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(x) = 3 17x
2
13 2 17x + 0
The right side isnt simple enough to take the
derivative by inspection. We can either simplify
(multiply the polynomials) or use the product
rule. Either would work here, since we need to
choose one, we will simplify.
Now we have a polynomial, so we can take
the derivative by inspection
Whats going on behind the derivative short cut:
(Take the derivative of both sides)
d
dx
f(x) =
d
dx
(17x
3
13x 17x
2
+ 13)
(Use the Sum Rule, since polynomials are dierentiable,
then use the fact that f
(x) =
d
dx
17x
3
d
dx
13x
d
dx
17x
2
+
d
dx
13
(Use Constant Multiple Rule, since polynomials are di.)
f
(x) = 17
d
dx
x
3
13
d
dx
x 17
d
dx
x
2
+
d
dx
13
(Use Power Rule [
d
dx
(x
n
) = nx
n1
for n a real number],
and Deriv. of Constant Function)
f
(x) = 17(3x
2
) 13(1x
0
) 17(2x
1
) + 0
(Simplify with algebra)
f
(x) = 3 17x
2
13 2 17x + 0
Part b)
Looking at this function we see immediately that this isnt something we can easily simplify
into a polynomial so we can evaluate it by inspection, like in part a). Our next course of
action is to look at the structure, and determine if any of the Product, Quotient or Chain
rules might help us. In this case we see that this function has the format of 2 functions
that are composed with each other. (Its a big mess of stu, all raised to the 5
th
power).
Thats our clue that we should start with the Chain Rule.
y = (3x cos x)
5
dy
dx
= 5(3x cos x)
4
d
dx
(3x cos x)
dy
dx
= 5(3x cos x)
4
(3 + sin x)
Using the shortcut, the trick is to identify
what the outermost thing going on is. We see
that the outermost thing here is the 5
th
power.
Once weve done this were ready to write our
rst step of work with the shortcut method.
However, to show that math behind this short
cut, we decompose y, and write it as y = u
5
where u = 3x cos x). Then, the chain rule for-
mula says
dy
dx
=
dy
du
du
dx
. For this to be useful, we
calculate the derivative of y with respect to u
(thinking of u as the variable). Since y = u
5
,
dy
du
= 5u
4
. Now we nd the derivative of u
with respect to x, since u = 3x cos x, we see
du
dx
= 3 sin x.
Now we begin to substitute into the chain rule
formula in an order that will help it match the
scratch work that were accustomed to showing.
dy
dx
=
dy
du
du
dx
= (5u
4
)
du
dx
= 5(3x cos x)
4
du
dx
= 5(3x cos x)
4
d
dx
u
= 5(3x cos x)
4
d
dx
(3x cos x)
(now we nish substituting and simplifying)
= 5(3x cos x)
4
(3 sinx)
= 5(3x cos x)
4
(3 + sin x)
We also notice that we could have used function notation, instead of the Leibniz notation
we used. And nally that the full solution in the annotations could have been shorter if
we werent trying to match the scratch work were accustomed to showing.
Sample Annotated Problem Problem Set 0 Question 2
Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of f on the given interval.
f(x) =
4
3
x
3
2x
2
+ 3, [2, 3]
Since [2, 3] is a closed interval (indicated by the square brackets),
and since we were asked to nd an absolute max/min, we want to use the
Closed Interval Method for this problem.
We can only use the Closed Interval Method if the function is continuous on
the interval. Since f(x) = x
4
2x
2
+ 3 is a polynomial it is continuous
everywhere, and in particular, it is continuous on [2, 3],
so we can use the Closed Interval Method.
1. Find the values of f at the critical numbers of f in (2, 3)
a) Find critical numbers of f(x),
rst nd f
(x), then set f
(x) = 0 and solve for x.
b) nd the f values
plug the critical numbers into f(x) (unless they are outside (2, 3)).
Crit Numbers
f(x) =
4
3
x
3
2x
2
+ 3
f
(x) = 4x
2
4x nd f
(x), see Chapter 3
0 = 4x
2
4x set f
(x) = 0
0 = 4x(x 1) solve for x, by factoring
x = 0 or x = 1 are the critical numbers, candidates for local max/min
since both 0 and 1 are in the interval (2, 3),
nd the f values of both the critical numbers
f(0) =
4
3
0
3
2 0
2
+ 3 = 3 this may be a local max/min
f(1) =
4
3
1
3
2 1
2
+ 3 =
7
3
this may be a local max/min
2. Find the values of f on the endpoints of the interval [2, 3]
End Points
f(2) =
4
3
(2)
3
2 (2)
2
+ 3 =
32
3
8 + 3 =
47
3
just plug in -2 for x, and simplify
f(3) =
4
3
(3)
3
2 (3)
2
+ 3 = 36 18 + 3 = 21 just plug in 3 for x, and simplify
3. The largest value from 1.&2. is the absolute maximum value,
The smallest value from 1.&2. is the absolute minimum value
Make sure to add the f(x) values to the list, not the x values.
Since the question asked for the abs. max. and abs. mini. values of f,
the answers should also be the f(x) values (as opposed to the locations).
The absolute Max is 21 (at x = 3) pick the largest number from 3,
7
3
,
47
3
, 21
The absolute Min is
47
3
(at x = 2) pick the smallest number from 3,
7
3
,
47
3
, 21
(Absolute Max/Min arent always at the endpoints)
V =
a
b
(Outer Rad.)
2
(Inner Rad.)
2
dy
V =
2
2
(Outer Rad.)
2
(Inner Rad.)
2
dy
V =
2
2
(y
2
+ 5)
2
(1)
2
dy
V =
2
2
(y
4
10y
2
+ 25) (1)dy
=
2
2
(y
4
10y
2
+ 25) (1)dy
=
2
2
y
4
10y
2
+ 24dy
=
y
5
5
10y
3
3
+ 24y
2
2
=
(2)
5
5
10(2)
3
3
+ 24(2)
(2)
5
5
10(2)
3
3
+ 24(2)
=
2
5
5
102
3
3
+ 48
2
5
5
+
102
3
3
48
= 2
2
5
5
2
102
3
3
+ 2(48)
The volume of the solid created by revolving the
region bounded by the curves x = y
2
+ 5 and
x = 1 around the y-axis is 2
2
5
5
2
102
3
3
+ 2(48).
Since I drew the typical rectangle perpendicular
to the axis of revolution, I have to use the Washer
Method.
This is the formula for the Washer method, it
is dy because the rectangle is horizontal. Now I
need to determine the limits of integration, and
the functions for the Inner and Outer Radii.
The limits of integration are the smallest and
largest y values of the region. (Im looking at
y values, because the integral is dy.) Looking at
the picture, these clearly occur at the intersec-
tion points.
Since the region is is being rotated around an
axis, the inner and outer radius are just the func-
tion that bound the region at both ends of my
typical rectangle. (Since my integral is dy I
want to make sure the function are all in the
form x = an expression where the only variable
is y, they already were for this question.)
Once Ive found a, b, Inner Radius and Outer Ra-
dius, I need to evaluate the denite integral. This
means simplifying (y
2
+5)
2
(1)
2
until I can
integrate it using the rules of Chapter 5 (speci-
cally 5.4).