1.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
(1.1) INTRODUCTION TO HR
Human Resource Management is an art of managing people at work in such a manner that
they give their best to the organization. In simple word human resource management refers to the
quantitative aspects of employees working in an organization.
Human Resource Management is also a management function concerned with hiring, motivating,
and maintains people in an organization. It focuses on people in organization.
rganizations are not mere bricks, mortar, machineries or inventories. !hey are people. It is the who
staff and manage organizations.
HRM involves the application of management functions and principles. !he functions and principles
are applied to acquisitioning, developing, maintain, and remunerating employees in organizations.
"ecisions relating to employees must be integrated. "ecision on different aspect of employees must
be consistent with other human resource decisions.
"ecision made must influence the effectiveness of organization. #ffectiveness of an organization
must result in betterment of services to customers in the form of high$quality product supplied at reasonable
costs.
HRM function s is not confined to business establishment only. !hey are applicable to non$business
organizations, too such as education, health care, recreation etc.
!he scope of HRM is indeed vast. %ll ma&or activities in the working life of his or her entry into an
organization until he or she leaves$come under the previews of HRM.specifically, the activities included are HR
planning, &ob analysis and be sign, recruitment and selection, orientation and placement, training and
development, performance appraisal and &ob evaluation, employee and e'ecutive remuneration, motivation and
communication, welfare, safety and health, industrial relations and the like.
(
HRM is a broad concept )ersonnel management and human resource development is a part of HRM.
*efore we define +Human Resource Management,, it seems good to first define
heterogeneous in the sense that they differ in personality, perception, emotions, values, attitudes, motives,
and modes of thoughts.
Human resource management plays an important role in the development process of modern
economy. In fact it is said that all the development comes from the human mind.
+ Human Resource Management is a process of producing development, maintaining and
controlling human resources for effective achievement of organization goals.,
CONCEPT OF STRESS
(1.2.1) INTRODUCTION TO STRESS
% lot of research has been conducted into stress over the last hundred years. -ome of the theories
behind it are now settled and accepted. others are still being researched and debated. "uring this time, there
seems to have been something approaching open warfare between competing theories and definitions/ 0iews
have been passionately held and aggressively defended.
1hat complicates this is that intuitively we all feel that we know what stress is, as it is something we
have all e'perienced. % definition should therefore be obvious2e'cept that it is not.
Definition:
Hans -elye was one of the founding fathers of stress research. His view in (345 was that +stress is
not necessarily something bad 6 it all depends on how you take it. !he stress of e'hilarating, creative successful
work is beneficial, while that of failure, humiliation or infection is detrimental., -elye believed that the
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biochemical effects of stress would be e'perienced irrespective of whether the situation was positive or
negative.
-ince then, a great deal of further research has been conducted, and ideas have moved on. -tress is
now viewed as a 8bad thing8, with a range of harmful biochemical and long$term effects. !hese effects have
rarely been observed in positive situations.
!he most commonly accepted definition of stress 9mainly attributed to Richard - :azarus; is that
t!e i " #on$ition o! fee%in& e'(e!ien#e$ )*en " (e!on (e!#ei+e t*"t ,$e-"n$ e'#ee$ t*e (e!on"%
"n$ o#i"% !eo.!#e t*e in$i+i$."% i "/%e to -o/i%i0e.1 In short, it<s what we feel when we think we<ve lost
control of events.
!his is the main definition used by this section of Mind !ools, although we also recognize that there
is an intertwined instinctive stress response to une'pected events. !he stress response inside us is therefore part
instinct and part to do with the way we think.
!he types of stress are as follows
Me#*"ni#"%
-tress 9physics;, the average amount of force e'erted per unit area.
=ield stress, the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically.
>ompressive stress, the stress applied to materials resulting in their compaction.
2io%o&i#"%
-tress 9biological;, physiological or psychological stress. some types include/
o >hronic stress, persistent stress which can lead to illness and mental disorder
o #ustress, positive stress that can lead to improved long$term functioning
o 1orkplace stress, stress caused by employment
M.i#
%ccent 9music;.
-tress 9band;, an early <?@s melodic rock band from -an "iego.
-tress 9punk band;, an early <?@s punk rock band from %thens.
A
-tress 9Beo$)sychedelic band;, from the late (3?@<s.
-tress, a song by the Crench band Dustice on their debut album
Ot*e!
-tress 9game;, card game
-tress 9linguistics;, phonological use of prominence in language
C*!oni# St!e
C*!oni# t!e is stress that lasts a long time or occurs frequently. >hronic stress is potentially damaging.
-ymptoms of chronic stress can be/
upset stomach
headache
backache
insomnia
an'iety
depression
anger
In the most severe cases it can lead to panic attacks or a panic disorder.
!here are a variety of methods to control chronic stress, including e'ercise, healthy diet, stress management,
rela'ation techniques, adequate rest, and rela'ing hobbies.
#nsuring a healthy diet containing magnesium may help control or eliminate stress, in those individuals with
lower levels of magnesium or those who have a magnesium deficiency. >hronic stress can also lead to a
magnesium deficiency, which can be a factor in continued chronic stress, and a whole host of other negative
medical conditions caused by a magnesium deficiency.
It has been discovered that there is a huge upsurge in the number of people who suffer from this condition. %
very large number of these new cases suffer from insomnia.
E
In a review of the scientific literature on the relationship between stress and disease, the authors found that
stress plays a role in triggering or worsening depression and cardiovascular disease and in speeding the
progression of HI0F%I"-.
Co-(!ei+e t!e:
Co-(!ei+e t!e is the stress applied to materials resulting in their compaction 9decrease of
volume;. 1hen a material is sub&ected to compressive stress, then this material is under compression. Gsually,
compressive stress applied to bars, columns, etc. leads to shortening.
:oading a structural element or a specimen will increase the compressive stress until the reach of compressive
strength. %ccording to the properties of the material, failure will occur as yield for materials with ductile
behavior 9most metals, some soils and plastics; or as rupture for brittle behavior 9geometries, cast iron, glass,
etc;.
