Denise Leavina G.

Lua Philo104-Final Oral Exams

I. Naka-sentro ang moralidad ni Kant sa mabuting kalooban at imperatibong
kategorikal. Ang taong may kahalagahang moral ay siyang may mabuting
kalooban. Para kay Kant, ang mabuting kalooban ay ang natatanging
kundisyon ng lahat ng kabutihan. Ito ay absoluto, ibig sabihin, hindi
sinusukat ng kalikasan, kapalaran at bunga ang ating pagkakaroon ng
mabuting kalooban. May mabuting kalooban tayo kapag tayo ay kumikilos
ayon sa ating tungkulin at wala nang iba. Kung gayon, dapat ang tungkulin
ang natatanging motibo ng pagkilos sa tungkulin dahil ito ang natatanging
batayan ng pagkakaroon ng mabuting kalooban. Ang tungkulin ay dinidikta
ng ating imperatibong kategorikal. Ang ating imperatibong kategorikal ang
naghahain sa atin kung ano ang dapat nating gawin(moral obligation), at ito
ay dapat absoluto. Galing ito sa ating rasyonal na kalooban sa ating puro
at praktikal na kalooban. Kung kayat ang taong immoral ay irasyunal dahil
linalabag niya ang kanyang imperatibong kategorikal.
II.
a. Dapat pinamamahalaan tayo ng ating sarili. Kapag sumusunod tayo sa
ating sariling pamahalaan, mas hindi natin kinakailangan ang panlabas na
pamahalaan.
- IK ay galing sa ating sarili bilang rasyunal puro at praktikal na kalooban
- Kant means by autonomy of the will the property the will has of being a law to itself. The
moral law is internal to the moral agent since the agent makes it himself in his own practical
reasoning.
b. Dapit walang pag-iimbot tayo sa sarili(selfless) upang maging tunay na
taong may halagang moral.
- Duty should not be done because it is a happy thing to do the duty.
- The moral law is its own foundation; it is autonomous, being neither imposed by an external
motive, nor deduced by the purely speculative reason from theoretical principles, but being
impressed in the will by the practical reason and revealed to us by immediate
consciousness.
- motives are derogatory to the moral worth of actions. Kant carried his reverence for the
moral law to the extreme the exclusion of egoistic motive as derogatory to the moral worth of
actions.
- The hypothetical ought is also quite individualized. What I ought to do is contingent on my
own individual goal or plan. The action serves as a means to whatever goal I happen to have.
Other people ought to do different things because they have different goals from mine.


c. Ang moralidad ay kailangang may pagsisikap at hindi ito pre-determined.
Dapat may kontrol ang tao upang mahatulan ang kanyang kahalagahang
moral.
- It is not the consequence of the act that gives it moral worth. No person may be blamed for
intending and trying to do what he thought is right but which turned out badly. The idea is that
generally no one ought to be blamed or praised for what is not in his control. The consequences
of our acts are not always in our control and things do not always turn out as we want. It is our
motives that we have control over and so for Kant we are responsible for our motive to do good
or bad and thus it is for this that we are held morally accountable.
- Good will represents the effort of rational being to do what he ought to do, rather than to act from inclination or self-interest.
- Duty should not be done because it is a happy thing to do the duty.
- The duty is to do the good and not to be happy. The importance of doing duty for its own
sake appears all the more clearly when the duty has to be done despite the pain or
discomfort involved in the doing.

d. Hindi tungkulin ng tao na maghanap ng kaligayahan ngunit isa itong
gatimpala (kasalukuyang o eternal na buhay) sa pagsunod sa tungkulin.
- Morality is likewise not founded on happiness; for the essential characteristic of the moral
law is its obligatoriness, and no one is obliged to be happy.
- It is not, furthermore, founded on perfection of self; for perfection is, in the final analysis,
reducible to pleasure or happiness.