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4 SEPTEMBER 2014
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION (Volume 54, Number 9) ISSN (print) 0026-8445: ISSN (online) 1945-0737. Published monthly by the American Institute of Steel
Construction (AISC), One E. Wacker Dr., Suite 700, Chicago, IL 60601. Subscriptions: Within the U.S.single issues $6.00; 1 year, $44. Outside the U.S. (Canada
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DISCLAIMER: AISC does not approve, disapprove, or guarantee the validity or accuracy of any data, claim, or opinion appearing under a byline or obtained or
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STEEL CONSTRUCTION. All rights reserved. Materials may not be reproduced without written permission, except for noncommercial educational purposes where
fewer than 25 photocopies are being reproduced. The AISC and Modern Steel logos are registered trademarks of AISC.
September 2014
ON THE COVER: Marquez Hall brings a modern motif to the Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colo., p. 22. (Photo: Nic Lehoux)
business issues
17
Im Sorry...You Were Saying?
BY ANNE SCARLETT
Thoughts on adjusting your sales
approach toward prospective clients with
short attention spans.
columns
22
Thinning Out
BY CHRISTOPHER OHARA, P.E.,
AND JULIAN LINEHAM, P.E.
Slender steel elements and expanded
cantilevers define the structural system of
a new building for the Colorado School of
Mines.
28
Staying Afloat
BY MCKAY M. PARRISH, S.E.
A new convenience store keeps its head above
water with an innovative structural steel
framing system.
33
National Treasure
BY LUCA COVI
Structural renovations brace an iconic museum
for the future.
41
Time Tested
BY JENNIFER MCCONNELL, PH.D.,
DENNIS R. MERTZ, PH.D., AND
HARRY W. SHENTON, III, PH.D.
A look at the performance of the national
uncoated weathering steel bridge inventory.
46
Justice is Served
BY JASON STONE
A criminal justice school blends the new with
the old in an urban expansion project.
52
Piece by Piece
BY MICHAEL P. CULMO, P.E.
Span-by-span bridge construction, using
modular steel bridge elements, can serve
as a viable and economical bridge-building
alternative.
56
Crossing the Delaware
BY JIM TALBOT
A steel truss, at the site of one of the first
bridges over the Delaware River, is still
standing after numerous floods and more than
100 years of life.
features
departments
6 EDITORS NOTE
9 STEEL INTERCHANGE
12 STEEL QUIZ
60 NEWS & EVENTS
66 STRUCTURALLY SOUND
resources
64 MARKETPLACE
65 EMPLOYMENT
in every issue
22
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6 SEPTEMBER 2014
Since the section began more than two
decades ago, every reader survey weve done
ranks it as number one. Originally, the col-
umn featured questions sent in by our readers,
which were then answered in later editions by
other readers. Staff response was sometimes
to answer questions, but more often to simply
vet the answers provided by readers. With the
creation of the AISC Steel Solutions Center,
however, the column morphed into a section
where almost all of the answers were staff-
generated. And today, most of the questions
arent sent directly to the magazine; rather,
the questions are taken from those submitted
to the Solutions Center.
Each week the AISC Steel Solutions Center
responds to nearly 200 questions (thats more
than 125,000 inquiries since the SSC opened
its doors in 2001). Despite this, hardly a day
goes by where I dont see a question about
structural steel posed elsewhere. Im always
amazed when someone asks about the Code
of Standard Practice or has a question about
composite beams and they dont simply email
solutions@aisc.org. Youll usually get a
response within one business dayand best
of all, its free.
The SSC is just one of AISCs free re-
sources. While its often diffcult to navigate,
theres a boatful of freebies on the AISC web-
site (www.aisc.org), including all of the speci-
fcations and codes published by AISC. The
best place to start is by clicking on ePubs and
FreePubs. Everyone can download design
examples, the shapes database, the latest issue
of Engineering Journal and a lot more. Were
even converting some items that used to be
available for a fee, into free resources. For
example, this fall were planning on releasing
the AISC Detailer Education Program as a
free online course.
Weve also posted videos of almost every
NASCC: The Steel Conference since 2008.
Simply visit www.aisc.org/2008nascconline
or substitute any other year for 2008 in the
URL, and you can access more than 750 hours
of educational video on everything from steel
joists to moment connections.
For those of you who are AISC members
(and really, the cost is so nominal Im always
surprised when I encounter someone in the
steel industry who isnt), the freebies are
even larger. Members can download copies
of all of the Steel Design Guides and every
article from every issue of Engineering Journal
(plus they receive substantial discounts you
get on continuing education and printed
publications).
But whether or not youre a member, the
AISC SSC is free. So if you have a question,
know that AISC has an answer.
Editorial Offices
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editors note
SCOTT MELNICK
EDITOR
WHATS YOUR FAVORITE SECTION IN MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION? Unless
youre one of my kids, odds are its Steel Interchange.
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COMPLETE CONNECTION
DESIGN REPORTS
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 9
Weld Designation
What do the U and "a" indicate in the prequalified weld
type B-U4a?
The U indicates that the weld can be used with material of
unlimited thickness, as opposed to an L, which would indicate
that the weld is only appropriate within a range of thicknesses.
AWS D1.1 states: The lower case letterse.g., a, b, c, etc.
are used to differentiate between joints that would otherwise
have the same joint designation. In this case there are two
prequalified butt welds (B) using a single-bevel groove (4) with
no limitation on thickness (U) listed in AWS D1.1. One of the
listed welds uses backing (a) and the other does not (b). The a
in your designation, B-U4a, indicates that backing is used.
Larry S. Muir, P.E.
Mixed Hole Sizes in Slip-Critical Connections
We have designed slip-critical connections with standard
holes. When the structure was erected, a few of the bolts
could not be installed due to mislocated holes. Can we
make the mislocated holes oversized and leave the others
as standard holes? Does the strength of the connection
need to be reduced due to the oversized holes?
There is nothing in the RCSC or AISC Specifications that
discusses the mixing of standard and oversized holes in a
slip-critical connection, so you will have to rely on your own
judgment. I will provide some comments that might assist you
in this process.
It is not uncommon to see slip-critical connections with
oversized holes that contain a couple of standard holes to
help maintain the intended geometry during erection, so
the mixing of hole types is relatively common. In such cases,
the entire group is designed using oversized holes, while
also incorporating a couple of standard holes; this leads to a
more conservative design strength. Your situation is also not
uncommon, since things do not always fit the way we would
like in the field. Some engineers would tend to design the
entire group using the values for oversized holes, although this
is likely not necessary. Though the strength provided in the
Specification is less for connections with oversized holes, there
is no loss of pretension or slip resistance due to the oversized
holes. The lower nominal load is due to a higher factor of
safety (reliability) to account for the consequences of slip. This
is discussed in the Commentary to Section J3.8.
Since most of the holes in your connection are standard
holes, the amount of slip that could occur prior to the bolts
going into bearing would likely be small, and the higher factor
of safety against slip likely is not warranted.
Carlo Lini, P.E.
DTIs Used For Preinstallation Verification
Can tension indicator washers be used in lieu of a
Skidmore Wilhelm tension calibrator to perform pre-
installation verification?
The answer to your question is yes, unless you are tensioning
the bolts using turn-of-nut installation. This is covered in the
commentary to Section 7.1 in the 2009 RCSC Specification (a
free download at www.boltcouncil.org), which states:
Direct tension indicators (DTIs) may be used as tension
calibrators, except in the case of turn-of-nut installation. This
method is especially useful for, but not restricted to, bolts that
are too short to fit into a hydraulic tension calibrator. The
DTIs to be used for verification testing must first have the
average gap determined for the specific level of pretension
required by Table 7.1, measured to the nearest 0.001 in. This
is termed the calibrated gap. Such measurements should be
made for each lot of DTIs being used for verification testing,
termed the verification lotThis technique cannot be used
for the turn-of-nut method because the deformation of the
DTI consumes a portion of the turns provided. For turn-of-
nut pre-installation verification of bolts too short to fit into a
hydraulic calibration device, installing the fastener assembly
in a solid plate with the proper size hole and applying the
required turns is adequate. No verification is required for
achieved pretension to meet Table 7.1.
Carlo Lini, P.E.
Square-Cut Sloping Beams
There are large wide-flange beams that slope with the roof
pitch of in. per foot. In some instances they connect to
girders and in other instances they connect to HSS col-
umns. Can the beams be cut square leaving a varying dis-
tance from the end of the beam to the face of the support?
Especially for heavy shapes, cutting the member square is
easier than making a bevel cut. The decision on whether
to bevel-cut the beam or to bevel the connection material
is usually based on economics. As the bevel increases, the
eccentricity on the connection increases, potentially adding
to the connection cost and overriding any benefit of square-
cutting the beam. In your case, the bevel adds only about in.
to the usual setback; therefore, standard shear end connections
likely can be used for the strength calculations. In this case,
square-cutting the beam will be preferred by most fabricators,
and this is acceptable from an engineering standpoint.