In long, slender structural elements $$ such as columns or truss bars $$ an increase of compressive force C leads
to structural failure due to buckling at lower stress than the compressive strength.
>ompressive stress has stress units 9force per unit area;, usually with negative values to indicate the
compaction. However in geotechnical engineering, compressive stress is represented with positive values.
St!e in 2io%o&i#"% te!-:
St!e is a biological term which refers to the consequences of the failure of a human or animal body to respond
appropriately to emotional or physical threats to the organism, whether actual or imagined. It includes a state of
alarm and adrenaline production, short$term resistance as a coping mechanism, and e'haustion. It refers to the
inability of a human or animal body to respond. >ommon stress symptoms include irritability, muscular tension,
inability to concentrate and a variety of physical reactions, such as headaches and accelerated heart rate.
!he term 8stress8 was first used by the endocrinologist Hans -elye in the (3A@s to identify physiological
responses in laboratory animals. He later broadened and popularized the concept to include the perceptions and
responses of humans trying to adapt to the challenges of everyday life. In -elye<s terminology, 8stress8 refers to
the reaction of the organism, and 8stressor8 to the perceived threat. -tress in certain circumstances may be
e'perienced positively. #ustress, for e'ample, can be an adaptive response prompting the activation of internal
resources to meet challenges and achieve goals.
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!he term is commonly used by laypersons in a metaphorical rather than literal or biological sense, as a catch$all
for any perceived difficulties in life. It also became a euphemism, a way of referring to problems and eliciting
sympathy without being e'plicitly confessional, &ust 8stressed out8. It covers a huge range of phenomena from
mild irritation to the kind of severe problems that might result in a real breakdown of health. In popular usage
almost any event or situation between these e'tremes could be described as stressful.
W*"t i St!e3
-tress refers to the strain from the conflict between our e'ternal environment and us, leading to emotional and
physical pressure. In our fast paced world, it is impossible to live without stress, whether you are a student or a
working adult. !here is both positive and negative stress, depending on each individualHs unique perception of
the tension between the two forces. Bot all stress is bad. Cor e'ample, positive stress, also known as eustress,
can help an individual to function at optimal effectiveness and efficiency.
Hence, it is evident that some form of positive stress can add more color and vibrancy to our lives. !he presence
of a deadline, for e'ample, can push us to make the most of our time and produce greater efficiency. It is
important to keep this in mind, as stress management refers to using stress to our advantage, and not on
eradicating the presence of stress in our lives.
n the other hand, negative stress can result in mental and physical strain. !he individual will e'perience
symptoms such as tensions, headaches, irritability and in e'treme cases, heart palpitations. Hence, whilst some
stress may be seen as a motivating force, it is important to manage stress levels so that it does not have an
adverse impact on your health and relationships.
)art of managing your stress levels include learning about how stress can affect you emotionally and physically,
as well as how to identify if you are performing at your optimal stress level 9-:; or if you are e'periencing
negative stress. !his knowledge will help you to identify when you need to take a break, or perhaps seek
professional help. It is also your first step towards developing techniques to managing your stress levels.
Modern day stresses can take the form of monetary needs, or emotional frictions. >ompetition at work and an
increased workload can also cause greater levels of stress. How do you identify if you are suffering from
e'cessive stressI )sychological symptoms commonly e'perienced include insomnia, headaches and an inability
to focus. )hysical symptoms take the form of heart palpitations, breathlessness, e'cessive sweating and
stomachaches.
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1hat causes stressI !here are many different causes of stress, and that which causes stress is also known as a
stressor. >ommon lifestyle stressors include performance, threat, and bereavement stressors, to name a few.
)erformance stressors are triggered when an individual is placed in a situation where he feels a need to e'cel.
!his could be during performance appraisals, lunch with the boss, or giving a speech. !hreat stressors are
usually when the current situation poses a dangerous threat, such as an economic downturn, or from an accident.
:astly, bereavement stressors occur when there is a sense of loss such as the death of a loved one, or a prized
possession.
!hus, there are various stressors, and even more varied methods and techniques of dealing with stress and
turning it to our advantages. In order to do so, we must learn to tell when we have crossed the line from positive
to negative stress.
4oo$ t!e +5 2"$ t!e:
-tress has often been misunderstood to be negative, with few people acknowledging the importance and
usefulness of positive stress. In our everyday lives, stress is everywhere and definitely unavoidable. hence our
emphasis should be on differentiating between what is good stress, and what is bad. !his will help us to learn to
cope with negative stress, and harness the power of positive stress to help us achieve more.
!here are E main categories of stress, namely eustress, distress, hyper stress and hypo stress. Begative stress can
cause many physical and psychological problems, whilst positive stress can be very helpful for us. HereHs how
we differentiate between them.
E.t!e:
this is a positive form of stress, which prepares your mind and body for the imminent challenges that it has
perceived. #ustress is a natural physical reaction by your body which increases blood flow to your muscles,
resulting in a higher heart rate. %thletes before a competition or perhaps a manager before a ma&or presentation
would do well with eustress, allowing them to derive the inspiration and strength that is needed.
Dit!e
1e are familiar with this word, and know that it is a negative form of stress. !his occurs when the mind and
body is unable to cope with changes, and usually occurs when there are deviations from the norm. !hey can be
categorized into acute stress and chronic stress. %cute stress is intense, but does not last for long. n the other
J
hand, chronic stress persists over a long period of time. !rigger events for distress can be a change in &ob scope
or routine that the person is unable to handle or cope with.
H6(e! t!e
!his is another form of negative stress that occurs when the individual is unable to cope with the workload.
#'amples include highly stressful &obs, which require longer working hours than the individual can handle. If
you suspect that you are suffering from hyper stress, you are likely to have sudden emotional breakdowns over
insignificant issues, the proverbial straws that broke the camelHs back. It is important for you to recognize that
your body needs a break, or you may end up with severe and chronic physical and psychological reactions.
