S P I C E J E T Q U E S T I O N S (Exam & Interview)

1)true north east of magnetic north,it means-variation is east,variation is west,dev east,dev

west-ans-variation is west

2)what indicates positive engine start up in jet engine

pressure rise,EGT rise etc etc Ans-rise in EGT

3)AWR is ______ radar workin in ____ band Ans-primary,SHF

4)standard rate turn-

3degree per second or 25degree wchever is less
3 degrees per socond or 25 degree wchever is more..not sure abt the ansr bt i think it shd
be frst one.

5)time to complete 360 degree turn at rate 2-4mins..though i got confused with 6 degrees
per second and marked 1 min..

6)one question on VHF range

7)some distance travelled and distance off track was given and track error was askd. i rem
the ansr was 5 degrees

8)wch air is used for combustion in turbofan engine-dilution air,primary air,secondary
air,etc..Ans-primary air

9)then cycle in jet engine-constant temperature,constant pressure,constant volume,all of
above. Ans-contant pressure

10) true bearing frm VHF DF station to ac is-QTE,QDR,QUJ,QDM Ans-QTE

11)frequency of GS is-more than localiser,less than localiser,equal to.Ans-more than
localizer

12)radio failure squawk-7600

13)GS frequency-329.3mhz

14)frequency of radio wave was given,wavelength was askd. I think answer was 50m

15)AoA durin cruise is-0,4,7,8.Ans-0 degrees.

16)then one question on advantage of turbofan engine

17)what is mushing error-due to diff postn of TX and RX

18)if you are to the left and above Glidepath,the needles would be-right and below

18)DME can be used by-100ac locked to it

19)what happens to GS in no wind conditions while cruisin at constant power for sometime-
Ans.Increases

20)climbin at constant CAS,mach no-Ans.Increases

21)something related to bank angle.dont remember the exact question but answer was
increase TAS.

22)area of precipitation is shown in-red,green,blue,no color. Ans-red

23)sequence of markers-Ans.outer blue,middle amber,inner green

24)CAS at 10000 was given,TAS at 20k and 30k was asked

25)category 3 airspeeds during approach-121-140knots



If we have to convert 28V DC to 200/115AC then what should we use

There were some questions on HP cock and LP cock????

One question from triple spool engine

Procedure for shutting down turbine engine- HP first or LP first

When thrust is reversed on Turboprop which gasses are reversed, Hot or cold

Where is fuel flow measured in a jet engine (with diagram)

Climb gradient for 2 segment

Static is blocked, what will altimeter read while descending/ascending

CG is forward of range, what will be effect on range and SFC

Metar and TAF readings

The regs part was weird though-

Can you shoot sids and stars with gps in india

What is the RNP for some GNSS approacH

WHen does the air hostess need to fasten her seat belt

Whose rules does India follow- Europe, Australia, USA or ICAO Annex Sumthin

An airway is marked FL80, what does it mean?

1.. Were asked to find out magnetic hdg, variation etc were given along with all other
relevant info. It's just that the ques was a little twisted.
2. Departure calculation
3. Colour of all the 3 ILS Markers
4. ILS Freq range
5. where is ILS threshold located
6. co-located ILS & DME. what is it called?
7. Freq of VOR
8. HOW MANY A/C NEEDED to saturate a DME on Lock-On mode
9. how many a/c needed to saturate a DME on search & scan mode
10. EGPWS
11. Principle of SSR, DME, Radio-altimeter
12. ONLY 3-4 ques on Met ( topics were: thunderstorm, cb types, validity of TAF)
13. One ques on 1 in 60 rule
14. weather radar- colour which depicts severe/worst wx
15. arrange in order: v1, vr, v2, vmcg
16. principle of IRS
17. errors of GPS
18. no. of satellites of RAIM
19. what will happen to V1 in case of wet runway
20. there was one ques on servo assisted altimeter
21. errors os VSI
22. a/c going from high pressure area to low pressure. what will be the Indicated altitude?
23. holding speed was asked for cat-B a/c
24. one ques on Turn-coordinator
25. principle of gas turbine engine options were given
26. what happens to induced and parasite drag when speed increases
1. METAR & TAF decoding

2. Conversion of Units (No Calc Allowed)
3. Electrcity AC/DC & a question on TRU

4. Rel Velocity

5. Aerodynamics: Longitudinal Stability and CG/CP postions

5. Powerplants: Spools of a Jet Engine.

6. Regs: Weird questions never hear of or seen before, When does the air-hostess fasten
her seatbelt? Something on RNP.

7. Area and Circumfrence of a Circle with radius 2 cm.

What is fog,
what state of matter is a cloud,
draw a jet engine,
draw the entire ILS,
what is a false glideslop,
what is a critical superimposed wing,
what is lift co-efficient,
what is VASI, PAPI,
what lights would you find on a T-VASI,
what is the distance in feet of the the runway markings on a precision approach,
what is the length of the last portion of red lights on a precision runway in feet,
what is a magneto, a turbine,
what is a concentric shaft,
a four stroke engine cycle,
what happens when you turn the key in the ignition switch in a piston engine,
what is mist, haze and smoke,
what are the types of station models on a cloud model in weather met,
what is a stationary front, an occluded front and what happens during the passage of a
front,
what is angle of incidence when a plane is in a straight climb with weight greater than lift,
what is the MSA, MEA, when does MOCA change during high altitude flight and what is grid
MORA, off route MORA - learn the entire Jeppesen approach plates because a lot of
Questions tricky in nature came from enroute charts and approach plates and learn the
entire Jet Engine model because this was a 737ng hiring.
q)where is egt measured

q)use of sweep back wing

q)one sum on payload

q)2 question on pnr

q)vor factors that effect range

q)4 question on effect of temp density altitude on vspeed like vmcg,v1,v2,vlof,vref

q) question on aspect ratio

q)sea fog

q)what is tke on INS

q)catogracy c speed

q)3-4 question on cp/cg basic ones.

Reason for Sweep back of 30 - 35 degrees

- QDM / QDR RMI problem

- Gyro transport wander at 45 N

- Aircraft approach speed category ' C '

- Payload problem in tones

- 2 problems on basic understanding of CP / PNR

- Basic aerodynamics - CP movement along an aerofoil

- Effect of Temprature of V1, Vr, Vlof

- Where is EGT measured in a gas turbine engine?

- What fog is caused from a cold mass of air over a warm surface?

- Factors affecting range in a VOR

- What does TKE in INS means?

