Two brothers, whose names I need not rnention here, were both good friends of mine in high school; but after a separation of many years we gradually lost touch. Some time ago I happened to hear that one of them was seriously ill, and since I was going back to my old home, I broke my iourney to call on them. I saw only one, however, who told me that the invalid was his younger brother. "l appreciate your coming such a long way to see us," he said, "but my brother recovered some time ago and has gone elsewhere to take up an official post." Then, laughing, he produced two volumes of his brother's diary saying that from these the nahlre of his past illness could be seen and there was no harm in showing them to an old friend. I took the diary away, read it through, and found that he had suffered from a form of persecution complex. The writing was most confused and incoherent, and he had made many wild statements; moreover he had omitted to give any dates, so that only by the color of the ink and the differences in the writing could one tell that it was not all wriften at one time. Certain sections, however, were not altogether disconnected, and I have copied out a part to serve as a subject for medical research. I have not altered a single illogicality in the diary and have changed only the names, even though the people referred to are all conntry folk, unknown to the world and of no consequence. As for the title, it rvas chosen by the diarist himself after his recovery, and I did not charrge it. 'lonight the moon i: I have not seen it hi gh spi ri ts. I begi n in the dark; but no' Zhaos'dog have loc I have reason for Tonight there is no wl'ren I went ottt ce were afraid of rne. others who disctrsse So, i ndeed, u' ere al me, whereupon I s were compl ete. I was not afraid. front were also disr dered what grudge l i ke thi s. I coul d nr I wonder u' hat r the road have agair trod on Mr. Gu f i r Mr. Zhao does nol avenge hi m, thus l then what of the c they eye tne so str to murder rre? Th I know. Thev n I can' t sl eep at n understand it. Those people, in the face by the parents driven to then as they di d v r. The characters -- t 6t I . n ! t l c o I , g I i I t I I t Lu Xun: A Madman's Diary g I Tonight the moon is very bright. I have not seen it for over thirty years, so today when I saw it I felt in u'usually high spirits. I begin to realize that dLrring the past thirty-ocld years I have been in the dark; but now I must be extremely careful. otherwise why shotrld the Zhaos'dog have looked at me twice? I have reason for nrv fear. z Tonight there is no moon at all, I know that this is a bad ornen. This rnor'ing wl ren I went out cauti ousl y, Mr.zhao had a strange l ook i n hi s eyes, as i f he were afraid of me, as if he wanted to murder me. There were seven or eight others who discussed me in a whisper. And they were afraid of n.ry seeing them. So, indeed, were all the people I passed. The fiercest anong thern grin'ed at me, whereupon I shivered frorn head to foot, knowing that tlreir preparations were compl ete. I was not afrai d, however, but conti nued on my way. A group of chi l dren i n front were also discussing ne, while their faces too were ghastly pale. I won- dered what grudge these children corrld have against me to rnake them behave l i ke thi s. I coul d not hel p cal l i ng out, "Tel l mel " But then they ran awav. I wonder what grudge Mr. Zhao has against me, what grudge the people on the road have against me. I can think of 'othing except that twenty vears ago I trod on Mr. Gu liu's' old ledgers, ar.rd Mr. Gu was most displeased. Although Mr. Zhao does not know him, he mr,rst have heard talk of this a'd decided to avenge hi m, thus he i s conspi ri ng agai nst me wi th the peopl e on the road. But tlren what of the children? At that time they were not yet born, so why should they eye me so strangely today, as if they were afraid of me, as if they wanted to murder rne? Thi s real l y fri ghtens me, i t i s so bewi l deri ng a' d upsetti ng. I know. They must have learned this from their parents! t I can't sleep at night. Evervthing requires careful consideratior.r if one is to understand i t. Those people, some of whom have been pilloried by the rnagistrate, slapped in the face by the local gentry, had their wives taken away by bailiffs or their parents