H6(o t!e
:astly, hypo stress occurs when a person has nothing to do with his time and feels constantly bored and
unmotivated. !his is due to an insufficient amount of stress. hence some stress is inevitable and helpful to us.
>ompanies should avoid having workers who e'perience hypo stress as this will cause productivity and
mindfulness to fall. If the &ob scope is boring and repetitive, it would be a good idea to implement some form of
&ob rotation so that there is always something new to learn.
!he types of stress are named as eustress and distress. Dit!e is the most commonly$referred to type
of stress, having negative implications, whereas e.t!e is a positive form of stress, usually related to desirable
events in person<s life. *oth can be equally ta'ing on the body, and are cumulative in nature, depending on a
person<s way of adapting to a change that has caused it.
Co(in& )it* St!e "t Wo!7 (%"#e
1ith the rapid advancement of technology, the stresses faced at work have also increased. Many people dread
going to work, hence the term +Monday *lues,. 1hat is the reason for thisI !here is partly the fear from being
retrenched in bad times, leading to greater &ob insecurity on the part of those who remain. Gndoubtedly,
occupational stress is one of the most commonly cited stressors faced by people all over the world.
-tress refers to the pressure and reactions to our environment which results in psychological and physical
reactions. 1hilst some stress is good for motivation and increasing efficiency, too much stress can result in
negative impacts such as reduced effectiveness and efficiency. More and more people are feeling isolated and
?
disrespected at work, and this has led to greater occupational stress. Many companies have taken to consulting
e'perts and professionals on ways to increase connectedness and motivation of their employees.
-ome companies organize parties and make their employees feel valued at work. !hese are measures to
motivate employees and help them to feel secure at their &obs, translating into greater productivity. However,
not all companies have such measures in place, and some have not gotten it quite right. Hence, it is up to you to
make sure that you can cope with stress at your workplace, and use it to help you work better. Here are A simple
steps to help you with coping with stress in the workplace.
Ste( 1: R"iin& A)"!ene
Help yourself to identify when you are facing rising levels of stress, tipping the scales from positive to negative.
!his is important, as being able to identify signs of being stressed can help you to take steps to ensure that your
overall quality of life does not drop. If left unacknowledged, the problem will only snowball, leading to
disastrous consequences to your health and overall wellbeing.
=ou can identify if you are feeling stressed by checking if you have any physical or psychological reactions,
such as e'cessive sweating or heart palpitations, or the onset of headaches, irritability or the need to escape. If
you e'perience any of these reactions, identify if you are feeling any overwhelming negative emotions, and if
you are constantly worried.
Ste( 2: I$entif6 t*e C".e
=ou need to be able to analyze the situation and identify what is causing the rise in stress. !hese stressors can be
e'ternal and internal. #'ternal stressors refer to things beyond your control, such as the environment or your
colleagues at work. Internal stressors refer to your own thinking and attitude. ften, we only start reacting to
stress when a combination of stressors working together e'ceeds our ability to cope.
Keep a diary or a list of events that have caused you to feel strong negative emotions, or that are likely stressors.
!his will help you to identify the causes of your stress. 1hilst it is not always possible to eradicate them, we
can change the way that we cope with it.
Ste( 8: Co(in& )it* St!e
In order to deal with the situation that is causing you stress, you need to calm your mind and body so as to stave
off the reactions and cope with it in a positive way. !his can be through different methods, such as taking time
off. If a situation is triggering your stress and you are unable to calm down, remove yourself from it. Lo outside
3
and take a walk to calm down. %lternatively, you can try implementing rela'ation techniques such as deep
breathing. If it is an internal stressor, stop your thought process until you are able to deal with it logically.
!he key to making these A steps work for you is to practice them. !hese are not instantaneous solutions, and
you need to condition your mind and practice them so that you can implement it when you are feeling stressed.
St!e M"n"&e-ent
-tress management is the need of the hour. However hard we try to go beyond a stress situation, life
seems to find new ways of stressing us out and plaguing us with an'iety attacks. Moreover, be it our an'iety,
mind$body e'haustion or our erring attitudes, we tend to overlook causes of stress and the conditions triggered
by those. In such unsettling moments we often forget that stressors, if not escapable, are fairly manageable and
treatable.
-tress, either quick or constant, can induce risky body$mind disorders. Immediate disorders such as dizzy spells,
an'iety attacks, tension, sleeplessness, nervousness and muscle cramps can all result in chronic health problems.
!hey may also affect our immune, cardiovascular and nervous systems and lead individuals to habitual
addictions, which are inter$linked with stress.
:ike 8stress reactions8, 8rela'ation responses8 and stress management techniques are some of the
body<s important built$in response systems. %s a rela'ation response the body tries to get back balance in its
homeostasis. -ome hormones released during the <fight or flight< situation prompt the body to replace the lost
carbohydrates and fats, and restore the energy level. !he knotted nerves, tightened muscles and an e'hausted
mind crave for looseness. Gnfortunately, today, we don<t get rela'ing and soothing situations without asking. !o
be rela'ed we have to strive to create such situations.
Re#o&ni0in& " t!eo!:
It is important to recognize whether you are under stress or out of it. Many times, even if we are under the
influence of a stressful condition and our body reacts to it internally as well as e'ternally, we fail to realize that
we are reacting under stress. !his also happens when the causes of stress are there long enough for us to get
habituated to them. !he body constantly tries to tell us through symptoms such as rapid palpitation, dizzy spells,
tight muscles or various body aches that something is wrong. It is important to remain attentive to such
symptoms and to learn to cope with the situations.
1e cope better with stressful situation, when we encounter them voluntarily. In cases of relocation, promotion
(@
or layoff, adventurous sports or having a baby, we tend to respond positively under stress. *ut, when we are
compelled into such situations against our will or knowledge, more often than not, we wilt at the face of
unknown and imagined threats. Cor instance, stress may mount when one is coerced into undertaking some
work against one<s will.
L".&*te!/
%dopting a humorous view towards life<s situations can take the edge off everyday stressors. Bot being too
serious or in a constant alert mode helps maintain the equanimity of mind and promote clear thinking. *eing
able to laugh stress away is the smartest way to ward off its effects.