- Iso - echoes on an AWR

Transport Drift =
Rate of change of longitude in degrees per hour X sin latitude degree per hour
transport wander = grnd spd/ 60 *tan lat


For a given aerofoil, the AOA which results in a stall:
(a) remains constant regardless of bank, load or TAS
(b) varies directly with the degree of bank
(c) varies with the speed of airflow around aerofoil

The stall speed of an aircraft will increase with:
(a) decrease in the load factor
(b) increase in the pitch attitude for straight and level
(c) increase in the all up weight of the aircraft


The three axis of an aircraft intersect at the:
(a) centre of pressure
(b) centre of gravity
(c) midpoint of the datum line

When approaching the stall, the separation point (moves Forward)
(a) always stays in the same position
(b) moves rearward
(c) moves towards the transition point

The primary function of the rudder, while entering a turn from straight-and-level flight, is
to:
(a) overcome yaw caused by lowered aileron on higher wing
(b) overcome yaw caused by lowered aileron on lower wing
(c) overcome yaw caused by raised aileron on higher wing

An aircraft is in a state of equilibrium in:
(a) a steady rate 1 turn
(b) in a steady climb
(c) during take off

Adverse aileron yaw is reduced by the use of:
(a) vortex generators
(b) frise type ailerons
(c) boundary layer fences

Flying near high ground or mountains with winds in excess of 15km, you can expect strong
turbulence and down draughts. What would you do to avoid damaging the aircraft and / or
loosing control?
(a) maintain your heading and speed
(b) slow down to manoeuvring speed
(c) slow down to manoeuvring speed and fly upwind of ridge

On a cold, clear, humid night with a light wind, radiation fog will form. What might form
when the wind picks up to 15kts?
(a) dew
(b) frost
(c) stratus

Which clouds are the least likely to produce airframe icing?
(a) middle cloud
(b) high cloud
(c) vertical development cloud (CB)

2)The gyro of DGI has
ans)Two degree of freedom n Horizontal axis...Options din match

3)Field elevation given 3500ft amsl,QFE is 1020mb...find PA?

4)When descending through an Isothermal later at constant TAS?

5)If ambient temp Increases by 10 deg,for an aircraft flying at constant TAS,the indicated
mach will____ and the true mach would _____(both would decrease)

6)Where is EGT measured from?
Ans:-At the LP turbine outlet

7)Crusing at FL390,Mach:- .84.,TAS=499kts..ISA dev?
ans:- +17

8) Few Questions on CP n PNR

9)Basic Payload problem.

10) Which kind of fog is formed over frozen land
ans:- Steaming Fog

There was also a question about vibrators used in altimeter to reduce:
a.friction
b.hysterisis
c.lag

Area of circle
circumference of circle
Finding obtuse angle
electrolyte battery
fuel measurement
vortex generator
jet A freezing temp
N3 is
hydrplannning
high aspect ratio over low aspect ratio in terms of criticle angle

question on relative motion

Question on trend forecast and 4 questions on metar
Air Law: About AOP

Positive static stability- effects of up gusts

Also there was question goes something like this: All engine TORD 2400FT AND with engine
failure 2700ftnd so wat should be the min distance (cant remember the exact question)

The great circle track from A to B measures 227T at A and 225 T at B. What is the
convergency of the meridians through A and B and in which hemisphere are they?

(Draw a little Diagram) When you go from A to B, If it is a Northern Hemisphere, GC Track
decreases in number & If it is a Southern Hemisphere, GC track increases in number. So,
following this rule, In the example, GC track A to B at A is 227 & GC track A to B at B is
225, thus It is decreasing, so It is a Northern Hemisphere.

1. Aircraft is in equilibrium when?
a) No acceleration in a steady flight
b) A/c returns to its position when disturbed

2. Directional stability is improved in aircraft with the help of
a) Horizontal stabilizer
b) Vertical fin.
c) Dihedral

3. Non-ETOPS operations

4. Aerodynamic balancing is done to reduce
a) Control Flutter
b) Hinge movement

5. Level below which no condensation trail form and depicted by dotted line on chart
a) Lifting condensation level
b) Drytra level
c) Mintra level
d) Freezing level

6. Vmca will be lowest when
a) High temperatur, pressure, humidity
b) High temp, low pressure, and high humidity.

7. Effect of high density on V1, Vr and Vlof?

8. QFE 1020, Field elevation 3000 ft, calculate pressure altitude.
a) 3210
b) 2790
c)+210
d) -210

9. Transport wander on easterly heading at 45 degree N?
a) 5.67
b) 6.67
c) 7.67

10. TCAS symbol for no threat
a) Cyan hollow diamond
b) White solid diamond
c) yellow square
d) Red solid square

11. VOR range depends on
a) Station elevation, aircraft height, transmission power
b) Station elevation, site error, night effect
c) Station elevation, transmission power, night effect

12. A/c is on radial 015, variation 5W, what will RMI read
a) RMI 195, QDM 195, QTJ 010
b) RMI 015, QDM 195, QUJ 010

13. Over Delhi at 45000 ft, temp -70 C, what is ISA deviation
a) -13.5 C
b) 13.5 C
c) 5 C

14. At 31000 ft temp -30 C. Find ISA deviation
a) -17 degree
b) 17 degree

15. Function of ISO-ECHO in AWR?

16. What is the effect of slats on CP and CG
a) CP moves forward
b) CG moves forward
c) No effect on CP and CG
d) CP moves aft

17. Descending through Inversion at constant Mach No.
a) TAS increase
b) TAS decrease
c) TAS constant

18. TAT is ________ than SAT with an amount proportional to _________( TAS,
CAS, LSS)

19. Temperature increases by 10 degrees. What will happen to Mach No. at constant
TAS
a) Decrease
b) Increase
c) Remains constant

20. What is the primary pitch instrument when rolling out of a climbing turn
a) Attitude Indicator
b) Turn Coordinator
c) Altimeter
d) Air Speed Indicator

21. Attitude Indicator has
a) 2 degree of freedom and horizontal spin axis
b) 2 degree of freedom and vertical spin axis
c) 2 degree of freedom and gravity control

22. TGI has
a) 1 degree of freedom and horizontal spin axis
b) 2 degree of freedom and horizontal spin axis

23. At Magnetic Equator
a) Variation is zero
b) Dip is zero

24. Compass acceleration error on easterly heading

25. INS TKE function

26. In southern hemisphere pressure at the destination is less that base. If a/c
maintain constant hdg, what will be the a/c initial hdg
a) Right of the track
b) Left of the track
c) Same as track

27. Height of Tropopause
a) Increase with increase in latitude
b) Increase with decrease in latitude
c) Maximum at pole

28. Turn Coordinator Indications depends upon
a) AOA and TAS
b) AOB and TAS
c) TAS

29. Temperature above 36000ft is
a) 56.5 C
b) -55.6 C
c) -56.5 C

30. Upper air report from an a/c other than weather reconnaissance aircraft
a) CODAR
b) WINTEM
c) AIREP

31. Calculate max payload, MTOW 70t, MLW 65t, Takeoff fuel 8t, Trip fuel 4t, MZFW
42t, OEW 20t
a) 25t
b) 18t
c) 20t
d) 28t

