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The Case against Using Soluble Nylon in Conservation Work
Author(s): Catherine Sease
Source: Studies in Conservation, Vol. 26, No. 3 (Aug., 1981), pp. 102-110
Published by: on behalf of the Maney Publishing International Institute for Conservation of
Historic and Artistic Works
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Studies in
Conservation,
26
(1981),
102-110
THE CASE AGAINST USING SOLUBLE NYLON IN
CONSERVATION WORK
CATHERINE SEASE
Abstract-Many
conservators have had
problems
with
objects
treated with soluble
nylon.
The
chemistry
of modified
polyamides and, specifically,
soluble
nylon
is
reviewed,
as well as the
reactions
they undergo.
The behavior of soluble
nylon
in conservation is then discussed on the
basis of
practical experience gained
from
working
with
objects
treated with soluble
nylon.
1. INTRODUCTION
Soluble
nylon
is
N-methoxymethyl nylon,
a
chemically
modified form of
nylon
that is
produced by treating nylon
with
formaldehyde [1-3].
It was first mentioned in the con-
servation literature in 1958
[4]
when it was recommended as a consolidant for
objects
with
powdery
surfaces that
required soaking
to remove soluble salts. Since
then,
it has become
widely
used for a
great variety
of conservation
problems. Today,
if one looks
through
the
conservation
literature,
one will find that soluble
nylon
has been used on
paper [5, p. 121; 6],
textiles
[7-9],
stone
[5, pp. 336-337; 10], pottery [11],
wall
paintings [12-14],
wood
[15],
bone and
ivory [16; 5, p. 155], ethnographic objects
[17-19] and metals
[20, 21].
Soluble
nylon
is recommended and
widely
used because it is felt the
protective
film formed
has the
following
desirable
properties:
1 it is
flexible;
2 it does not exert
any
undue con-
tractile
forces;
3 it dries to a matt
surface;
4 it
possesses good
adhesive
properties;
and 5 it
has a
large
molecular structure which allows for the
easy passage
of water and salts
through
the film
[4].
This
paper
will first discuss the chemical structure and
properties
of these modified
nylons
and then look
specifically
at how soluble
nylon
behaves in conservation work. Little has
been said in the literature about how well it stands
up
to the claims made for it and how well
it maintains these
properties
over time. These claims will be discussed on the basis of
practical experience gained
from
working
with
objects
treated with soluble
nylon.
2. MODIFIED POLYAMIDES
Polyamides
are linear
polymers resulting
from a condensation reaction of amino
acids,
lactams or
dicarboxylic
acids with diamines
[22].
With this
process, depending
on the
constituent monomers
used,
a wide
variety
of
homopolymers
and
copolymers
can be made
exhibiting
a wide
range
of
physical properties.
The
polyamides
formed from
linear,
un-
substituted
aliphatic
monomers are known as
nylons [22].
Unmodified
nylons
are
highly crystalline
materials that are characterized
by outstanding
toughness,
excellent resistance to
abrasion, good
thermal
stability,
low
gas permeability
and
high
water
vapor
transmission rates
[23]. They
are hard and
inflexible,
have a
high
melting point
and are insoluble in all but
strong
mineral and
organic
acids. Most of these
properties
can be
explained by
the structural features of
polyamides.
The
majority
of these
polymers
are made
up
of
fully
extended chains linked
together by hydrogen
bonds
(Fig.
1)
to form sheets that can be
packed closely together
into a
crystal
unit
[24].
These chains
pack
together
so that the
oxygen
atoms of one molecule are
opposite
the -NH
groups
of an
opposite
molecule
providing
abundant
opportunity
for the formation of
hydrogen
bonds
between
adjacent
chains. This results in
very high
interchain forces
[2].
It was
subsequently
found that
by chemically modifying
these
nylons
a wide
variety
of
polymers
could be
produced
with
vastly
different
properties
from the
parent nylons.
This
102
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The case
against using
soluble
nylon
in conservation work
H
I
/CH2\
N\
C CH2
!1
O
H
\CH/ \C/CH2
II
FIG. 1
Hydrogen bonding
in
nylons through
the amide
0
hydrogen [25].
can be achieved
by substituting
a
methyl group
on the carbon chain
[26]
or
by reacting
the
polyamide
with
compounds capable
of
substituting
the amide
hydrogen
of the
polyamide
with another
group [22].
The commonest modified
nylons
are
N-alkoxymethyl
derivatives
[22].
