds and shall be flled
wlLhln a non-exLendlble perlod of S days after the
prosecut|on rests |ts case. 1he prosecuLlon may
oppose Lhe moLlon wlLh a non-exLendlble perlod of S
days from |ts rece|pt.

uemurrer Lo evldence wlLh leave of courL
uenles leave CranLs leave buL CranLs leave and
denles demurrer demurrer
1he order denylng
moLlon for leave of
courL Lo flle a
demurrer ls noL
revlewable by
appeal or cerLlorarl
before [udgmenL.
lf Lhe courL granLs Lhe leave Lo flle a
demurrer Lo evldence, accused shall
flled Lhe demurrer of evldence wlLhln a
non-exLendlble perlod of 10 days from
not|ce. rosecuLlon may oppose wlLhln a
slmllar perlod from lLs recelpL.
lf Lhe courL denles
Lhe demurrer Lo
evldence flled wlLh
Lhe leave of courL,
Lhe accused may
adduce evldence ln
hls defense. 1he
order denylng
demurrer ls noL
revlewable by
appeal or cerLlorarl
before [udgmenL.
lf Lhe courL granLs
Lhe demurrer, Lhe
case ls dlsmlssed
and Lhe accused ls
as good as
acqulLLed.

Demurrer of ev|dence w|thout |eave of court

1. A demurrer of evldence may also be flled by Lhe
accused wlLhouL leave of courL. lf Lhe demurrer ls
granLed, Lhe case ls dlsmlssed and Lhe effecL ls an
acqulLLal.

2. lf demurrer ls denled, accused walves Lhe rlghL Lo
presenL evldence and submlLs Lhe case for [udgmenL
on Lhe basls of Lhe evldence for Lhe prosecuLlon.

CLn 8uLL: cettlototl does noL lle Lo revlew an order
denylng a demurrer Lo evldence.

LxcepLlon: cettlototl may be avalled when Lhe denlal of
a demurrer ls LalnLed wlLh grave abuse of dlscreLlon or
excess of [urlsdlcLlon or oppresslve exerclse of [udlclal
auLhorlLy.

3. 1he whole case ls submlLLed for [udgmenL on Lhe basls
of evldence for Lhe prosecuLlon as Lhe accused ls
deemed Lo have walved Lhe rlghL Lo presenL evldence.
AL Lhls polnL, Lhe courL ls called upon Lo declde Lhe
case lncludlng lLs clvll aspecL (unless walved or
expressly reserved).

Not every mot|on to d|sm|ss |s a demurrer to ev|dence

1. A moLlon Lo dlsmlss noL upon Lhe lnsufflclency of Lhe
evldence, ls noL a demurrer Lo evldence.

2. ln order Lo deLermlne wheLher Lhe moLlon flled ls a
demurrer Lo evldence or [usL a moLlon Lo dlsmlss, Lhe
followlng musL be consldered:
a. AllegaLlons ln lL musL be made ln good falLh,
b. 1he sLage of Lhe proceedlng aL whlch lL ls flled,
and
c. 1he prlmary ob[ecLlve of Lhe parLy flllng lL.

Grant|ng of demurrer |s an acqu|tta|

! llled afLer Lhe prosecuLlon has resLed lLs case. Pence
granL of demurrer calls for an appreclaLlon of Lhe
evldence adduced by Lhe prosecuLlon and lLs sufflclency
Lo warranL convlcLlon beyond reasonable doubL".
! May noL be appealed, for Lo do so would be Lo place Lhe
accused ln double [eopardy.

Demurrer to ev|dence |n a c|v|| case v. demurrer to ev|dence
|n a cr|m|na| case

Cr|m|na| case C|v|| case
redlcaLed upon lnsufflclency
of evldence
Anchored upon fallure of Lhe
plalnLlff Lo show LhaL upon
Lhe facLs and Lhe law, he ls
enLlLled Lo rellef.
May be flled wlLh or wlLhouL
leave of courL.
8equlres no prlor leave of
courL.
Accused may adduce hls
evldence ln hls defense only
when Lhe demurrer LhaL was
denled was flled wlLh leave of
courL.
When demurrer ls denled,
Lhe defendanL does noL lose
hls rlghL Lo presenL evldence.
no appeal ls allowed when a
demurrer ls granLed ln a
crlmlnal case because
dlsmlssal ls deemed an
acqulLLal.
lf demurrer ls granLed, Lhe
plalnLlff may appeal and lf
Lhe dlsmlssal ls reversed, Lhe
defendanL ls deemed Lo have
walved hls rlghL Lo presenL
hls evldence.