32.PNR for a flight of total distance of 850nm with 20knots tail winds is 650nm. If
winds change to 40knots tail wind, what will be new PNR distance
a) More than 650nm
b) Less than 650nm
c) 750nm

33. where is EGT measured
a) At turbine outlet
b) At turbine inlet
c) At Jet pipe
d) At combustion chamber

34. Why Jet aircraft fly at high altitude
a) thrust increases
b) More cooling and Increase Engine efficiency

35. Sweep in a/c is 35-40 degree
a) To reduce high speed drag

36. What is the best practice in Gusty weather
a) Flaps up
b) Flaps up and landing gear down
c) Flaps and landing gear down

37. Cold air evaporates on warm water which for forms
a) Sea fog
b) Frontal Fog
c) Advection Fog
d) Radiation Fog

38. Category C air speed
a) 90 to 120 knots
b) 121 to 140 knots
c) 141 to 165 knots

39. If the ambient temperature increases then
a) Density decrease
b) Density Increases
c) Density Decrease and Density altitude increases

40. Relationship between Vx and Vy
a) Vx is always less than Vy
b) Vx is always less or equal to Vy
c) Vy is less than Vx

41. In APU, CFC is used because
a) High pressure rise per stage

42. Aspect Ratio is the ratio of
a) Wing Span to mean aerodynamic chord

43. Icing in fuel may occur, can be indicated by
a) OAT
b) Fuel Temperature
c) Fuel pressure


1.Mass-50000kg
L/D-10
Thrust-30000N/Engine
G-10m/s2
Find the climb gradient for 3 engine airplane?
2.De Compression Sickness is related with
1. Henry's Law Nitrogen forming bubbles and escaping out of tissues
2. Dalton Law
3. Boyle Law
4.Charles law

3.wot is the accuracy of DME acc to ICAO standards,
ans + - 0.2nm 1.25%

4.How does leading and trailing edge flaps affect critical angle of attack ?
Leading edge flaps Increases critical AOA and trailing edge reduces critical AOA.
Basically you can pitch up higher when using the Leading edge devices and lesser with the
Trailing edge flaps in comparison to the Clean configuration.

5. Why is Vmcg determined with nosewheel steering disconnected ??
Disengaging the Nosewheel Steering provides a wet runway simulation.

6. The lift coefficient (CL) of an aeroplane in steady horizontal flight is 0.42. An increase in
angle of attack of 1 degree increases CL by 0.1. A vertical up gust instantly changes the
angle of attack by 3 degrees. The load factor will be:new cl/old cL
7. In what way is the longitudinal stability affected by the degree of positive camber of the
aerofoil?
longitudinal stability pitch
No effect because camber of the aerofoil produces constant pitch down moment
independent of AOA .
8. load factor= 1/cos(angle of bank)
9. Which of the following statements is correct concerning the principle behind the
correction of one of the NAVSTAR/GPS satellite navigation system errors by the
transmission of the signals on two frequencies (L1 and L2)?

A)The effect of receivers noise can be reduced due to the interference of both frequencies

B)The influence of shadowing on the GPS signals is proportional to the inverse of the carrier
frequency squared

C)The path delay of the signals in the earth atmosphere is proportional to the
inverse of the carrier frequency squared

D)The effect of signal reflections (multipath effect) can be reduced due to the interference
of both frequencies.

10. 32) Two identical turbojet aeroplanes (whose specific fuel
consumption is assumed to be constant) are in a
holding pattern at the same altitude. The mass of the
first one is 95 000 kg and its hourly fuel consumption is
equal to 3100 kg/h. Since the mass of the second one is
105 000 kg, its hourly fuel consumption is:
A) 3787 kg/h
B) 3426 kg/h
C) 3259 kg/h (Mark scheme answer)
D) 3602 kg/h

11. n relation to the satellite navigation system NAVSTAR/GPS, "All in View" is a term used
when a receiver:
A)is tracking more than the required 4 satellites and can instantly replace any lost signal
with another already being monitored

B) is receiving the signals of all visible satellites but tracking only those of the 4
with the best geometric coverage

D) is receiving and tracking the signals of all 24 operational satellites simultaneously



Basic questions on Dme range and frequency(U r 750 nm from station at night what
frequency should u use??(I think the lowest in the MF band should be the answer)
1) Squak for radio failure.
2) DME slant range is 12 nm, a/c absolute altitude 9000msl, DME stn height x msl, what is
the error is measured slant range
3) If there is misunderstanding due to uncommon language b/w controller and pilot what
instruction will be issued for the a/c to make him land
4) Vitamin A causes loss of night vision due to ?
5) Some echoes are received 30 deg left of a/c track, Mag heading of a/c is 020 (M),
variation, drift provided. Plot true bearing of the echoes?
6) Divergence Is associated with?
7) One metar ques asking , formation of due at night will be most profound in which case?
8) Unlawful interference, squak code?
9) Red flares shot from tower means ?
10) Tower shoots flashing red light, what does it mean ?
11) Anti-collision light should be ON during ?
12) One performance ques asking relation b/w V1,Vmu,Vmca ?
13) During descend pilot will descend on Mach no or CAS ?
14) Relation b/w TAS and IAS as you climb or descend?
15) Standard atmosphere is defined by (couple of options given)
16) Yaw Dampers are used for ?
17) Occluded front is formed when ?
18) Night vision is affected when ?
19) Stall speed given and a/c wt 6850 lbs what will be the stall speed when a/c wt is 5000?
20) Effect of camber in longitudinal stability?
21) Effect on landing distance when a/c is on ground effect?
22) You deploy flaps when coming in to land, this behavior results from which type of
knowledge (options : skill based, rule based, knowledge based, pressure based)?
23) Stereoscopic vision is?
24) Lassaire-fair cockpit ?
25) What is white out?
26) One on seat of pants when in IMC?
27) Illusion created by linear acceleration in IMC condition?
28) Function of semi-circular canals in ear ?
29) Pilot decided to divert from his route
30) Static stability leads to (couple of options related to positive, negative, static dynamic
stability)
31) Scale in lambert conical, contracts b/w std parallel and expands outwards from it.
32) Latent mistake causes (options given)

33) REM sleep relaxes _____ and slow wave sleep relaxes _____?
34) Effect of camber on longitudinal stability?
35) A pilot is going from A to B, at some point P he decides to divert . he has three options
C,D,E. (distance to C,D,E and HW/TW component was provided) find the destination which
takes least time. TAS also given.
36) Pilot goes from A to B and back. TAS is 360 kts and HW is 60 kts. Find the time?
37) NDB allotted freq is?
38) Some freq was given and ques asked which cat will it fall in(VLF,LF,MF,VHF)?
1 what happens to lift and drag(separate ques) as a plane climbs at const ias
2 a/c cruising at .84 mach at some altitue with time of departure and time of arrival given.it
is required to delay its eta by 2 mins. when should it reduce its speed. (NOTE: the reduced
speed is not given)

3 2 questions regarding intercepting and intercepted a/c

4 1 ques on rem sleep

5 astigmatism is?

