Mho characteristic has traditionally been implemented by applying torque-like algorithms using voltage phasors. This paper describes a novel way of implementing the mo characteristic so that it can be analyzed in the impedance plane in a similar way as the quadrilateral characteristic. An additional advantage of this method is that it reduces the computational burden in the relay terminal as the fault loop impedance can be calculated centrally.
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Novel Method for Implementing the Mho Characteristic Into Distance Relays2
Mho characteristic has traditionally been implemented by applying torque-like algorithms using voltage phasors. This paper describes a novel way of implementing the mo characteristic so that it can be analyzed in the impedance plane in a similar way as the quadrilateral characteristic. An additional advantage of this method is that it reduces the computational burden in the relay terminal as the fault loop impedance can be calculated centrally.
Mho characteristic has traditionally been implemented by applying torque-like algorithms using voltage phasors. This paper describes a novel way of implementing the mo characteristic so that it can be analyzed in the impedance plane in a similar way as the quadrilateral characteristic. An additional advantage of this method is that it reduces the computational burden in the relay terminal as the fault loop impedance can be calculated centrally.
into distance relays Janne Altonen*, Ani Wahlroos** ABB Oy Distribution Automation, Finland, janne.altonen @ f.abb.com -ABB Oy Distribution Automation, Finland, ari.wahlroos@fi.abb.com Keywords: distance protection, impedance characteristic, polarization Abstract Traditionally the mho characteristic has been implemented by applying torque-like algorithms using voltage phasors. Presenting and analyzing the behaviour of such algorithms in the impedance plane are not straightforward. Protection engineers, however, need to know the relationship between the measured impedance and the operating characteristic of the protection during power system faults. A too] preferred by the protection engineers is one that plots both the loop impedance trajectory and the operating characteristic in the impedance plane (R-X diagram). This paper describes a novel way of implementing the mho characteristic so that it can be analyzed in the impedance plane in a similar way as the quadrilateral characteristic. The method enables the dynamic expansion of the mho circle as a result of the healthy voltage polarization during fault conditions. An additional advantage of this method is that it reduces the computational burden in the relay terminal as the fault loop impedance can be calculated centrally and utilized in zone boundary comparisons for both the mho and quadrilateral characteristics. This algorithm can be utilized in new distance protection designs applied in power distribution and sub-transmission networks. 1 Introduction The distance protection functionality of modem feeder terminals for global markets includes both mho and quadrilateral characteristics. For earth-fault protection the desired shape of the protection characteristic is typically quadrilateral (polygonal), as it enables the fault resistance reach to be set independently of the reach in the reactive direction. This is especially advantageous in the case of short lines. For historical reasons, e.g. to enable fluent protection co-ordination, short-circuit protection has been based on the mho characteristic, notably in countries influenced by the ANSI standards. The traditional method of creating a distance protection function with circular characteristic is to compare the angle between two voltage phasors: the operating voltage phasor S., (also known as "the line drop compensated voltage") and the polarizing voltage phasor S2. These voltage phasors can be expressed as: SI -~.L + dir' Lt, + _Z&,'i -L,) sL =u_'xl (1) (2) where U,= Voltage phasor of the faulted phase(s). For phase-to- earth impedance elements the voltage is UL, UI.2 or U1.3. For phase-to-phase impedance elements the voltage is _UL12, UIL23 or UL31- dir = -1, if operation direction is forward +1, if operation direction is reverse Zset I,. ZOset = ZNset = -Positive-sequence line impedance setting -Current phasor of the faulted phase(s). For phase-to- earth impedance elements the current is IL, IL2 or 113. For phasc-to-phase impedance elements the current is 1112, IJ 23 or IL-11* Zero-sequence line impedance setting Earth return-path impedance setting = (Zoe - ZIset)/ 3 . This term is zero for phase-to-phase impedance elements. IN. = Residual current phasor (= ILI + 11- + 1I13) UP,= Polarization voltage Figure 1 shows the forward-reaching self-polarized mho characteristic in two fault cases: fault inside the protection zone (left) and fault outside the protection zone (right). Note that the characteristics are drawn in the voltage plane. As shown in Figure 1, the angle (x between the phasors S, and S2 indicates whether the measured impedance lies inside the circle or not. If the angle ax becomes greater than 90 degrees, the measured impedance will lie inside the miho circle and an operate signal should be activated. At the circumference, the angle a equals 90 degrees. 