Bo Dowswell, P.E., Ph.D.
steel
interchange
If youve ever asked yourself Why? about something
related to structural steel design or construction,
Modern Steels monthly Steel Interchange is for you!
Send your questions or comments to solutions@aisc.org.
10 SEPTEMBER 2014
Special Inspection Waivers for Erectors
We are an erector. Once AISC Certified, do we become
self-inspecting as erectors?
The decision to waive third-party inspection, or Special
Inspection, is the responsibility of the building official
(authority having jurisdiction). As an erector, you are always
responsible for the QC inspections outlined in Chapter N
of the AISC Specification. The waiver of Special Inspection at
the fabrication shop has become commonplace over the years,
while the concept of waiver of Special Inspection at the job
site is quite new (2010).
The bottom line is that Special Inspection will be required
unless the building official decides otherwise. The IBC does
provide the mechanism that the Building Official can use
to waive Special Inspection for an approved contractor in
Chapter 17, Section 1704.2.5.2.
Keith Landwehr
Special Inspections and Small Projects
The 2012 IBC has recently been adopted by our local
government, and inspections in accordance with Chapter
N of the AISC Specification are now required. I am cur-
rently working on a small renovation project that did not
even require the design of a lateral force resisting system.
The inspections required by Chapter N seem excessive
for this small project. Must all of these inspections always
be performed?
IBC generally requires special inspections through reference
to AISC Chapter N. However, there are at least a couple of
provisions that would allow the authority having jurisdiction
to waive the requirements. Waivers are often granted for
approved contractors in accordance with IBC Chapter 17,
Section 1704.2.5.2 (AISC Certified contractors, for example).
There are also provisions in IBC that do not require special
inspections for "work of a minor nature." Chapter N states
that the QA shall be performed when required by the
authority having jurisdiction (AHJ), applicable building code
(ABC), purchaser, owner, or engineer of record (EOR). It
does not independently mandate inspections.
Larry S. Muir, P.E.
Comparing AISC 360 Chapter J and
Appendix 3 Requirements
I have four rods, threaded on one end, supporting a stair
platform. The unthreaded end of the rod is welded to the
upper support and the other end passes through an HSS,
and a nut is installed. The AISC Specification seems to
provide conflicting requirements related to the design of
these rods. Table J3.2 provides a nominal tensile strength
of 0.75F
u
. However, Tables A-3.1 of Appendix 3 states
that the threshold stress is limited to 7 ksi. Appendix 3
also bases the stress calculation on net tensile area while
Chapter J neglects the reduction in area due to the
threads. When I design the rods for my 5.3-kip load using
these provisions of Chapter J and Appendix 3, I get very
different results. It seems that Appendix 3 would always
govern, so why must the Chapter J checks be performed?
First, both Chapter J and Appendix 3 account for the
reduction in area due to the threads. However, they take
different approaches. Equation J3-1 refers to Table J3.2 for
the nominal tensile strength. Table J3.2 provides a nominal
strength of 0.75F
u
. The 0.75 coefficient accounts for the
reduction in area due to the threads. This is explained in
the Commentary, which states: The factor of 0.75 included
in this equation accounts for the approximate ratio of the
effective tension area of the threaded portion of the bolt to the
area of the shank of the bolt for common sizes.
Table J3.2 also states that the threaded rods shall conform
to Section A3.5, which states: Threads on anchor rods and
threaded rods shall conform to the Unified Standard Series
of ASME B18.2.6 and shall have Class 2A tolerances. When
used with the designated threads and the applicable safety
factors, the 0.75 assumption provides an adequate estimate of
the net tensile area, though the actual ratio of net tension area
to nominal area will vary somewhat with diameter. Appendix 3
uses a more precise calculation of the net tension area.
It also has to be recognized that Chapter J and Appendix 3 are
quite different requirements and apply to different conditions.
The strength calculated using Chapter J should be compared
to the total load on the hanger. The strength calculated using
Appendix 3 only applies to the portion of the load causing fatigue.
So, first you must determine if fatigue must be considered for
your condition. If it must, then the net tensile stress area should
be calculated as shown in Equation A-3-9. However, the 7 ksi is
not compared to the total load, but rather only to the stress range.
For example, the dead load of stair platform will contribute to
the total load but will not contribute to the stress range. Only
cyclic loads will contribute to the stress range.
Larry S. Muir, P.E.
steel interchange
Larry Muir is director of technical assistance and Carlo Lini is staff engineertechnical
assistance, both with AISC. Bo Dowswell and Keith Landwehr are consultants to AISC.
Steel Interchange is a forum to exchange useful and practical professional ideas and
information on all phases of steel building and bridge construction. Opinions and
suggestions are welcome on any subject covered in this magazine.
The opinions expressed in Steel Interchange do not necessarily represent an official position of
the American Institute of Steel Construction and have not been reviewed. It is recognized that the
design of structures is within the scope and expertise of a competent licensed structural engineer,
architect or other licensed professional for the application of principles to a particular structure.
If you have a question or problem that your fellow readers might help you solve, please
forward it to us. At the same time, feel free to respond to any of the questions that you
have read here. Contact Steel Interchange via AISCs Steel Solutions Center:
1 E Wacker Dr., Ste. 700, Chicago, IL 60601
tel: 866.ASK.AISC fax: 312.803.4709
solutions@aisc.org
The complete collection of Steel Interchange questions and answers is available online.
Find questions and answers related to just about any topic by using our full-text search
capability. Visit Steel Interchange online at www.modernsteel.com.
Call us at 800-782-2110 for a free quote.
www.greinerindustries.com
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12 SEPTEMBER 2014
1 For the beam shown in Figure 1, calculate the C
b
value.
Lateral bracing is provided at the support points only.
2 Assuming the length L in Figure 2 is long enough that
lateral-torsional buckling controls, which of the following is
true about the flexural strength of beam segments A? It is:
a) Equal to the flexural strength of segment B
b) Greater than the flexural strength of segment B
c) Less than the flexural strength of segment B
3 Given: From AISC Manual Table 3-6, the L
p
value for a
W1835 beam is equal to 4.31 ft. The beam below has
an unbraced length of 6 ft. True or False: The nominal
flexural strength of the beam will be less than M
p
= F
y
Z
x
.
4 True or False: C
b
values are routinely useful in the design
of HSS used as beams.
This months Steel Quiz looks at the use of design tables in the AISC
Steel Construction Manual. steel quiz
TURN TO PAGE 14 FOR ANSWERS
Figure 1
1.5k/ft
L
b
= 30'-0"
P
L/3 L/3 L/3
P
(A) (A) (B)
Braced at
Load Points
Figure 2
P
6'-0"
Braced at
Load Points
6'-0" 6'-0" 6'-0"
P P
W1835
Figure 3
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14 SEPTEMBER 2014
ANSWERS steel quiz
1 Use Specification Equation (F1-1) to determine C
b
.
Note that this C
b
value, and many others for common
cases, are provided in AISC Manual Table 3-1.
2 b) Greater than the flexural strength of segment B.
The C
b
value for segments A is greater than that for
segment B. Given that LTB controls the design, this is
true because all other variables in AISC Specification
Equation F2-2 are constant. The C
b
value for each
segment is shown in Figure 4 below and can be
determined via the User Note in Section F1, where C
b
=
1.0 for the case of equal end moments of opposite sign
(uniform moment) and C
b
= 1.67 when one end moment
equals zero. Also, see AISC Manual Table 3-1.
3 False. Per AISC Specification Equation F2-2, the nominal
flexural strength is equal to the plastic bending moment,
M
p
= F
y
Z
x
(because of the effect of C
b
). Per AISC Manual
Table 3-6, L
p
= 4.31ft and L
r
= 12.3ft. Per AISC Manual
Table 3-1, C
b
= 1.11 for the two interior segments (the
outer segments have a higher value of C
b
). Per Table 1-1,
S
x
= 57.6 in.
3
, Z
x
= 66.5 in.
3
M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= 50 ksi 66.5in.
3
= 3,330 kip in.
=3,380 kip in. 3,330 kip in.
=3,330 kip in.
Therefore, the design is controlled by yielding and M
n
=M
p
.
Note that AISC Specification Commentary Figure C-F1.2
clearly illustrates the effect C
b
can have on the nominal
flexural strength, M
n
.
4 False. HSS beams are generally not sensitive to lateral-
torsional bucklingbecause their torsional strength and
stiffness are so highand so their strength is governed
by the yield or local buckling strength of the member.
Therefore, C
b
rarely impacts the design of an HSS beam.
Figure 4
M
L
b
L
b
L
b
1.67 1.67 1
w x
2
M
A
= M
C
= (Lx) = (30ft 7.5ft) =
1.5kip ft 7.5ft
2
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+3M
A
+4M
B
+3M
C
C
b
= = =1.14
12.5 169
6.5 169+6 127
w L
2
8
M
max
= M
B
= = = 169 kip ft
1.5kip ft 30ft
2
8
127kip ft
[ ]
= 1.11 3,330 (3,330 0.7 50 57.6)
6 4.31
12.3 4.31
( )
M
n
= C
b
M
p
(M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
) M
p
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
( ) [ ]
3,330kip in.
