TT-8-Evaluation Techniques Thin Beds SPE2013 Fin

The 20th SPE Bergen One Day Seminar
April 10th 2013 | Bergen, Norway

Evaluation Techniques for Thinly
Bedded Sandstones

Petrophysics
Jan van der Wal, Senergy
Outline
What are Thin Beds?

Part 1: Evaluation Techniques
Part 2: Revisiting Normalised Qv of Juhasz

Example
(NL: Spekkoek)
Introduction
Introduction
Thin Beds Concept
What are Thin Beds?
Laminations of sand and shale, with..
.. beds so thin that logs do not read true properties.

Why do we care? In Thin Beds..
.. conventional evaluation can miss pay,
.. phi & perm are too low,
.. resistivity reads too low, and
.. saturation height functions give too low HC.
Introduction
When to Apply?
Consider
Bed thickness
Shale percentage, ~50 %?
---
Laminated, or dispersed?
Depositional Environments, can we model it?
Introduction
What is Thin?
Depends on logging tool as well, < 1m?
Thomas Stieber paper
Sabah
Introduction
What is Thin?
Porosity
Old logs < 0.5-1 m
High res < 0.4 m?
Resistivity
Old indution < 2m
Recent < 0.8m?
R

c
o
r
r

Bed Thickness
R meas
2
Introduction
How much shale
Porosity in Thin Beds
Not OK: Effective Porosity = PhiT Vsh*PhiShale
NTG variable with PHIsand
Problems (missing reservoir) when Vsh > ~40%
Resistivity
Water bearing: resistivity contrast small, little effect
HC bearing: resistivity contrast large, 25% Shale obscures
high resistivity. HC underestimated.
Part 1.
Techniques
Cuttings
Images
Volumetric/Probabilistic
NMR
3-D res
SHF

Techniques
Vshale from Images
Core Photos in XLS
detailed Sand flag
(0,1)
Smooth to log
resolution (por
~1ft, res 1m)

Techniques
Vshale from Image Logs
Conductive Dark
Resistive Light
NEU/DEN/SON
Techniques
Vshale from NMR (1/2)
Assumes ClayBoundFluid relates to Vshale
Shale volume
Vshale = (CBFV/ClayPhiShale)
Vshale = (BFV/PhiShale)
Complications:
dispersed components with additional BF
Techniques
Vshale from NMR (2/2)
Clay bound
Laminated: Cap.BF
and FFV
Clean sand
Techniques
Vshale from 3D-res
2000s, revived thin beds
Tensor Model
Horizontal and Vertical, or
Parallel Conductivity and Serial Resistivity

Res HOR
+
R
e
s

V
E
R

Techniques
Volumetric / Probabilistic
Probabilistic
Allows for more components, glauconite?
Cementation?
Requires more input curves
Deterministic: Thomas Stieber (1975)
Input: Phi and Vsh,
Outputs: Phi_sand, Vsh_lam, Vsh_disp
Techniques
Core Porosity of sands!
Techniques
Saturation from core
Dean Stark
Capillary Pressures

1. Get Swirr.
2. What is max Rsand?
3. Optimize shale model
Techniques
Saturation - Height Function
Derive SHF from thick beds
Apply to thin beds

But is rock quality the same?
Techniques
Summary part 1
Fairly common, also in North Sea
Vshale: Cuttings, Core, Image logs, NMR, 3D-res
NTG curve
Porosity: Core Phi <-> sand lamination
Porosity of sand
If Resistivity still problematic -> SHF
Part 2. 3D resistivity workflow

Thomas Stieber
Conductive dispersed components
3D-resistivity workflow
Case Study data where is the HC?

Vshale
Original
Publication
Neutron &
Density

Deep Res

Case Study, Clavaud, 2005
steps

Aim: properties of sand lamination

1. Thomas Stieber (1975)
, Vsand, Vsh.disp
2. Resistivity of the sand lamination
3D-res 2000s
Rsand
3. Saturation computation (SwRT)
Juhasz 1981

Thomas Stieber Definitions
Shale (not clay)
Shale types:

3D-resistivity workflow - Step 1
Thomas & Stieber, 1975
2 endpoints + 1
P
o
r
o
s
i
t
y

Volume of Shale
Clean Sand
Pure Shale
3D-resistivity workflow - Step 2:
Resistivity of Sand Laminations 3D-res
2a) Tensor Model
Horizontal and Vertical, or
Parallel Conductivity and Serial Resistivity

2b) Anisotropy Model
Smart Tensor Model;
Inputs Thomas Stieber

Res HOR
+
R
e
s

V
E
R

3D-resistivity workflow - Step 3
Saturation Calculation
Which equation?

