Compressible Flow

Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow
1

Chapter 1 Compressible flow

1.1 Reviews of incompressible flow

Types of fluid

Two different ways in terms of behaviour (1) of a shear
stress or (2) under the action of external applied
pressure.

(1) Newtonian fluid
Non-Newtonian fluid
Bingham-plastic
Power law

Newtonian
Shear-thickening
Shear-thinning

Bingham-plastic

0 Shear rate

(2) Incompressible fluid liquid, gas under lower
pressure or much higher pressure (Ap/p < 10%)
S
h
e
a
r

s
t
r
e
s
s

2
Compressible fluid gas at moderate pressure,
density and velocity changes along the pipe.

Definition of compressibility factor for gas

From ideal gas law PV= nRT

We define PV = ZnRT where Z is a
compressibility factor.

PV = Z
M
W
RT PM = Z
V
W
RT ( =
V
W
)

=
ZRT
PM

Incompressible flow in a pipe

For a Newtonian fluid, the pressure drop due to the wall
friction can be evaluated from Darcy equation

-AP = f
2
2
v
D
X

f: friction factor
: fluid density (kg/m
3
)
v: superficial velocity (m/s) = Q/A Q: volumetric
flowrate; A cross-sectional area
X: pipe length (m)
D: pipe diameter (m)

Note: this equation is applied to laminar and turbulent
flow
3
For laminar flow, f =
Re
64
Re: Reynolds number =
vD

2
2 2
32
2 Re
64
2 D
X v
D
X v
D
X v f
P

= = = A

For turbulent flow, f depends on Re and relative
roughness (
D
c
) and can be obtained from Moody charts.

Typical roughness of some commercial products

4

5

6
An alternative to the friction factor charts, a number of
correlations can be applied to make evaluation of
friction factor in computer codes. For example,

f
1
= -2log
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
f
D
Re
510 . 2
7 . 3
c

For smooth pipes, c = 0
For fully turbulent flow, 1/Re = 0

1.2 Revision of equations

Mass flux (G) is the mass flow per unit cross sectional
area.

G =
A
m
=
A
Q
= v
where m: mass flow rate, Q: volumetric flow rate
Using mass flux, the impressible flow equation and
Reynolds number can be rewritten as

AP =
D
X v
f
2
2
=
D
X G
f
2
2

Re =
vD
=
GD

For incompressible flow in pipes of constant cross-
sectional area, both velocity and mass flux remain
constant. In addition, it should be noted that Re will be
7
relatively constant since G is also unchanging. The only
variable that can affect Re is viscosity, which will
change with temperature. Constant velocity or mass
flux leads to constant Re and friction factor.

Example 1.1

Water is flowing in a 50 mm pipe at a velocity of 6 m/s.
The conditions at the entrance to the pipe are 1.0 MPa
and 100 C. What is the pressure at a point 50 m
downstream? ( = 0.8 x 10
-3
Pa s)

Solution

The Reynolds number

5
3
10 75 . 3
10 8 . 0
05 . 0 6 1000
Re =

= =

vD
(Turbulent)

Relative roughness (Assuming a commercial steel pipe)

0009 . 0
50
046 . 0
= =
D
c

From Moody chart f = 0.0195

Then AP = f
2
2
v
D
X
=
kPa 351
050 . 0 2
50 6 1000
0195 . 0
2
=

P
2
= P
1
- AP = 1000 351 = 649 kPa

8

Example 1.2

Air is flowing in 50 mm pipe at a velocity of 60 m/s. The
conditions at the entrance to the pipe is 1.0 MPa and
100 C. The pressure at points 40, 80, and 120 m
downstream is required. ( = 22.8 x 10
-6
Pa s, M = 29
g/mol)
Solution

For gas, the upstream density:

3
6 3
/ 35 . 9
373 314 . 8
10 0 . 1 10 29
m kg
RT
MP
=

= =

Reynolds number and friction factor:

6
6
10 23 . 1
10 8 . 22
05 . 0 60 35 . 9
Re =

= =

vD

From Moody chart, f =0.0195

Then
kPa
D
X v
f P 263
05 . 0 2
40 60 35 . 9 0195 . 0
2
2 2
=

= = A

And P
40m
= 1000 263 = 737 kPa
Because G is the same (G= v), the Re and f are
unchanged.