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Using the Tekla model, Structural Consultants, Inc. (SCI) delivered more information to the estimators
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Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 17
RECENTLY, MY FIRM RECEIVED A QUERY from a hot
prospect through our website. Based on a series of initial
conversations, I deduced that the prospect had a notably short
attention span.
According to Archives of General Psychiatry and the WebMD
article ADHD in the Workplace (by Laura J. Martin, MD),
4.4% of working adults have been formally diagnosed with
ADHD, which accounts for an estimated 10-12 million profes-
sionals in the American workplace. Im not a physician and Im
certainly not diagnosing this prospect with ADHD, but merely
stressing the point that short attention spans of varying degrees
abound.
At any rate, in crafting my sales strategy, it made sense to
adjust my approach in order to best accommodate this prospect.
I decided to research adult ADHD-like symptoms. My goal
was to formulate best practices around selling (and relationship
building) toward professionals ftting this profle.
After conducting my research, I concluded that there was
an opportunity to modify my typical selling approach. After
all, savvy sales professionals aim to make their client look good
(and feel good) in their professional role. So, I made some
adjustments, with the intention of both maximizing their posi-
tive skill sets and assisting in areas they might fnd challenging.
The frst step is to leverage the potential strengths often
found in professionals who exhibit ADHD-like behaviorsor
at the very least, short attention spans. Those behaviors include
the following:
Creative: People with ADHD-like behavior often propose
ideas that may or may not seem relevant. To handle that, prepare
a mini parking lot during the meeting. At the onset of your
meeting, walk the prospect through your proposed agenda (you
do prepare a meeting agenda, dont you?) to confrm agreement.
Then, let the prospect know that youll set aside a blank piece of
paper for recording any ideas or topics worthy of exploration
at a different time. This tactic is very useful in group meetings
and can also help capture spin-off ideas, thoughts and com-
ments. Later, one attendee takes responsibility for determining
(or delegating) next steps for each.
In short: Explain and use the parking lot practice with appli-
cable clients to record extraneous ideas.
Talkative/communicative: A forthright person is a sales per-
sons dream, right? Indeed, this behavior may enable you to learn
about the prospects goals and challenges with minimal probing
efforts. That said, you may need to maintain meeting focus on
the intended topics by succinctly summarizing them (even par-
roting back their words) throughout the entire conversation.
In short: Offer mini oral summaries as you move forward in
the meeting.
Curious: Perhaps one of the most beautiful things about some-
one with ADHD symptoms is their innate sense of curiosity. They
may ask something like How can this be done better? If you are
new to the prospect, then the Whats better? attitude can work
in your favor, and you will follow your personal approach toward
demonstrating value and differentiating your services.
If you are an incumbent but looking to grow your business
with an existing client who exhibits these behaviors, then you
must realize this question may be top-of-mind for your client.
How might you nip their feeling in the bud by either a) brain-
storming together about how to handle a future project or b)
walking them through the post-project outcomes to demon-
strate that it was done well? How might you underscore that
your frm remains the best ft for their needs?
In short: Remain acutely aware of the Whats the next big
thing? or Whats better? questions. Proactively address it
during conversations with the prospect or client.
On the fip side, be aware of potential challenges that pro-
fessionals with symptoms of ADHD face. Do your best to help
them overcome them during your sales process and beyond.
Some of those challenges include:
Short attention span: As you always do while selling, take
good care to engage with enthusiasm, energy and warmth.
Dont muddle your message with detail. Keep everything con-
cise and be ready to switch on a dime if their eyes glaze over
or they seem restless. When offering something new, highly
stimulating or intriguing, then you may be able to capture
IM SORRY
YOU WERE SAYING?
BY ANNE SCARLETT
business issues
Thoughts on adjusting your sales
approach toward prospective clients
with short attention spans.
Anne Scarlett is president of
Scarlett Consulting, a Chicago-
based company specializing in
AEC-specic strategic marketing
plans, marketing audits and
coaching. She is also on the
adjunct faculty of Columbia
College of Chicago and DePaul
University. She can be contacted
through her website,
www.annescarlett.com.
18 SEPTEMBER 2014
business
issues
and holdtheir attention. Continually ask yourself if theres a
way you can reshape your message so that it feels exciting and
new to them.
In short: Deliver with energy, omit the details and empha-
size whats new.
Diffculty staying on track and sticking to time commit-
ments: If you want to make sure the meeting starts on time,
make it easy by going to them. Meet in their offces, if pos-
sible. Once youve launched the meeting, try visibly checking
off items on the agenda as you go through them. This will give
everyone a sense of progress and accomplishment throughout
the meeting.
In short: Give the overall sense that things are moving along.
Fidgety, often wants to
move around: Business devel-
opers within the AEC industry
love when a prospect wants to
experience our projects frst-
hand through a site visit. This
might be just the type of per-
son who would be willing to
trek to the site for a tour. (Ide-
ally, you will provide trans-
port.) Try offering this early in
your sales cycle.
In short: Arrange a site visit,
suggest a walk-and-talk after your meetings or take a stretch
our legs coffee break.
Frustrated with their lack of focus: It can be maddening
for an adult to strive for career success while tackling their
ADHD symptoms. Whenever possible during your sales pro-
cess, try to subtly demonstrate empathy. Examples might be
Wouldnt you know it? I completely spaced out at a meeting
I had last week. Or Boy, I sure am having trouble getting
through my action items list for this project. Whatever you
can (honestly) share about yourself that gives them the sense
that they are not alone will be appreciated. After all, many of
us experience these symptoms. (A personal example: It took
me a long time to write this piece; I have acquiesced to many
distractions).
In short: Relate to them by sharing your own relevant
challenges.
Experience challenges when reviewing detailed written
work: Streamline any written documentation, and present con-
tent in bullet format. Tighten the language in your fee propos-
als and, if at all possible, orally walk through them through the
proposal.
In short: Keep. It. Short.
Disorganized: Since these folks are often organization-
ally challenged, make sure any experiences they have with
you appear well organized. Ideally, they will associate you with
organization.
To do this in a sales meeting, start off by helping them get
organized by providing a brief list of what they should bring
to the meeting. This can be done in your email confrma-
tion. Perhaps they need to bring a calendar, business cards,
other colleagues, specifc documentation about their poten-
tial project, budget numbers, etc. Also, be very organized
yourself when you are conducting the meeting. Present your
materials in an even more organized manner than you might
otherwise. (One example: Put materials about their project
in a three-ring binder with labeled tabs. This radiates a level
of competency, and a we can handle this for you spirit.)
In short: Demonstrate your
own ber-organized skills.
Procrastinate: As with any
prospective client, you always
want to agree upon a next step.
In these cases, you may want to
reiterate scheduled steps/com-
mitments more than once (i.e.,
orally during the meeting, recap
at the close of the meeting and
in a follow-up email). Also, try
to keep the next steps as close
together as possible. While this
is certainly a goal in every sales process, there might be ways to
shave off a day here or a day there to help the procrastinator to
feel the sense of urgency that he/she might actually thrive within.
In short: Strive to keep the process tight.
Express emotion that may seem intense, short-fused
or irrational for the workplace. Help guide them back to a
rational, calm and professional state of mind (but try not to
squelch any positive passion or personal investment). Suggest
win-win alternatives whenever possible. If the discussion is
going south with no signs of immediate recovery, then pro-
pose a break for 15 minutes before reconvening. This might
be more likely to happen if you are up-selling to an existing
client rather than working through the sales process with a
prospective client.
In short: Aim for win-win; demonstrate a calm, professional
demeanor; suggest a break.
These are the adjustments that Ive used with the prospec-
tive client I mentioned earlier. So far, I have managed to get to
know her better through a series of fairly successful touches. I
feel optimistic about turning her company into a client.
To reiterate, I am a complete novice when it comes to adult
ADHD. If any of you readers have advice and comments from
your experiences in similar situations, I would enthusiastically
welcome your feedback.
22 SEPTEMBER 2014
Slender steel elements and expanded cantilevers
defne the structural system of a new building for the Colorado School of Mines.
BUILDINGS CAN EXHIBIT not only progress and expansion,
but also a shift in focus.
Marquez Hall, a new 87,000-sq.-ft facility for the Petroleum Engi-
neering Department at the Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colo.,
was designed to refect the countrys energy shift from petroleum to
renewables. The building, designed by the Seattle offce of Bohlin
Cywinski Jackson in partnership with Denver-based Anderson Mason
Dale Architects, reinforces the schools vision for the future by looking
to the user, the campus and community to achieve an aesthetic refec-
tive of the schools nationally recognized engineering programs and in-
novative applied science research. The structural steel framing system,
featuring long cantilevers and architecturally exposed steel, was chosen
to help achieve a dynamic vision for the building and address the basic
structural need of supporting gravity and lateral loads (total steel used,
including miscellaneous, was 773 tons). Vibration requirements for the
laboratories contained within also required a high degree of sensitivity.
Thinning
OUT
BY CHRISTOPHER OHARA, P.E., AND JULIAN LINEHAM, P.E.