Chapter kI: Iudgment, kemed|es After Iudgment Cf
Conv|ct|on And rov|s|ona| kemed|es

I - Iudgment (ku|e 120)

Mean|ng of Iudgment

Iudgment (5ec.1, kole 119)
- ad[udlcaLlon by Lhe courL LhaL Lhe accused ls gullLy or
noL gullLy of Lhe offense charged, and
- Lhe lmposlLlon upon hlm of Lhe proper penalLy and clvll
llablllLy

kequ|s|tes of a Iudgment

Iorma| kequ|s|tes

a. musL be wrlLLen ln Lhe offlclal language,
b. musL be personally and dlrecLly prepared by Lhe [udge
c. musL conLaln clearly and dlsLlncLly:
a. sLaLemenL of facLs
b. law upon whlch lL ls based.

Iur|sd|ct|ona| kequ|rements

!urlsdlcLlon over:
a. sub[ecL maLLer
b. LerrlLory
c. person of Lhe accused

Substant|a| Comp||ance (llomoooq v. leople)

- Lven lf Lhere's much lefL Lo be deslred ln Lerms of
clarlLy, coherence and comprehenslblllLy, declslons are
deemed Lo have complled subsLanLlally wlLh Lhe
requlremenLs when Lhey seL ouL:
o Lhe facLs
o legal basls
o legal quallflcaLlons of Lhe offense consLlLuLed
by Lhe facLs proved
o modlfylng clrcumsLances
o parLlclpaLlon of Lhe accused
o penalLy lmposed
o clvll llablllLy

- arLles should be lnformed of:
o Pow Lhe case was declded
o LxplanaLlon of Lhe facLual reasons LhaL led Lo
Lhe concluslon of Lhe Lrlal courL.

- Aggrleved parLy ls enLlLled Lo know why he losL so he
may appeal Lo Lhe hlgher courL, lf permlLLed, should he
belleve LhaL Lhe declslon should be reversed.

- A declslon LhaL does noL clearly sLaLe Lhe facLs and Lhe
law on whlch lL was based ls pre[udlclal Lo Lhe loslng
parLy who ls unable Lo plnpolnL Lhe posslble errors of
Lhe courL.

Can the tr|a| court comp|ete|y copy the memorandum
subm|tted by a party? LS.
o rovlded LhaL Lhe declslon clearly and dlsLlncLly
sLaLes sufflclenL flndlngs of facL and Lhe law on
whlch Lhey are based.
o Powever, Lhls ls frowned upon. 1he [udges are
encouraged Lo use Lhelr own words ln laylng
down Lhelr [udgmenLs.

Contents of a [udgment of conv|ct|on]acqu|tta|

1. Iudgment of Conv|ct|on shall sLaLe:

a. 1he legal quallflcaLlon of Lhe offense consLlLuLed by Lhe
acLs commlLLed by Lhe accused.
b. 1he aggravaLlng and mlLlgaLlng clrcumsLances whlch
aLLended Lhe commlsslon.
c. 1he parLlclpaLlon of Lhe accused ln Lhe offense
(prlnclpal, accompllce, accessory)
d. Clvll llablllLy or damages caused by hls wrongful acL or
omlsslon Lo be recovered from Lhe accused by Lhe
offended parLy, lf Lhere ls any, unless Lhe enforcemenL
of Lhe clvll llablllLy by a separaLe clvll acLlon has been
reserved or walved.

8emedy agalnsL cancellaLlon of ball bond afLer Lhe
[udgmenL of convlcLlon:
o llle wlLh Lhe CA a mot|on to rev|ew sald order
o Same regular appeal proceedlngs, Lhe moLlon
as an lncldenL of hls appeal
o Speclal clvll acLlon or speclal proceedlng
quesLlonlng Lhe order ls proscr|bed

2. Iudgment of Acqu|tta| shall sLaLe:

a. SLaLe wheLher or noL Lhe evldence of Lhe
prosecuLlon:
l. absoluLely falled Lo prove Lhe
gullL of Lhe accused,
ll. merely falled Lo prove hls
gullL beyond reasonable
doubL

b. ueLermlne lf Lhe acL or omlsslon from whlch
Lhe clvll llablllLy mlghL arlse dld noL exlsL

A verdlcL of acqulLLal ls |mmed|ate|y f|na|.

ku|e When there Are 1wo or More Cffenses |n A S|ng|e
Informat|on or Comp|a|nt (Dup||c|tous
Comp|a|nt]Informat|on)

1. 2 or more offenses + slngle lnformaLlon/complalnL:
a. Accused musL flle a moLlon Lo quash
2. Accused falls Lo flle a moLlon Lo quash
a. Accused ls deemed Lo have walved Lhe defecL
b. CourL may convlcL hlm for as many offenses as
are charged and proved
c. CourL may lmpose on hlm Lhe penalLy for each,
seLLlng ouL separaLely Lhe flndlngs of facL and
law ln each offense.
3. Cb[ecLlon Lo dupllclLy cannoL be ralsed on appeal when
lL was noL ralsed ln Lhe lower courL.