% sense of humor also allows us to perceive and appreciate the incongruities of life and provides moments of
delight. !he emotions we e'perience directly affect our immune system. !he positive emotions can create
neurochemical changes that buffer the immunosuppressive effects of stress.
"uring stress, the adrenal gland releases corticosteroids, which are converted to cortical in the blood stream.
!hese have an immunosuppressive effect. "r. :ee *erk and fellow researcher "r. -tanley !an at :oma :inda
Gniversity -chool of Medicine have produced carefully controlled studies showing that the e'perience of
laughter lowers serum cortical levels, increases the amount and activity of ! lymphocytesMthe natural killer
cells. :aughter also increases the number of ! cells that have suppresser receptors.
1hat :aughter >an "o %gainst -tress %nd Its #ffectsI
N :aughter lowers blood pressure and reduces hypertension.
N It provides good cardiac conditioning especially for those who are unable to perform physical e'ercise.
N Reduces stress hormones 9studies shows, laughter induces reduction of at least four of neuroendocrine
hormonesMepinephrine, cortical, dopac, and growth hormone, associated with stress response;.
N :aughter cleanses the lungs and body tissues of accumulated stale air as it empties more air than it takes in. It
is beneficial for patients suffering from emphysema and other respiratory ailments.
N It increases muscle fle'ion, rela'ation and fluent blood circulation in body.
((
N *oosts immune function by raising levels of infection$fighting !$cells, disease$fighting proteins called
Lamma$interferon and disease$destroying antibodies called *$cells.
N :aughter triggers the release of endorphinsMbody<s natural painkillers.
N )roduces a general sense of well$being.
Wo!7(%"#e St!e
Wo!7(%"#e t!e is the harmful physical and emotional response that occurs when there is a poor match
between &ob demands and the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker. -tress$related disorders encompass
a broad array of conditions, including psychological disorders 9e.g., depression, an'iety, post$traumatic stress
disorder; and other types of emotional strain 9e.g., dissatisfaction, fatigue, tension, etc.;, maladaptive behaviors
9e.g., aggression, substance abuse;, and cognitive impairment 9e.g., concentration and memory problems;. In
turn, these conditions may lead to poor work performance or even in&ury. Dob stress is also associated with
various biological reactions that may lead ultimately to compromised health, such as cardiovascular disease.
-tress is a prevalent and costly problem in today<s workplace. %bout one$third of workers report high levels of
stress. ne$quarter of employees view their &obs as the number one stressor in their lives. !hree$quarters of
employees believe the worker has more on$the$&ob stress than a generation ago. #vidence also suggests that
stress is the ma&or cause of turnover in organizations.
He"%t* "n$ He"%t*#"!e Uti%i0"tion
)roblems at work are more strongly associated with health complaints than are any other life stressor$more so
than even financial problems or family problems. Many studies suggest that psychologically demanding &obs
that allow employees little control over the work process increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. n the
basis of research by the Bational Institute for ccupational -afety and Health and many other organizations, it
is widely believed that &ob stress increases the risk for development of back and upper$e'tremity
musculoskeletal disorders. High levels of stress are associated with substantial increases in health service
utilization. 1orkers who report e'periencing stress at work also show e'cessive health care utilization. In a
(33? study of E5,@@@ workers, health care costs were nearly 4@O greater for workers reporting high levels of
stress in comparison to +low risk, workers. !he increment rose to nearly (4@O, an increase of more than P(,J@@
per person annually, for workers reporting high levels of both stress and depression. %dditionally, periods of
(7
disability due to &ob stress tend to be much longer than disability periods for other occupational in&uries and
illnesses.
C".e of Wo!7(%"#e St!e
Dob stress results from the interaction of the worker and the conditions of work. 0iews differ on the importance
of worker characteristics versus working conditions as the primary cause of &ob stress. !he differing viewpoints
suggest different ways to prevent stress at work. %ccording to one school of thought, differences in individual
characteristics such as personality and coping skills are most important in predicting whether certain &ob
conditions will result in stress$in other words, what is stressful for one person may not be a problem for
someone else. !his viewpoint leads to prevention strategies that focus on workers and ways to help them cope
with demanding &ob conditions. %lthough the importance of individual differences cannot be ignored, scientific
evidence suggests that certain working conditions are stressful to most people. -uch evidence argues for a
greater emphasis on working conditions as the key source of &ob stress, and for &ob redesign as a primary
prevention strategy. )ersonal interview surveys of working conditions, including conditions recognized as risk
factors for &ob stress, were conducted in Member -tates of the #uropean Gnion in (33@, (334, and 7@@@.
Results showed a trend across these periods suggestive of increasing work intensity. In (33@, the percentage of
workers reporting that they worked at high speeds at least one$fourth of their working time was E?O, increasing
to 4EO in (334 and to 45O in 7@@@. -imilarly, 4@O of workers reported they work against tight deadlines at
least one$fourth of their working time in (33@, increasing to 45O in (334 and 5@ O in 7@@@. However, no
change was noted in the period (33467@@@ 9data not collected in (33@; in the percentage of workers reporting
sufficient time to complete tasks. % substantial percentage of %mericans work very long hours. *y one estimate,
more than 75O of men and more than ((O of women worked 4@ hours per week or more in 7@@@. !hese figures
represent a considerable increase over the previous three decades, especially for women. %ccording to the
"epartment of :abor, there has been an upward trend in hours worked among employed women, an increase in
e'tended work weeks 9QE@ hours; by men, and a considerable increase in combined working hours among
working couples, particularly couples with young children.
Si&n of Wo!7(%"#e St!e
Mood and sleep disturbances, upset stomach and headache, and disturbed relationships with family. friends and
girlfriends or boyfriends are e'amples of stress$related problems. !he effects of &ob stress on chronic diseases
are more difficult to see because chronic diseases take a long time to develop and can be influenced by many
factors other than stress. Bonetheless, evidence is rapidly accumulating to suggest that stress plays an important
(A
role in several types of chronic health problems$especially cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders,
and psychological disorders.