These are
produced
when
nylons
are reacted with
formaldehyde
and an alcohol or
mercaptan
in the
presence
of
an acid to substitute
alkoxymethyl groups
on the
nitrogen
atom
[2, 3]:
I
I
N-H
H? N-CH,OR
I +
CH20
+ ROH
-
I
2
+ HO
C=O C=O
I
I
'Calaton'* soluble
nylon (N-methoxymethyl nylon),
which is
widely
used in conservation
work,
is
just
such an
N-alkoxymethyi
derivative which is made
by
the above
process
from
nylon 6,6t [27].
Depending upon
the
degree
of
substitution,
there is a
gradual change
in the
properties
of the
parent nylon [1, 3].
While the
original nylon
is
hard, insoluble,
inflexible and
crystalline,
modification results in an increase in
solubility, flexibility
and
elasticity,
a
lowering
of the
melting point
and reduction or elimination of
crystallinity [3].
Table 1 illustrates this
change
of
properties
from
nylon 6,6
for two
N-alkoxymethyl
derivatives with different
degrees
of substitution.
TABLE 1
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME POLYAMIDES
[2]
N-methoxymethyl 6,6
Nylon 6,6
35
%
amide 50
%
amide
subst. subst.
Maximum concentration in hot 80
%
ethanol None About 40
%
60
%
Melting point,
?C 264 150-160 100-110
Modulus of stiffness in 1000
lb/in2
290 14.2 3.0
Recovery
from
100% stretch, %
30-35 70-80 90-95
Tensile
strength, lb/in2 8000-10,000
4500-6000 2000-3000
*Made
by
I.C.I. Ltd
only
in the UK.
tThe
numbers refer to the number of carbon atoms
present
in the two monomers. The first refers to those in
the
amine,
the second to those in the acid.
Thus,
in
nylon 6,6
there are 6 carbon atoms in the amine
(hexamethylene diamine)
and 6 in the acid
(adipic acid).
Studies in
Conservation,
26
(1981),
102-110
103
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While the
parent nylon
is soluble
only
in mineral
acids, strong organic acids, phenols
and
solutions of calcium chloride in methanol
[2], N-alkoxymethyl nylons
are soluble in all of
the above solvents
plus
the lower
aliphatic
alcohols and mixtures of these alcohols with
water and chloroform
[2, 22,
26]. Methanol and ethanol
containing 15-30%
water are
excellent solvents for these modified
nylons
and
are,
in
fact,
better solvents than the
alcohols alone
[2].
The
degree
of substitution
directly
affects the
degree
of
solubility;
as the amount of substi-
tution increases so does the
solubility
of the
nylon
in alcohol. Solutions of modified
nylons
in most solvents sometimes show
clouding
and
gelation
on
prolonged storage
at room
temperature.
An increase in the substitution increases the
stability
of the solution toward
gelation,
with a
sharp
increase in
stability
in
aqueous
alcohol around 30-35
%
substitution
[2]. Although N-alkoxymethyl nylons
show an increase in
solubility
in alcohols over the
parent nylon, they
remain insoluble in
hydrocarbons,
chlorinated
hydrocarbons,
esters and
ketones
[2].
As the amount of substitution
increases,
so does the
flexibility
and
elasticity
of the modified
nylon.
At
50% substitution, polymers approaching synthetic
elastomers and rubbers are
produced [2]. Perhaps
the most
interesting change
in
physical properties
is the
recovery
from
stretching
which increases
drastically
with substitution
(see
Table
1).
The
parent
nylon 6,6
will
undergo
deformation when stretched which is not reversed when the stress is
released unless the stretched
nylon
is
subjected
to
very high temperatures.
For an
N-alkoxymethyl nylon
with 40-45
%
substitution there is a
pronounced tendency
to recover
from
stretching
at room
temperature.
It is
possible
to achieve
rapid
recoveries of 90-95
%
from
stretchings
of
up
to 500
%
of the
original length [2].
The
melting point
of the modified
nylons
decreases as the amount of substitution
increases,
as shown in Table 1. When substitution is carried far
enough, polymers
are
produced
which
are of a
syrupy consistency setting
to a
glass
at room
temperature [28].
All of these
changes
in the
physical properties
of modified
nylons
are a direct result of the
replacement
of the amide
hydrogen by
the
-CH2OR,
or
alkoxymethyl, group.
This
substitution affects the interchain forces in two
ways.