driven to suicide by creditors, never looked as frightened and as fierce then as they did yesterday. t. The cl taracters Cu fi u nrearr "ol d." Thi s refers to tl re age-ol d hi ston of feudal i snr i n Chi na. l o FI CTI ON, r g l 8 - r 9 4 9 The most extraordinary thing was that woman on the street yesterday who was spanking her son. "Little devil!" she cried. "I'm so angry I could eat you!" Yet all the time it was me she was looking at. I gave a start, unable to hide my alarm. Then all those long-toothed people with livid faces began to hoot with laughter. Old Chen hurried forward and dragged me home. He dragged rne home. The folk at home all pretended not to know me; they had the same look in their eyes as all the others. When I went into the study, they locked me in as if cooping rrp a chicken or a duck. This incident left me even more bewildered. A few days ago a tenant of ours from Wolf Cub Village came to report the failure of the crops and told rny elder brother that a notorious character in their village had been beaten to death; then some people had taken out his heart and liver, fried them in oil, and eaten them as a means of increasing their courage. When I interrupted, the tenant and my brother both stared at me. Only today have I realized that they had exactly the same look in their eyes as those people outside. fust to think of it sets me shivering from the crown of my head to the soles of my feet. They eat human beings, so they may eat rne. I see that the woman's "eat yon," the laughter of those long-toothed people with livid faces, and the tenant's story the other day are obviously secret signs. I realize all the poison in their speech, all the daggers in their laughter. Their teeth are white and glistenimg: they use these teeth to eat rTl en. Evidently, although I am not a bad man, ever since I kod on Mr. Gu's ledgers it has been touch-and-go with me. They seem to have secrets that I cannot guess, and once they are angry they will call anyone a bad character. I remember when my elder brother taught rne to rvrite cornpositions, no matter how good a man was, if I produced arguments to tlre contrary he would mark that passage to show his approval; while if I excnsed evildoers he would say, "Good for you, that shows originality." How can I possibly guess their secret thoughts-espe- cially when they are ready to eat people? Everything requires careful consideration if one is to understand it. In ancient times, as I recollect, people often ate human beings, but I am rather hazy about it. I tried to look this trp, but my.history has no chronology and scrawled all over each page are the words "Cor.rfucian Virtue and Morality." Since I could not sleep anyway, I read intently half the night until I began to see words between the liues. 'fhe whole book was filled with the two words- "Eat peopl e." All these words written in tlre book, all the words spoken by our tenant, eye me quizzically with an er.rigrnatic snrile. I too am a nlan, and they want to eat rne! In the rnorning I sa bowl of vegetables. and l'rard, and its rnt beings. After a fes r fish or hunran flesh I sai d, "Ol d Cl tt have a strol l i n the r he caure back and , I di d not ntove. I that they would not l eadi ng an ol cl rnan I wotrlcl see it he lo glasses. 'You seetn ven' ' Yes," sai d I. "l have invited ! "All riglit," I re1 executi oner i n di sg how fat I was, for tl afraid. Although I r my two fists to see fumbled for sorne t eyes at.rd said, "Do a few days, and vor Don' t l et yotrr i By fattening n.re o rne? How can i t bt stealthily tryirrg to enottgh to Inake tr I was so an-rused. I the ol d tnan and r' But my courag sotne of my cotlrz before he had gor once!" My brothe though it catne as eating Ine is mv e The eater of hr I arn the yotrrl l I , who wi l l be t flesh! , ho u " t el dr . ne he cr r rrt ?r r t! E" nt l r t h es d l r l r I t f I LuXun A Madnnn' s Diary rl 4 In the rnorni ng I sat qui etl y for sorne ti me. ol d chen brought i n l unch: one bowl of 'egetables, ore borvl of stearr.red fish. The eyes of the fish u,ere white and hard, and i ts mouth was open j ust l i ke those peopl e who want to eat hurnan beings. After a few nrouthfuls I cou]d not tell whether the slippery nrorsels were fi sh or hunran fl esl .r, so I brought i t al l up. I said, "Old Chen, tell my brother that I feel quite suffocated and want to have a stl ol l i n the garden." ol d Chen sai d nothi ng but went ont, and presentl y he came back and opened the gate. I did not nrove, but watched to see how they woulcl treat rne, feeling certain that they wotrl d not l et me go. Sure enough! My el der brothcr carne sl owl v out, l eadi ngan ol d nran.' l ' l .rere was a murderous gl eanr i rr hi s eyes, and feari ngi hat I woul d see i t he l owered hi s heacl , steal i ng si de gl ances at nre fronr behi ncl hi s glasses. 