P!e+ention
% combination of organizational change and stress management is often the most useful approach for preventing
stress at work.
How to >hange the rganization to )revent Dob -tress
#nsure that the workload is in line with workers< capabilities and resources.
"esign &obs to provide meaning, stimulation, and opportunities for workers to use their skills.
>learly define workers< roles and responsibilities.
Live workers opportunities to participate in decisions and actions affecting their &obs.
Improve communications$reduce uncertainty about career development and future employment
prospects.
)rovide opportunities for social interaction among workers.
#stablish work schedules that are compatible with demands and responsibilities outside the &ob.
"iscrimination inside the workplace. 9e.g. nationality and language ;
-t. )aul Cire and Marine Insurance >ompany conducted several studies on the effects of stress prevention
programs in hospital settings. )rogram activities included 9(; employee and management education on &ob
stress, 97; changes in hospital policies and procedures to reduce organizational sources of stress, and 9A;
establishment of employee assistance programs. In one study, the frequency of medication errors declined by
4@O after prevention activities was implemented in a J@@$bed hospital. In a second study, there was a J@O
reduction in malpractice claims in 77 hospitals that implemented stress prevention activities. In contrast, there
was no reduction in claims in a matched group of 77 hospitals that did not implement stress prevention
activities.
Re$.#e 6o.! t!e
(. 9o/ "n"%6i: : 1e have all e'perienced that appalling sense of having far too much work to do and too little
time to do it in. 1e can choose to ignore this, and work unreasonably long hours to stay on top of our workload.
!he risks here are that we become e'hausted, that we have so much to do that we do a poor quality &ob and that
we neglect other areas of our life. #ach of these can lead to intense stress.
(E
!he alternative is to work more intelligently, by focusing on the things that are important for &ob success and
reducing the time we spend on low priority tasks. Dob %nalysis is the first step in doing this.
!he first of the action$oriented skills that we look at is Dob %nalysis. Dob %nalysis is a key technique for
managing &ob overload 6 an important source of stress.
!o do an e'cellent &ob, you need to fully understand what is e'pected of you. 1hile this may seem obvious, in
the hurly$burly of a new, fast$moving, high$pressure role, it is oftentimes something that is easy to overlook.
*y understanding the priorities in your &ob, and what constitutes success within it, you can focus on these
activities and minimize work on other tasks as much as possible. !his helps you get the greatest return from the
work you do, and keep your workload under control.
Dob %nalysis is a useful technique for getting a firm grip on what really is important in your &ob so that you are
able to perform e'cellently. It helps you to cut through clutter and distraction to get to the heart of what you
need to do.
7. R"tion"% ; (oiti+e t*in7in&: :
=ou are thinking negatively when you fear the future, put yourself down, criticize yourself for errors, doubt
your abilities, or e'pect failure. Begative thinking damages confidence, harms performance and paralyzes
mental skills.
Gnfortunately, negative thoughts tend to flit into our consciousness, do their damage and flit back out again,
with their significance having barely been noticed. -ince we barely realize that they were there, we do not
challenge them properly, which means that they can be completely incorrect and wrong.
!hought %wareness is the process by which you observe your thoughts and become aware of what is going
through your head.
ne approach to it is to observe your 8stream of consciousness8 as you think about the thing you<re trying to
achieve which is stressful. "o not suppress any thoughts. Instead, &ust let them run their course while you watch
them, and write them down on our free worksheet as they occur. !hen let them go.
%nother more general approach to !hought %wareness comes with logging stress in your -tress "iary. 1hen
you analyze your diary at the end of the period, you should be able to see the most common and the most
damaging thoughts. !ackle these as a priority using the techniques below.
Here are some typical negative thoughts you might e'perience when preparing to give a ma&or presentation/
Cear about the quality of your performance or of problems that may interfere with it.
(4
1orry about how the audience 9especially important people in it like your boss; or the press may react to
you.
"welling on the negative consequences of a poor performance. or
-elf$criticism over a less$than$perfect rehearsal.
!hought awareness is the first step in the process of managing negative thoughts, as you cannot manage
thoughts that you are unaware of.
R"tion"% T*in7in&
!he ne't step in dealing with negative thinking is to challenge the negative thoughts that you identified using
the !hought %wareness technique. :ook at every thought you wrote down and challenge it rationally. %sk
yourself whether the thought is reasonable. 1hat evidence is there for and against the thoughtI 1ould your
colleagues and mentors agree or disagree with itI
:ooking at the e'amples, the following challenges could be made to the negative thoughts we identified earlier/
Fee%in& of in"$e<."#6: Have you trained yourself as well as you reasonably should haveI "o you
have the e'perience and resources you need to make the presentationI Have you planned, prepared and
rehearsed enoughI If you have done all of these, you<ve done as much as you can to give a good
performance.
Wo!!ie "/o.t (e!fo!-"n#e $.!in& !e*e"!"%: If some of your practice was less than perfect, then
remind yourself that the purpose of the practice is to identify areas for improvement, so that these can be
sorted out before the performance.
P!o/%e- )it* i.e o.ti$e 6o.! #ont!o%: Have you identified the risks of these things happening,
and have you taken steps to reduce the likelihood of them happening or their impact if they doI 1hat
will you do if they occurI %nd what do you need others to do for youI
Wo!!6 "/o.t ot*e! (eo(%e= !e"#tion: If you have prepared well, and you do the best you can, then
you should be satisfied. If you perform as well as you reasonably can, then fair people are likely to
respond well. If people are not fair, the best thing to do is ignore their comments and rise above them.
1hen you challenge negative thoughts rationally, you should be able to see quickly whether the thoughts are
wrong or whether they have some substance to them. 1here there is some substance, take appropriate action.
However, make sure that your negative thoughts are genuinely important to achieving your goals, and don<t &ust
reflect a lack of e'perience, which everyone has to go through at some stage.