Christopher OHara (cohara@studionyl.com) is a cofounder,
principal and faade director, and Julian Lineham (jlineham@
studionyl.com) is a cofounder and principal, both with Studio
NYL Structural Engineers in Boulder, Colo.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 23
General Contractor
Adolphson and Peterson, Aurora, Colo.
Design Architect
Bohlin Cywinski Jackson, Seattle
Architect of Record
Anderson Mason Dale, Denver
Structural Engineer
Studio NYL Structural Engineers, Boulder, Colo.
Steel Team
Fabricator
Zimkor, Littleton, Colo. (AISC Member/AISC Certied
Fabricator)
Detailer
Lehigh Valley Technical Associates, Northampton, Pa.
(AISC Member)
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28 SEPTEMBER 2014
A new convenience store
keeps its head above water with an innovative structural steel framing system.
HEADING DOWN to the corner store for a gallon of milk is
a bit of a different experience at Lake Powells Wahweap Marina.
Thats because the store foats. Situated between the marinas
docks and houseboats, the 6,655-sq.-ft buildingwhich houses
the Wahweap Marina Store, a restaurant and offce spaceis
supported by a 10,144-sq.-ft foating platform. The structure is
topped with a 1,425-sq.-ft covered deck on the second foor that
allows visitors to relax and drink in their surroundings.
The facility has been designed to accommodate the constant-
ly changing water level of the lake (Wahweap Marina is located
toward the south end of the lake, just south of the Arizona-Utah
border near the beginning of the Grand Canyon). The foata-
tion portion of the structure consists of wide-fange and HSS
McKay Parrish (mckayp@
arwengineers.com) is a project
structural engineer with ARW
Engineers.
Staying
AFLOAT
BY MCKAY M. PARRISH, S.E.
beams that are designed as a truss system to evenly distribute
loads throughout the platform. This T shaped foatation
system is approximately 8 ft deep in the middle section and
5 ft deep in the side sections. The side walls and bottom of
the foatations structural hull are covered with -in. and
5
16-in.
steel plates and angles, and the top of the fotation structure
consists of a sloping 7-in. suspended concrete slab on metal
deck. The lower section of the hull houses all of the mechani-
cal equipment and also doubles as a storage room. The upper
structure consists of exposed HSS beams and battered columns
that project away from the building and provide the lower deck
with shade. The upper patio area is constructed with a 4-in.
suspended concrete slab on metal deck with a covered steel roof
system above, and wood-sheathed steel stud shear walls provide
lateral resistance for wind and wave loads.
The battered columns consist of HSS88
3
16 sections that
extend from the lower deck to the upper canopy roof. The
architectural design pushed for an exposed structure, so the
HSS88 columns around the perimeter of the building are off-
set from the exterior shear walls to show off these beams and
columns. The four columns supporting the upper deck and roof
canopy are designed as cantilevered columns that are braced at
the low roof; they cantilever to the high roof to avoid the use of
bracing that could have obstructed views from the upper deck.
All roof framing members consists of exposed HSS beams that
range in size from HSS124 members to HSS168 members.
Aramark
Aramark
Aramark
Aramark
Most of the lower hull foat framing consists of continuous
W818 or W824 beams that are full-pen welded at the joints.
The traditional and Vierendeel truss confgurations used in the
hull consist of W8 beams that form the top and bottom chords,
with HSS44 and HSS55 posts at approximately 8 ft on center
and matching diagonal HSS members where needed. The truss
systems occur at approximately 6 ft on center and are designed
to align directly beneath the column locations so that the truss
system can be used to evenly distribute the structures loads.
Launching a Building
As the structural engineer, ARW Engineers role went be-
yond the typical goal of providing practical and economic
structural solutions to satisfy the owners and architects overall
vision for the project. They were also tasked with providing so-
lutions for including fuctuating water levels, determining con-
struction sequencing of the foat system with launching and bal-
lasting restrictions, designing deeper hull sections in the lower
foat structure for better accessibility to storage and mechanical
units and integrating exposed beams with cantilevered decks.
Typical building projects begin with geotechnical reports
and foundations designed to mitigate any potential settlement
in the structure. But the Wahweap Marina Store is anything but
typical. Instead of ordering geotechnical reports and determin-
ing seismic loads, the project team and owner focused on work-
ing together to determine how they could best move the build-
ing during construction so it could be launched into the water.
One unique aspect of this building system is the trusses in
the hull section. Unlike structures built on soil with indepen-
dent footings supporting individual columns, the truss mem-
bers were designed to carry multiple columns and act together
with adjacent trusses to distribute loads evenly over the built-
up plates below; this allowed the localized settlement beneath
each individual column to be minimized. The structure is de-
signed to accommodate a fuctuation in the storage dead loads
and live loads each day; as buoyancy pressure beneath the truss
system increases as water depth increases, the pressure used to
analyze the truss system changes as well. The upper level build-
ings loads are not equally distributed over the structural foat,
and this requires a ballasting system to keep the building from
tipping toward the entrance where the structure is heaviest due
to the second-level framing.
The decision of how the foatation platform and upper
structure would be built and launched played a vital role in this
process. The marina is located in a remote part of Lake Powell
that is surrounded by cliffs. The boat launch ramps are the only
access to the waterfront, and clogging up the boat ramps during
the summer months was not an option. Consequently, differ-
ent methods of constructing the foatation system off-site were
discussed and after reviewing the additional time and material
required to construct the foat in sections, it was decided that
a portion of the parking lot and one of the ramps would be
dedicated to the accelerated construction of the facility during
the winter.
30 SEPTEMBER 2014
The store oats on Lake Powells Wahweap Marina in northern Arizona, near the eastern end of the
Grand Canyon.
This T shaped floatation system is approximately 8 ft deep in the middle section and 5 ft deep in
the side sections. The side walls and bottom of the floatations structural hull is covered with -in.
and
5
16-in. steel plates and angles.
ARW Engineers
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 31
Once the steel-encased foatation system was built and
launched, the middle 8-ft-deep storage section was so buoy-
ant without the steel and concrete structure above that it liter-
ally supported the side sections and suspended them above the
water. The contractor was directed to fll the deeper foat sec-
tion with water so that the suspended W-2 deck and concrete
topping could be poured without causing damage to the truss
members. The suspended concrete foor was poured in such
a way that the structure did not lean or cause torsion in the
structural members.
The new store is located at the same site as the original fa-
cility, which was constructed in the early 1960s and had expe-
rienced a number of additions and renovations over its 50-year
life (it contained little or no storage space, had defcient me-
chanical systems and only had a small convenience store, hence
the replacement). The construction process undertaken with
the new structure allowed the majority of the new facility to
be constructed away from the site and then moved into place
after the existing building was disconnected from the docks and
removed. This allowed for the ongoing service to the marina
visitors with minimal disruption.
Previous, similar projects with this client had incorporated
the use of long cylindrical tanks that can be flled with water (as
needed) to buoy up and/or ballast the foatation systemsimi-
lar to what is used on a pontoon boat. Any piping beneath these
structures is exposed to severe weather conditions and erosion.
For this project, the owner requested that a mechanical
room and storage room be placed beneath the structure and
that all of the ducts and piping be placed within this space. They
also required approximately 28 in. of freeboard between the
water and the top of the deck to allow for neighboring docks
to be attached at similar levels and to allow boats to pull up to
the walkway. Creating too deep of a storage area would pro-
duce too much buoyancy, making it diffcult to tie the platform
into surrounding structures. Innovative approaches were used
in the design of the deeper storage section so that the forces
were transferred throughout the structure to increase its stiff-
ness and meet the required buoyancy objectives. The T-shaped
section was designed to mitigate any warping or twisting of the
platform with the changing loads.
The project, which uses approximately 300 tons of (foat-
ing) structural steel, opened for business in time for the 2013
high season.
Owner
Aramark, Wahweap Marina
General Contractor
Lake Powell Construction, Page, Ariz.
Architect
VCBO Architects, Salt Lake City
Structural Engineer
ARW Engineers, Ogden, Utah
The facility has been designed to accommodate the constantly changing water
level of Lake Powell; it is supported by a 10,144-sq.-ft floating platform.
VCBO Architects
Aramark
Aramark
Vulcraft Group joists were used to assemble an inventive design for the Golden Gate Pavilion in honor of the
Bridges 75th Anniversary. The Golden Gate Bridge has been hailed as one of the modern wonders of the world.
Its visitor center deserves the latest technology and innovation. said Louis Lozano, Vulcrafts Northern California
District Sales Manager.
Working with design team, Project Frog, it was determined that Vulcrafts LH series joists with their open web
aspect were the right choice. These special profle joists are designed to reach longer spans while supporting
large loads.
As an engineered products group of Nucor Corporation, Vulcraft is the leading producer of steel joists and decking
in the United States. Our team members are dedicated to creating solutions for a range of customers. And
landmarks.
All photots by Mariko Reed
www.vulcraft.com
Vulcrafts joists play a vital aesthetic role in the
design and architecture of the Golden Gate Pavilion.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 33
Structural renovations brace an iconic
museum for the future.