First of
all,
the removal of the amide
hydrogen
reduces the number of
hydrogen
atoms available for
forming hydrogen
bonds
between
adjacent
chains. As mentioned
above,
it is these interchain forces that are
responsible
for the
physical properties
of the
parent nylon
and the removal of the
hydrogen
bonding
renders the
polymer amorphous, rubbery
and elastic.
Secondly,
the introduction of
the
larger, bulky alkyl groups
makes close
packing
of the chains into a
crystal
unit more
difficult
[2, 25].
This has the effect of
separating
the
polymer molecules, thereby preventing
interchain
hydrogen bonding [26].
2.1. Reactions
of Modified Polyamides
In conservation work on
stone,
it has been found that soluble
nylon
becomes insoluble with
time and this has been attributed to
cross-linking [1].
These modified
nylons will,
in
fact,
cross-link,
but
only
in the
presence
of an acid at elevated
temperatures [3, 25, 28, 29]
when
a
methylene
or
polyoxymethylene cross-linkage
is
formed,
as shown in the
following
equation, rendering
the
polymer
insoluble and
non-thermoplastic [3]:
I I I I
N-CH2OOCH3
NH HH
N-CH2-N
+
I
i
I I
+
CH3OH [29]
C= O C=O C=O C=O
I I I I
This can be brought about by heating the modified nylon with 2 % citric acid for 20 minutes
Studies in
Conservation,
26
(1981),
102-110
104 Catherine Sease
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The case against using
soluble nylon in conservation work
at 120?C
[28].
It is this reaction that makes the modified
nylons
most useful and attractive
to
industry because,
after
being applied
as a
coating, they
can then be transformed into
a
hard,
insoluble film.
The action of
aqueous
acids on
N-alkoxymethyl nylons
also causes
hydrolysis
of the sub-
stituent
groups
to
occur,
which results in the
regeneration
of an unsubstituted amide
group
[29].
This reaction
is,
in
fact,
the reversal of the
process
used in the formation of these
modified
nylons.
The
result,
in
essence,
is a return to the
parent nylon
with all the
properties
of such a
polymer, including insolubility. Experimental
results show that acid
hydrolysis
occurs
quite rapidly
and that
strong
acids are not
required [29].
Hence it is most
probable
that the
insolubility
of soluble
nylon
can be
explained
as a result
of both of the above reactions. Since there is not
100%
substitution of the
parent nylon,
there will be some amide
groups remaining
that have not been affected
by
substitution. It
is
possible
that these
groups
under acidic conditions over a
long period
of time
might
form
cross-linkages
as shown in the formula above. It
may
be that over a
long period
of time the
elevated
temperatures
used in
experimental
and industrial work are not needed for such
reactions to take
place.
As well as
having
unmodified amide
groups present,
it is also
probable
that the substitution
reaction in some cases does not
go
all the
way
to form
methoxymethyl groups.
This
partial
reaction would result in the formation of
hydroxymethyl groups
on the chains. These
groups
are much more unstable than the
methoxymethyl groups
and would revert
easily
to the unmodified amide
group,
thus
providing
more amide
groups
for
possible cross-linking.
Under the conditions of conservation
use,
it is difficult to
pinpoint
the causes for this
insolubility.
The
change
to
insolubility
is
probably
a result of both
cross-linking
and acid
hydrolysis
of the
nylon
film. On treated
objects
that have been soaked for soluble
salts,
it is
easy
to see how these reactions could take
place, especially
acid
hydrolysis.
Distilled water
goes
acidic
very quickly
as it
picks up
carbon dioxide from the
air, having
a
pH
of 6 on
average.
DeWitte did some
experiments
and found that even demineralized water with
a
pH
of 6-1 rendered a soluble
nylon
film insoluble after three months immersion
[1].
For other
objects,
the cause of the acid
hydrolysis
and
cross-linking
is more difficult to
explain,
but
surely
there are
enough pollutants
in the air
today
to mix with moisture and
condensation to form acids for such reactions to take
place.
As
pointed
out
above, strong
acids are not needed for
hydrolysis
to take
place.
It is
undoubtedly
a much more
complicated
process
than
this, but,
whatever its
cause, hydrolysis
and
cross-linking
do
occur, rendering
the soluble
nylon
film insoluble.
3. SOLUBLE NYLON IN CONSERVATION WORK
There are various
grades
and trade names of soluble
nylon
available
commeIcially,
but there
is
only
one main one encountered in conservation work.