6 stress is .... 4 options were given

7 an a/c is flying at a range of 750 nm on 320 fL which frequency should be used during
night for r/t vhf,hf,mf,lf

8 to calculate range of transmission signal when height of a/c and that of antennae is given

9 simple ques to calculate g/s and wca using cx2

10 coldest air in a cold front is where?

11 principle of vor

12 principle and frequency band of ssr

13 3 ques asking the squawk code 7500,7600,7700

14 when cold front moves what happens to the stability of air ahead

15 what is vso

16 what is vlo


what does a red flare indicate to an a/c
-squawk code Mode A for radio faliure
-green flashes from light signals to an a/c on the ground
-if equipped with transponder facility, when should it be used?
-Transponder code '2000' Mode A is for .......
-clearance of the a/c above hilly terrain, congested area(along with the radius)
-clearance from clouds in class B airspace, abv 10,000MSL
-DME working rinciple qstns
-Meterology: TAFs, fronts, cloud types(shapes)
-rate of turn, load factor qstns
-1sm= ....... '
-NAVIGATION PROBLEMS:
mach no., departure, CDMVT, Track-Hdg-drift, S=D/T, freq-wavelength
numerics, scale, temp deviation, VOR indicator, line of sight range
-how does a RL appear on a direct mercator chart?(staright line)
-gyro errors, pitot-drain hole blockage
-TCAS principle(transponders)
-radio altimeter(system error)
-avg. height/temp of tropopause in summer/winter
-a while dumbell indicates .........
-right of way
-Human Factors (in depth,as usual)
-formation of hill fog
-lapse rate, density altitude, pressure altitude
-turning errors, altimeter errors
-correlation betn Vs,V1,V2,Vmc,Vlof,Vr,Vmu(< > =)
-what is the overall appearance of the a/c when the speed is reduced, and the altitude
maintained
-factors affecting stall speed increase/decrease
-CL can be increased by.... (flaps and angle of attack)
-lift-weight relation in an unaccelerated climb
.
symptoms of hypoxia
why does jet engine have better performance at altitude
why does turboprops fly lower

QUESTIONS FIRST AND ANSWERS DOWN
Increase in flaps will cause v2 to increase, decrease or remain unchanged.

is max cruise thrust greater, lesser or equal to max continous thrust

how does change in altitude affect specific fuel consumption(sfc) - increase, decrease, remains
constant.

what is the best air:fuel ratio by weight for jet engines

at which point or region of a jet engine is the pressure at its highest

For a given aerofoil, the AOA which results in a stall:
(a) remains constant regardless of bank, load or TAS
(b) varies directly with the degree of bank
(c) varies with the speed of airflow around aerofoil

The stall speed of an aircraft will increase with:
(a) decrease in the load factor
(b) increase in the pitch attitude for straight and level
(c) increase in the all up weight of the aircraft


The three axis of an aircraft intersect at the:
(a) centre of pressure
(b) centre of gravity
(c) midpoint of the datum line

When approaching the stall, the separation point
(a) always stays in the same position
(b) moves rearward
(c) moves towards the transition point

The primary function of the rudder, while entering a turn from straight-and-level flight, is to:
(a) overcome yaw caused by lowered aileron on higher wing
(b) overcome yaw caused by lowered aileron on lower wing
(c) overcome yaw caused by raised aileron on higher wing

An aircraft is in a state of equilibrium in:
(a) a steady rate 1 turn
(b) in a steady climb
(c) during take off

Adverse aileron yaw is reduced by the use of:
(a) vortex generators
(b) frise type ailerons
(c) boundary layer fences

Flying near high ground or mountains with winds in excess of 15km, you can expect strong
turbulence and down draughts. What would you do to avoid damaging the aircraft and / or loosing
control?
(a) maintain your heading and speed
(b) slow down to manoeuvring speed
(c) slow down to manoeuvring speed and fly upwind of ridge

On a cold, clear, humid night with a light wind, radiation fog will form. What might form when the
wind picks up to 15kts?
(a) dew
(b) frost
(c) stratus

Which clouds are the least likely to produce airframe icing?
(a) middle cloud
(b) high cloud
(c) vertical development cloud .

increase in flaps will cause v2 to increase, decrease? or remain unchanged.(since Vs is
the reference speed)

is max cruise thrust greater, lesser or equal to max continous thrust (DOUBTFUL)

how does change in altitude affect specific fuel consumption(sfc) - increase,decrease,
remains constant.(increase in alt. will dec. the amount of thrust reqd. for a jet engine,
so less fuel flow to the engin)e
REASON FOR ABOVE -The SFC remains almost constant irrespective of altitude, its a
ratio of fuel flow by thrust, so as thrust is reduced the fuel flow also reduced and the
ratio remains the same ( your reasoning was correct but answer marked was wrong)

what is the best air:fuel ratio by weight for jet engines
varies from 15:1(can vary)?

WHICH point or region of a jet engine is the pressure at its highest
at t the inlet of the Combustion Chamber

For a given aerofoil, the AOA which results in a stall:
(a) remains constant regardless of bank, load or TAS

The stall speed of an aircraft will increase with:
(c) increase in the all up weight of the aircraft


The three axis of an aircraft intersect at the:
(b) centre of gravity


When approaching the stall, the separation point
(c) moves towards the transition point

The primary function of the rudder, while entering a turn from straight-and-level flight,
is to:
(a) overcome yaw caused by lowered aileron on higher wing

An aircraft is in a state of equilibrium in:
(b) in a steady climb

Adverse aileron yaw is reduced by the use of:
(b) frise type ailerons


Flying near high ground or mountains with winds in excess of 15km, you can expect
strong turbulence and down draughts. What would you do to avoid damaging the aircraft
and / or loosing control?
(c) slow down to manoeuvring speed and fly upwind of ridge(not sure about flying
upwind)

On a cold, clear, humid night with a light wind, radiation fog will form. What might form
when the wind picks up to 15kts?
(c) stratus

Which clouds are the least likely to produce airframe icing?
(c) vertical development cloud .