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONS Arts and Indus-
tries Building is widely known as the frst U.S. National Museum.
The dream of the Smithsonians frst curator, Spencer Ful-
lerton Baird, it was designed by architecture frm Adolf Cluss
and Paul Schulze and frst opened its doors in 1881. In recent
years, renovations became necessary thanks to roofng, HVAC
and plumbing leaks, which led to structural renovation as
well. Exterior enclosure and structural improvements to the
102,200-sq.-ft structure were completed early this year at a to-
tal construction cost of roughly $44 million.
As with any National Historic Landmark, there is a delicate
balance in preserving a structures historical elements while
also revitalizing the building to meet the needs of the present
day. Using prior knowledge of the original construction time
frame, the architects were able to successfully depict an over-
whelming majority of elements, despite the fact that many were
hidden in three to fve wythes of masonry.
The design team performed an extensive amount of existing
condition surveys, which was an integral frst step in completing the
roof replacement and in kind, the repair/replacement of the struc-
tural framing. The existing lead-coated copper and slate roofng was
replaced with 20-gauge stainless steel and new slate to match the
existing patterns, and the new roofng system weighed considerably
more than the existing one. The new structure needed to not only
support the additional weight of the new roofng system, but also
improve seismic, wind, blast and snow load performance.
National
TREASURE
BY LUCA COVI
P
e
t
e
r
C
r
a
n
e
Luca Covi (lucacovi@grunley.com)
is business development manager
with Grunley and served as senior
project manager for the Arts and
Industries Building renovation.
36 SEPTEMBER 2014
The building is laid out as four quads
around a central rotunda. Each
quad consists of six individual struc-
tures (hall, court, transition, range,
entrance/tower and pavilion) that
were systematically demolished and
rebuilt using new steel components.
Christopher Feehely
Peter Crane
we installed vents in the knee walls. On the
scaffold decks, we installed an ethylene pro-
pylene diene monomer (EPDM) layer and
foor drains. To protect the EPDM roofng
(since the scaffold decks were the main work
platform) we covered the entire surface with
horse mats. Although rubber horse mats are
normally used for lining stables, we found
them to be perfect for our application as well,
and we have been able to reuse almost every
single mat on other projects. This system al-
lowed the ironworkers to perform elevated
work at what felt like ground level.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 37
General Contractor
Grunley Construction Company, Inc.,
Rockville, Md.
Architects
Ennead Architects, LLP, New York, and
SmithGroupJJR, Washington, D.C.
Structural Engineer
McMullan and Associates, Reston, Va.
Steel Fabricator, Erector and Detailer
Superior Iron Works, Inc., Sterling, Va. (AISC
Member/AISC Certied Fabricator/Advanced
Certied Steel Erector)
The building is widely known as the first U.S. National Museum.
Peter Crane
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Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 41
A look at the performance of the
national uncoated weathering steel bridge inventory.
ALL RESEARCH TAKES PLACE in a labof sorts.
For uncoated weathering steel (UWS) bridges, that lab is
out in the open, exposed to the elements, in various types of
environments across the country.
UWS bridges have now seen domestic use for nearly a half-
century, an appropriate time frame for assessing their long-
term performance. Such an assessment has been the focus of
recent research, Evaluation of Unpainted Weathering-Steel
Highway-Bridge Performance, conducted at the University of
Delawares Center for Innovative Bridge Engineering in part-
nership with the Federal Highway Administrations (FHWA)
Long Term Bridge Performance Program (LTBPP) and Rut-
gers University. Specifcally, UWS performance has been as-
sessed through surveying the varied experiences of 52 US
transportation agencies as well as through compiling a national
database of UWS bridges and performing a data analysis on the
condition of these bridges. In total, the performance of nearly
10,000 structures has been quantifed as a result of these efforts.
Qualitative Performance
Through a survey facilitated by the organizational structure
of FHWAs LTBPPwhich has state coordinators in each
state, Puerto Rico and the District of Columbiadata has been
compiled regarding owners perceptions on the performance of
UWS. Respondents were asked to briefy describe your gen-
eral perception of the overall performance of unpainted weath-
ering steel in highway bridges within your agency.
Overall performance was defned as performance away
from problematic details such as leaking joints, details that
trap moisture and debris, etc., because the reasons for inferior
performance at the locations of problematic details is relatively
well understood and theoretically easy to remedy with suff-
cient maintenance resources. Rather, a major goal of this survey
was to reveal general information on the frequency and charac-
teristics of structures suffering from accelerated corrosion over
more widespread areas.
The responses to this question were categorized into the
three distinct categories listed below, which emerged as the re-
sults were reviewed:
Entirely Positive (EP): No overall performance problems
with UWS indicated.
Mostly Positive (MP): A generally positive perception of
UWS performance was indicated, but some drawbacks
were also mentioned.
Negative: A response indicating a negative perception of
UWS performance.
Based on these defnitions, Figure 1 (on fthe following page)
shows the geographic distribution of the 50 responses to this ques-
tion (agencies not reporting data for this question are flled with a
dashed pattern). The map indicates that 96% of the respondents
have a positive perception of the performance of UWS, including
29 of the 50 respondents (58%) being in the EP category. The
38% of respondents in the MP category reported issues typically
associated with various specifc environments or situations. These
TIME Tested
BY JENNIFER MCCONNELL, PH.D., DENNIS R. MERTZ, PH.D., AND HARRY W. SHENTON, III, PH.D.
Jennifer Righman McConnell
(righman@udel.edu) is an associate
professor, Dennis Mertz (mertz@
udel.edu) is a professor and Harry
W. Shenton, III (shenton@udel.edu)
is a professor and department chair,
all with the Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering at the
University of Delaware.
42 SEPTEMBER 2014
44 SEPTEMBER 2014
bridges that have been in service for over
40 years were shown to be also generally
performing well.
Furthermore, based on the fact that
Figure 4 shows the average performance
of UWS is on par with or better than
the average performance of painted steel
superstructures for the representative
agencies evaluated here, we can con-
clude that when choosing between these
two corrosion-control strategies and
considering the economic and environ-
mental benefits of UWS bridges, UWS
is a sound choice in many different en-
vironments. That said, complementary
research is recommended to more care-
fully evaluate potential exceptions to
this general statement.
One such research topic has been to
analyze UWS performance as a function
of climate (see National Review on Use
and Performance of Uncoated Weather-
ing Steel Highway Bridges in ASCEs
Journal of Bridge Engineering). This work
revealed that UWS bridges generally
performed well across all climate cat-
egories and suggested that maintenance
practices may be a more influential in-
dicator of UWS performance than cli-
mate; this latter hypothesis is of interest
for future evaluation. Furthermore, the
climate analysis to date has consisted
of broadly categorizing bridges into re-
gional climate categories. However, re-
cent creation of a geographic informa-
tion system (GIS) database combining
the UWS inventory, climate data and
atmospheric chemical concentrations
now allows the specific climate condi-
tions (e.g., monthly humidity values, an-
nual snowfall and atmospheric chloride
levels) of each UWS bridge to be known,
which could reveal new insights on the
effects of local climates.
Lastly, feld work to more rigorously
evaluate specifc UWS bridges is also un-
derway, along with a complementary effort
to obtain as much information as possible
from existing inspection reports of ad-
ditional UWS bridges so that additional
metrics beyond SCR, such as element-level
condition state data and visual observations,
can be considered. Through such efforts,
guidance on expected UWS performance
in representative realistic conditions can be
obtained, which can ultimately lead to the
development of UWS best practices and
guidelines.
46 SEPTEMBER 2014
A criminal justice school blends the new with the old
in an urban expansion project.
THE YEAR FOLLOWING the attacks of September 11th ini-
tiated a sudden boom in the popularity of criminal justice careers.
As the trend continued over the years, this led one of the
countrys most highly esteemed criminal justice schools, the
City University of New Yorks (CUNY) John Jay College of
Criminal Justice in Manhattan, to eventually expand its campus.
The result is a new 625,000-sq.-ft academic building, com-
prised of a 15-story tower on 11th Avenue and a four-story po-
dium with a garden roof that connects to the college's existing
Haaren Hall, which dates back to the late 19th century, on 10th
Avenue. The building doubles the existing facilities and unifes
of the campus into one city block.
Justice is
SERVEDBY JASON STONE
SOM
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 47
Abadan Mustafa of Skidmore Owings and Merrill, the proj-
ects architect, explained the design concept thusly: Criminal
justice is not something that should be hidden away. Glass
makes the relationship to inside and outside clearer. It relates
to our ideals of transparency and justice, the way justice is ap-
plied to everyone equally and openly."
The new facilities offer traditional college campus amenities in-
cluding classrooms, offces, research laboratories, theaters, lounges
and fexible collaboration spaces. In addition, unique features specif-
ic to educating future investigators and law enforcement offcers in-
clude a ballistics room, areas for chemical storage and analysis, space
for mock trials and an emergency control center simulation lab.