Iudgment kendered by Iudge Who D|d Not near Case

1he facL LhaL Lhe Lrlal [udge who rendered [udgmenL
was noL Lhe one who preslded over Lhe Lrlal, buL one
who merely relled on Lhe records of Lhe case, does noL
render Lhe [udgmenL erroneous, especlally lf Lhe
evldence ls enough Lo supporL lLs concluslon.

Var|ance Doctr|ne, Var|ance 8etween the A||egat|on and
roof

Var|ance ls a slLuaLlon where:
a. 1he offense proved ls dlfferenL from Lhe
offense as charged ln Lhe complalnL or
lnformaLlon, and
b. 1he offense charged ls elLher necessarlly
lncluded ln Lhe offense proved or necessarlly
lncludes Lhe offense proved.

8ules:
a. roved lncluded ln charged =
convlcLlon for offense proved
b. Charged lncluded ln proved =
convlcLlon for offense charged

8ules shall apply provlded LhaL Lhe CourL has
[urlsdlcLlon over Lhe case based on Lhe
allegaLlons/lnformaLlon.

When an Cffense Inc|udes or |s Inc|uded |n Another

1. Cffense charged necessarlly lncludes Lhe offense
proved when some of Lhe elemenLs or lngredlenLs
of Lhe former, as alleged ln Lhe complalnL or
lnformaLlon, consLlLuLe Lhe laLLer.

2. Cffense charged ls necessarlly lncluded ln Lhe
offense proved when Lhe essenLlal lngredlenLs of
Lhe former consLlLuLe or form parL of Lhose
consLlLuLlng Lhe laLLer.

Var|ance |n the mode of the Comm|ss|on of the Cffense

8lndlng upon Lhe accused lf he falls Lo ob[ecL Lo
evldence showlng LhaL Lhe crlme was commlLLed ln a
dlfferenL manner Lhan LhaL was alleged.

romu|gat|on of Iudgment

!udgmenL ls promulgaLed by:
o GLNLkAL kULL: 8eadlng lL ln Lhe presence of
Lhe accused and ln any [udge of Lhe CourL
whlch lL was rendered.
o LkCL1ICN: LlghL offenses.
" 1he [udgmenL may be pronounced ln
Lhe presence of hls counsel or
represenLaLlve.
" Clerk of CourL may promulgaLe even ln
Lhe absence of a [udge or lf Lhe [udge ls
ln anoLher provlnce/clLy.

8ule lf accused ls deLalned ln anoLher provlnce or clLy:
o LxecuLlve [udge of Lhe 81C havlng [urlsdlcLlon
over the p|ace of conf|nement or detent|on
" upon requesL of Lhe courL who
rendered Lhe [udgmenL
o 1he courL promu|gat|ng [udgmenL shall have
Lhe auLhorlLy Lo:
" AccepL Lhe noLlce of appeal,
" 1o approve Lhe ball bond pendlng
appeal

lf Lhe declslon of Lhe Lrlal courL changed Lhe naLure of
Lhe offense from non-ballable Lo ballable:
o AppllcaLlon for ball can only be flled aL hls lasL
known address.

now accused |s to be not|f|ed of the promu|gat|on

noLlce shall be glven by Lhe clerk of courL personally Lo
Lhe accused or Lo hls bondsman or warden and
counsel.
lf Lhe accused was Lrled lo obseotlo because he [umped
ball or escaped prlson:
o noLlce shall be served aL hls lasL known
address.

ku|e |f accused fa||s to appear |n the promu|gat|on of the
[udgment

1. lf [udgmenL of acqulLLal:
a. romulgaLlon shall be made by recordlng Lhe
[udgmenL ln Lhe crlmlnal dockeL.
b. Copy shall be served Lo hlm aL hls lasL known
address or Lhru hls counsel.