(5
Poiti+e T*in7in& ; O((o!t.nit6 See7in&
*y now, you should already be feeling more positive. !he final step is to prepare rational, positive thoughts and
affirmations to counter any remaining negativity. It can also be useful to look at the situation and see if there are
any useful opportunities that are offered by it.
*y basing your affirmations on the clear, rational assessments of facts that you made using Rational !hinking,
you can use them to undo the damage that negative thinking may have done to your self$confidence.
>ontinuing the e'amples above, positive affirmations might be/
P!o/%e- $.!in& (!"#ti#e: 8I have learned from my rehearsals. !his has put me in a position where I
can deliver a great performance. I am going to perform well and en&oy the event.8
Wo!!ie "/o.t (e!fo!-"n#e: 8I have prepared well and rehearsed thoroughly. I am well positioned to
give an e'cellent performance.8
P!o/%e- i.e o.ti$e 6o.! #ont!o%: 8I have thought through everything that might reasonably
happen and have planned how I can handle all likely contingencies. I am very well placed to react
fle'ibly to events.8
Wo!!6 "/o.t ot*e! (eo(%e= !e"#tion: 8Cair people will react well to a good performance. I will rise
above any unfair criticism in a mature and professional way.8
If appropriate, write these affirmations down on your worksheet so that you can use them when you need them.
%s well as allowing you to structure useful affirmations, part of )ositive !hinking is to look at opportunities that
the situation might offer to you. In the e'amples above, successfully overcoming the situations causing the
original negative thinking will open up opportunities. =ou will acquire new skills, you will be seen as someone
who can handle difficult challenges, and you may open up new career opportunities.
Make sure that identifying these opportunities and focusing on them is part of your positive thinking.
2. Ree"!#* Met*o$o%o&6
(J
Ree"!#* O/>e#ti+e: :
-tress is a dynamic condition in witch an individual is confronted with an opportunity, demand or
resource related to what the individual desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and
important. !his is a complicated definition.
-tress is not necessarily bad in and of itself. %lthough stress is typically discussed in a negative
conte't, it also has a positive value. ItHs an opportunity when it offers potential gain. >onsider for e'ample, the
superior performance that an athlete or stage performer gives in +clutch, situations. -uch individuals often use
stress positively to rise to the occasion and perform at or near their ma'imum. -imilarly, many professionals see
the pressures of heavy workloads and deadlines as positive challenges that enhance the quality of their work and
the satisfaction the get from their &ob.
*ut it is different in the case of bank employees. !he bank employees are the people who also have to
achieve the certain target and so for the non achievement of target the employees remain stressed and tensed.
!he employees who have the simple table work also have to face the problem of stress. "ue to recession the
banking sector is also facing the problem of employee cut$offs and so the work load of the e'isting employees
increases and the feel stressed.
!he types of stress are named as eustress and distress. Dit!e is the most commonly$referred to type
of stress, having negative implications, whereas e.t!e is a positive form of stress, usually related to desirable
events in person<s life. *oth can be equally ta'ing on the body, and are cumulative in nature, depending on a
person<s way of adapting to a change that has caused it. -tress management is the need of the hour. However
hard we try to go beyond a stress situation, life seems to find new ways of stressing us out and plaguing us with
an'iety attacks. Moreover, be it our an'iety, mind$body e'haustion or our erring attitudes, we tend to overlook
causes of stress and the conditions triggered by those. In such unsettling moments we often forget that stressors,
if not escapable, are fairly manageable and treatable.
.
?.etionn"i!e
(?
No ?.etion @e No
1 %re you satisfied with the performance you give at your workI
2 "o you think that you are suffering from depressionI
8 "o you worry about your colleague<s opinion about youI
A
"o you discuss your problem with your spouse or friend or any
other close to youI
B
"o you work more than ? hoursI
C
=ou have an important function at your home and your boss asks to
give a E hour over time, what will be your responseI
D
"o you regularly spend time for entertainmentI
E
Is your social life balancedI
F "o you plan your work before doingI
1G
"o you fear about the quality of your performanceI
11
%re you a heart patientI
12 "o you get tensed at your non achievement of your targetI
18
"o you feeling stress some timesI
If the answer of the above question is =es then answer the
following/
")
Is the reason of your stress your work loadI
/) %re you stressed because of your family problemsI
#) "o you get stressed when your boss scolds =ouI
$) "o you try to find any solution for the problem of your stressI
e)
9IC =#-; "o you practice yoga or any other ayurvedic therapy for
reducing stressI
(3
To -"7e t*e .!+e6 !e(o!t -o!e #%e"! t*e "/o+e <.etionn"i!e )" "%o fi%%e$. A " !e.%t t*e e-(%o6ee
*"+e &i+en (!o(e! !e(one "n$ t*e !e(o!t of t*e <.etionn"i!e i (!eente$ in t*e (!o>e#t.
"ata analysis and Interpretation
T*e (!o>e#t !e(o!t *o) t*e info!-"tion of t*e %e+e% of t!e )*i#* t*e e-(%o6ee "!e f"#in&
" t*e (e!io$ of !e#eion i &oin& t*e e-(%o6ee #.t:off "n$ t.!no+e! !"tio "!e fo.n$ to /e *i&* o t*e
)o!7%o"$ fo! t*e e'itin& e-(%o6ee "!e *i&*. So t*e6 "!e f"#in& t*e (!o/%e- of )o!7 o+e!%o"$ "n$ t*.
t*e6 &et t!ee$.
1. A!e 6o. "tifie$ )it* t*e (e!fo!-"n#e 6o. &i+e "t 6o.! )o!73
Crom the diagram it is clear that JJ O of the employees are satisfied with the performance they give in the work
while 7A O of the employees are not satisfied.
2. Do 6o. t*in7 t*"t 6o. "!e .ffe!in& f!o- $e(!eion3
=es Bo Bo response
7J ? @
=es Bo Bo response
J 7? @
7@
Yes
No
No response
Yes
No
No response
7@ O of the employee feel that they are suffering from depression while ?@ O of the employee feel that that they
are free from the depression
8. Do 6o. )o!!6 "/o.t 6o.! #o%%e"&.e= o(inion "/o.t 6o.3
=es Bo Bo response
3 75 @
75O of the employees worry about their colleagueHs opinion about them while JEO of the employees are not
concern with the opinion about their colleague.