'You seen very well today," said n.ry brother. "Yes," sai d I. "l have invited IVIr. He here today to examine you." "All right," I replied. Actually I krrew quite well that this old man rvas the executioner in disguise! Feeling my pulse was sirnply a pretext for him to see hor.v fat I was, for this rvould entitle him to a share of n-ry flesh. Still, I was not afraid. Although I do not eat men rny corlrage is greater tl.ran theirs. I held out rny two fists to see what he would do. The old man sat down, closed his eyes, fumbled for some tinre, rer.nained n'rotionless for a while, then opened his shiftv eyes and saicl, "Don't let vour irnagination nrn away with you. Rest quietly for a few days, and vou will be better." Dorr't let your irr.ragination nrn away with votrl Rest <luietly for a few days! By fattcning me of course they'll have more to eat. But what good will it do rne? How can i t be "better"? The whol e l ot of thenr wanti ng to eat peopl e yet steal thi l y trvi ng to keep rrp appeararrces, not dari ng to do i t outri ght, was real l y enough to rnake me di e of l aughter. I coul dr.r' t hel p i t, I nearl y spl i t rny si des, I was so amused. I knew that this laughter voiced corlrage and integrity. Both the old rnan and rny brother tumed pale, awed by n.ry cotrrage and integrity. But rny courage j ust makes them al l the more eager to eat l ne, to acqui re sorne of my courage for thernselves. 'Ihe old rnan went orrt of the gate, but before he l.rad gorre far he said to my brother in a low voice, "'lb be eaten at once!" My brother nodded. So yotr are i n i t too! Thi s stupendous di scovery, though i t carne as a shock, i s no rnore than I nri ght expect: the accornpl i ce i n eating rne is rnv elder brother! The eater of hnnran flesh is my elder brother! I arn the yorlnger brother of an eatcr of human flesh! I, who will be eaten by others, am the y-oulrger brother of an eater of hrman fl eshl rs rt iT d e l . 12 Fr c Tr oN, r gl 8- r 949 5 These few days I have been thinking again: suppose that old man were not an executioner in disguise, but a real doctor; he would be nonetheless an eater of human fesh. That book on herbs by his predecessor Li Shizhen2 states explicitly that men's flesh can be boiled and eaten; how then can he still deny that he eats men? fu for my elder brother, I have also good reason to suspect him. When he was teaching me, he told me himself, "People exchange their sons to eat."3 And once in discussing a bad man he said that not only did the fellow deserve to be killed, he should "have his flesh eaten and his hide slept ot-t." I was still young at the time, and for quite a while my heart beat faster. That story our tenant from Wolf Cub Village told the other day aborrt eating a man's heart and liver didn't surprise him at all-he kept nodding his head. He is evidently iust as cruel as before. Since it is possible to "exchange sons to eat," then anythingcan be exchanged, anyone can be eaten. In the past I simply listened to his expla- nations and let it go at that; now I kuou'that when he gave me these explana- tions, not only was there hurnan fat at the comer of his lips, but his whole heart was set on eating men. 6 Pitch-dark. I don't know whether it is day or night, The Zhaos'dog has started barking agair-r. The fierceness of a lion, the tinriditv of a rabbit, the craftiness of a fox. . . . / I know their way: they are not prepared to kill outright, nor would they dare, for fear of the consequences. Instead they have banded together and set traps everywhere, to force rne to kill rnyself. The behavior of the men and women in the street a few days ago and my elder brother's attitude these last few days make it quite obvious. What they like best is for a man to take off his belt and hang himself from a bearn, for then thev can enioy their hearts' desire without being blamed for rnurder. Naturally that delights them and sets them roaring with laughter. On the other hand, if a rnan is frightened or worried to death, though that makes hirn rather thirr, they still nod in approval. z. Farnous pharmacologist (r5r&-r593). It is not stated inhis Compndium of Materia Medica that human fl esh corrl d be rrsed as a nredi ci ne; thi s *es one of the del usi ons of the madman. 