2. lf [udgmenL of convlcLlon:
a. lallure ls wlLhouL [usLlflable cause:
l. Lose all Lhe remedles avallable ln Lhe
8CC agalnsL Lhe [udgmenL, and
ll. CourL shall order hls arresL
lll. nCWLVLk, accused may, wlLhln 13 days
from Lhe promulgaLlon of [udgmenL,
sotteoJet and flle a motloo fot leove of
coott Lo avall of Lhe remedles.
1. Pe shall sLaLe Lhe reason for hls
absence
2. lf he proves LhaL hls [udgmenL ls
[usLlfled, he shall be allowed Lo
avall of Lhe remedles wlLhln 13
days from noLlce

Mod|f|cat|on of Iudgment

A [udgmenL of convlcLlon may be (l) modlfled, (ll) seL
aslde:
o upon moLlon of Lhe accused, and
o 8efore [udgmenL becomes flnal/ before appeal
ls perfecLed

When Iudgment 8ecomes I|na|

a. AfLer Lhe lapse of Lhe perlod for appeal,or
b. When Lhe senLence has been parLlally or
LoLally saLlsfled/served,or
c. When Lhe accused has walved ln wrlLlng hls
rlghL Lo appeal,or
d. Applled for probaLlon

Lntry of Iudgment
upon flnallLy
LnLered ln accordance wlLh 8ule 36 (Clvll AcLlons:
!udgmenLs, llnal Crders and LnLry)

II - New 1r|a| or kecons|derat|on (ku|e 121)

I|||ng a mot|on for new tr|a| or a mot|on for recons|derat|on

Accused may flle for:
o moLlon for new Lrlal
o moLlon for reconslderaLlon

1he courL, however, may moto ptoptlo, allow a new
Lrlal or reconslderaLlon of [udgmenL 8U1 wlLh Lhe
consenL of accused.
o CourL need noL walL for any moLlon from Lhe
accused.

llllng should be aL any Llme before flnallLy of
[udgmenL.

M8 or new 1rlal applles when:
o !udgmenL ls for convlcLlon
o 1he accused ls glven Lhe beneflL Lo avall, noL
Lhe prosecuLlon

Grounds for New 1r|a|

1. new Lvldence
a. LlemenLs:
l. Lvldence dlscovered afLer Lrlal
ll. lL could noL have been prevlously
dlscovered and produced aL Lrlal even
wlLh Lhe exerclse of reasonable
dlllgence
lll. lL ls a new and maLerlal evldence
lv. lf lnLroduced and admlLLed, lf would
probably change Lhe [udgmenL

b. 1he deLermlnaLlve LesL ls Lhe presence of due
or reasonable dlllgence Lo locaLe Lhe Lhlng Lo be
used as evldence ln Lrlal.

2. 1haL errors of law have been commlLLed durlng Lrlal
3. lrregularlLles pre[udlclal Lo Lhe subsLanLlal rlghLs of Lhe
accused have been commlLLed.

Grounds for kecons|derat|on of Iudgment

1. Lrrors of law ln Lhe [udgmenL whlch requlres no furLher
proceedlngs
2. Lrrors of facL whlch also requlres no furLher proceedlngs.

Iorms of the Mot|ons, Not|ce

Shall be ln wrlLlng
SLaLe Lhe grounds on whlch lL ls based.
lf based on newly-dlscovered evldence:
o MoLlon submlLLed wlLh affldavlLs of wlLnesses
by whom such evldence ls expecLed Lo be
glven,or
o 8y duly auLhenLlcaLed coples of documenLs
whlch are proposed Lo be lnLroduced ln
evldence.

Not|ce of the Mot|on
noLlce shall be glven Lo Lhe prosecuLor

When hear|ng of the Mot|on |s kequ|red

Pearlng shall be conducLed when Lhe moLlon calls for a
reso|ut|on of a quest|on of fact.
o 1he courL may hear evldence on Lhe moLlon by
affldavlLs or oLherwlse.

Lffects of Grant|ng a New 1r|a| or kecons|derat|on

uepends on Lhe ground avalled of:
o Lrrors of law or lrregularlLles:
" Lvldence shall elLher be seL aslde or
Laken anew, and
" 1he courL may allow addlLlonal evldence

o newly-dlscovered evldence
" Lvldence already adduced shall sLand
" newly-dlscovered evldence + oLhers
whlch Lhe courL may allow ln Lhe
lnLeresL of [usLlce shall be Laken and
consldered wlLh Lhe evldence already ln
record.

ln all cases Lhe [udgmenL shall be set as|de or vacated
and a new [udgment sha|| be rendered accord|ng|y

1he NLLS ku|e

ln Lhe case of !"#$"% ' (), Lhen AssoclaLe !usLlce
Corona lald down Lhe IkLSn LkICD kULL" ln ClvlL
CASLS:

o Lhe CourL emphaslzed LhaL Lhe perlod of appeal
ls not on|y w|th|n 1S days from not|ce of
[udgment buL also w|th|n 1S days from the
not|ce of f|na| order appea|ed from.