9

Downstream
Point (m)
P
kPa

(kg/m
3
)
v
(m/s)
Re f Pressure
drop(kPa)
0
1000 9.35 60 1.23x10
6
0.0195 0
40
737 6.89 81.4 1.23x10
6
0.0195 356
80
386 3.56 157 1.23x10
6
0.0195 684
120
-298 ?

The results above demonstrate a number of features of
all compressible flow situations:

- Density falls and velocity increase along pipes;
- Pressure gradient increases (gets steeper) along
pipes;
- If the pipe is long enough, the pressure gradient will
become so large that there will not be enough
pressure driving force.

In this case, what we should do is to use trial and
error to estimate the average gas properties in the line
and so determine the average pressure gradient.

Example 1.3

100 C. The pressure at a point 50 m downstream is
required. ( = 22.8 x 10
-6
Pa s, M = 29 g/mol)

10
Solution

For gas, the upstream density:

3
6 3
/ 35 . 9
373 314 . 8
10 0 . 1 10 29
m kg
RT
MP
=

= =

Reynolds number and friction factor:

6
6
10 23 . 1
10 8 . 22
05 . 0 60 35 . 9
Re =

= =

vD

From Moody chart, f =0.0195
Then
kPa
D
X v
f P 328
05 . 0 2
50 60 35 . 9 0195 . 0
2
2 2
=

= = A

And P
50m
= 1000 328 = 672 kPa

The average pressure along the pipe

P
a
= (1000+672)/2 = 836 kPa
a
= 7.82 kg/m
3
v
a
= v
0
0
/
a
= 71.7 m/s

kPa
D
X v
f P 392
05 . 0 2
50 7 . 71 82 . 7 0195 . 0
2
2 2
=

= = A

P
50m
= 1000 392 = 608 kPa

Take the new exit pressure and estimate the average
pressure again

11
P
a
= (1000+608)/2 = 804 kPa
a
= 7.52 kg/m
3
v
a
= v
0
0
/
a
= 74.6 m/s
AP = 408 kPa P
50m
= 592 kPa

by iteration the correct value will approach 586 kPa.

12
1.3 Compressible flow
1.3.1 General equation

The general form of the energy statement in differential
form is
0 = + + + + dF dW
dp
gdZ vdv

For gases, the gravity term, gdZ, is insignificant due to
the low gas density and can be neglected. Assuming no
work, and substituting for the friction loss gives
0
2
2
= + + dx
D
fv dp
vdv

=>
0
2
2
= + + dx
D
v f
dp vdv

(1)
(1) Using G= v
0
2
2
= + +
dx
D
fG
dp Gdv

now G is constant along the pipe, so integating between
point 1 and 2 along the pipe gives (for constant friction
factor f):
0
2
) (
2
1
2
1 2
= + A +
}

dx
D
fG
p v v G

To get value of AP, it is required to know how density
changes with distance along the pipe
dx
and this
relation is difficult to obtain.

(2) From G= v v = G/ then dv =
d
G
2

Substituting into Eq(1)
13

0
2
2
2
= + + dx
D
fG
dp
d
G

This can be integrated to give:
0
2
ln
2
2
1
2
= + +
}
D
X fG
dp G
(2)
To solve the above equation, a relationship between
pressure and density is required. While for gas systems,
we can get it from gas equation.

1.3.2 Flow under different conditions

(I) Isothermal flow

Isothermal flow applies when there are no temperature
changes along the pipe. It can also apply when the
temperature changes have less impact on the energy
statement than changes in pressure and friction. Such a
case is long distance pipelines.