Conventional (deterministic)
Laminated Shaly sand eqs:
Poupon, Indonesia, Simandoux

Thin Beds (dispersed clay/shale in sand
lamination)
Dispersed Shaly sand eqs:
Dual Water, Waxman Smits, Normalised Qv Juhasz

sh
sh
n
w
m
w
sh
t
R
V
S
R
V
R

1 1
Poupon, parallel conductor
Saturation from Resistivity
Waxman Smits equation

For waterleg assume SWT = 1, (and a*=1):

Shale corr
Archie
Waxman Smits in Xplot

Y = a X + b

Slope B
Y =
X =
(cousin of Pickett-plot)
Juhasz

Juhasz: if no core Qv available,
Qv = f(Vshale)
1/Rw_shale

=

shale conductivity
+

1/Rw

100%
Shale
1/Rw
~

C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y

Qv_shale
1/Rw_shale
Juhasz Normalised Qv

Juhasz: Qv = f(Vsh), or Qv = f(Phi), f(1/Phi)

Qv = f(1/Phi, Vsh) = f(RPD), (similar to ~Qvn)
Relative Porosity Difference

Assume Qv = RPD*C, substitute
To better pick BC

1/Rw
RPD
Slope B*C
= CWA
To better pick Rw

Terms divided by RPD:
BC
1/RPD
Slope 1/Rw
CWA/RPD
Data Example

BC Rw
RPD in Thin Beds?

RPD of Bulk not good enough
=> RPD of Sand lamination (RPDs)

RPDs = f(1/PHIs, Vsh.disp), or

CPI with eval
BVirr
H20
HC
POROSITY
Conv

POROSITY
Conv &
Par.Cond.
POROSITY
Thin Beds &
3D-Res
Vshale
Original
Publication
Neutron &
Density

H+V Res &
Parallel
Conductor
Case Study, data of Clavaud
Summary

In case of: 3D resistivity, no core, water leg

Optimise Thomas Stieber with Tensor Model
Resistivity Sand from Anisotropy model
Relate Qv to RPD
Compute RPD for sand lamination only
New Xplots for picking Rw and BQv

References

Cao-Minh, C., Clavaud, J., Sundararaman, P., Froment, S., Caroli, E., Billon, O., Davis, G. & Fairbairn, R., Graphical
Analysis of Laminated Sand-Shale Formations in the Presence of Anisotropic Shales, 2008, PETROPHYSICS, Vol 49,
No. 5, October 2008, pp. 395405.
Clavaud, J. B., Nelson. R., Guru, U. K. and Wang, H., 2005, Field Example of Enhanced Hydrocarbon Estimation in
Thinly Laminated Formation with a Triaxial Array Induction Tool: A Laminated Sand- Shale Analysis with Anisotropic
Shale, SPWLA 46
th
Annual Logging Symposium, June 26-29, 2005.
Juhasz, I., 1981, Normalised Qv. The Key to Shaly Sand Evaluation using the Waxman-Smits Equation in the Absence
of Core Data. SPWLA 22nd Annual Logging Symposium, June 23rd-26th, 1981.
Passey, Dahlberg, Sullivan, Yin, Brackett, Xiao, Guzman-Garcia, 2006,Petrophyscial Evlauation of Hydrocarbon
Pore-Thickness in Thinly Bedded Clastic Reservoirs, AAPG Archie Series, No 1
Stromberg S., Nieuwenhuijs R., Blumhagen, C., Edwards, J., Ramamoorthy R., Herold, B., 2007, Reservoir Quality,
Net-to-Gross and Fluid Identification in Laminated Reservoirs from a new generation of NMR logging tools.
Examples from the Gharif Formation, Southern Oman. Transactions of the SPWLA 1st Annual SPWLA Middle East
Regional Symposium April 15- 19.
Thomas, E. C., Stieber, S. J., 1975, The distribution of shale in sandstones and its effect on porosity. Transactions of
the SPWLA 16th Annual Logging Symposium, June 4-7, 1975.
Van der Wal, J., Stromberg S., 2012, Correcting the water saturation calculation for dispersed clay in thinly
bedded sandstones, Revisiting the Normalised Qv Equation of Juhasz, Transactions of the SPWLA 53rd
Annual Logging Symposium
Waxman, M.H. & Thomas, E. C., 1974. Electrical Conductivities in Shaly Sands-I. The Relation between
Hydrocarbon Saturation and Resistivity Index; II. The Temperature Coefficient of Electrical Conductivity. J. Pet Tech.
213-23. Trans., AIME, 257.
Worthington, P.F., 2000, Recognition and evaluation of low-resistivity pay, Petroleum Geoscience, Vol 6 2000 (as
published in Geological Society London, one-day seminar Hidden Hydrocarbons, 2001)