Over the Tunnel
There are many challenges to construction in Manhattan,
not the least of which are the countless train tunnels below the
streets, and a shallow Amtrak tunnel cuts through a corner of
the project site. To effectively isolate the building from the train
vibration and noise, two layers of structure were provided. The
train tunnel was enclosed with a hollow core precast plank ceil-
ing and concrete crash walls, and the main steel-framed build-
ing structure spans over and behind these elements (the columns
were mostly W14, with the largest being W14665, and the
beams were typically W1422 that frame to W18 and W36 gird-
ers at the long spans). At points of convergence, creative detailing
was required to maintain the load path and necessary separation.
However, accommodating the almost two-story change in
grade between 10th and 11th Avenues would pose a challenge, as
would a second main entrance to the building that occurs along
59th Street and negotiates this steep slope. To design for these
conditions, the perimeter columns, which are in an area that sup-
ported heavy loads from the rooftop garden, were eliminated and
the entrance was pulled back to allow room for the necessary
steps and ramps. One-story-deep trusses were ft inside the walls
of the fourth-foor classrooms to effciently accomplish the 40-ft
cantilever out to the tip of a V-shaped tapering canopy.
The interior architecture also responded to the sloped grade
with a series of cascading staircases and escalators that compli-
cated the structure but still facilitated circulation to all parts of
the campus.
Construction over the Amtrak tunnel was done at night and coordinated
around the train schedule. Noise and vibration were controlled by isolat-
ing the tunnel enclosure from the tower structure.
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50 SEPTEMBER 2014
landscaped with large grassy zones, full-sized trees and decked outdoor dining areas,
which students have immediately embraced and nicknamed Jay Walk.
To preserve the dramatic views, the hanger spacing was increased to nearly 50
ft at the middle of both the east and west faces for the hung tower foors. These
long-span conditions created a problem for the laboratories on the sixth, seventh
and eighth foors, where strict vibration criteria needed to be met; stiffening the
foor resulted in deeper and heavier members than could be tolerated in the ceiling
package. The solution, which saved material and depth in the foor members, was to
remove the problematic excitation by adding an isolation joint in the foor between
the labs and the adjacent main circulation corridor.
The John Jay College Expansion project exceeded the expectations of owner and
client, giving the students and faculty a new state-of-the-art home they feel proud
of, along with the fexibility to adapt to whatever the future holds.
Owner
Dormitory Authority of the State of New
York
Client Team
City University of New York
John Jay College of Criminal Justice
Construction Manager
Turner Construction, New York
Architect
Skidmore Owings and Merrill, New York
Structural Engineer
Leslie E. Robertson Associates (LERA)
Consulting Structural Engineers, New York
Steel Team
Fabricator and Detailer
Owen Steel, Columbia, S.C. (AISC
Member/AISC Certied Fabricator)
Erector
Cornell and Company, Woodbury, N.J.
(AISC Member/AISC Certied Erector)
56 SEPTEMBER 2014
CROSSING
the Delaware BY JIM TALBOT
THE MOST FAMOUS CROSSING of the Delaware River happened in
1776, when Americas frst president, George Washington, brought troops
across the river in a surprise attack against Hessian Forces during the Amer-
ican Revolutionary War.
Nearly 40 years later, in September 1814, a covered span followed suit
and became the frst bridge to cross the Delaware River that connected New
Hope, Pa., and Lambertville, N.J., replacing Coryell's Ferry.
Designed by Lewis Wernwag, a German immigrant and pioneering
bridge-builder, the wooden covered bridge was 32 ft wide and had two
wagon lanes and two lanes for pedestrians. Flooding carried the bridge away
in January of 1841, and another food destroyed a second, similar bridge at
this site in 1903.
From Wood to Steel
This led to the construction of a steel, pin-connected Pratt truss bridge in
1904, the New Hope-Lambertville Bridge. Lewis F. Shoemaker and Com-
pany of Pottstown, Pa., built the bridge, listing R.G. Devlin as the engineer.
The cost: $63,818.81.
Today, the bridge carries 14,000 vehicles across the Delaware River daily;
roughly the same number of pedestrians cross the bridge on a single sum-
mer weekend day. No other bridge across the Delaware sees this level of
foot traffc. Tourists, residents, antique shoppers, bikers and others use the
crossing to take advantage of the many attractions offered by the two com-
munities on opposite banks.
The six-span bridge contains 962 tons of steel. Each nine-panel span
measures 171 ft, and the bridge has a total length of about 1,050 ft and a
roadway width of 20.3 ft. Vertical truss members measure 27 ft in height,
and abutments date back to the original 1814 bridge. Pedestrians cross on a
Our nations rich past was built on immovable
determination and innovation that found a highly
visible expression in the construction of steel
bridges. The Steel Centurions series offers a
testament to notable accomplishments of prior
generations and celebrates the durability and
strength of steel by showcasing bridges more than
100 years old that are still in service today.
STEEL CENTURIONS
SPANNING 100 YEARS
ST
E
E
L
C
E
N
T
U
R
I
O
N
S
A steel truss, at the site of one of the frst bridges over the Delaware River,
is still standing after numerous foods and more than 100 years of life.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 57
Jim Talbot is a freelance
technical writer living in Ambler,
Pa. You can reach him at
james.e.talbot@gmail.com.
cantilevered walkway along its southern downstream side. Addi-
tionally, the bridge carries a pumped 8-in. sewer line to a treat-
ment plant located in Lambertville.
For its frst 15 years, tolls supported the bridge's operation
and maintenance, but now tolls on other bridges across the Dela-
ware support these activities, along with security. (The Delaware
River Joint Toll Bridge Commission, created in 1934, owns and
operates the bridge; the commission operates 20 Delaware River
bridges in all.) The bridge carried U.S. Route 202 over the Dela-
ware River until 1971, when the route was realigned to cross the
river upstream on a new bridge; it now carries Route 179.
Surviving the Flood
The food of August 1955the greatest the Delaware River
had ever experienceddestroyed many of the structures cross-
ing it. The New Hope-Lambertville Bridge was one of the rare
survivors, though its No. 2 span was seriously damaged, forcing a
closure for fve weeks. In 2004, the bridge underwent an exten-
sive $7.7 million rehabilitation project, coinciding with its 100th
anniversary. This fgure included preliminary and fnal design,
public involvement, construction and oversight. It also funded
a free shuttle service for pedestrians, which operated when the
project closed the bridge to traffc on weekdays. On weekends,
H
i
s
t
o
r
i
c
B
r
i
d
g
e
s
.
o
r
g
The six-span bridge contains 962 tons of steel.
In 2004, the bridge underwent an extensive $7.7
million rehabilitation project, coinciding with its
100th anniversary.
Vi si t us at www.ascsd.com or cal l 800.726.2727
HiForm
is an annual
event hosted by the
American Institute of
Steel Construction,
its members and
partners. Plan your
SteelDay
visits and
see rst hand why it
makes sense to build
with structural steel.
@aisc
/AISCdotORG
/AISCsteelTV
American Institute of Steel Construction
One East Wacker Drive, Suite 700
Chicago, IL 60601
312.670.2400 www.aisc.org
Theres always a solution in steel.
SteelDay
Its coming... 9.19.2014
www.SteelDay.org
60 SEPTEMBER 2014
news
People and Firms
Vi ctor Technol ogi es wi l l
award more than $30,000 in
equipment and cash prizes
as part of i ts 2014 A Cut
Above student contest. The
contest is open to students in
cutting, welding and related
programs at secondary and
pos t - s econdar y s chool s .
Entri es are accepted now
through October 31, wi th
rules and entry forms available
at www.victortechnologies.
com/acutabove.
Carney Engineering Group,
a multi-discipline structural
engineering firm serving the
Mid-Atlantic region, has hired
Eric Alwine as a structural
project manager. His previous
experiences include projects
ranging from the $110 million
renovati on of a hi stori cal
23-building campus to building
hotels and casinos in San Juan,
Puerto Rico.
Dexter + Chaney, provider
of Spectrum Construction
Software, has unveiled its
new Proj ect Pl an Room
mobi l e app, whi ch al l ows
users to distribute construction
documents, communicate data
and relay project information
in real time to employees and
subcontractors mobile devices
on the job site. (Visit www.
dexterchaney.com.)
NSBA
Jeff Carlson Joins NSBA
as Western Regional Director
STEELDAY
SteelDay Gears up with Chicago High-Rise Tour
An 11-story, 157,000-sq.-ft steel residen-
tial high-rise known as Circa 922 is cur-
rently under construction just west of the
Chicago Loop. Its the frst project in the
city to be built using the Girder-Slab sys-
tem, and AISC recently hosted a tour of
the building, which drew more than 100
construction professionals.
The project site tour and presentation
served as a pre SteelDay event, offer-
ing a sneak peak at the dozens of events
scheduled in Chicago and around the
country on SteelDay. Set for Friday, Sep-
tember 19, SteelDay is an annual event,
sponsored by AISC and hosted by its
members and partners, celebrating struc-
tural steel. It offers events all over the
country for AEC professionals, university
faculty and students and the general pub-
lic to get an inside look at how the struc-
tural steel industry works to build Amer-
ica. You can also keep up with SteelDay
updates and discussions via AISCs social
media channels at www.facebook.com/
AISCdotORG, www.twitter.com/aisc
and www.youtube.com/AISCsteelTV.
