16-8 I E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK

7. The use of projector or reflector spotlight-type bulbs results in the

maximum reduction of insects when the sources are located 20 or more
feet away from the area it is desired to illuminate.
8. The addition of opal diffusing globes or other means of reducing bare
lamp brightness will reduce the numbers of insects attracted.
In outdoor lighting the probable brightness of areas illuminated to a
level of less than 100 footcandles will not attract phototropic insects to any
degree comparable to the attraction of an exposed source. Bright sources
should be placed at considerable distances from lighted areas if insects are a
nuisance near the area, or such sources should be well shielded with re-
flectors and louvers.
In applying these conclusions, the principles of good lighting for vision
described in the preceding sections of this handbook should be followed.
To reduce insect density around outdoor swimming pools, underwater
lighting is recommended. Fish hatcheries can attract insects to pools by
operating high brightness lamps over or near the pools.
Luminescent MaterialsFluorescent, Phosphorescent, Radium-Luminous
Fluorescent, phosphorescent, and radium-luminous materials found
many and varied military uses during World War II. Almost nonexistent
prior to the war, many of these materials are now available in quantity for
commercial application.
Luminescent means emitting light for
reasons other than that
of
being
heated to incandescence. A firefly's tail-light and the phosphors in a fluores-
cent lamp or a watch dial that glow in the dark are luminescent. The
electric filament lamp is not, it is incandescent. Luminescent materials
might be defined, loosely, as "cool" producers of light. The subdivisions of
luminescence, which are numerous, are exemplified by the following (also
discussed in Section
1):
Photoluminescence. Light resulting from light absorption.
Triboluminescence. Light resulting from mechanical friction.
Chemiluminescence. Light resulting from chemical combination.
Cathodoluminescence. Light resulting from bombardment by electrons.
Thermoluminescence. Light resulting from thermal changes.
Of these, one of the most easily demonstrated is triboluminescence.
The sudden stripping of friction or adhesive tape from a roll in a dark room
will result in a noticeable light emission along the edge of separation between
the tape and the roll.
The three types of luminescence that are now available for practical
application are fluorescence, phosphorescence, and radioluminescence.
Materials that emit light when irradiated with ultraviolet energy are
termed fluorescent. There are two types of fluorescent materials: those
depending for fluorescence on organic dyes, and those compounded from
inorganic alkaline earth salts. Dependent upon the methods and in-
gredients used in manufacturing the inorganic compounds, the process of