Lx. lf an M8 ls denled, such denlal ls deemed as Lhe
flnal order. lrom recelpL of such noLlce, Lhe movanL
has anoLher fresh perlod" wlLhln whlch Lo appeal.

1he new" 13-day perlod shall only be avalled of lf
elLher moLlon ls flled, oLherwlse Lhe declslon shall be
flnal upon Lhe lapse of Lhe orlglnal 13-day perlod.

1hls fresh perlod rule" shall apply Lo:

o Appeals from M1C Lo 81C (8ule 40)
o eLlLlons for revlew from 81C Lo CA (8ule 42)
o Appeals from Cuasl-[udlclal agencles Lo Lhe CA
(8ule 43)
o Appeals by CerLlorarl Lo Lhe SC (8ule 43)

Conf||cts:

1here are Lhose who reasonably belleve LhaL Lhls ls noL
ln accord wlLh Crlmlnal roceedlngs under Sec. 6 8ule
122:
o under Lhls provlslon Lhe appeal shall be
perfecLed:
" WlLhln 13 days from promulgaLlon of
[udgmenL, or
" WlLhln 13 days from noLlce of Lhe flnal
order appealed from.

o 1hls perlod for perfecLlng an appeal:
" shall be suspended from Lhe Llme a M8
ls flled and
" Lhe *)+)!(, -. /0, 1,23-4 shall
begln Lo run agaln from noLlce of Lhe
order overrullng Lhe moLlon served
upon Lhe accused or hls counsel.

Neypes made no acLual reference Lo Sec. 6, 8ule 122
kIANC: We agree LhaL Lhe Neypes rule clearly does noL
apply Lo Sec. 6, 8ule 112 lf Lhe argumenL would only be
predlcaLed on Lhe Lenor and phraseology of sald
secLlon.

nCWLVLk:

8eference shall be made Lo Sec. 39 of 8129 as
amended:
o 1he perlod for appeal from flnal orders,
resoluLlons, awards, [udgmenLs, or declslons of
ay courL ln all cases shall be 13 days counLed
from Lhe noLlce of Lhe flnal order appealed
from"

1he perlod applles, Lhen, ln all cases whlch lncludlng
crlmlnal cases.
8 129, a subsLanLlve law, prevalls over Lhe 8ules of
CourL.
1herefore accordlng Lo 8lAnC, Neypes should apply
also Lo crlmlnal proceedlngs.

8lAnC also submlLs LhaL because 8ules 42 and 43,
rules expressly sLaLed ln Lhe case where Lhe ftesb
petloJ tole applles, can also be avalled of ln crlmlnal
cases, Lhe fresh perlod rule shall apply Loo ln crlmlnal
cases.

nCWLVLk

SWAG: l had Lhe chance Lo Lalk Lo Lhe ponenLe. Sabl ko So
Chlef !usLlce ano ba, appllcable ba Lalaga ang Neypes sa
crlmlnal cases?" Sabl nlya sakln baklL, slnabl ba sa deslsyon?"

(#kLhanksbye ano ba Lalaga)

III - ALALS
(ku|es 112,124, 12S)

ALAL IS NC1 A NA1UkAL kIGn1

Mere sLaLuLory prlvllege
May be exerclsed only ln Lhe manner ln accordance
wlLh Lhe provlslons of law
Cnce granLed by law, suppresslon would be a vlolaLlon
of due process

WnC MA ALAL

1. Any parLy may appeal from a [udgmenL or flnal order
lkOvluu, Lhe accused wlll noL be placed ln double
[eopardy.
a. noLe: sub[ecL of Lhe appeal ls a [udgmenL" or
flnal order"

2. Accused may appeal from convlcLlon
a. When he appeals he:
l. Walves hls proLecLlon on Lhe prohlblLlon
agalnsL double [eopardy
ll. 8uns Lhe rlsk of belng senLenced Lo a
penalLy hlgher Lhan LhaL lmposed by Lhe
Lrlal courL.

3. ln Lhe case of Lhe eople of Lhe hlllpplnes only Lhe
SCLICI1Ck GLNLkAL has Lhe sole rlghL and auLhorlLy Lo
lnsLlLuLe proceedlngs before Lhe CA or SC
a. SC ls Lhe appellaLe counsel of Lhe eople and
should be glven Lhe opporLunlLy Lo be heard ln
behalf of Lhe people.