1 - by-pass ratio.
2 - 1 nm = ?
3 - longitude - east to west
4 - latitude - north south
5 - cabin pressure is set to - 8000 ft above msl
6 - wt 98 kg and a=10m/s2 and what is Force ?
7 - Equator is a G/C. It is also a _________.
8 - max thrust is at Propeller.
9 - effect of PNR if ff is reduced to 3%.
10 - effect of 90 deg crosswind in CP movement.
11 - Ram air turbine question
12 - Horizontally polarised em wave, e travels horizontally
13 - earth is heated by insolation,longwave radiation
14 - A/C descends from a higher altitude at constant IAS then MNo
15 - atmosphere is unstable when ELR is < > = SALR ?
16 - 2 questions on flight spoiler
17 - A/C generator are rated as KW KVA or VA
18 - Speed of Sound is 660.7 661.7 662.7 663.7
19 - 737 NG series - 600 700 800 900
20 - with permission of whome u can throw flowers from air
21 - V1 speed means
Q) in emergency situation,breaking axn is initiated by:

A. Accumulator in breaking system of a/c. A) as accumulator acts as a reserve for
emergencies besides maintainin constant presure withn the system
Effect on time & distance to PNR if FF is reduced by 3%?
ROPERTY OF CP
"IF HEADWIND CHANGES TO TAILWIND OR VICE-VERSA, DIST. TO CP WILL CHANGE FROM
HALF WAY POSITION BY SAME DISTANCE...."
FF- I meant fuel flow..
Should'nt it increase the distance to PNR by 3%?

D = E(OH/O+H)

if Other factors remain constant say "X"
then D = E*X

NOW E = Flight Fuel/Fuel Flow

say FF decreases by 3% therefore taking an example say 60mins endurance
from 100 lit of fuel and fuel flow of 100 lit/hr.

so 97 lit/hr consumption will give u 1.85 mins of extra E

(1.85/60)*100 = 3% increase in DPNR.

wot is the accuracy of DME acc to ICAO standards?
Ans- DME Accuracy is + - 0.2nm as per the latest ICAO Annex ;
( and 0.25 nm + 1.25 % of range for older aircraft, older than 1989)

How does leading and trailing edge flaps affect critical angle of attack ?
Leading edge flaps Increases critical AOA and trailing edge reduces critical AOA. Leading
edge flaps i.e. kreuger flaps have the same function as the trailing edge flaps,increase
camber and chord.and hence increase CL max but reduce stalling AOA.But leading edge
slats/slots increase AOA as well as CL max.The 'leading edge devices that LOFT mentioned
were these slats and slots,. Kreuger flaps are leading edge devices that serve the same
purpose as the trailing edge flaps, and are different from slats.Slats are the ones that create
slots for air to gush in..
The lift coefficient (CL) of an aeroplane in steady horizontal flight is 0.42. An increase in
angle of attack of 1 degree increases CL by 0.1. A vertical up gust instantly changes the
angle of attack by 3 degrees. The load factor will be:

1.71
1.49
2.49
0.74
4. In what way is the longitudinal stability affected by the degree of positive camber of the
aerofoil?
No effect because camber of the aerofoil produces constant pitch down moment
independent of AOA.

Q-An aeroplane performs a steady horizontal turn with a TAS of 200 kt. The turn radius is
2000 m. The load factor (n) is approximately:
a)1.1
b)1.4
c)1.8
d)2.0
load factor= 1/cos(angle of bank)
Offset of the satellite clock from GMT, Ephemeris Data and Ionospheric Delay are the basic
elements transmitted by NAVSTAR/GPS satellite.

oRegulations:

1.What does a red flare in the air mean?
Ans:Not withstanding previous instructions do not land.
2.Visibilty,cloud minimas for VFR as well as IFR?
3.Flashing green on ground?
Ans:Continue/Clear to taxi.
4.A simple question on the semicircular system...ur heading was given so find the FL at
which u can fly/
5.Transponder codes for radio failure and unlawful interferance.

.Human Factors:
1.Three layers of eye?
Probable ans:Iris,Cornea and Pupil
remaining all questions were from oxford human performance book.(around 10 of them)


Principles Of flight:
1.Relation between lift and drag wrt to aoa??
2.Relation between lift and weight in unaccelarated climb?
3.A question on load factor.(in a turn)
4.relation between v1,vmc,vr,v2(this is a performance question but this was the only
question from performance)


1.QNH of aerodrome-1003...elevation 1500feet...u have to climb to FL75..so how much are
u actually climbing.(just remember FLis always at 1013.25)

.______________________________________________
If aircraft stalling speed is 74 kts, gross weight 6500 kg,what is the stalling speed with
gross weigth 5000kg?
A)57
B)67
6)74
D)91
Basic Stall Speed on the ASI is marked for: 1] Maximum Weight 2] Straight and level 3]
Flaps Retracted 4] Zero Thrust.
SFC is measured in two ways.
1) For Turbo Fan Engines
SFC is measured in terms of Thrust, called as Thrust specific fuel consumption(Tsfc )or just
Sfc. And its a ratio of fuel flow to Thrust.

2) For Turbo Props or Turbo Shaft Engines
SFC is measured in terms of Power. And it is a ratio of fuel flow to shaft horse power (shp).

SFC in itself is nothing more than just a fuel flow rate. It has to be associated with, and
measured in terms of either thrust or power in order to use it as a tool for differentiating
between different type of engines and their performance.
what is the effect of power v/s altitude, endurance charcteristics for foll:
a.piston
b.turboprop
C.turbofan
D.ramjet
E.scramjet

1) An 150Ah battery will provide 450amps for how long????20mins
2)Temperature at 39000ft is -56.5*C the deviation from ISA is?

A) ISA+6
B) ISA - ISA because temperature remains constant at -56.5 from 36000-65000 feet
according to ISA
C) ISA +7.5
D) ISA +5.5

If you're flying through rain that freezes on impact, ...

a) You're flying near thunderstorms
b) You're flying through a cold front
c) The freezing level would be at a higher altitude
d) Descending would make the ice go away from the airframe

1. What is the theoretical maximum range that an aircraft at FL420 will obtain from
a VOR beacon situated at 400' amsl?
ans - 276nm

2. What is the approximate maximum range that an aircraft flying at 25000'
would expect to obtain from a VOR beacon situated 900' amsl?
ans - 198nm
The approximate maximum range of a VHF signal is given by the formula:

VHF Range in nm = the square root of (1.5 x altitude in feet)
theoretical range does not take into account various factors such as signal attenuation,
transmitter power, propagation conditions.

.Calculate DA if PA at an aerodrome of elevation 4000 ft is 5000 ft.Temp on the
aerodrome is 27 deg C.

Now
DA=PA+120(isa dev)


2) To where is the information from the gyro-synchronized magnetic compass flux gate
fed.
a) Heading indicator
b) Error Detector - The flux valve (detector unit) sends information about the Earths
magnetic field to the selsyn or error detector which sends a correction signal to the
amplifier.
what does attitude indicator indicate after straight level flight 180 deg turn...

1) You are at A(Equator, 59 E or something) you travel on a bearing of 225 for 100 NM,
find out the coordinates of the new location.
Ans- Since you are travelling on a constant bearing of 225 for 100nm, you are following
a RL track... just use the "dep= dlong . cos lat" you will get dlong=01deg 40 mins...
therefore your new longitude is 57deg 20min East.

Now for the dlat you get a isoscles triangle as stated by someone above, but your dlat
will be found by sin45=dlat/hypotenuse which gives dlat=100*sin45 = 70.71nm .. to get
in degrees divide by 60 .. which gives dlat=01 deg 10 mins South..