For the ideal compressible gas, we have equation
ZRT
pM
=

The compressibility factor (Z) is assumed constant over
the range of pressure of interest. From the ideal gas law,
we recognise that the density at any point along the pipe
may be related to the inlet conditions by

14
p p p ZRT
M
p

= = = =
2
2
1
1

Therefore
) ( ) (
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
1 2 1 2
2 1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
p p p p
p p
p
p p
p
p p
ZRT
M
pdp
ZRT
M
dp
=
+
=
= =
} }

Substituting into Eq(2)
0
2
) ( ln
2
1 2
2
1
2
= + +
D
X fG
p p G

If the kinetic energy effects are small, the first term may
be omitted, and rearranging gives
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
) (
p
D
X
fG p p =

15
Example 1.4

100 C. The pressure at points 50 m downstream is
required. ( = 22.8 x 10
-6
Pa s, M = 29 g/mol)

Solution

Follow the same steps as before to calculate upstream
density, Reynolds number and friction factor. When the
kinetic energy term is small, we can apply the
isothermal equation:

11
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
10 56 . 6
05 . 0
10 1 50 60 35 . 9 0195 . 0
) (
6
=

=
= =
D
Xp
v f
p
D
X
fG p p

11 11 2 6 11
2
1
2
2
10 44 . 3 10 56 . 6 ) 10 1 ( 10 56 . 6 = = = p p

kPa p 586
2
=
This is the same as that of Example 1.3.

Check magnitude of terms

6
2
1
2
10 168 . 0 ln =
G

6
1 2
10 070 . 3 ) ( = p p

16
6
2
10 069 . 3
2
=
D
X fG

The assumption to ignore the kinetic energy term is thus
confirmed.

17
(II) Adiabatic Flow

The adiabatic flow is applied when there is either no
heat transfer or the pipe is well insulated and heat
transfer effects are small. In addition, short pipes
experiencing high speed flow may exhibit near adiabatic
conditions due to the limited heat transfer that occurs.
First, it is necessary to derive a relationship between
and p.
Assuming ideal gas behaviour, from energy statement

0 = + + + dQ dW dH gdZ vdv

under adiabatic conditions dQ=0, with no work and for
gases (small ), the above equation is reduced to

0 = +dH vdv

From G = v v = G/ and dv =
d
G
2
d
G
vdv
3
2
=

From thermodynamics
H= U + pV dH = dU + d(pV)

dH = C
p
dT dU = C
v
dT

C
p
dT - C
v
dT = d(pV) dT = d(pV) /(C
p
- C
v
)

Substituting into dH = dU + d(pV)
= C
v
dT + d(pV)
=
) ( ) ( pV d
C C
C
v p
p

18
=
) ( )
1 /
/
( pV d
C C
C C
v p
v p

v
p
C
C
=
and V=
1
V is the volume of unit mass
Then
) (
1
p
d dH
=

The energy statement
d
G
3
2
+
) (
1
p
d
= 0

Since each term can be integrated separately,
integrating and rearranging gives the relationship of p
and
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
1
2
2
1
1
1 1
)
2
(
1

G p
p

This relationship applies for every point along the pipe.
Substituting downstream density,
2,
for enable us to
calculate the downstream pressure, p
2
.

Now the term of dp
d
G p
dp
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2
1
2 2
1
1
1 )
2
(
1

and its integral
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
}
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
ln )
2
(
1
) (
2
G p
dp

19

Substituting this into the Eq(2)

0
2
ln
2
2
1
2
= + +
}
D
X fG
dp G
(2)
we get

0 1
2
1
ln
1
2
1
2
2
2
1 1
1
2
= +
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
D
fX
G
p

Arrangement of the above equation makes the iterative
procedure easier. A common modification is

2
1 1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
ln
1
1
G
p
D
fX
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

A typical procedure for the determination of pressure
drop is to obtain the density ratio by iteratively solving
the energy statement. The downstream density can then
be calculated and substituted into the pressure
relationship to get the downstream pressure.

20
Example 1.5

Solve example 1.3 assuming adiabatic condition.

Solution

We will use the following equation to get
2

2
1 1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
ln
1
1
G
p
D
fX
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

From previous calculation, we get
1
=9.35 kg/m
3
;
Re = 1.23x10
6
; f =0.0195 ; G = 561 kg/m
2
s.

5 . 19 =
D
fX
;
7143 . 1
1
=
+
;
852 . 29
2
1
2
1 1
= +
G
p

2
2 1
2
2
1
2
ln 0573 . 0 34677 . 0
852 . 29
ln 7143 . 1 5 . 19
1
+ =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

by iteration,
2
/
1
= 0.6; 0.5634; 0.5602; 0.5599; 0.55988;
0.55987
2
= 5.235 kg/m
3

Then from
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
1
2
2
1
1
1 1
)
2
(
1

G p
p

(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2 2
1 1
)
2
(
1

G p
p

21

kPa 0 . 554
35 . 9
1
235 . 5
1
2
561
4 . 1
4 . 0
35 . 9
10 0 . 1
235 . 5
2 2
2 6
=
(
|
.
|
\
|

=

22
(III) Polytropic flow

Polytropic flow uses an empirical form of relationship
between pressure and fluid density. It is used for
systems which do not follow the standard
thermodynamic situations such as isothermal or
adiabatic. The form of the polytropic equation of state is
t cons
p
k
tan =

If this is substituted into the pressure integral, we get
}
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+
1
1
/ ) 1 (
1
2
1 1
k k
p
p
p
k
k
dp

So the energy statement is
0
2
1
1
ln
1
2
/ ) 1 (
1
2
1 1
1
2
2
=
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
D
X fG
p
p
p
k
k
p
p
k
G
k k

Note that the isothermal case is obtained when k=1.

Solution of the energy statement usually requires
iteration. The most practical way is to rewrite the form
as
) 1 /(
1 1
1
2
2
1
2
1
ln
1
2
1
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
k k
p
k
k
p
p
k D
fX
G
p
p

Normally, it converges well, unless k is negative.
23

Example 1.6

If the system in example 1.3 operates under the
polytropic law with k=, what is the expected exit
pressure?
Solution

Using equation
) 1 /(
1 1
1
2
2
1
2
1
ln
1
2
1
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
k k
p
k
k
p
p
k D
fX
G
p
p

for iteration to solve the pressure ratio p
2
/p
1
.
From previous calculation, we get
1
=9.35 kg/m
3
;
Re = 1.23x10
6
; f =0.0195 ; G = 561 kg/m
2
s.

0577 . 0
4 . 1
4 . 2
35 . 9 10 0 . 1
561 1
6
2
1 1
2
=

=
+
k
k
p
G

75 . 9
05 . 0 2
50 0195 . 0
2
=

=
D
fX
;
58333 . 0
1
=
+ k
k

58333 . 0
1
2
1
2
) ln 65 . 13 ( 04122 . 0 1
(
=
p
p
p
p

Guess p
2
/p
1
=0.6 and iterations give 0.59977, 0.59975,
0.59975 p
2
= 599.75 kPa.

24
1.3.3 Maximum mass flow conditions

(I) Isothermal flow
From the equation
0
2
) ( ln
2
1 2
2
1
2
= + +
D
X fG
p p G

It is seen that G is a continuous function of p
2
for a
given upstream pressure p
1
. If p
2
= p
1
there is no flow
occurring and G= 0. When p
2
approaches zero, G must
be zero. Thus, for some intermediate value of p
2
, the
flow rate G must be a maximum.
Differentiation of mass flux
0
2
=
c
c
p
G
gives the maximum
flux.

0
2 2
) (
ln
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
= +
+
D
X f p p
G p p
p
(3)

0
2
1
2
) ( 1
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
=
+ +
dp
dG
G p
p p
p
G p p

If we denote the mass flux and pressure under
maximum conditions as G* and p*

1
1
* *
p
p G

=

while p* can be given by substituting it into Eq(3) and
we get
25
0
2 * 2
*
*
ln
2
2
1
2
1
= +
+
D
X f
p
p p
p
p

+ + =
D
fX
p
p
p
p
1 )
*
ln(
*
2
1
2
2
1

Under these conditions, the downstream velocity v*,
called the isothermal pressure wave velocity, is
obtained

M
zRT p
p
p G
v = = = =
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
1

Example 1.7

If the system in example 1.3 operates isothermally, what
is the maximum air velocity at the inlet?

26
Solution

We should determine the downstream G* or p*.
0
2 * 2
*
*
ln
2
2
1
2
1
= +
+
D
X f
p
p p
p
p

2
2
1
2
1
*
) 1 ( )
*
ln(
p
p
D
fX
p
p
= + +

First we assume high Re and constant f = 0.0195, the
above equation is rearranged as

2
1
2
1
)
*
( 5 . 20 )
*
ln(
p
p
p
p
= +

Guess p*/p
1
= 0.5 and after iterations, p*/p
1
= 0.2056
p*=205.6 kPa.
And * =
3
/ 9227 . 1
*
m kg
zRT
Mp
=

Then
s m kg
p
p G
2
6
3
1
1
/ 7 . 628
10 1
35 . 9
10 6 . 205 * * =
= =

Hence, the maximum inlet air velocity
v
max
= G*/
1
= 67.24 m/s

We need to check Re = 1.38x10
6
, which assures that the
assumption is correct.

27
(II) Polytropic flow
The maximum mass flux and the limiting velocity
* *
* kp G =

*
*
*
*
*

kp G
v = =

Example 1.8

Under polytropic condition, what is the limiting flow at
the inlet?

28
Solution

Under polytropic conditions,
* *
* kp G =
and
) 1 /(
1 1
1
2
2
1
2
1
ln
1
2
1
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
k k
p
k
k
p
p
k D
fX
G
p
p

Hence
) 1 /(
1 1
1
1
1
*
ln
1
2
* *
1
*
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
k k
p
k
k
p
p
k D
fX
kp
p
p

from p/
k
= constant * = c (p*)
1/k

after rearranging, we have

1
1
1
*
ln
1
2
1
1
*
p
p
k
k
D
fX k
p
p
k
k
+
+
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

Assuming high Re and f = 0.0195

7143 . 1
1
=
+
k
k
;
4 . 24
2
1
1 =
+
+
D
fX k

So
58333 . 0
1 1
*
ln 7143 . 1 4 . 24
*

(
=
p
p
p
p

29
Guess p*/p
1
= 0.6; iterations p*/p
1
=0.14400
p* = 144.0 kPa * =2.3423 kg/m
3
and
s m kg kp G
2 3 * *
/ 2 . 687 3423 . 2 10 0 . 144 4 . 1 * = = =

then G
1
= G* v
1
=73.49 m/s
Checking Re =1.51x10
6
and f is unchanged.

30

(III) Adiabatic flow
Similarly, the maximum flux is obtained by
differentiation of
0 1
2
1
ln
1
2
1
2
2
2
1 1
1
2
= +
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
D
fX
G
p

and dG/dp
2
=0 as follows

) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
*
2
2
2
1
1 1
+
=
p
G

The downstream velocity is called the acoustic
velocity, and is
a
M
RT p G
v = = = =
*
*
*
*
*
*

Acoustic velocity, the speed of sound, is defined as
s
p
a
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=

For an ideal gas
M
RT
a

=

Mach number (Ma) is defined as the ratio of the fluid
velocity to the local speed of sound (a)
M
RT
v
a
v
Ma
= =

31

Ma > 1, the flow is supersonic
Ma = 1, the flow is sonic
Ma < 1, the flow is subsonic

In the case of adiabatic conditions, the maximum
velocity is the acoustic velocity, so supersonic flow can
not developed in a pipe of constant cross-sectional
area. When the exit velocity of the gas reaches sonic
or acoustic velocity, this state is known as choked
flow.

Using Math number, we can write the equation for
adiabatic flow with friction

0
2
1
1
2
1
1
ln
2
1 1 1 1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
= +
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|

D
fX
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma Ma

Under choked flow, Ma

2
2
=1

0
2
1
1
1
1
1 ln
2
1
1
1 1
2
1
2
1
= +
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|

D
fX Ma
Ma

After rearrangement

|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
1
1
1
2
1 ln
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
Ma D
fX
Ma

32
let
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= 1
1
1
2
2
1
Ma

then
( )

+ +
+
= 1 ln
1
2
D
fX

after iterations we obtain

and
) 1 ( 2
2
1
+ +
=

Ma
and hence v
1.

Note: For choked flow, the iterations based on the above
equations are superior to the density equations as they
are simpler. However, when choking does not occur, you
should normally use the standard form of the adiabatic
equation based on density and density ratios. This is
normally easier than using Mach number and Mach
number ratio.

33
Example 1.9

In the example 1.7, assuming adiabatic conditions, what
is the limiting flow?

Solution

(A). Standard Adiabatic Solution

Substituting equation
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
*
2
2
2
1
1 1
+
=
p
G
into
0 1
2
1
ln
1
2
1
2
2
2
1 1
1
2
= +
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
D
fX
G
p

and giving
0 1
2
1
ln
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
= +
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
| +
+
D
fX

D
fX
1
2
ln 2 1
2
1
2
1
+
+ + =

Assuming unchanged Re and f, the constants
75 . 23
1
2
1 =
+
+
D
fX

then
2
1
2
1
ln 2 75 . 23
+ =

Guess
2
/
1
=0.6
1
/
2
= 1.6667, 4.9771, 5.1923,
5.2004, 5.2007
2
= 1.7978 kg/m
3

34

s m kg
p
G
2
2
6
2
2
2
1
1 1
/ 03 . 637
4 . 0 )
7978 . 1
35 . 9
( 4 . 2
10 0 . 1 35 . 9 4 . 1 2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
* =

=
+
=
v
max
=G*/
1
=68.13 m/s

(B) using Mach numbers

From |
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
1
1
1
2
1 ln
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
Ma D
fX
Ma

Assuming constant Re, f, the constants
8333 . 0
1
2
=
+
;
75 . 22
1
2
=
+ D
fX

then |
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
1
8333 . 0 1 ln 2 . 1 30 . 27 1
1
2
1
2
1
Ma Ma

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
1
2
1
Ma
0, 27.30, 31.10, 21.251, 31.2569, 31.2571.
Ma
1
= 0.1761
s m
M
RT
a / 92 . 386 = =

v
max
= aMa
1
= 68.14 m/s

35

Property equation of adiabatic flow from Mach number

In adiabatic flow, the changes in pressure, temperature,
and density can also be calculated using Mach number.
The following equations are useful.

2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma
p
p
+
=

2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
Ma
Ma
T
T
+
=

2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma
+
=

Mass velocity
p Ma
M
RT
Ma v G
= = =

The maximum pipe length and minimum pipe diameter
under choked flow

For adiabatic flow, the temperature of the gas changes.
The viscosity also varies, and the Re number and
friction factor are not actually constant. But, in gas
36
flow, the effect of temperature on viscosity is small, and
the effect of Re number on friction factor is still less. It
is satisfactory to use an average value for f as a constant
in calculation.
0
2
1
1
2
1
1
ln
2
1 1 1 1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
= +
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|

D
X f
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma Ma

|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
ln
2
1 1 1 1
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma Ma D
X f

under the choked conditions, Ma
2
=1

we get the maximum pipe length with a given entrance
Mach number.

|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
1
1
1
1
1 ln
2
1
1
1 1
2
1
2
1
max
Ma
Ma D
X f

Using above equation, we can also get the minimum
pipe diameter.

37
Example 1.10

Air flows in a long straight pipe with diameter of 60 mm
at the temperature of 280 C and 20 atm. The Mach
number at the entrance of the pipe is 0.05. What is the
maximum pipe length? ( = 1.4, =0.029 cP)

Solution

For air

3
5 3
1
/ 79 . 12
553 31 . 8
10 01 . 1 20 10 29
m kg
RT
MP
=

= =

s m kg p Ma G
2 5
/ 2 . 301 10 01 . 1 20 79 . 12 4 . 1 05 . 0 = = =

5
3
3
10 23 . 6
10 029 . 0
10 60 2 . 301
Re =

= =

GD
f =0.0185

From
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
1
1
1
1
1 ln
2
1
1
1 1
2
1
2
1
max
Ma
Ma
D
X f

280
2
1 4 . 1
1
1
05 . 0
1
1 ln
4 . 1 2
1 4 . 1
1
05 . 0
1
4 . 1
1
2
2
max
=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
D
X f

X
max
= 908 m
38

1.4 Pipe and system design

Choose appropriate form of the energy statement
(1) For gas system, the gravitational term is generally
neglected.
(2) Kinetic energy term may not be important for
long pipeline systems, Friction loss is main term.
(3) Short pipes: almost adiabatic
(4) Long transmission lines: effective isothermal
since temperature effect on density is much
smaller.
(5) Choking flow always occurs if p
2
is low enough.

Compressible Flow

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Che 324 Fluid and Particle Processes Chapter 1 Compressible flow

Under choked flow, Ma

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