SU8ILC1 MA11Lk ICk kLVILW CN ALAL

1. 1hrows Lhe case wlde open for revlew.
a. 1he revlewlng Lrlbunal can:
l. CorrecL errors
ll. 8everse Lhe Lrlal courL's declslon on
grounds oLher Lhan Lhose ralsed as
errors

b. 1hls rule ls ln conLrasL wlLh Lhe general rule ln
c|v|| cases where no error wlll be consldered by
Lhe appellaLe courL unless sLaLed ln Lhe
asslgnmenL of errors, LxCL1 when:
l. Lrror affecLs Lhe [urlsdlcLlon of Lhe courL
over Lhe sub[ maLLer.
ll. Lrror affecLs Lhe valldlLy of [udgmenL
appealed from or Lhe proceedlngs
lll. Lrror ls closely relaLed Lo Lhe asslgned
error
lv. laln error or clerlcal error
v. lor Lhe lnLeresLs of [usLlce

CnANGL CI 1nLCk CN ALAL

8uLL: arLy cannoL change hls Lheory on appeal, nor ralse ln
Lhe appellaLe courL any quesLlon of law or of facL LhaL was noL
ralsed ln Lhe courL below.

8asls: CCn18A8? 1C 1PL 8ASlC 8uLLS Cl lAl8LA?, !uS1lCL
Anu uuL 8CCLSS.

IAC1UAL IINDINGS, CkLDI8ILI1 CI WI1NLSSLS

1. 1C's flndlngs are accorded greaL respecL, and even
concluslve lf lL ls duly supporLed by evldence.
a. 1hese flndlng assume greaLer welghL lf Lhey are
afflrmed by Lhe CA

2. lf Lhere ls any lndlcaLlon LhaL Lhe 1C overlooked,
mlsapprehended, mlslnLerpreLed cerLaln facLs or
clrcumsLances wh|ch wou|d substant|a||y affect the
d|spos|t|on of the case, or Lhe courL acLed ln grave
abuse of dlscreLlon SC wlll noL heslLaLe Lo revlew Lhe
same.

kIANC: 1here seems Lo have been an undue emphasls on Lhe
dlsLlncL advanLage of Lhe Lrlal courL observlng Lhe demeanor
and conducL of Lhe wlLnesses durlng Lrlal. 1hls has led Lo Lhe
mlsLaken bellef LhaL Lhe credlblllLy of a LesLlmony depends
only upon Lhe demeanor.

1wo Aspects of a Cred|b|e 1est|mony

1. CredlblllLy of Lhe messenger
2. CredlblllLy of Lhe message

WnLkL 1C ALAL

1. keg|ona| 1r|a| Court
a. Cases declded by:
l. M1C
ll. M1CC
lll. M1C
lv. MC1C

2. CA or SC (ln cases provlded by law)
a. Cases declded by Lhe 81C
3. SC
a. Cases declded by Lhe CA

nCW

1. M1C $ 81C
a. noLlce of appeal
b. llled wlLh Lhe courL whlch rendered Lhe
[udgmenL or flnal order appealed from
c. A copy should be served upon Lhe adverse
parLy

2. 81C (Crlglnal !urlsdlcLlon) $ CA
a. noLlce of appeal
b. llled wlLh Lhe courL whlch rendered Lhe
[udgmenL or flnal order appealed from
c. Servlng a copy Lhereof upon Lhe adverse parLy

3. 81C (appellaLe [urlsdlcLlon) $ CA
a. eLlLlon for 8evlew
b. llled wlLh CA
c. under 8ule 42

4. enalLy lmposed by 81C ls teclosloo petpetoo, llfe
lmptlsoomeot, Jeotb
a. noLlce of appeal Lo Lhe CA ln accordance wlLh
paragraph A rule 122

3. no noLlce of appeal ls necessary where Lhe 81C
lmposed deaLh
a. CA shall auLomaLlcally revlew as provlded ln
Sec. 10, 8ule 122

6. CA $ SC
a. eLlLlon for revlew on cerLlorarl 8ule 43
b. llle wlLh SC
c. noLe LhaL Lhe procedure for revlew by Lhe SC of
courL declslons ln crlmlnal cases rendered by
Lhe CA shall be same ln Clvll cases.
7. CA lmposes kl ot ll
a. noLlce of appeal flled wlLh Lhe CA

8. 8evlew on appeal of a declslon ln a Crlm Case where
Lhe CA lmposes a penalLy other than kl, ll, ueotb
a. eLlLlon for revlew on cerLlorarl under 8ule 43
b. A peLlLlon for revlew ralses only quesLlons of
law and should ralse errors of Lhe CA and noL of
Lhe 81C

WnLN ALAL IS 1C 8L 1AkLN

WlLhln 13 days from promulgaLlon of [udgmenL or
from noLlce of Lhe flnal order appealed from.
SWAG: perlod ls called reg|ementary per|od.

