Renz Mervin Rivera 2B-MT

Classifications of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide
Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates in that they cannot be hydrolyzed to
smaller carbohydrates. They are aldehydes or ketones with two or more hydroxyl groups.
The general chemical formula of an unmodified monosaccharide is (CH
2
O)
n
, literally a
"carbon hydrate." Monosaccharides are important fuel molecules as well as building blocks
for nucleic acids. The smallest monosaccharides, for which n = 3, are dihydroxyacetone and
D- and L-glyceraldehyde.
Three common sugarsglucose, galactose, and fructose, share the same molecular
formula: C
6
H
12
O
6
. Because of their six carbon atoms, each is a hexose. Substances such as
these three, which have identical molecular formulas but different structural formulas, are
known as structural isomers.

Glucose
Glucose, which is also referred to as dextrose, is a moderately sweet sugar found in
vegetables and fruit.


Galactose
Galactose is not normally found in nature, but is mostly hydrolyzed from the
disaccharide lactose, which is found in milk, as part of a disaccharide made by
glycosidic linkage to a glucose molecule. Galactose is natural and is a basic
component of many things, being found in milk, tomatoes and many fruits and
vegetables.



Fructose
Fructose is also called the fruit sugar. Fructose is found in fruits, honey, and the sole
sugar in bull and human semen. It is the sweetest of sugars. It is used for
preventing sandiness in ice cream. The compound's formula is C6H12O6. It is shaped
in orthorhombic, bispherodial prisms.


Disaccharide
Disaccharides are macromolecules consisting of two monosaccharides connected by a
glycosidic bond. Some common disaccharides are lactose (milk sugar), maltose and sucrose
(common table sugar)
Sucrose
Sucrose, ordinary table sugar, is probably the single most abundant pure organic chemical in the
world and the one most widely known to nonchemists.


Maltose
The disaccharide obtained by enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of starch, consists of two D-
glucopyranoses joined by a 1,4'-beta-glycoside bond.

Lactose
Lactose is a disaccharide that occurs naturally in both human and cow's milk. Like cellobiose and
maltose, lactose is a reducing sugar. It exhibits muta-rotation and is a 1,4'-beta-linked glycoside.


Polysaccharides
A complex carbohydrate composed of a chain of monosaccharides joined together by
glocosidic bonds.

Starch
Starch is the major carbohydrate reserve in plant tubers and seed endosperm where
it is found as granules, each typically containing several million amylopectin
molecules accompanied by a much larger number of smaller amylose molecules.


Glycogen
Glycogen is the principal storage form of glucose in animal cells. Glycogen is a highly branched
glucose polymer. It is formed of small chains of 8 to 12 glucose molecules linked together with
&alpha (14) bonds. These small chains are in turn linked together with &alpha (16) bonds.


Cellulose
The chemistry of cellulose is primarily the chemistry of alcohols; and it forms many of the
common derivatives of alcohols, such as esters, ethers, etc.