The National Steel Bridge Alliance
welcomes Jeff Carlson, P.E., as its Western
Regional Director. Carlson is responsible
for working with state DOTs, bridge
design consultants and construction
professionals in Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho,
Montana, Nevada, New
Mexico, Oregon, Utah,
Washington and Wyoming,
providing technical and
project assistance and
communicating the
advantages that structural
steel brings to bridge
projects.
Jeffs background
adds another dimension
and a fresh perspective
to the NSBA team, said
Bill McEleney, NSBAs
managing director. His experience
dealing directly with owners will surely
be appreciated by our DOT colleagues
as we work to better quantify the life-
cycle advantages of steel bridges.
Carlson brings more than a decade
of project management and engineering
experience to NSBA. Most recently,
he was a fnancial analyst and project
manager for Omni Development
Corporation in Denver, where he was
responsible for managing real estate
redevelopment projects, overseeing
several construction professionals,
providing fnancial
recommendations and
developing budgets for
presentations to the
owner. Prior to that, he
was a research analyst for
Cornerstone Real Estate
Advisors in Hartford,
Conn. Before entering
the real estate market, he
worked for six years as
a professional engineer
and project manager for
Martin/Martin Consulting
Engineers in Lakewood, Colo.
Carlson lives in Englewood, Colo.,
and can be reached at 720.440.3011 or
carlson@steelbridges.org. To view a
map of NSBA staffs territories, visit the
NSBA website homepage (www.steel-
bridges.org).
Go to www.aisc.org/seminars
for more information.
$350 for Members,
$600 for Member + Buddy
(Sign up two people
and save $50 per registrant!)
The 2nd Edition
Seismic Design Manual
will be available for purchase
for $100
(a discount from $175 member price/
$350 non-member price)
The Louis F. Geschwindner Seminar
Seismic Design Manual and Application
of the 2010 AISC Seismic Provisions
Written by Thomas A. Sabol, S.E., Ph.D. | 0.8 CEUs/8.0 PDHs
2014
FALL
SEMINARS
Theres always a solution in steel.
American Institute of Steel Construction
One E Wacker Drive, Ste. 700
Chicago, IL 60601
www.aisc.org 312.670.2400
St. Louis, MO
New York, NY
Lexington, KY
Pittsburgh, PA
Batavia, NY
Hosted by ASCE Buffalo Section
Structures Committee
Richmond, VA
Long Beach, CA
9/30
10/7
10/14
10/21
11/4
11/11
12/4
62 SEPTEMBER 2014
news
Engineering Journal has replaced its digi-
tal edition browser with a single down-
loadable PDF fle at www.aisc.org/ej.
The current issuethird quarter 2014
will be available for download and view-
ing until the next issue is posted.
Articles for the complete collection
of EJ will remain available individually
in the searchable archives. Downloads of
current and past articles in PDF format
are free to AISC members and ePubs
subscribers. Non-AISC members may
subscribe to EJ at the AISC bookstore.
The Q3 2014 of EJ is the second of
two issues with a special focus on the
simple for dead loadcontinuous for
live load (SDCL) design concept. The
premise behind the concept is that gird-
ers erected as simple spans can be made
to function under live load as continu-
ous spans by providing continuity with
a unique feld connection. In addition to
covering research, the issue highlights a
successful SDCL bridge project from the
engineers perspective.
Here are the Q3 articles:
2013-02
HSS Truss Connections with
Three Branches
Jeffrey A. Packer
Hollow structural section (HSS)
three-branch (or KT) connections fre-
quently occur in modifed Warren
trusses, but the design of these planar
welded connections is beyond the scope
of Chapter K of the 2010 AISC Specif-
cation for Structural Steel Buildings. Such
connections are also not covered by oth-
er contemporary HSS design guides and
standards. This paper reviews the many
potential member and loading arrange-
ments, for both gapped and overlapped
KT connections, and offers some design
guidance. A worked example for an over-
lapped square HSS KT connection is
then given, in both LRFD and ASD for-
mats, in accordance with the 2010 AISC
Specifcation for Structural Steel Buildings.
Keywords: Hollow structural sec-
tions, trusses, connections, KT, welded
joints, overlapping branches.
2012-25R
Field Application Case Studies and
Long-Term Monitoring of Bridges
Utilizing the Simple for Dead
Continuous for Live Bridge System
Aaron Yakel and Atorod Azizinamini
The performance of three bridges
constructed using the SDCL bridge
system for steel girders was monitored
during and after construction to com-
pare actual performance with predicted
performance. The structure types were
a box-girder bridge, an I-girder bridge
and a box-girder bridge built using ac-
celerated construction details. During
construction, strains and defections
were monitored so that the degree of
continuity over the pier could be deter-
mined. The design concept assumes that
a simply supported condition exists dur-
ing casting of the concrete deck. How-
ever, to provide lateral bracing, the con-
crete diaphragmor turndownover
the pier is cast and cured prior to casting
the deck. As expected, encasement of the
girders provides some continuity over
the pier during casting of the deck. The
degree of continuity over the pier can be
reduced by lowering the height of the
construction joint and through the use
of crack-inducing details. Long-term
monitoring of the structures showed
the behavior to be consistent over time
with no signifcant deviations from the
predicted bridge behavior. During the
initial time period of approximately 18
months, a slight overall change in strain
values was observed in concrete ele-
ments. The rate of change slowed dur-
ing this period and eventually ceased.
Subsequently, the response of the struc-
ture has been consistent with only small
seasonal fuctuations observed. These
fuctuations are expected and are gener-
ally attributable to changes in ambient
temperature, relative humidity, incident
solar radiation and ground freeze/thaw
conditions.
Keywords: Steel bridges, steel gird-
ers, SDCL, simple for dead load, con-
tinuous for live load.
2012-26
Experimental Investigation, Ap-
plication and Monitoring of a
Simple for Dead LoadContinu-
ous for Live Load Connection for
Accelerated Modular Steel Bridge
Construction
Saeed Javidi, Aaron Yakel and Atorod
Azizinamini
The inherently modular nature of
the SDCL system makes it a natu-
ral ft for the accelerated construction
paradigm. A detail capable of connect-
ing pre-topped girders over the middle
supports is developed and described in
this paper. To evaluate the performance
of the proposed connection, a full-scale
specimen was built and subjected to
cyclic and ultimate load testing. The
connection showed very little change
during cyclic loading equivalent for
70 years of traffc. During the ultimate
load test, the connection demonstrated
large displacement ductility, reaching its
ultimate capacity after complete yield-
ing of the longitudinal reinforcement.
After the successful experimental test, a
feld application bridge was constructed
using a modular pre-topped steel box
girder system, which allows much of the
construction process to be performed
prior to placing the girders. The bridge
consisted of three pre-topped steel box
units placed side by side and connect-
ed using longitudinal joints between
pre-topped units. The steel box gird-
ers used 70-ksi high-performance steel
in the bottom fange and 50-ksi steel
in the top fanges and webs. The use of
high-performance steel combined with
the SDCL system allows eliminating
the need for section transitions through
the length of the structure and using
constant cross-section throughout the
length of the girders. Long-term moni-
toring of the structure was performed
and showed that the system worked as
intended.
Keywords: Steel bridges, steel gird-
ers, SDCL, simple for dead load, con-
tinuous for live load.
ENGINEERING JOURNAL
New Format for EJ; Q3 Now Available
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 63
2013-03
Existing Simple Steel Spans Made
Continuous: A Retroft Scheme for
the I-476 Bridge over the Schuylkill
River
Daniel Griffth and John A. Milius
The rehabilitation of the SR 476
Bridge over the Schuylkill River near
Philadelphia converted existing steel
multi-girder simple spans into three- and
four-span continuous units. Employing a
design method typically used for construc-
tion of new simple-span-made-continuous
(SSMC) steel girder bridges, it is believed
to be the frst bridge rehabilitation project
in Pennsylvania to use such a scheme. The
rehabilitation design upgraded load capac-
ity of the girders to meet current LRFD
code requirements. The SSMC design,
coupled with other deck joint elimination
techniques, was able to reduce the com-
bined number of deck joints on the north-
bound and southbound structures from 25
to 8. With nearly all previous steel dete-
rioration occurring at deck joints, this sub-
stantial reduction in deck joints will aid in
extending the remaining life of the bridge.
This paper will illustrate the construc-
tion methods employed for conversion
of the bridge from multiple simple spans
to continuous spans. It will also provide
detailed insight into the many design re-
quirements for this structural conversion,
from substructure retrofts and sequential
bearing replacements to superstructure
continuity and full-depth concrete dia-
phragm details.