SLkVICL CI NC1ICL CI ALAL

1. Served upon Lhe adverse parLy or hls counsel by
personal servlce.
2. lf 1 cannoL be made, Lhen by reglsLered mall or by
subsLlLuLed servlce pursuanL Lo 8ule 13

1kANSMISSICN CI ALkS 1C 1nL ALLLA1L CCUk1

1. WlLhln 3 days from Lhe flllng of Lhe noLlce of appeal
a. Clerk of courL wlLh whom noLlce was flled musL
LransmlL Lo Lhe clerk of Lhe appellaLe courL:
l. 1he compleLe record of Lhe case
ll. noLlce of appeal
lll. Crlglnal and Lhree coples of
sLenographlc noLes
b. A copy of Lhe LranscrlpL musL remaln wlLh Lhe
lower courL.

2. lf Lhe appellaLe courL ls Lhe 81C
a. upon recelpL of Lhe
records/LranscrlpLs/exhlblLs, Lhe clerk of Lhe
81C shall noLlfy Lhe parLles of such facL.
b. WlLhln 13 days from recelpL of noLlce:
l. arLles MA? submlL memoranda or
brlefs, or
ll. 1he may be requlred by Lhe 81C Lo do
so.
c. AfLer submlsslon or upon explraLlon of Lhe
perlod, Lhe 81C shall declde Lhe case based on
Lhe records, memoranda and brlefs, lf flled.

WI1nDkAWAL CI ALAL

1. M1C $ 81C
a. May be wlLhdrawn when ALLCWLu by Lhe M1C
b. rovlded LhaL records have noL yeL been
LransmlLLed or forwarded Lo Lhe appellaLe courL
c. LffecL: !uuCMLn1 8LCCMLS llnAL
d. CourL whlch approves Lhe wlLhdrawal ls Lhe
M1C

2. lf case ls already on appeal and Lhe records have
already been forwarded
a. 81C may allow Lhe appellanL Lo wlLhdraw hls
appeal provlded:
l. A moLlon Lo wlLhdraw ls flled
ll. MoLlon ls flled before Lhe 81C LhaL
renders [udgmenL on Lhe appeal

b. noLe: CourL whlch allows Lhe wlLhdrawal ls Lhe
81C and ls dependenL on Lhe courL's dlscreLlon.
c. LffecL: M1C [udgmenL shall become flnal and
shall be remanded Lo lL for execuLlon.

ALAL IS NC1 MCC1LD 8 ACCUSLD'S kLLLASL CN AkCLL

aro|e
- condlLlonal release of an offender from a correcLlonal
lnsLlLuLlon afLer he serves Lhe mlnlmum Lerm of hls
prlson senLence
- noL one of Lhe modes exLlngulshlng crlmlnal llablllLy

LIILC1 CI ALAL 8 AN CI SLVLkAL ACCUSLD

1. Shall noL affecL Lhose who dld noL appeal
a. LxCL1 lf Lhe [udgmenL of Lhe appellaLe courL ls
favorable and appllcable Lo Lhem

2. coostootloo v. 5ooJlqooboyoo
- alLhough Lhe rule sLaLes LhaL lL shall noL beneflL an
accused who dld noL [oln Lhe appeal" lL shall also
lnclude Lhose who appealed separaLely.

ALAL IkCM 1nL CIVIL ASLC1

1. Shall noL affecL Lhe crlmlnal aspecL of Lhe [udgmenL
2. Appeal accorded Lo Lhe accused should also be
avallable Lo Lhe offended parLy who seeks redress of
Lhe clvll aspecL of Lhe declslon.
a. erlod Lo appeal granLed Lo Lhe offended parLy
ls Lhe same as LhaL granLed Lo Lhe accused.

LkICD 1C AL ICk kC8A1ICN

- wlLhln Lhe perlod for perfecLlng an appeal
o wlLhln 13 days from promulgaLlon of [udgmenL
or from noLlce of Lhe flnal order appealed from.
- llllng of Lhe appllcaLlon afLer Lhe Llme has lapsed ls
ln[urlous Lo Lhe recourse of Lhe appllcanL.

S1A CI LkLCU1ICN

1. upon perfecLlon of Lhe appeal, Lhe execuLlon of Lhe
[udgmenL or flnal order appealed from shall be sLayed
as Lo Lhe appeallng parLy.
2. 1he beneflL of Lhe sLay cannoL exLend Lo Lhose who fall
Lo flle for an appeal.
a. 1he excepLlon under Sec. 1, rule 122, ls noL
appllcable Lo procedural consequences of a
pendlng appeal even lf beneflclal Lo Lhe
accused. (lobtlco v. leople)

CWLk CI CA to kLCLIVL LVIDLNCL

CA shall have Lhe power Lo:
1. 1ry and conducL hearlngs
2. 8ecelve evldence
3. erform all acLs necessary Lo resolve facLual lssues
ralsed ln cases falllng wlLhln lLs orlglnal or appellaLe
[urlsdlcLlon
a. lncludlng power Lo granL and conducL new
Lrlal and furLher proceedlngs

1rlals and hearlngs conducLed by Lhe CA musL be
conLlnuous and musL be compleLed ln Lhree monLhs
unLLSS exLended by Lhe Chlef !usLlce.