So your new position is "S 01 10,E 57 20"
First few questions were of Air Regulation:
. Height and radius of VFR in congested Areas
. Fl to be flown in case of unlawful interference
. Fl to be flown, True Heading was given along with variation and deviation, but what flight,
VFR or IFR wasn't given.
. Steady green light when a/c is on ground
. Series of red lights whn a/c is in flight
. Two questions were there on the radio failure in IFR.

Meteorology
. Conditions in front of Stationary Front
. Chart was given with Isobars and fronts along with TAF clearly showing features of cold
front, had identify the station

Human Performance
. Two questions on stress a
. What behavior is not good in team work
. Alcohol is filtered by which organ

Navigation
. What is the Chart length between 180E and 180W on same lat .
. Chart length was given on 59 lat, what is the chart length on some other lat
. Three Alternates were given with the course and the wind component, which alternate is
close in terms of time
. A to B distance was given and wind component, what is the total time between A to B and
then back to A.
. What is the GS and Heading, Course and Wind component were given
. QNH of ground is 1023 and elevation is 1500, how much you have to climb for FL 750
. In Mercator chart RL is a straight or curved line ?
. What is the Drift on **lat?
. What is the distance when an A/C descends 15000ft at the rate of 1500ft/min
. Radio Altimeter turns Analog to Circular at - a. below 1000ft, b. at or below 1000ft, c. at
DH.
. One Altimeter is calibrated for Inst./Pos. error and other 1 is not, what happens is IAS
changes
. Power of NDB is 100KW what is the range?

Technical
. Increase in altitude but Angle of Attack, mass and IAS remains same, what happens to the
Angle of Climb
. With Increase in altitude what happens to the TAS and Drag .
what is the rhumb line track from A (4500N 01000W) to B (4830N 01500W) ? Lets assume
an imaginary point X on (4830N 01000W)
[Draw a diagram for your reference]
Now the coordinates of A and B with point X form a right angle triangle (straight line AB will
be a great circle path, AB being the hypotenuse)
Find distances AX and XB using distance and departure formula.
Youll get AX = 210nm and XB = 198.
Now further you can calculate angle BAX using trigonometry tangent formula. This comes to
around 43.5 degrees. The direction of line AB is true north (360)
So, we get the great circle track of 317.
(din't apply CA properly when I calculated it first)
After applying conversion angle (2 degrees) the rhumb line track will be 315.
Call on these no. to get the mail
011-30446823, 09560448585, 09731596249
Find height of tropopause from charts (that you cant read!)
Lapse rate questions
A/C flying south in southern hemi with stbd drift, which pressure is it flying into?
What is pressure alt?
when are pressure alt n density alt same?
Surprisingly no metar or taf questions

Human Performance
Stress
Rate of acohol consumption in body
Middle and inner ear related questions
Eye questions including fovea and rods

Nav
Diagrams of AH and you have to identify the one with the given condition
Altimeter numericals
flying from A to B, speed 0.84M. Distance 300nm, you have to increase your ETA by
2min, when will you decrease your speed? Previous ETA was given
Speed/Time problems
Gyro
Local time numericals
'Maintaining 1 dot below the glide slope where the hell will you touch down?'

ISA deviation = OAT - ISA temperature for the height .
You are flying at FL 160. Outside air temperature is -27 C, and the pressure at sea level is
1003 hPa. What is the true altitude?
A) 15090 feet. True altitude = Indicated altitude + (ISA dev x 4 x Thousands of feet)
B) 16910 feet.
C) 15630 feet.
D) 16370 feet.
1. Q) What is the phrase used by the intercepting a/c pilot when a common
language is not established, to get the intercepted aircraft to descend for
landing?
a. You land
b. Let Down
c. Descend
d. Descend for landing

2. Q) VFR minima at different altitudes in controlled and uncontrolled airspace.
(2 questions)

3. Q) Aircraft is on a heading 253*, Variation = 13W, Dev= 4W. It experiences
a drift of 9* S. Find True Track. (similar)

4. Q) A/c is travelling at 0.84 M at FL 330. Its estimated time of arrival is
11:28. It is asked to delay its arrival to 11:32 at a distance of 570nm from
the destination. What will be its new mach no? OAT is
-48*C.

5. Q) Rhumb lines in a Lambert chart.

6. Q) Rhumb Lines in a Polar Stereographic charts.

7. Q) Stall speed of an A/c is 74Kts @ 6500lbs. What will be the stall speed at
5000lbs?

8. Q) What does a series of red flashes mean while an A/C is taxiing?

9. Q) What does a steady red light mean to an A/C when it is flying?

10. Q) Blood pressure depends on what?

11. Q) Simple CDMVT questions. (4 questions)

12. Q) Questions on Reciprocating engines.(2 questions)

13. Q) Relationship of drag and TAS with altitude. (3 Questions)

14. Q) Simple Scale factor questions. (3 questions)

15. Q) What is the function of semicircular canals in the ear?

16. Q) Problems associated with Laissez-faire cockpit.

17. Q) How is an occluded front formed?

18. Q) Which factor controls the stability of the air?
a. ELR
b. DALR
c. Inversion layer

19. Q) Relationship between various V speeds like VMU, VS, V2MIN, VREF, V1
etc.

20. Q) What is the squawk code for unlawful interference?

21. Q) What is the squawk code for radio failure?

22. Q) Frequency Band width of NDB.

23. Q) Range of Locator NDBs.

24. Q) Except Mode S, how many types are there and what is the number of
addresses for each?

25. Q) Total number of GPS satellites is _________, with _________ spare
and a minimum of ___________ required to get a 3D fix.

26. Q) Effect of hypoxia on night vision (2 questions)

27. Q) Why is vitamin A required for night vision?

28. Q) One question about FMS display system.

29. Q) If there is a conflict between instructions by the ATC and an
Intercepting A/C, what should be your course of action?

30. Q) You find that you have deviated from the track assigned to you by the
ATC in a control zone. What should be your course of action?

31. Q) One question about Microburst.

32. Q) What is the definition of QNH?

33. Q) What is departure (some statement not the formula)?

34. Q) Illusion caused by linear acceleration.

35. Q) What is an Altimeter fed by?
a. Dynamic pressure
b. Static pressure
c. Total pressure
d. Pitot Pressure

36. Q) Relationship between static and dynamic stability.

37. Q) Error associated with an altimeter not compensated for position errors.

38. Q) What will be the indication of the ASI while descending when the pitot source is blocked?

39. Q) How many degrees of freedom does a gyro have?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
40. Q) Why is there no haze or buzz (some similar word) associated with SSR. (The answer was
non echo
based communication).