Calaton,
manufactured
by
I.C.I.
Ltd,
is available in two
grades,
CA and
CB,
the latter
being
the
grade
used
predominantly
throughout
conservation.
Originally
the trade name for Calaton CB was
Maranyl
Soluble
Nylon C109/P [5, p. 375].
Other trade names encountered are
Zytel (DuPont)
and Ultramid
(BASF) and, although
they
have both been used in conservation
work,
it should be noted
that
they
are
chemically
different from Calaton and should not be used as alternatives.
They
are
copolymers
made from three different monomers and as such have different
properties
[5, p. 375; 30].
These various soluble
nylons
are white
powders
which are
easily
dissolved in
ethanol,
methanol or a mixture of alcohol and water or chloroform
[2, 5, 28]. Once in
solution,
the
nylon
will form a
gel
on
cooling
to room
temperature,
but will
readily reliquify
on
warming
to
approximately
40?C
[4].
Soluble
nylon
can be
applied by
all conventional
coating
Studies in Conservation 26
(1981),
102-110
105
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techniques: by brushing
or
spraying,
or
by immersing
the
object
in the warmed solution.
It is
generally
used in a 1-5
%
solution.
Soluble
nylon
was advocated for conservation use because it had the
following
desirable
properties:
1
flexibility;
2 a clear matt
appearance;
3 it exerts no undue contractile
forces;
4
good
adhesive
properties;
5
permeability
to water
vapor. Experience
with a
large
number
of
objects
made of
widely differing
materials that were treated with soluble
nylon
as
long
ago
as the late 1950s and
early
1960s has shown
that,
without
exception,
all of them exhibi ted
the same
problems:
1 the film had attracted dirt and
dust, badly discoloring
the
objects
and
obscuring painted decoration;
2 the film was not
matt;
3 the film had exerted
strong
con-
tractile
forces, peeling
off the surface of the
object
with
it;
4 the film was no
longer flexible;
and 5 the film was insoluble. Of the desirable
properties originally
claimed for
it, per-
meability
to water is the
only
one that seems to be maintained over time.
Although
the soluble
nylon
film is not
tacky,
it is not a hard film and there is
ample
evidence
from
experience
that it
strongly
attracts
dirt,
dust and
grime,
even under ideal
storage
and
display
conditions. This dirt is not
readily
removed and indeed sometimes
proves impossible
to remove. As an
example, Figure
2a shows a limestone ostrakon that was coated with
soluble
nylon
in the mid-1960s to
keep
the
powdery paint
from
coming
off. Calaton CB
was brushed on to the surface of the stone.
Although
the stone was full of soluble
salts,
the
ostrakon was not soaked. Twelve
years later,
the entire surface of the stone was almost
black with
dirt,
dust and
grime
that had been attracted to and
incorporated
into the outer
layer
of the soluble
nylon
film in
spite
of the fact that the stone had been
kept
in an enclosed
drawer. This discoloration almost
completely
obliterated the
painted figure
on the stone.
Figure
2b shows the same ostrakon after the soluble
nylon
had been removed. Because the
film had become
insoluble,
the soluble
nylon
had to be removed
mechanically
with a
scalpel.
The stone was then soaked in baths of distilled water for the removal of soluble salts. The
original light
color of the stone has been recovered and the
drawing
of the
figure
is once
again
visible.
FIG. 2a Ostrakon
(U.C. 33212)
before
cleaning.
FIG. 2b Ostrakon
(U.C. 33212)
after
cleaning.
Experiments
have also shown that thin
coatings
of fresh Calaton CB
applied
to
glass
microscope
slides have
gone very cloudy
after
being exposed
to normal
daylight
for two
months.
As well as
being dirty,
most of the
objects
coated with soluble
nylon
did not have a matt
surface. To a certain
extent,
whether or not the surface film is matt is a function of the
porosity
of the material to which it is
applied.
If the
object
is of a
porous nature,
the soluble
nylon
is able to soak in
more,
thus
rendering
the surface
slightly
more matt than on a less
porous
surface. It is true that soluble
nylon
will
dry
to a matt surface if
applied very
Studies in
Conservation,
26
(1981),
102-110
106 Catherine Sease
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The case
against using
soluble nylon in conservation work
sparingly. Generally, though,
this is not the case and the treated
objects
have a thick
coating
giving
them a wet
appearance.
On
ethnographic materials,
the author has not noticed that a soluble
nylon coating
has
exerted
any
undue contractile
forces,
but has found it to do so on limestone ostraka.