Backup

Logging programs
Dip meter
Image logs
NMR
3D resistivity
High resolution, Consider slow logging

See AAPG Archie series No 1

Conclusions

Workflow can be based on log data only

New form of Norm Qv of Juhasz applied to thin beds
Qv estimate refined

Conventional: low HC
Conventional with 3D res (Parallel Res): more HC
Thin Beds with 3D res: most HC
What is RPD?
Middle East for Carbonate stringers (PDO)
Shaliness indicator
Combines 1/PHIT and Vshale (~ Neu-Den separation)
RPD= (Neu + Co PhiT)/ PhiT

How to get Co
Use ND overlay
For clean sand: RPDs ~ 0
Clean but conduct: RPDs > 0
What if no 3D resistivity available?
Make cases for vertical resistivity
Check with Thomas Stieber

Simplest: Rv = Rh * C
Better: Rv = Rh * C * Vsh_lam, or
Rv = Rh + C * Vshl * (Rh RshH)
Rv = Rh + (C* Vshl / ((1/RshH 1/Rh))

What is Parallel Conductor model?
Ct = Vsand * Csand + Vsh.lam * Cshale, or
1/ RT = Vsand / Rsand + (1-Vsand) / Rsh.hor

Res HOR
When to apply Thin Beds
Neutron Density Data
Intermediate GR?
Dispersed, Laminated,
or Both?

3

<

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

>

2

3 < Neutron > 2
GR
Conductive dispersed shale?
3

<

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

>

2

3 < Neutron > 2
DeepRes
What if you do have core?
Are plugs of the sand lamination?
Porosity:
Calibrate Clean Sand endpoint to match the high porosity
Optimise input PHIT
Calibrate BC & RPD to match the predicted QV curve
Depositional Environments
Fluvial systems (1/2)
100m
Static Model
(25x25x0.5)
Dynamic Model
(100x100x10)
8m
Arbroath, Scotland
Introduction
Also in North Sea
Sele and Forties

Article:
Turbidite reservoirs of the Sele Formation, Central North Sea: geological challenges
for improving production
M. HEMPTON, J. MARSHALL, S. SADLER, N. HOGG, R. CHARLES and C. HARVEY
From Abstract
Fields: Forties, Nelson, MontroseArbroath, Scoter, Pierce, the Gannet cluster, Guillemot A, Mirren and Merganser, Phyllis, Starling and
Blane are under appraisal/development.
Forties submarine fan system sourced from feeder channels in northwest and
west.

From 3D seismic & wells:
Near sources (updip): thicker, higher N/G, and more channelized.
Downdip: thinner, finer grained and stacked lobes and minor channels
(controlled by accommodation space and salt movement).

Introduction

Techniques
Bed Thickness vs Occurrence
Altered carbon cycling and coupled changes in Early Cretaceous
weathering patterns: Evidence from integrated carbon isotope and
sandstone records of the western Tethys
Ulrich Georg Wortmann
a, ,
, Jens Olaf Herrle
b,
, Helmut Weissert
b

Bed Thickness
N
r

o
f

B
e
d
s

t
h
i
c
k
e
r

t
h
a
n

h

Where (and when) should we expect Thin
Beds issues?
How much shale
Sw vs computed Sw
Theoretical parallel conductor model
Vshale 0.15;
PhiShale 0.18; ShaleRes 3.09;
PhiSand 0.2; SandRes from Archie
Techniques
Rock quality
Does NTG correlate to bed-thickness?
Does bed-thickness correlate with quality?

Geo Models
Scale - Fluvial systems
100m
Static Model
(25x25x0.5)
Dynamic Model
(100x100x10)
8m
Arbroath, Scotland
Good news: Turbidites
(image from
geo ExPro)
Kota Kinabalu
Sabah,
Oligocene
deepwater,
among most
sand-rich
outcrops
How much shale
Shale vs Sw
In ideally laminated,
more than 10% of shale
is problem

Model:
Sw = 20% in sands
Assumed perfect
(theoretical) parallel
conductor model
Workflow
Conventional
Vshale
Porosity
Saturation
Thin Beds
Vshale
Porosity
Sand Phi & Shale
Rsand & Saturation
Techniques
Vshale from Core (2/2)
Calibrate traditional
techniques (GR, ND)
to downscaled (i.e.
smoothed) core
sand/shale flag

calcite
calcite
calcite
Introduction
Neutron Density Data
Intermediate GR?
Dispersed, Laminated,
or Both?

3

<

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

>

2

3 < Neutron > 2
GR

TT-8-Evaluation Techniques Thin Beds SPE2013 Fin

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

TT-8-Evaluation Techniques Thin Beds SPE2013 Fin

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

The 20th SPE Bergen One Day Seminar

April 10th 2013 | Bergen, Norway

Você também pode gostar