41. Q) How does CO affect the body?

42. Q) What is the frequency range of hearing in Humans?

43. Q) Quiet sleep revitalises the _________ (mind/body) and REM sleep refreshes the
_________
(mind/body).

44. Q) The putting down of flaps in a circuit (?) according to the situation is a function of
a) Skill based brhaviour
b) Knowledge based behaviour
c) Theory
d) Rule based behaviour

45. Q) One question on flying with the seat of your pants when visual cues are missing.

46. Q) What are the failures or errors or dangers associated with a high degree of automation.

47. Q) 4 symbols were given and one had to choose the correct symbol for VOR/DME.

48. Q) 4 METARS were given and one had to choose the correct METAR where there is a high
possibility of
fog as time passes.

49. Q) What is an area of divergence called?

50. Q) What is the type of fog formed overnight in nil wind conditions over flat land.

51. Q) What happens to induced drag as A/C velocity increases?

52. Q) When is the earth closest to the sun (perihelion).
a. March
b. End of December
c. Beginning of January
d. July

53. Q) Factors determining the landing distance.

54. Q) What is the correct stall recovery procedure?

55. Q) One question on windshear (vertical, horizontal, updraught /downdraught)

56. Q) Compass error and Z factor.

57. What is density altitude?

58. What is pressure altitude?

59. How will you change the Coef of Lift?

60. How does a TCAS work?

61. What is Latent Error?

62. One question on effects of alcohol (alcohol metabolism is a function of time) .

Q. An a/c is on airway boundry range 100nm from a VOR marking the airway centre
line.Assuming each dot rep 2 deg.how many dots deviation will be shown on the deviation
indiacator??
Ans-width is 10 nms,5nms either side of centreline. so if it is at the boundary range,it is
5nms frm centreline. usin 1/60 rule, 5*60/100=3 degrees.

Q14. FL 80, an OAT +06 C is measured. What will the temperature be at FL 130, if you
consider the temperature gradient of the Standard Atmosphere?
A) -6 C
B) 0 C
C) +2 C
D) -4 C

Q15. FL 160, an OAT -22 C is measured. What will the temperature be at FL 90, if you
consider the temperature gradient of the Standard Atmosphere?
A) -4 C
B) +4 C
C) 0 C
D) -8 C
First find out what should be the temperature at FL80, in ISA conditions.
Then compare it with the actual OAT +6 C here.

Now that you have the deviation from ISA, you can find what the temperature at FL130.
Endurance i.e (FOB-RESERVE)/FUEL FLOW.

IF FOB is increased PNR will increase.
IF Reserve required decreases PNR increases.
IF FUEL FLOW reduces PNR increases.

If scale= 1:1000,000,then 1 inch on chart=1000,000 inches on map.

Since 1 inch equals 2.54 cm, so 1000,000 inches=2540000 cms
=25400m=25.4km=25.4/1.852Nms=13.71 Nms

or

since 12 inches=1 feet
1000,000 inches = 1000,000/12=83333.33ft

1 nm = 6080 ft therefore 83333.33/6080=13.7Nms

During an emergency situation, if braking fails, n case of failure of primary brake system (
i.e. pump failure) a secondary system will be selected in case that fails too, accumulator will
provide hydraulic fluid under pressure but braking action will have to initiated and
maintained by pilot.
Oxygen diluted operates : a) only when breathing in air b)above 36000ft c) above
10000ft d) below 10000ft.

# aircraft pressurisation system includes bleed air valve , positive relief valve , negative
relief valve , outflow valve

#non relief valves are also called as a) check valves b) one way valves .

35. an a/c has a tendency to fly right wing low with hands off. it is trimmed with a tab on
the left aileron, the trim tab will :

ans. move down causing the left aileron to move up, right aileron to move down .
Left aileron up ---> this means left trim tab down .

36. an a/c takes off with the elevator control locks still in position. it is found to be nose
heavy :

ans. backward movement of the trim wheel would increase nose heaviness.

effect of PNR if fuel flow is reduced to 3%. ?
if fuel flow is reduced by 3% then distance to pnr will increase by 3%,as pnr is directly
proportional to endurance

-effect of 90 deg crosswind in CP movement..?
cp will remain same but the ETA increases ./


1. In an aircraft with 100 seats but 49 passengers only, how many cabin crew should
10-49....
1 attendant and thereafter for every 50pax 1 attendant.

the no of attendants depends on seating capacity and not the no of pax present.be
present?


2. In a flight from Europe to North America in Summer will you have a headwind or a
tailwind?

Metar Winds Are Sampled For 10 Mts

Metar Issued Every Hour By Met Watch Office

Taf Covers An Area Of 5 Nm..

In hydraulic system, under what pressure nitrogen or helium is kept in acumulator..?

and whats the total pressure in the system??

1.isothermal and inversion both are absolute stable conditions.
bcz ELR is less than SALR
(IN isothermal layer ELR= O C/1000FT and SALR = DALR))

* will an aircraft descend faster in headwind or tailwind?
**Winds don't have any effect on the rate of descent, however in a headwind the angle of
descent will be much steeper than in a tailwind. wind neither effect endurance nor ROD, it
effects range, range decreases if aircraft experience HW and

Vmp : Speed for Minimum Power (Best Endurance).
Corresponds to the lowest point on the 'Power Required' Curve.
If a light/ medium a/c Taking off behind heavy a/c whats the separation minima??
2 mins

If a light/ medium a/c Landing behind heavy a/c whats the separation minima??
3 mins

Incubation period of yellow fever?
6 days
CO - Cholera - 5 days
PY- Plague and yellow fever - 6 days
RE- Relapsing fever - 8 days
ST - Small pox and Typhus - 14 days
Communication Failure procedure in both IFR an VFR..
*n IFR, land as soon as practical if vmc conditions exists otherwise fly flight plan, maintain
last assigned altitude, or MEA or filed altitude whichever is greater, commence ur approach
at ETA .

1) What is Aerodynamic Centre (AC) ?
*Aerodynamic center is the point on an airfoil where aerodynamic moment remains
constant with AOA
*Center of pressure is the point through which lift acts.
*AC for an airfoil is a fix point for any AOA
*CP changes with AOA

2) At 0* angle of attack, what will be the pressure differential around the wings?
.for a symmetrical airfoil-yes there will be no pressure diffrence and zero lift produced.

=>for a asymmetrical aerofoil-ther will be lower pressur above the upper wing surface
and higher below .
=>for a asymmetrical aerofoil lift is zero at -4 deg AOA.


3) Minimum no. of satellites for GPS position and RAIM ??
To obtain a 3D position solution, at least 4 measurements are required. To detect a
fault, at least 5 measurements are required, and to isolate and exclude a fault, at least 6
measurements are required,


**an aircraft on hdg 124(T) measures qdr of VOR to be 303.If deviation on this hdg is 2
degree E and Variation is 1 degree W.What is QUJ?


**a radio station on ground bears 312(relative) at aircraft flying on heading 058 (M).If
var is 1 deg E and dev is 2 deg W, calculate QDM and QTE .