Figure
3 shows an ostrakon which has been treated with soluble
nylon.
The film has
shrunk,
broken in areas and
peeled
back
taking
a thin
layer
of the stone surface and some of the
paint
with it. The heads of the two bulls and the
legs
of the
right
bull have been
badly
damaged
as a
result,
as well as the surface of the stone underneath the
right
bull and to the
left of the human
figure.
1*~~~t4~~~nylon.
The
light
a reias are
. .?"?::P . ...i ''
l
s A. .
where the soluble
nylon
film
has
pulled
off a
layer
of the
surface of the stone and
paint
on the bull on the
right.
.... .. . .. , . '- . '-:.:~
..: E . . .
:~... .... ,.-FIG. 4 Ostrakon (U.C.
,
??r~~~' ;9' # .*:~~ a. 33204) treated with soluble
?-:~~~~~'~~~ ~nylon,
showing
how salt
efflorescence has caused the
nylon
film to blister and
break, removing
the surface
A."9"ua " "iof
the stone and paint with it.
l
,~d' ...
.._ on:.~The
left shoulder and
right
thigh of the figure are badly
affected.
Another interesting example
is shown in
Figure 4. This ostrakon was heavily
coated with
soluble nylon
to consolidate the
paint
and badly flaking
surface caused by
soluble salts.
These salts were allowed to remain in the stone and, as a result of
poor storage,
salt
efflorescence continued to occur. All over the surface the soluble nylon
film blistered where
salt
crystals
had forced the film
up
and in many places
the crystals
had actually
broken
through
the film. Wherever it had been
pierced,
the film had
peeled away, pulling
some of
the stone surface and
paint along
with it.
Studies in
Conservation,
26
(1981),
102-110
107
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These observations are corroborated
by
work done
by
DeWitte
[1].
On
systematic testing
of
Calaton
CA,
he found that it did indeed exert
strong
contractile forces
causing
the severe
deformation of a wooden framework.
Coupled
with this is the fact that soluble
nylon only
results in a surface consolidation and it is
very
difficult to achieve a
deep penetration,
probably
because on
coming
in contact with the surface of the
object
the solution of soluble
nylon
cools to such an extent that it is close to
gelling. However,
even when the
object
is
heated
slightly
before
applying
the soluble
nylon,
a
deep penetration
is not achieved.
With
many
of the
objects
worked
on,
no matter how old the soluble
nylon film,
it had still
retained its
flexibility
and
elasticity.
This was not the
case, however,
with the limestone
ostraka if
they
were
subjected
to
soaking
for the removal of soluble salts. On stones
that were
sound,
it was tried
originally
to remove the soluble salts
by soaking
the stone
before
attempting
to remove the soluble
nylon
and clean
up
the surface. It
quickly
became
clear that this would not work as within 24 hours of
immersing
the stone in distilled
water,
the soluble
nylon
film went
cloudy. Upon
removal from the bath and
drying
at the com-
pletion
of the
soaking treatment,
the film remained
slightly cloudy
and had become brittle
and vulnerable to
damage.
DeWitte also found this loss of
elasticity
of the film as a result
of immersion in water
[1].
By
far the worst
property
of soluble
nylon
is its
insolubility
on
ageing.
The soluble
nylon
film on
every object
worked on has been unaffected
by solvents,
even
phenol
and con-
centrated acids when
they
could be tried. On some limestone
ostraka,
warm methanol
served to swell the film
sufficiently
to allow it to be
gently scraped
off with a
scalpel,
but
this could
only
be done on areas where the surface was
strong
and there was no
paint.
With
the limestone
ostraka,
it was found that the
only way
to remove the soluble
nylon
was
by
slowly
and
gently rolling
it off with a
scalpel
or wooden
toothpick.
Often this was more
tedious than
difficult,
as there was
virtually
no
penetration
of the
nylon
into the stone and
it
was,
in
effect, only sitting
on the surface of the stone. DeWitte
[1]
found that
tampons
of
3-chloro-l,2-propanediol
were successful in
removing
soluble
nylon
from
stone,
but this
treatment could not be
applied
to
painted
or
fragile
areas.
The
only
metals encountered which had been treated with soluble
nylon
were made of
gold
or a
gold/silver alloy.
With
these,
it was
possible
to use swabs of concentrated nitric or formic
acid with some
degree
of success in
removing
the soluble
nylon,
but this treatment would
obviously
not be suitable for bronzes or other
metals, especially
if in
averyfragile
condition.