3. The anci ent hi stori cal record Zuo zhuan states that duri ng a si ege i n 488 B.C. the besi eged were so fanri shed that they "exchanged thei r sotts to eat." They onl y eat dei with an uglv look ir- the largest bones it r this rnakes your hair to the cani ne sPeci r is obviously in the 1 down, but that di d I The most dePlor afraid, why is he Pl man to what's u'rot cri me? [n cursing tran-!at I shall start with hi Actually sttch ar Suddenly some, not see his featurel nodded to me his human bei ngs?" Sti l l smi l i ng, he bei ngs?" I real i zed at on repeat mY questiol "l s i t ri ght?" "What tuakes r is very fine todav.' "l t i s fi ne, and He l ooked di sc "No? Then u'h "What are vou "What arn I ta and vou can see I His exPression at me. "That's tht "Does that nu "l refuse to dis for anyone to tall I l eaped uP a soaked with srve: he was i n i t. He al ready taught hi -- pt an ler of l r ci t l v ot he :n he ' \nd to be oung :nant l i ver lst as t can rpl a- lana- heart rrted lare, raPs men drl t and lout nng at h. C: : A r Fr-:N LuXun: AMadman' s Di ary rl , They only eat dead flesh! I remember reading somewhere o[a hideous beast with an uglv look ir-r its eye called "hyena," which often eats dead flesh. Even the largest bones it crunches into fragments and swallows; the mere thought of this rnakes your hair stand on end. Hyenas are related to wolves, wolves belong to the canine species. T'he other daV the Zhaos'dog eyed me several times: it is obviously in the plot too as their accomplice. The old man's eyes were cast down, but that di d not decei ve me. 'fhe most deplorable is my elder brother afraid, why is he plotting with others to eat man to what's wrong? Or is he so heartless cri me? He' s a man too, so wh,v i sn' t he me? Does force of habi t bl i nd a that he wi l l knowi ngl y commi t a 8 ln cursit]g man-eaters, I shall start with my brother. In dissuading man-eaters, I shall start with him too. Actually such arguments should have convinced them long ago' ' Suddenly someone came in. He was only about twenty years old and I did not see his features very clearly. His face was wreathed in smiles, but wher.r he nodded to me hi s smi l e di dn' t seem geuui ne. I asked hi m, "l s i t ri ght to eat human bei ngs?" Sti l l smi l i ng, he repl i ed, "When there i s no farni ne how can one eat human bei ngs?" I real i zed at once he was one of them; but sti l l I summoned up courage to repeat my questi on: "l s i t ri ght?" "What tilakes you ask such a thing? You really are ' ' fond of a loke' ' ' ' It is very fine today." ,,lt is fine, and the moon is very bright. But I want to ask you: Is it right?" He looked disconcerted and muttered, "No ' ' '" "No? 'l'hen why do they still do it?" "What are you talking about?" ,.what am I talking about? They are eating men now in wolf cub village, and you can see it written all over the books, in fresh red ink'" His expression changed. He grew ghastly pale. "lt may be so," he said, staring at me. "That's the way it's always been. . . . " "Does that make it right?" "l refuse to discuss it with you. Anyway, you shouldn't talk about it. It's wrong for anyone to talk about it." I leaped up and opened my eyes wide, but the man had vanished. I was soaked with sweat. He was much younger than nry elder brother, but even so he was in it. He mr.rst have been taught by his parents. Arrd I am afraid he has already taught his son; that is why even the children look at me so fiercely. 