03-Calibration of A Spectrometer

.
Experiment :O-3
Calibration of a spectrometer using a given prism.
Submitted to
Mr.Golam Dastegir Al-Quaderi
and
Dr. Ratan Chandra Ghosh
Submitted by
Muhammed Mehedi Hassan
Group A ;Batch-09
Second Year, RollSH 236
Student of Physics Department,
Uinversity of Dhaka.
Date of experiment July 23, 2011.
Date of submission August 14, 2011.
1
Experiment :O -3
Calibration of a spectrometer using a given prism.
Theory :
Inert gases and metal vapors which are excited to luminance emit spectral lines (a
specic selection of wavelengths) which are characteristic for the respective element.
We can use a prism to separate these spectral lines. The light rays are refracted in the
prism and deviated to dierent extents, depending on their wavelengths. Shorter-wave
light in the visible range of the spectrum is deviated more than long-wave light.
If the wavelengths of an unknown light source are to be assigned to the deviations
through the prism, the spectrometer must rst be calibrated. This is accomplished
using a lamp for which the spectral lines are known and distributed over the entire vis-
ible range. Therefore the calibration graph of the angle of deviation versus wavelength
must be constructed using a light source with a known spectrum. The wavelength of
unknown spectral lines can then be interpolated from the graph. Once a calibration
graph is created for the prism, future wavelength determinations are valid only if they
are made with the prism aligned precisely as it was when the graph was produced.These
are then compared with a suitable reference table to determine the light source. To
ensure that this alignment can be reproduced, all measurements are made with the
prism aligned so that the light is refracted at the angle of minimum deviation.
Apparatus :
1. An spectrometer
2. Discharge tube
3. Prism
4. Magnifying glass and
5. A spirit leveller.
Vernier constant :
Here,
60 vernier divisions = 59 main scale divisions
1 vernier divisions = 59/60 main scale divisions
Therefore, V.C.= (1 59/60) = 1/60 main scale divisions
. = ((1/60)(1/3))
=(1/180)
. =20
( 0.0056
)
2
Table -1:Determination of the angle of minimum deviation of the prism:
With the prism Without the prism The
Main Vernier Total Main Vernier Total minimum Mean
scale scale reading scale scale reading
reading reading reading reading D deviation
S+ S+
S V V V.C. S V V V.C.
m

m
129
20
40 129
33
20
81
20
5 81
21
40
48
10
40
129
20
38 129
32
40
81
20
8 81
23
40
48
09
00
129
20
35 129
31
40
81
20
11 81
26
00
48
05
40
48
07
20
129
20
32 129
30
40
81
20
18 81
26
40
48
04
00
129
20
30 129
30
00
81
20
20 81
22
40
48
07
20
Here the mean of the direct reading without the prism

D = 81
24
08
Table -2.1:Determination of the minimum deviation for dierent

wavelengths of light using dierent discharge tubes:
Telescope reading for position The
Discharge Colours Wave- of the minimum deviation minimum
tubes lengths M.S.R. V.S.R. Total Mean deviation
nm T T D
50 31
36
40
Violet 447.1 31
20
54 31
38
00
31
37
46
49
46
22
56 31
38
40
4 32
01
20
Blue 471.3 32
00
6 32
02
00
32
02
00
49
22
08
8 32
02
20
Greenish 5 32
21
40
Blue 492.2 32
20
10 32
23
20
32
23
20
49
00
48
15 32
25
00
He 26 33
28
40
Green 501.6 33
20
30 33
30
00
33
30
06
48
54
02
35 33
31
40
32 33
30
00
Yellow 587.7 33
20
34 33
31
20
33
31
20
47
52
42
36 33
32
40
05 34
01
40
Red A 667.8 38
00
08 34
02
40
34
02
46
47
21
22
12 34
04
00
18 34
06
00
Red A 706.52 34
00
19 34
06
20
34
06
28
47
17
44
22 34
07
20
3
nm T T D
23 31
27
40
Violet 435.8 31
20
25 31
28
20
31
28
13
49
55
54
26 31
28
40
02 33
20
40
Green 546.0 33
20
04 33
21
20
33
21
20
48
02
48
06 33
22
00
Hg 48 33
36
00
Yellow 579.0 33
20
50 33
36
40
33
36
40
47
47
28
52 33
37
20
35 33
51
40
Orange 615.2 33
40
36 33
52
00
33
52
06
47
32
02
38 33
52
40
44 33
54
20
Orange B 623.2 33
40
46 33
55
20
33
55
40
47
28
28
48 33
56
00
15 30
05
00
Violet 347.3 30
00
18 30
06
00
30
06
00
51
18
08
22 30
07
20
04 30
21
20
Violet B 356.5 30
20
06 30
22
00
30
22
00
51
02
08
08 30
22
40
15 33
25
00
Yellow 558.5 33
20
18 33
26
00
33
25
56
47
58
14
20 33
26
40
Ne 04 33
41
20
Orange 594.1 33
40
08 33
42
40
33
43
06
47
41
02
16 33
45
20
10 33
43
20
Orange B 621.7 33
40
12 33
44
20
33
44
40
47
39
28
15 33
45
20
04 34
01
20
Red 650.7 34
00
08 34
02
40
34
02
00
47
21
15
06 34
02
00
.
4
nm T T D
30 31
10
40
Violet 397.0 31
00
32 31
11
00
31
11
20
50
12
48
34 31
12
20
22 31
27
20
Blue 434.0 31
20
26 31
28
40
31
28
48
49
55
20
30 31
30
00
08 32
22
40
H Green 486.1 32
20
10 32
23
20
32
23
20
49
00
48
12 32
24
00
02 33
20
40
Yellow 546.0 33
20
03 33
20
00
33
20
50
48
03
09
04 33
21
00
12 34
04
20
Red 656.3 34
00
10 34
04
00
34
04
00
47
20
08
16 34
05
00
27 32
29
00
Na Yellow - 33
20
44 33
34
40
33
34
40
47
49
28
46 33
35
20
Calculation :
From the Graph we get the unknown wavelength
of sodium dicharge tube is 590.55 nm.
We know
= a +
b
2
(1)
1
= a +
b
2
1
(2)
2
= a +
b
2
1
(3)
=
1
2
= b(
1
2
1
2
2
) (4)
d
d
=
2b
3
(5)
|d| =

3
.d
2b
(6)
5
Here,
1
= 47.96 and
2
= 47.79
then,
1
= 580 nm and
2
= 600 nm
From equation 4
b=

1
2
(
1
2
1
2
2
)
=872359.322
o
nm
2
From equation 6
|d|=
590.55
3
2872359.322180
=1.3116 nm
Corrected result for the wavelength of sodium light is
d=(590.55 1.3116) nm
Result :
The spctrometer has been calibrated. This calibration graph can be used for further
analysis as a standard.
Discussion :
In order to reading errors and compensate for any eccentricity of the circular graduation
with respect to the axis of rotation, the calibration curve has a little deviation.However,
the intensity of the spectra is less, so that weak lines were not always adjustable with
the cross-wire of the telescope. Additionally, multiple diraction orders occur, which,
also superposed on one another and thus eect our experiment. Another important
task was to t the data in the graph with a suitable function, which has been done
very nicely in our laboratory computer. To get a better assumption from a calibration
curve it is important to set the prism in the previous position when the graph was
calibrated, but in our curve it is not important because this has been done with the
angle of minimum deviation, which is a great advantage.
6

03-Calibration of A Spectrometer

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Here the mean of the direct reading without the prism

Table -2.1:Determination of the minimum deviation for dierent

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