A. Do 6o. $i#. 6o.! (!o/%e- )it* 6o.! (o.e o! f!ien$ o! "n6 ot*e! #%oe to 6o.3
=es Bo Bo response
A7 A @
7(
Yes
No
No response
Yes
No
No response
3(O of the employees of the bank discuss their problem and share their feelings with their spouse or friends or
others while 3 O of the employee is not concerned with it.
B. Do 6o. )o!7 -o!e t*"n E *o.!3
?3O of the employees work for more than ? hours which is the starting point of the stress while (( O of the
employees donHt work
for more than ? hours.
C. @o. *"+e "n
i-(o!t"nt f.n#tion "t
6o.! *o-e "n$ 6o.!
/o "7 to &i+e " A
*o.! o+e! ti-eH )*"t )i%% /e 6o.! !e(one3
=es Bo Bo response
(E (3 7
E@ O of the employees are proved to be work dedicated and they are ready to miss the important function at
their house while 4E O of the employees said no and 5 O of the employee did not gave any answer.
D. Do 6o. !e&.%"!%6 (en$ ti-e fo! ente!t"in-ent3
77
Yes
No
No response
Yes
No
No response
4JO of the employee
spent regular time on
entertainment which
helps us to remain
stress free while EA O
of the employees
donHt do that.
E. I 6o.! o#i"% %ife /"%"n#e$3
4E O of the
employees find
their social life
to be balanced
while E@ O of
the employees
donHt have their
social life
balanced. 5O of the employees remain silent.
F. Do 6o. (%"n 6o.! )o!7 /efo!e $oin&3
7A
Yes
No
No response
Yes
No
No response
Yes
No
No response
It is a good habit to plan the work you do. ?3 O of the employees plan their work before doing while (( O of
the employees donHt plan their work.
1G. Do 6o. fe"! "/o.t t*e <."%it6 of 6o.! (e!fo!-"n#e3
5AO of the
employees fear
the quality of
performance
which they give
while AJ O of
the employees
donHt fear the
quality of their work.
11. A!e 6o. " *e"!t ("tient3
Here A O of the
employees are heart
patient which is
partially the result of
stress.
12. Do 6o. &et
tene$ "t 6o.! non
"#*ie+e-ent of 6o.! t"!&et3
=es Bo Bo response
=es Bo Bo response
( AE @
7E
Yes
No
No response
Yes
No
No response
74 (@ @
J(O of the
employees get
tensed at the
non
achievement of
the target while
73 O of the
employees work
casually.
18. Do 6o. fee%in& t!e o-e ti-e3
=es Bo Bo response
7? 5 (
?@O of the
employees feel
stressed sometimes
while (J O of the
employees are not
feeling stressed. A
O of the employees
did not respond.
If t*e "n)e! of t*e "/o+e <.etion i I@eJ t*en "n)e! t*e fo%%o)in&:
") I t*e !e"on of 6o.! t!e 6o.! )o!7 %o"$3
4JO of the
employees
=es Bo Bo response
7@ 3 5
74
Yes
No
No response
Yes
No
No response
Yes
No
No response
find themselves to be stressed by their work over load. 75 O of the employees are not stressed because of the
work overload. (J O of the employees did not answer.
/) A!e 6o. t!ee$ /e#".e of 6o.! f"-i%6 (!o/%e-3
E@ O of the employees are stressed because of their family problems E@O by other problems while 7@O of the
employees did not
responded.
#) Do 6o. &et
t!ee$
)*en 6o.!
/o #o%$
6o.3
7@O of the
employee did not
responded when
they were asked
weather their get
stressed because
of the scolding of
their boss. 4(O of
the employees donHt get stress because of the scolding of their boss. 73 O of the employees get stressed because
of the scolding of their boss.
$) Do 6o. t!6 to fin$ "n6 o%.tion fo! t*e (!o/%e- of 6o.! t!e3
=es Bo Bo response
7E 5 4
=es Bo Bo response
(E (E J
=es Bo Bo response
(@ (? J
75
Yes
No
No response
Yes
No
No response
53 O of the
employees try to
find the solution
of their stress.
e) (IF @ES)
Do 6o.
(!"#ti#e
6o&" o! "n6 ot*e! "6.!+e$i# t*e!"(6 fo! !e$.#in& t!e3
=es Bo Bo response
(( (? 5
A(O of the employees try the yoga and other ayurvedic techniques to reduce their stress while 4( O of the
employees use other techniques to reduce stress.
Employees Opinion About How To Reduce Stress
!his pro&ect consist of the information about the employees undergoing from stress who working in
the banks. -o considering this factor this topic becomes one of the most important part of the pro&ect as it
consists of the opinion of the employees who work in the banks. In short it was a direct interview of the
employees who gave their opinion about how to reduce stress. !he response of employees in the ma&or banks of
Mumbai like %B"HR% *ank, !he %RI- *ank, and !he K!%K M%HIB"R% bank was marvelous and they
have given their valuable opinion about reducing stress as a result of the last question included in the
questionnaire 7. -o the opinion if the employees were as follows/
+Dust smile away, %n employee$ K!%K M%HIB"R% *ank
7J
Yes
No
No response
Yes
No
No response
+Dust believe in your self and &ust do what your heart wants, %n employee$ K!%K M%HIB"R% *ank
$+!alking to family members, $ 1atching !0 or listening good music, $ Loing for a walk or long drive,
%n employee$ K!%K M%HIB"R% *ank
+*elieve in Lod, %n employee$ K!%K M%HIB"R% *ank
+Respect yourself and give time to yourself, %n employee$ K!%K M%HIB"R% *ank
+1orking in environment welfares, lot of positive attitude. )ositive attitude is only that reduces stress
and achieves success. Most of the people frustrate due to lack of positivity and stress level climbs up due
to that. -o get positive attitude about work, about life, and forget the stress, %n employee$ %RI- *ank
+1e should do such activities from which we get happiness and also make others happy. )ass your time
with your close friends and relatives., %n employee$ %RI- *ank
+)lay and watch cricket, %n employee$ %RI- *ank
+:isten music and spend time with family, %n employee$ %B"HR% *ank
+Let ad&usted with others, Cind and spend time for prayer, -tudy the scriptures, -ee oneness in all, %ll
are manifested of the supreme L", %n employee$ %B"HR% *ank
!hese opinions are seemed to be valuable and effective as one of the effective things has been
noticed that the employees themselves have given their opinions about reducing the stress.
It is also noticed that in the %RI- bank Mumbai in the time of afternoon slow instrumental music are
been played so that the employees can work stress free. !his is one of the positive things which are seen in the
organization who is caring for their employees. !his will help the organization to boost up the productivity.
Crom the certain sample of employees selected for the research, only (@ employees have given their
opinion how to reduce stress. -o we can understand that how overloaded the employees of the bank are.

7?
Limitation Of The Survey
!he questionnaires were filled be A4 employees working in the three ma&or *anks of Mumbai i.e. %'is *ank,
K!%K M%HIB"R% *ank and %B"HR% *ank. -o the scope of sample findings was less.
!he questionnaire was filled by A4 employees of different designations. -o the point of view of employees
differs as per their designations.
!he employees from whom the questionnaires are filled are in a heavy workload so some of the
questionnaires filled by the employees who are in stress cannot be called reasonable.
!he responses of the employees cannot be accurate as the problem of language and understanding arises.
9!hese problems are not in all cases.;
ne of the other problems of questionnaire is the cost. -ome times it may be possible that even by spending
so much the result may not be reasonable.
Many a times the employees may not be really conscious or may not be bothered about the questionnaire. !his
may create a problem in the research.
It is analyzed from the questionnaire filled by the employees that the most employees are not satisfied with the
performance which they give in the organization. !hus it is proved that the employees who are desired to give
better performance than their original performance are found more stressful than the others. Crom the sample of
A4 bank employees who have been surveyed, one is found to be a heart patient. !his can be because of high
level of stress.
0ery rare of the employee are to be found suffering from depression. !hus it is proved that the
colleagues opinion also play a lead role in the increase and decrease of the stress level. !hose who mind about
their colleagueHs opinion are found to be more stressful.1e can also say that sharing your problems with your
spouse or close friends is a better idea to reduce stress.
1hile considering the point of view of entertainment it depends upon the mood of the employees.
!he entertainment is considered one of the most ultimate solutions to reduce stress. Most of the employees do
not spend regular time in entertainment. !his may be because they may not be getting time for entertainment or
they may not be interested in the same.
73
Cailure of a plan may also lead a person to stress. !hus we can conclude that planning of the work
may help to reduce stress level.
% question was asked that weather you get stressed at the non$achievement of their targetI %ll the
employees have responded positively. Crom this we can conclude that all the employees are given achievable
target and naturally by the non$achievement of the target all the employees may get stressed. ne of the other
possibilities is that the employees have responded positively to show themselves to be good.
ut of A4 employees of the sample 7@ of the employees accepted that the reason for their stress is
workload. (@ employees are not stressed because of the workload but because of their family problem. 4 of the
employees are not suffering from stress. (E employees out of A@ employees who are stressed feel stressful when
their boss scolds them while (5 employees refused that they are not stressed because their boss scolds them. %ll
the A@ employees have accepted that they try to find the solution of their stress. (@ employees out of A@
employees practice yoga to reduce their stress and the other 7@ employees donHt practice yoga. !hus we can
conclude that the employees have reduced their stress by yoga therapy and other employees have &ust started the
yoga because of high level of workload.
!he above analysis is done by the data received from the questionnaire. -o the accuracy of data
depends upon the response of the employees.
A@
CONCLUSION
-tress management can take many different forms which can be classified into three broad categories/
rela'ation, drug therapy and psychological therapy.
Rela'ation therapy mainly consists of )rogressive Muscle Rela'ation 9)MR; and %utogenic Muscle
Rela'ation 9%MR;.
*oth )MR and %MR result in stress reduction.
"rug therapy is only useful in the acute phase to deal with crisis and enable psychological therapy to be
instigated.
>ognitive behavioural therapy, in the form of stress inoculation training, is successful in reducing stress.
!here are other forms of intervention 9for e'ample meditation, hypnosis, and biofeedback; which are
essentially rela'ation therapy.
-tress management programmes have been shown to reduce ill health associated with stress. Cor
e'ample, heart disease, and immune problems.
-tress management can be used for both acute and chronic stressors.
designing stimulating &obs that provide workers with variety and allow them to use their creativity and
skill. !his may incorporate various forms of &ob rotation and &ob enrichment.
reducing close management control and providing workers with greater autonomy over their own work,
and involving them in decisions that affect their &obs.
consulting and communicating openly with workers at different levels on a regular basis.
making sure that workers have some prospect of career development and providing them with adequate
training.
making sure that workers have an adequate balance between their work responsibilities and their
interests and responsibilities outside work. 8#mployee$friendly8 fle'ible forms of working are likely to
be important here, as are childcare provisions.
managing and organizing work in a coherent and competent manner, so that workers have clear roles
and know what is e'pected of them.
rganizing work to allow workers to interact with their peers. and
A(
Making sure that work pressure is not too intense, allowing workers to control the pace at which they
work, and avoiding setting unrealistic deadlines and targets.
BBLO!RA"H#
http/FFkillerstress.stanford.eduFmoreFqa$what$about$stress$mangementF
http/FFwww.sclerodermatt.orgFarticlesFbetter$healthF5@$stress$managementIstartS5
http/FFwww.stress.orgFworkplace$stressF
-elye, H 9(34@;. 8-tress and the general adaptation syndrome8
Hardy, -ally 9(33?;. Occupational Stress: Personal and Professional Approaches .
A7
AA