14 Fr cTr oN, r gl S- l g4g I wanti'g to eat men, at the same tirne afraid of being eaten themselves, they all eye each other with the deepest suspicion. . . . How comfortable life would be for thenr if tlrey could rid themselves of such obsessions and go to work, walk, eat, and sleep at ease. They have only this one step to take. Yet fathers ard sons, husbands ancl wives, brothers, friends, teachers and students, sworn enemies, and eve' strangers, have all ioined in this con- spiracy, discouraging and preventing eaclr otlrer from taking this step. l o Early this morning I went to find mv elder brother. He was standing outside the hall door looking at the sky whe' I walkecl up behind him, standingietween hirn and the door, and addressed hi'r with exceptional poise and polit".,.rr, "Brother, I have sornething to say to vou." "Go ahead then." He turned quickly toward rne, nodding. "ltt nothing n*rch, but I find it hard to say. Brother, probably all primitive people ate a little human flesh to begin witlr. Later, because their views altered, so're ofthem stopped and tried so hard to do what was right that they changed into men, ir.rto real men. But sonle are still eating people- just like reptiles. Some have cha'ged i'rto fish, birds, nronkeys, and finalry men; but those who make no effort to do whatt right are still reptiles. when those who eat men compare thernselves witl-r those wl.ro don't, how ashamed they rnust be. probably much more ashamed than the reptiles are before rnonkeys. "ln ancient tirnes Y Ya boiled his son for fie and Zhou to eat;a that is the old story. But actually si'ce the creatio.r of lreave' and earth by pan Gur men have been eating each other, from the ti're of yi yat son to the time of Xu Xilin,6 and from the time of Xu Xilin dow. to the rnan ca.ght in wolf cub Village. Last year they executed a crirni,al irr trre city, a.rd a co.,sumptive soaked a piece of bread in his blood and suckecl it. "They want to eat me, and of corlrse yo* can do nothi'g about it single- handed; but why n-urst you ioi' thenr? As 'rar-eaters they are capable of a.y- thing. If they eat rne, they can eat you as well; rnernbers of the same group can still eat each other. Btrt if yotr will iust change your ways, change .ight "*"y, then everyone will have peace. Altho.gh this has been going on silce time 4. Yi Ya, a fa' ori te of Duke tf.an of ei i n the sc' e,th cent' ry 8.c., was a good cook a.rd sycophant' Whetr the dtrke renrarked that he had never tasted the flesh ofchildreri, yi ya cooked hi s own son for hi m to eat. f i e and Zhou uere ki rrgs of earl i er peri ods. Thi s mi sstatenrel t i s presented as a sign of mental denrugenrent. 5. A nrythological 6gure. 6. A revol tl ti onan' esecttted i n r9o7 for assassi rrati rrg a Qi ng offi ci al . Hi s heart and l i ver were eaten. i nrrnernori al , todav r thi s can' t be done! I' tenant wanted the re At first l.re onlv srr and when I spoke of had gathered, amon peer i n. I corrl d not others were the old l, I knew they were on, di d not al l thi nk al i l always been so, men still wanted to, and r what I sai d made the Suddenl y my brol "Cl ear off, the ul a madrnan?" Then I real i zed p: thei r stand, and thei future, when I rvas e: probably be grateful bacl character, i t was Oltl Chen carne mouth. I had to wan "You should char' al i ze that there wi l l I "l f you don' t char you there are, you \r, by hunters- j ust l i ke Ol d Chen drove advised nle to go bac rafters shook above r bigger. They piled or The weight was s However, knowirrg t sweat. But I had to u "Yon must change know that there' l l be The sur.r has stopped dry. Pi cki ng np rnv ch rny l i ttl e si ster di ed: i -,- 11 ch ne ir5 n- le :n '! J. d s o n Lu Xun: A Madman's Diarv rq immernorial, today we could rnake a special effort to do what is right, and sav thi s can' t be done! I' m sure you can say that, Brother. ' l ' he other dav when the tenant wanted the rent reduced, you sai d i t cor-rl dn' t be done." At first he only srniled cynically, therr a rnurderous gleam came into his eyes, and when I spoke of their secret lre turned pale. Outside the gate quite a crowd had gathered, among them Mr. Zhao and hi s dog, al l crani ng thei r necks to peer i n. I coul d not see al l thei r faces. Sorne of them seemed to be masked; others were the old lot, long-toothed with livid faces, concealing their laughter. I knew thel' were one gang, all eaters of human flesh. But I also kneu' that they di d not al l thi nk al i ke by any means. Some of thern thought that si nce i t had al ways been so, men shoul d be eaten. Others knew they shoul dn' t eat men but still wanted to, and were afraid people might discover their secret; so although what I sai d made them