Organic materials,
such as
wood, basketry
and
feathers, pose
the
greatest problem;
there
is
virtually
no
way
of
removing
soluble
nylon
from such
objects
without
damaging
them.
Solutions of warm alcohol are
totally
ineffective and due to the nature of these materials
stronger
solvents and acids cannot be used. It is
paradoxical
and unfortunate that the
only
solvents
remotely
successful in
removing
soluble
nylon
cannot be used on
fragile
materials
or
painted
surfaces which are the
very
areas to which the film has been
applied.
Even if
a successful method were to be found for
removing
soluble
nylon,
there
undoubtedly always
will be areas on an
object
where it will be
completely impossible
to remove the film without
damaging
the surface.
4. CONCLUSION
In view of the technical information available on the
properties
and behavior of soluble
nylon
and the
experience
that some conservators have had with
objects
treated with
it,
it is
difficult to believe that it still continues to be used
widely
in conservation work
today.
There
are so
many
other more suitable resins and materials now available which exhibit none of
the undesirable
qualities
of soluble
nylon
that a
replacement
should not be difficult to find.
For
example,
friable
objects needing
consolidation before
soaking
for soluble salts have been
Studies in
Conservation,
26
(1981),
102-110
108 Catherine Sease
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
The case
against using
soluble
nylon
in conservation work
successfully
treated with Paraloid B72* which has not
noticeably
slowed down or
impeded
the movement of salts.
Moreover,
it has not
discolored,
attracted dirt or become insoluble.
It can
only
be concluded that soluble
nylon
should no
longer
be considered a suitable
material for conservation
purposes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I should like to thank
Geoffrey Martin,
Curator of the Petrie
Museum, University College,
London,
for
allowing
me to use
photographs
of ostraka in the Petrie Collection. I am also
indebted to Elizabeth C.
Welsh, formerly
of the
Objects
Conservation
Department,
Metropolitan
Museum of
Art,
for
helping
in the initial review of the conservation literature
on soluble
nylon
and for
running
some of the tests on Calaton CB.
Finally,
I should like
to thank John W. Sease of the
Chemistry Department, Wesleyan University,
for
helping
me with the
chemistry
involved in this
paper.
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*A
methyl acrylate/ethyl methacrylate copolymer
manufactured
by
Rohm and
Haas, Philadelphia, Pa.,
USA.
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Nylon
Resin-Uses and
Properties,
Technical
Information,
E. I. duPont de Nemours
and
Company, Wilmington, Del.,
USA.
Received 29
August
1980
CATHERINE SEASE is a
graduate
of
Bryn
Mawr
College
and has a B.Sc. in conservation from the Institute
of
Archaeology, University
of London. She worked for two
years
as a demonstrator in the Conservation
Department,
Institute of
Archaeology, London,
and has been the conservator on numerous
archaeological
excavations. She is
currently
associate conservator in the
Objects
Conservation
Department, Metropolitan
Museum of
Art,
New
York,
where she is in
charge
of the conservation and installation of the new Rockefeller
Wing
of
primitive
art.
Author's address: Objects Conservation
Department, Metropolitan
Museum
of Art, Fifth
Avenue at 82nd
Street,
New
York,
NY
10028,
USA.
Resume-De nombreux restaurateurs ont eu des
problemes
avec des
objets
trait6s au
nylon
soluble. On
passe
en revue la chimie des
polyamides modifies,
et
plus sp6cialement
celle du
nylon
soluble,
du
point
de vue des reactions
qui
interviennent. On decrit des cas bases sur
l'experience
pratique
d'utilisation en restauration du
nylon
soluble et les r6sultats obtenus sur des
objets
trait6s de cette fagon.
Auszug-Viele
Konservatoren hatten Probleme mit
Gegenstanden,
die mit loslichem
Nylon
behandelt worden waren. Die Chemie modifizierter
Polyamide,
und besonders von loslichem
Nylon,
wird
untersucht,
und die
Reaktionen,
die sie durchmachen. Das Verhalten von
loslichem
Nylon
bei der
Konservierung
wird dann diskutiert auf der
Grundlage praktischer
Erfahrung,
die man beim Arbeiten mit
Gegenstanden,
die mit loslichem
Nylon
behandelt
worden waren, gewonnen
hat.
Studies in
Conservation,
26
(1981),
102-110
Catherine Sease 110
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