DISMISSAL CI ALAL 8 1nL CA

May be:
o upon moLlon of appellee, or
o MoLu roprlo
o WlLh noLlce Lo Lhe appellanL ln elLher case

Crounds:
lf Lhe appellanL falls Lo flle hls brlef wlLhln Lhe Llme
provlded ln Lhls rule
o LxcepL: appellanL ls represenLed by a cooosel Je
oflclo.
lf appellanL escapes from prlson or conflnemenL, [umps
hls ball or flees Lo a forelgn counLry durlng Lhe
pendency of Lhe appeal.

GkCUNDS ICk kLVLkSLA CI IUDGMLN1 Ck I1S
MCDIIICA1ICN

CA ls mandaLed nC1 Lo reverse or modlfy unLLSS:
- AfLer examlnaLlon, lL flnds LhaL error has been
commlLLed
- Such error ln[urlously affecLs Lhe rlghLs of Lhe
appellanL.

kLVILW CI CA DLCISICNS

Same as Clvll Cases

ALICA8ILI1 CI kULLS CN ALAL IN 1nL CA 1C 1nL SC

unless oLherwlse provlded by Lhe CCnS1l or LAW
o procedure ln SC (orlglnal and appealed cases)
shall be Lhe same as ln Lhe C

kULL II 1nL CINICN CI 1nL SC ,! *)!( IS LUALL
DIVIDLD

Lqual dlvlslon of oplnlon or ma[orlLy cannoL be
obLalned
8e-dellberaLed
no declslon sLlll, [udgmenL of convlcLlon shall be
reversed
ACCul11AL

IV - kCVISICNAL kLMLDILS IN CkIMINAL CASLS

AVAILA8ILI1 CI kCVISICNAL kLMLDILS

1. rovlslonal remedles ln clvll acLlons may be avalled of
ln connecLlon wlLh Lhe clv acLlon deemed lnsLlLuLed ln
Lhe crlm. (ln so far as appllcable)
2. 1o avall of a provlslonal remedy, lL musL be one wlLh a
correspondlng clvll llablllLy.
a. Clvll acLlon musL be arlslng from Lhe offense
charged
b. lnsLlLuLed ln Lhe sald crlmlnal acLlon
3. Clvll acLlon ls walved, reserved, lnsLlLuLed separaLely:
a. rovlslonal remedy musL be applled for ln Lhe
separaLe clvll acLlon lnsLlLuLed
4. Cffended parLy may have Lhe properLy of Lhe accused
aLLached as securlLy for Lhe saLlsfacLlon of [udgmenL.
3. 1he accused shall prove noL only hls lnnocence, buL Lhe
damages he may have also susLalned arlslng from Lhe
lssuance of a provlslonal remedy ln Lhe case.

WnLN kLLIMINAk A11ACnMLN1 IS AVAILA8LL

a. when Lhe accused ls abouL Lo abscond
b. crlmlnal acLlon ls based on a clalm for money or
properLy embezzled or fraudulenLly
mlsapplled/converLed Lo Lhe use of Lhe accused
who ls a:
l. publlc offlcer
ll. offlcer of a corporaLlon
lll. aLLorney
lv. facLor
v. broker
vl. agenL
vll. clerk
vlll. any oLher person ln a flduclary capaclLy

or for a wlllful vlolaLlon of duLy.

c. accused has concealed, removed, or dlsposed
of hls properLy, or ls abouL Lo do so.
d. Accused resldes ouLslde Lhe hlllpplnes

6. 1he grounds are dlfferenL from Lhe grounds ln a clvll
case.
7. ln leLLer 8, Lhe followlng has Lo be shown:
a. Crlmlnal case ls founded upon a clalm of money
or properLy or was embezzled, fraudulenLly
mlsapplled or converLed Lo Lhe use of Lhe
accused
b. 1haL Lhe accused occuples any of Lhe poslLlons
menLloned ln Sec. 2 of 8ule 127 or LhaL he
commlLLed a wlllful vlolaLlon of duLy.

CrimPro Riano 2011 - Rules 114 To 127

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (THE BAR LECTURES SERIES) BY WILLARD B.

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