angry they sti l l smi l ed thei r cyni cal , ti ght-l i pped srni l es. Suddenl y my brother' s face darkened. "Cl ear off, the whol e l ot of yotr!" he roared. "What' s the poi nt of l ooki ng at a madman?" T' hen I real i zecl part of thei r cunni ng. They woul d never be wi l l i ng to change thei r stand, and thei r pl ans were al l l ai d: they had l abel ed me a madman. l n future, when I was eaten, not only would there be no trotrble but people would probably be grateful to them. When our tenant spoke of the villagers eating a bad character, i t was exactl y the same devi ce. ' fhi s i s thei r ol d tri ck. Olcl Chen came ir.r too in a towering tentper. But thev cotrld not stop my mouth. I had to warn those people: "You should change, change from the bottom of your hearts. You must re- alize that there will be no place for man-eaters in the world in future. "l f you don' t change, you may al l be eaten by each other. However many of you there are, you wi l l be wi ped out by the rcal rnel , j trst as wol ves are ki l l ed bv hunters- j ust l i ke repti l es!" Old Chen drove everybody away. My brother had disappeared. Old Chen advised me to go back to my room. It was pitch-dark in there. The beams ar-rd rafters shook above n.ry head. After shaking for a while they grew bigger and bigger. They piled on top of me. The vveight was so great, I couldn't r.nove. They rneant that I shoLrlcl die. However, knowing that the weight was false, I stnrggled out, dripping with sweat. But I had to warn them: "Yon must change at once, change fronr the bottom of your hearts! You must know that there'll be no place for man-eaters in future. . . ." 1 l 'l'he sur-r has stopped shining, the door is never opened. fust trvo meals day after dry. Picking up my chopsticks, I thought of rny elder brother. I know now how my l i ttl e si ster di ed: i t rvas al l through hi m. My si ster was onl y fi ve at the ti rl e. e n I J L6 Fl cr r oN, l 9l 8- 1949 I can still remember l-row sweet she looked, poor thi'g. Mother wept as if she would never stop, but he begged her not to cry, probably because he had eaten our sister himself and so this weeping made hirn rather asharned. If he had any sense of shame. . . . My sister was eaten by my brother, brrt I don't know whether Mother realized it or not. I think Mother must have known, but when she wept she didn't say so outright, probably because she also tho'ght it proper. I remember when I was four or five, sifting in the cool of the hall, rny brother told me that if a man's parents were ill he should cut off a piece of his flesh and boil it for them, if he wanted to be considered a good son;: and Mother didn't contradict him. If one piece could be eaten, obviously so could the whole. And yet just to think of the weeping then still makes my heart bleed; that is the extraordinary thing about i t! t 2 I can't bear to think of it. It has only iust dawned on me that all these years I have been living in a place where for four thousand years huma' fesh has been eaten. My brother had iust taken over the charge of the house when our sister died, and he may well have used her flesh in our food, making us eat it unwittingly. I may have eaten several pieces o[ rny sistert flesh unwittingly, and now it is my turn. . . . How can a man like nryself, after four thousand years of man-eating history- even though I knew nothing about it at first-ever hope to face real men? r 3 Perhaps there are still children who haven't eaten men? Save the chi l dren. . . . 7. The doctri ne of fi l i al pi eh' used bv the feudal nrl i ng cl ass to poi son the peopl e preached that a son shoul d, i f necessary, cut off hi s orrrr fl csh to feed l ri s parents. tgtS The layout of Ltr a bar in the shal warmi ng ri ce wtl they spend four , now it costs ten Another copper I aniseed to go rvil the customers hr this. As for those di shes and si t dri At the age of edge of town. 'l'l too much of a fo, there were easie persnickety ones was ladled from personal l y i nsPe survei l l ance, di l boss rnany davs recommended t transferred to th lr ,;, I ,i,r ,t u:iii.,r :ii,: t,i.ri j' i
Walker Et Al (2009) - The Causes of Porotic Hyperostosis and Cribra Orbitalia A Reappraisal of The Iron Deficiency Anemia Hypothesis. AMERICAN JOURNAL of PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY