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Novel method for implementing

the mho characteristic


into distance relays
Janne Altonen*, Ani Wahlroos**
ABB Oy Distribution Automation, Finland, janne.altonen @ f.abb.com
-ABB Oy Distribution
Automation,
Finland, ari.wahlroos@fi.abb.com
Keywords: distance protection, impedance characteristic,
polarization
Abstract
Traditionally the mho characteristic has been implemented by
applying torque-like algorithms using voltage phasors.
Presenting and analyzing the behaviour of such algorithms in
the impedance plane are not straightforward. Protection
engineers, however, need to know the relationship between
the measured impedance and the operating characteristic of
the protection during power system faults. A too] preferred by
the protection engineers is one that plots both the loop
impedance trajectory and the operating characteristic in the
impedance plane (R-X diagram). This paper describes a novel
way of implementing the mho characteristic so that it can be
analyzed in the impedance plane in a similar way as the
quadrilateral characteristic. The method enables the dynamic
expansion of the mho circle as a result of the healthy voltage
polarization during fault conditions. An additional advantage
of this method is that it reduces the computational burden in
the relay terminal as the fault loop impedance can be
calculated centrally and utilized in zone boundary
comparisons for both the mho and quadrilateral
characteristics. This algorithm can be utilized in new distance
protection designs applied in power distribution and
sub-transmission networks.
1 Introduction
The distance protection functionality of modem feeder
terminals for global markets includes both mho and
quadrilateral characteristics. For earth-fault protection the
desired shape of the protection characteristic is typically
quadrilateral (polygonal), as it enables the fault resistance
reach to be set independently of the reach in the reactive
direction. This is especially advantageous in the case of short
lines. For historical reasons, e.g. to enable fluent protection
co-ordination, short-circuit protection has been based on the
mho characteristic, notably in countries influenced by the
ANSI standards.
The traditional method of creating a distance protection
function with circular characteristic is to compare the angle
between two voltage phasors: the operating voltage phasor S.,
(also known as "the line drop compensated voltage") and the
polarizing voltage phasor S2. These voltage phasors can be
expressed as:
SI -~.L + dir' Lt, + _Z&,'i -L,)
sL =u_'xl
(1)
(2)
where
U,= Voltage phasor of the faulted phase(s). For phase-to-
earth impedance elements the voltage is UL, UI.2 or
U1.3. For phase-to-phase impedance elements the
voltage is _UL12, UIL23 or UL31-
dir = -1, if operation direction is forward
+1, if operation direction is reverse
Zset
I,.
ZOset
=
ZNset
=
-Positive-sequence line impedance setting
-Current phasor of the faulted phase(s). For phase-to-
earth impedance elements the current is IL, IL2 or 113.
For phasc-to-phase impedance elements the current
is 1112, IJ 23 or IL-11*
Zero-sequence line impedance setting
Earth return-path impedance setting = (Zoe - ZIset)/
3
.
This term is zero for phase-to-phase impedance
elements.
IN. = Residual current phasor (= ILI + 11- + 1I13)
UP,= Polarization voltage
Figure 1 shows the forward-reaching self-polarized mho
characteristic in two fault cases: fault inside the protection
zone (left) and fault outside the protection zone (right). Note
that the characteristics are drawn in the voltage plane.
As shown in Figure 1, the angle (x between the phasors S, and
S2 indicates whether the measured impedance lies inside the
circle or not. If the angle ax becomes greater than 90 degrees,
the measured impedance will lie inside the miho circle and an
operate signal should be activated. At the circumference, the
angle a equals 90 degrees.
156
Lziset*kx +
~I (Z
1
-L.
,S Re(ij))
a Re(M4
-1
the Equations (1) and (2) into the impedance plane. The
conversion is done by dividing the voltage equations with the
appropriate current. The resulting impedance phasors are
denoted K, and j, which correspond to the voltage phasors
Sj and a,_. For reasons of simplicity, the current in the healthy
phases is assumed to be zero.
tL ' +LL ( ,+ SF
Im(eU)U
-S,
Figure 1: Left: phasor diagram of forward-reaching self-
polarized mho circle at a single phase-to-earth fault inside
the protection zone and right: outside the protection Zone.
Typically the angle comparison implementation is based on a
torque-like algorithm utilizing either a cosine or a sine phase
comparator [1]. These phase comparators emulate the
behaviour of an induction cup clement, the amplitude
representing the torque of the rotating cup and the sign
representing the direction of rotation. Using the cosine
comparator, the torque-like equation will be:
S'U
K2 =2
(4)
(5)
To illustrate the composition of the impedance phasors Kj
and K2, the analysis employs the theory of symmetrical
components. The effect of the selected polarization voltage
can be seen in the phasor K?.
2.1 Phase-to-phase fault
The following analysis is based on the symmetrical
component equivalent circuit of a two-phase short-circuit
fault illustrated in Figure 2.
T~.= Re(S~j).Re(S2) + Im(S
1
)Im(S,.)
If T , < 0, then the impedance lies inside the mho circle.
In Figure 1 the polarizing phasor S? is assumed to be the
voltage of the faulty phase(s). Such a polarization method is
known as seblfpolarization. The drawback of self-polarization
is that, in the case of a close-in fault, the measured voltage
may become too small and the trip decision may be uncertain
or delayed. Therefore the polarizing voltage is typically
derived from the healthy phases. The most common types of
polarization methods utilizing voltages from healthy phases
are cross- (or quadrature-) polarization and positive-
sequence polarization. In addition, the polarization voltage
may include a memorized pre-fault voltage part to secure a
reliable handling of close-in three-phase faults.
An often undocumented feature of the mho characteristic is
that the selection of the polarization voltage affects the mho
circle during a fault: the circle expands. This feature will be
analyzed in the following chapters.
2 Conversion of mho equations from the
voltage plane into the impedance plane
A quadrilateral characteristic is typically implemented by first
calculating the fault loop impedance Z,,,O = R,.p+ j .XL,,
and then comparing the result with the operation zone
boundaries in the impedance plane. To implement the mho
and quadrilateral characteristics in the same way, the dynamic
expansion caused by the polarization voltage has to be
included in the method. This can be achieved by converting
Figure 2: Symmetrical component equivalent circuit for a
two-phase short-circuit fault.
The following notations are used in Figure 2:
El= Positive-sequence source voltage
Zs= Positive-sequence source impedance
ZIL = Positive-sequence line impedance from substation to
fault point
7,2s = Negative-sequence source impedance
ZQL = Negative-sequence line impedance from substation to
fault point
RF= Fault resistance between phases
U, = Positive-sequence voltage measured at the substation
U,= Negative-sequence voltage measured at the substation
11 = Positive-sequence current measured at the substation
1, = Negative-sequence current measured at the substation
We assume that there is a short-circuit fault between phase L2
and phase L3 and, for reasons of simplicity, that the current of
the healthy phase LI equals zero. Figure 2 gives the following
equations:
(6)
1
L2J( =Z 1 j)+R 1
157
(3)
2L3-
2
(Z, + ZIL)+ R,
Current I123 =
1
L2-43
(7) IMQ~
mZ
tL23 =2- '12 = 2(4
1
.ZI)+R
Correspondingly for voltages:
(8)
Re(U)
a * f,(a Zj + Z1,+ 2 -a -ZI,+ a R,) (9)
2( CZ 1,+_IL +R
Voltage UL23 = _UL2 - U
UL3-a-E
1
.(
2
-a -ZL - 2-_Z, +_a--R, -Re)
(1
where a = phase shift operator = cos(1 20') + j~sin(120
0
).
Inserting the voltage and current Equations (6-11) into
Equation (4) for K
1
, gives:
K
1
=ZKI RF /2Z (12)
The term ZIL + RF/2 represents the measured fault loop
impedance Zj.. = RLp+ j.~p where R
1
L,
0
p = RIL + RF/2
and X,,p= XIL. The set positive-sequence impedance Ziset
defines the zone reach.
2.1.1 Self-polarization
In the case of self-polarization
K2 is equal to !L13/41.23.
Inserting the Equations (6-11) for the faulted phase currents
and phase voltages into Equation (5) for K?, gives the
following:
Difference between phasors K, and K
1
:
K. ,~,,j_ -:Et =ZL J? /
2
-(ZIL + RF I2-Z
1
l,,) =Zlse (14)
Figure 3 illustrates the phasors K, and K, in the impedance
plane (left). The phasor ZLR represents the line replica
impedance. It is for phase-to-phase impedance elements:
ZLR1 = Ziset
(15)
and for phase-to-earth impedance elements:
ZLR1 = ZIiset + ZNset = Ziset + (Zoslet - Ziset)/
3
Figure 3: Phasor diagram illustrating phasors K~~ ~, &Zu I
and Zev Lf:Sl-polarized mho circle, right: healthy
voltage polarized mho circle. ZLR = Line replica impedance,
Zseq, = Equivalent source impedance (see chapters 2.1.2,
2.1.3 and 2.2.2, 2.2.3).
As the phasor difference Kz - K, is equal to Zl, the
equivalent source impedance Zs,. ieqatozrin the case
of a self-polarized mho circle. This means that the mho circle
will not expand during the fault. The mho circle is fixed in the
impedance plane and is explicitly defined by the line replica
impedance.
2.1.2 Cross-polarization
In the case of cross-polarization
K? is equal to j3U1/U3
When inserting Equations (6-11) for the phase currents of the
faulty phases and phase voltages into Equation (5), the
following is obtained:
K2 _--p.1K ZL + RFI/2 + Z, (17)
As the phasor difference Kz - K, is equal to Zie,+Z
15
s, the
equivalent source impedance Zs,,q is equal to Zjs in the case
of a cross-polarized miho circle. The mho circle expands by
Zis during the fault as illustrated in Figure 3 (right).
2.1.3 Positive-sequence polarization
In the case of positive-sequence polarization K2 equals
+4-j.U
1
411,
23
- Inserting Equations (6-11) for the phase currents
of the faulty phases and phase voltage into Equation (5),
gives:
AK2_p.-=q p. ZII +R, / 2+Z, / 2 (18)
As the phasor difference K2 - K, is equal to Ziset+Zis/2, the
equivalent source impedance Zseq, is equal to Zjs/
2
in the case
of a cross-polarized mho circle. The mho circle expands by
Zjs/2 during the fault as illustrated in Figure 3 (right).
(16)
158
ReQ~
IMQ
2.2 Phase-to-earth fault
The following analysis is based on the symmetrical
component equivalent circuit of a single phase-to-earth fault
illustrated in Figure 4.
L6 I ; -
3,R,
and X
1
,,, = XIL+XN. The set loop impedance ZiI,,+ZN,,
defines the zone reach.
2.2.1 Self-polarization
In the case of self-polarization, K? is equal to !Iuf/LI.
Inserting Equations (19-22) for the faulted phase current and
phase voltage into Equation (5), gives:
(24)
Difference between phasors K,
2
and:K
equivalent circuit for a
The following notations are used in Figure 4:
Zs= Zero-sequence source impedance
ZOL = Zero-sequence line impedance from substation to fault
point
Z = Neutral earthing impedance
10= Zero-sequence voltage measured at the substation
10 = Zero-sequence current measured at the substation
4.= Fault component current at the fault point
RF = Fault resistance between phase and earth
We assume that there is a fault between phase LI and earth
and, for reasons of simplicity, that the healthy phase currents
(L2 and LU) are equal to zero.
Based on Figure 4 the faulted phase current is given by:
LI - _
fE
(19)
2-ZI, +ZOS +2.ZIL+-ZO, +3-RF +3-Z,
Similarly for the phase voltages:
2.4I+Zo+2 Z.+Z), 3*R, 3-ZE
f, (Z
1
, Zos 2.I + Z,~ +3.R, 4-.Z, )a 2 n*-41 flE(
UL2 I ~ .- 2- ZI,+ , +2.Z,, +Z,, +3.R, +
3
.Z,
E, -(4I +Z., +2.4I +Z.1. +3R, +
3
-Z,)-a a'-. -ft +(-3.
tLL3 2-Z,, +Z,, +2.Z,, Z, +3.R, +3- Z
Inserting Equations (19-22) for the faulted phase cu
phase voltage into Equation (4) for KI gives:
K, =Z,, Z, +R,. -(91,+Z,_
The term ZIL+ZN+RF represents the measured f,
impedance ZLO = RLp+ j-Lp where RL,,, = R
2K
2
_efp1 - KI ! IZL + ZNX + RF, (
11
. + 4Z + R, +( Z&,))
U,+ _ZN-,
(25)
As the phasor difference K? - Ki is equal to Zl,, + Z~t the
equivalent source impedance ZSeq, is equal to zero in the case
of a self-polarized mho circle. This means that the mho circle
will not expand due to the fault. The mho circle is fixed in the
impedance plane and is explicitly defined by the line replica
impedance.
2.2.2 Cross-polarization
In the case of cross-polarization K, is equal to jK'jU-L
3
/(l3 .-LI).
Inserting Equations (19-22) for the faulted phase current and
phase voltage, gives the following:
K
2
-- _o, pot 411 +ZN +R, +(Z
1
1 +
4
SN +-Z)
(26)
As the phasor difference K2 - K, is equal to
-Zist+ZN.+Zls+Z~s+ZF,
the equivalent source impedance
Zseq, is equal to Zis+Z~s+ZF in the case of a cross-polarized
mho circle. The mho circle expands by Zjs+ Z~s Z during
the fault, as illustrated in Figure 3 (right).
2.2.3 Positive-sequence polarization
In the case of positive-sequence polarization
fJ/IL. Inserting Equations (19-22) for the
(20) current and phase voltage gives the following:
2
jK2_M-q._po=ZIL +ZN +RF +(--Z Is+sZ
3-+N
Z-E
faulted phase
(27)
(21) As the phasor difference K? - Kij is equal to
ZI.,ZNt+2/3+.Zls+Z~s+ZFe, the equivalent source impedance
Z4
0
)'El Zevis eult
2
AZls+Z4s+ZE in the case of positive-
(2) sequence polarized miho circle. As illustrated
in Figure 3
(2) (right), the mho circle expands by %*Zis+Z4s+ZF during the
rrent
and
fut
Based on Figure 3 the mho circle can now be defined using
the phasors K, and K?:
" Radius, r
* Midpoint, m!
r=I(K, -KI)/21
(28)
159
Figure 4: Symmetrical component
single-phase-to-earth fault.
L2_MfPW 11. +ZN +RF
nt = dir -(Z, + (KI - K2) / 2) (29)
where dir = +1, if the operation direction is forward, -1, if the
operation direction is reverse.
In the case of a self-polarized mho circle, the equations are
reduced to the form:
* Radius, r
* Midpoint, m
r = Z,,, /21
m=dir-Z,R
1
12
E
0
(30)
(31)
3
2
1
0
-1
The calculated fault ioop impedance ZL~ LO + j XL~
will be inside the mho circle, if the following equation is true:
(L, - Re(g!))
2
+ (X" IM(aJ)
2
- r < 0
(32)
Fulfilment of the Equation (32) results in activation of the
operate signal. Calculation of the radius r and the midpoint mn
should not be released before the initial transients of the fault
have been decayed. Otherwise the calculation of radius and
midpoint will be affected, which results in fluctuation of the
characteristic.
3 Simulation results
Next the behaviour of the Equations (28-32) was analyzed
using computer simulations. The PSCADIEMTDC transient
simulation program was used to generate test data for phase-
to-phase faults. A 33 WV, 50 Hz, network with the following
parameters was simulated:
* Positive-sequence source impedance Zjs = l.5Z85
0
ohm
* Zero-sequence source impedance Zos = 4.5-/85" ohm
* Source impedance ratios SIR = s/L:
Case#l1: SIR = 10,
Positive-sequence line impedance setting:
ZLRI = ZIt= Zjs/1O = 0. 15Z85- ohm
Case #2: SIR = 0.5,
Positive-sequence line impedance setting:
Zu~u = Zise, = Zis/0.