Keywords: Simple-span-made-con-
tinuous (SSMC), bridge rehabilitation,
modifed fxity conditions, steel wedge
plates, bolted steel splice plates, full-
depth concrete diaphragm, staged con-
struction, sequential bearing replace-
ment, steel bolsters.
letter
to the
editor
Evolving Innovation
While reading your July editori-
al, I could not help but think of
something I read in a book about
Steve Jobs. He hated marketing
studies. It was mentioned that if
Henry Ford would have asked a
focus group what they wanted, they
would have said a faster horse. Jobs
and Ford had the same idea. They
invented something that the public
did not even know they could not
live without. Innovation and evolu-
tion will continue. I think Girder-
Slab fits into this category.
We need to look from the out-
side into our operations, visualize
the future and look back to where
we are now.
Daniel G. Fisher, Sr.
Managing Partner
Girder-Slab Technologies, LLC
marketplace Search employment ads online at www.modernsteel.com.
AISC Continuing Education Seminars
www.aisc.org/seminars.
Like AISC on Facebook
facebook.com/AISCdotORG
Follow AISC on Twitter
@AISC
Looking for something from an old issue of Modern Steel?
All of the issues from Modern Steel Constructions
first 50 years are now available as free PDF downloads
at www.modernsteel.com/backissues.
AISC QUALITY CERTIFICATION
IT WORKS... DONT WAIT!
For fabrication or erection help
Call Jim Mooney
your Quality Certification Connection
JAMES M. MOONEY & ASSOCIATES
941.223.4332 jmmoon94@aol.com
Contract Auditor
Quality Management Company, LLC is seeking contractors to
conduct audits for the AISC Certied Fabricator and AISC Certied
Erector Programs. Contractors must have knowledge of quality
management practices as well as knowledge of audit principles,
practices and techniques and knowledge of the steel construction
industry. If you are interested, please submit your statement of
interest contractor@qmconline.org.
64 SEPTEMBER 2014
To advertise, call 231.228.2274 or e-mail gurthet@modernsteel.com.
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Peddinghaus Ocean Avenger II 1000-1 CNC Beam Drill, Siemens 840D CNC,
(1) Drill Head, 40 x 60 Beam Capacity, 2004 #20877
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PC Ctrl (Upgrade 2005), 2000 #21739
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1-1/2 Max. Plate, PC CNC, 1996 #23503
Peddinghaus F1170B CNC Plate Punching Machine, 170 Ton, Fagor CNC, 30 x
60Trvl., Triple Gag Head, Ext. Tables, 2005 #19659
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Phone: 631.249.5566 | Fax: 631.249.9494 | sales@prestigeequipment.com
Visit www.PrestigeEquipment.com for our inventory & services
Looking for the latest information on
AISC Certication Programs?
Visit www.aisc.org/certification
Email certification@aisc.org
or call 312.670.7520
employment
To advertise, call 231.228.2274 or e-mail gurthet@modernsteel.com.
Search employment ads online at www.modernsteel.com.
ProCounsel, a member of AISC, can market your skills
and achievements (without identifying you) to any city
or state in the United States. We communicate with
over 3,000 steel fabricators nationwide. The employer
pays the employment fee and the interviewing and
relocation expenses. If youve been thinking of making
a change, now is the time to do it. Our target, for you,
is the right job, in the right location, at the right money.
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Toll free: 866-289-7833 or 214-741-3014
Fax: 214-741-3019
mailbox@procounsel.net
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 65
Connection Design Engineer
International Design Services is seeking a steel
connection design engineer for our St. Louis office.
Minimum 4 years of experience and the ability to obtain a PE license. Working
knowledge of Mathcad is preferred. Candidate will have experience managing
others and will be responsible for the production of an engineering team.
Candidate must also skillfully interact with the detailing team, fabricator, general
contractor and EOR. IDS offers a benefits package, competitive salary, and
relocation allowance. SE license is strongly preferred.
Please call 314-872-1791 or email your resume to msmith@ids-inc.net.
Paxton & Vierling Steel (PVS), a steel fabricator established in 1885
and located in Omaha, Nebraska, is currently recruiting structural steel
estimators and detailers. PVS is an AISC and ISO certified steel fabricator
whos quality program is compliant with Canadian Weld Bureau and
NQA-1 (nuclear) requirements. PVS specialty is industrial and
nuclear projects throughout North America.
For information on our company please visit www.PVSteelFab.com.
Please send your resume to Towen@owenind.com.
Project Manager
Lenex Steel Company is currently seeking Project Managers to join our
team in the Indianapolis and/or Chicago markets. The Project Manager
has overall responsibility for managing projects from pre-award through
completion and managing project engineers and field project managers.
The ideal candidate has a degree in engineering or building construction
management with structural steel experience. Lenex Steel offers
competitive salaries and a comprehensive benefits package.
Email resume to jenny.hutchinson@lenexsteel.com.
Lincoln Engineering Group is one of the fastest growing steel detailing
firms in the country located in beautiful Chicago area. We currently have
immediate openings for experienced Project Managers and checkers.
Ideal candidate would have 5 years experience in Structural and
Miscellaneous steel detailing and checking, as well as, knowledge
of applicable codes. He/she should be a team leader with excellent
communication skills. Knowledge of CAD & 3D Software such as SDS/2
or Tekla, and Miscellaneous Steel Detailing is a plus but not a must!
We offer a competitive compensation and benefits package.
May consider relocation allowance for the right candidate.
Please submit your Rsum to: jobs@lincolnengineering.com or
Contact Salah Bassiouny at (630) 445-2111.
Structural Steel Detailing
Project Managers
and Checkers
Estimators Detailers Project Managers
West Coast Iron, Inc. has specialized in the detailing, fabrication,
and erection of structural steel, stairs and miscellaneous metals for
some of Southern Californias most prominent and successful general
contractors for over 25 years. We are currently seeking Project
Managers & Estimators with 5 years experience in structural steel,
miscellaneous metals, and metal deck and experienced Detailers with
a minimum of 3 years experience with TEKLA software to join our
team. West Coast Iron offers competitive salaries and a comprehensive
benefits package.
Please send your resume to
veronica@westcoastiron.com
Structural Engineers
Are you looking for a new and exciting opportunity in 2014?
We are a niche recruiter that specializes in matching great structural
engineers with unique opportunities that will help you utilize your talents
and achieve your goals.
We are structural engineers by background and enjoy helping other
structural engineers find their Dream Jobs.
We have over 30 years of experience working with structural engineers.
We will save you time in your job search and provide additional
information and help during the process of finding a new job.
For Current Openings, please visit our website and select Hot Jobs.
Please call or e-mail Brian Quinn, P.E.
(Brian.Quinn@FindYourEngineer.com or 616.546.9420) so we can
learn more about your goals and interests. All inquiries are kept confidential.
SE Impact by SE Solutions, LLC
www.FindYourEngineer.com
66 SEPTEMBER 2014
A STUNNING MEMORIAL on the State Capitol grounds
in Saint Paul honors the sacrifice of Minnesota firefighters
killed in the line of duty. Designed by Leo A Daly, the memorial
houses the Minnesota Firefighter Memorial Statue, previously
on display at Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport.
A large steel monolith hovers above the statue, forming a
pavilion, and a field of light steel columns supports its weight.
The weathering steel of the monolith presents a rich patina,
evolving in a slow process analogous to the rapid oxidation of
fire. The organizing grid of 100 potential columns represents
a century10 decades by 10 years per decade. There are cur-
rently 86 columns, recording the years in which Minnesota
firefighters have died in the line of duty, and names of the fallen
are inscribed on the columns. Over time, the assemblage will
accumulate additional inscriptions, and new columns will appear
as future firefighter deaths occur in years not yet plotted.
The column-to-monolith connections contain a pipe-
sleeve that joins the upper and lower faces of the monolith;
this sleeve allows the column to support both surfaces and also
joins the two surfaces. The slender columns were made stable
by designing the base and the top connection to be fixed, and
the foundation was designed as a mat slab to accommodate
the nontraditional column layout; this further accommodated
a fixed base plate connection with pretensioned bolts. The
sleeved connection at the top of the column allows fixity in
that it accommodates a spanning knife-plate. The plates short
span, in conjunction with the sleeves engagement of both
planes, was stiff in both bending and torsion.
structurally
sound
IN THE LINE
OF DUTY
Strong Structures Come
From Strong Designs
2014 Bentley Systems, Incorporated. Bentley, the B Bentley logo, ProjectWise and MicroStation are either registered or unregistered
trademarks or service marks of Bentley Systems, Incorporated or one of its direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiaries. Other brands and product
names are trademarks of their respective owners.
Build it with Bentley! Integrated projects,
teams and software.
Bentleys Structural Software provides you the tools you need for strong designs and supports
an integrated workow all the way around. Having all the applications you need for the tasks
at hand, along with the ability to easily synchronize your work with the rest of the project team,
helps you get your job done right, fast and protably.
Visit www.bentley.com/Structural
to learn more!
With RAM
, STAAD
and ProStructures,
Bentley offers proven applications for:
Metal uildings
Steel/Steel Couposite
Aluuinuu
Feinforced Concrete
Foundation esign
Steel Connections
Structural rawings and etails
. all easily coordinated with the
Architect and other teau ueubers
and their design applications -
such as AutoCA, Fevit, MicroStation
and uore.