1. the pressure valve incharge of the opening of the under carriage and the sequential
movement of the landing gear .
a. sequence valve
b. shuttle valve
2. Anybody that rotates about its own axis is called a

a. microscope
b.telescope
c.gyroscope
3. what is longitudinal dihedral?
Longitudinal dihedral is the angle of attack or attitude of the wing in relation to the aircraft's
longitudinal axis as it moves through the air. Wing Dihedral is the angle of the wings from horizontal.
Longitudinal Dihedral Angle is the angle between the Chords of the Main wing and the
tailplane,

4. what is the significance of CLmax?
Ans-** airplane can fly slow
1. Ceiling fan is wat kind of gyro??
ceiling fan should be an earth gyro coz its spin axis is maintained by gravity.or vertical
gyro.

2. Variation at the equator is ....??
a)180E/W
b)45E/W
c)0degrees
d)Less than 90degrees

Q. Why is it that when the CG is moved aft, the airplane is more efficient (albeit less
stable)?

A. Because the aft CG means the horizontal stab doesn't have to work so hard - lower CL &
Cd .

.When approaching IDL from the east-
a) be prepared to increase your date by 1
b) be prepared to decrease your date by 1

What is the difference between a Jet Engine and a Piston Engine

A piston engine works on the principle of 'Constant Volume' while a jet engine works on the
principle of 'Constant Pressure'.
Turbo prop produces thrust by propelling large amount of air with less acceleration whereas
jet engine or turbo jet propells less amount of air by huge amouunt of acceleration..

V3 - flap retraction speed
V4 - steady initial climb speed

Q-Aircraft on Approach with one wing low and winds from right.What is the cause?The
engine is allright as it was later checked on the ground.
Wing low method (sideslip method) wing is lowered into the side of wind to compensate x-
wind. Opposite rudder and aileron used
ow when I first read that question, I thought well not much of discussion required here, and
came to immediate conclusion of a "low wing x/w approach".

But then the question dosn't specify which wing is low, moreover the engine is checked on
the ground for any faults.

So you can safely say that it is not due to cross wind.
Now because the engines are ok there should not be any difference in thrust production
from the two engines, which means yaw can also be ruled out.

So far the best option I can think of is fuel imbalance.


if an a/c has got the left static port blocked ..

a.alimeter will over read in case of a right side slip
b.altimeter wil overread in case of a side slip to left.

***A great circle track joins position A (59?S 141?W) and B (61?S 148?W). What is the
difference between the great circle track at A and B?Ans. It increases by 6
convergency = change of long * sin latitude (mean)

conv = 7 * sin60which gives 6.02

Convergency gives the heading change when gc is followed
and HEADING increases to fly gc track westwards in SH .
Reading decrease in NHS & increase in SHS..


Q. if there is a conflict between instructions by the ATC and an intercepting a/c,what should
be your course of action?
Ans-u need to follow intercepting aircraft .

Q.you find that you have deviated from the track assigned to you by the ATC in a control
zone.what should be your course of action?
try to get to your track immediately and contact atc as soon as practicable .

Vs<V1< VR< Vmu <V2

Q1) Assuming the maximum likely error in vor to be 5.5 degree, what is the maximum
distance apart that beacons can be situated on the centreline of the u.k airwayin order that
an aircraft can guarantee remaining within the airway boundary?
a) 54.5 Nm
b) 109 NM
apply 1 in 60 rule. 5.5=[(5x60)/d]
where 5.5 = error in vor
5=airway width in uk
d=half the max. distance of the 2 beacons.
Solving which we get d=54.5nm.
Therefore max. spacing=2d=109nm.

c) 66 Nm
d) 132 Nm

Q2) An aircraft is homing towards VOR which marks the centreline of an airway. The beacon
is 100 Nm distant. If the pilot had the airway QDM set on the OBS what deflection of the
deviation indicator would be given if the aircraft was on the boundary of the airway?
Assume that 1 dot equals 2 degrees.
a) 3 dots
b) 2 dots
c) 2.5 dots
d) 1.5 dots
Apply 1 in 60 rule again.
Error=[(5x60)/100]=3 degrees.
Where error is the angle deviated from centreline, the aircraft being on the air way
boundary which is 5nm i.e. airway width in uk.
100 is the distance of the beacon from the aircraft.
Given or even generally known that in OBS 1 dot is 2 degrees.
Therefore 3 degrees equals 1.5 dots.


Q1) An a/c is descending at a contant mach number. If the a/c is descending through an
inversion layer, the RAS will:

a)remain constant
b)increase
c)decrease
d)decrease then decrease more slowly.

Below the tropopause in standard conditions, when descending at a constant Mach number:

A TAS increases (Correct)
B TAS decreases
C TAS remains constant
D the diffrence between surrounding conditions and must be known to deduce the TAS
variation


For the same TAS, when pressure altitude decreases below the tropopause:

A Mach number increases
B Mach number decrease (Correct)
C Mach number remains constant
D the diffrence between surrounding conditions and must be known to deduce the Mach
number variation .

M = TAS/LSS in this case the LSS is wholly dependent on temperature, so if the aircraft
climbs in isa conditions it will reduce. For a constant TAS the Mach will therefore increase.
Climbing through an inversion the LSS will alternatively increase and Mach will decrease. If
climbing through an isotherm the temp will remain constant, so for a constant TAS the Mach
will remain constant.
- ECTM+ in a climb and +ECTM- in a descent.
{+ETMC -} FOR CLIMB IN INVERSION

E = EAS, C = CAS, T = TAS and M = Mach No.

For example in a climb at a constant CAS, E is on the negative side and therefore decreases
whereas T and M are on the positive side and will therefore increase. During an inversion
swap over the T and M and during an isotherm T and M are the same.

If an aircraft maintaining a constant CAS and flight level is flying from a warm air mass into
colder air:
A. Mach number increases.
B. Mach number decreases.
C. TAS increases.
D. TAS decreases.
Accelerate Errors No effect in North & South
Turning Errors No effect in East & West

Northern Hemisphere ANDS & SONU
Southern Hemisphere SAND & SUNO

Q2)A perfectly frictionless DI, is corrected to give zero drift on the ground at 30 degree
north. The DI is set to read 100 degree in an a/c stationary on the ground in latitude 45
degree north. The reading after 45 mins will be:

a) 92.33 degree
b)102.50 degree
c)97.78 degree
d) 103.75 degree

**Mode 7 is for windshear alert below 1500 feet and gives windshear warning both during
approach and takeoff.
Mode 6 of EFPWS of Excessive Bank Angle gives warning both during T/O and Landing....as
well as during the phase of the flight.
n INS equipped a/c flies from 56 N 20 W (waypoint 3) to 56 N 30 W (waypoint 4). With
constant drift during flight the a/c heading will:

a) increase by more than 10 degree
b) decrease by less than 10 degree
c) increase by less than 10 degree
d) remain constant