5
= 3/85' ohm
The results are shown in Figures 5 and 6. Also the activation
of the operate signal is shown. This operate signal is the
output of the algorithm itself and does not include the delay
of the output relay of the actual feeder terminal. As can be
seen from Figures 5 and 6, cross-polarization provides the
greatest expansion of the mho circle. This matches the theory
presented in Chapter 2. In this simulation example, the
increase of the SIR from 0.5 to 10 leads to a slightly longer
operate time. In order to further analyze the performance of
the algorithm the authors will conduct full-scale tests in a
playback simulation environment (PSCAD/RTP), where e.g.
isochronous contour curves will be determined.
.E20
CL 0
!-20
Self-pularization
-2 -1 0 1 2
R (ohm, prim)
IL2
1- 7Operate
0 0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5
Time (sec)
Figure 5: Analysis of the mho circle in the R-X plane,
SIR = 0.5, phase-to-phase fault,
E.
0L
E.
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1.2
-1.4
20
0
Selt polarization
.,oia ai o)
-0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8
R (ohm, prim)
ZL
1
Operate
00.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5
Time (sec)
Figure 6: Analysis of mho circle in the R-X plane, SIR = 10,
phase-to-phase fault.
4 Field testing and experience
In recent years, ABB Oy, Distribution Automation, Finland
has made intensive field tests in co-operation with some
Finnish power utilities to test and develop new protection
algorithms and gather data from distribution networks.
Below, one field test case was studied. The test was made in
the 20 kV, 50 Hz rural distribution network of the utility of
Suur-Savon Sdihk6 Oy, near the city of Juva in Finland.
160
110/20 kW
Substation
0 2
Feeder data:
*Total length: 153 km
*Length of the main line: 43 km
*Number of distribution transformers: 123
*Peak load: 1.1 MW
*Z
1
,.. = 26.8 + j. 18.0 ohm
10 krn iKANTTA LA
Figure 7: Test feeder configuration.
Test case: L23 short-circuit fault at Kanttala, approximately
42 km from the substation. The SIR equals to 0. 16.
The behaviour of the algorithm is shown in Figure 8. The
operating speed is approximately 32 milliseconds.
25
-~20
.-
15
E10
?
= 5 \ Self polalizationl
0 0t
-5
-10
0 10 20 30
R (ohm, prim)
The behaviour of the algorithm as a function of time has been
analyzed in Figure 9. Both the radius r and the absolute
difference between the estimated fault loop impedance Zj.,,
and the calculated midpoint in are presented. As can been
seen, the fault transients cause initial oscillations in the
variables. After about one cycle the variables are stabilized to
their final values and the dynamic expansion of the mho
characteristic reaches its final form. It should be noted that
the zone boundary comparison (Equation (32)) is started once
the release signal from the starting function has been
activated.
0.Q~7- 1 L2
-7 -L3
~-500
24 ~
2 3
a b s ( Z
,P-Mn
) *c. 22
~ 21Calculated radius rfor
-ro 20 cross-polarized mho circle
~19
0
c: 18
17
a)
cL 16
E 1
- 15
1
Release-signal
0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.7 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74
Time (sec)
Figure 9: Calculation of variables of Equations (28-29) as a
function of time during a phase-to -phase fault.
5 Conclusions
-~500
-~
*. 0 /1 L2[
_-500_Z
00.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.7
Time (sec)
Figure 8: Analysis of mho circle in the R-X plane, phase-to-
phase fault.
The source impedance can be estimated using phasors K, and
ZlS [i
2
_cross pot -11 -Ziset = 1.1 +j-5.0 ohm
This closely matches the value obtained from the network
database of the utility's DMS.
This paper describes a novel way of implementing the mho
characteristic so that it can be analyzed in the impedance
plane in a similar way as the quadrilateral characteristic. The
method enables the dynamic expansion of the mho circle as a
result of the healthy voltage polarization during fault
conditions. This has been validated through computer
simulations and field tests. The algorithm will be
implemented in the next generation feeder terminals targeted
to global power distribution and sub-transmission markets.
6 Acknowledgemnents
The authors thank the following persons for their support in
the performance of the valuable field tests: Markku
ViholainenlABB Oy, Hannu Rautio, Heikki Majanen/Suur-
Savon Stibko Qy.
7 References
[1] "Modem distance protection functions and applications",
Cigre working group B5. 15 - Draft 7.0, October 2007.
161

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