156 Lziset*kx + ~I (Z 1 -L. ,S Re(ij)) a Re(M4 -1 the Equations (1) and (2) into the impedance plane. The conversion is done by dividing the voltage equations with the appropriate current. The resulting impedance phasors are denoted K, and j, which correspond to the voltage phasors Sj and a,_. For reasons of simplicity, the current in the healthy phases is assumed to be zero. tL ' +LL ( ,+ SF Im(eU)U -S, Figure 1: Left: phasor diagram of forward-reaching self- polarized mho circle at a single phase-to-earth fault inside the protection zone and right: outside the protection Zone. Typically the angle comparison implementation is based on a torque-like algorithm utilizing either a cosine or a sine phase comparator [1]. These phase comparators emulate the behaviour of an induction cup clement, the amplitude representing the torque of the rotating cup and the sign representing the direction of rotation. Using the cosine comparator, the torque-like equation will be: S'U K2 =2 (4) (5) To illustrate the composition of the impedance phasors Kj and K2, the analysis employs the theory of symmetrical components. The effect of the selected polarization voltage can be seen in the phasor K?. 2.1 Phase-to-phase fault The following analysis is based on the symmetrical component equivalent circuit of a two-phase short-circuit fault illustrated in Figure 2. T~.= Re(S~j).Re(S2) + Im(S 1 )Im(S,.) If T , < 0, then the impedance lies inside the mho circle. In Figure 1 the polarizing phasor S? is assumed to be the voltage of the faulty phase(s). Such a polarization method is known as seblfpolarization. The drawback of self-polarization is that, in the case of a close-in fault, the measured voltage may become too small and the trip decision may be uncertain or delayed. Therefore the polarizing voltage is typically derived from the healthy phases. The most common types of polarization methods utilizing voltages from healthy phases are cross- (or quadrature-) polarization and positive- sequence polarization. In addition, the polarization voltage may include a memorized pre-fault voltage part to secure a reliable handling of close-in three-phase faults. An often undocumented feature of the mho characteristic is that the selection of the polarization voltage affects the mho circle during a fault: the circle expands. This feature will be analyzed in the following chapters. 2 Conversion of mho equations from the voltage plane into the impedance plane A quadrilateral characteristic is typically implemented by first calculating the fault loop impedance Z,,,O = R,.p+ j .XL,, and then comparing the result with the operation zone boundaries in the impedance plane. To implement the mho and quadrilateral characteristics in the same way, the dynamic expansion caused by the polarization voltage has to be included in the method. This can be achieved by converting Figure 2: Symmetrical component equivalent circuit for a two-phase short-circuit fault. The following notations are used in Figure 2: El= Positive-sequence source voltage Zs= Positive-sequence source impedance ZIL = Positive-sequence line impedance from substation to fault point 7,2s = Negative-sequence source impedance ZQL = Negative-sequence line impedance from substation to fault point RF= Fault resistance between phases U, = Positive-sequence voltage measured at the substation U,= Negative-sequence voltage measured at the substation 11 = Positive-sequence current measured at the substation 1, = Negative-sequence current measured at the substation We assume that there is a short-circuit fault between phase L2 and phase L3 and, for reasons of simplicity, that the current of the healthy phase LI equals zero. Figure 2 gives the following equations: (6) 1 L2J( =Z 1 j)+R 1 157 (3) 2L3- 2 (Z, + ZIL)+ R, Current I123 = 1 L2-43 (7) IMQ~ mZ tL23 =2- '12 = 2(4 1 .ZI)+R Correspondingly for voltages: (8) Re(U) a * f,(a Zj + Z1,+ 2 -a -ZI,+ a R,) (9) 2( CZ 1,+_IL +R Voltage UL23 = _UL2 - U UL3-a-E 1 .( 2 -a -ZL - 2-_Z, +_a--R, -Re) (1 where a = phase shift operator = cos(1 20') + j~sin(120 0 ). Inserting the voltage and current Equations (6-11) into Equation (4) for K 1 , gives: K 1 =ZKI RF /2Z (12) The term ZIL + RF/2 represents the measured fault loop impedance Zj.. = RLp+ j.~p where R 1 L, 0 p = RIL + RF/2 and X,,p= XIL. The set positive-sequence impedance Ziset defines the zone reach. 2.1.1 Self-polarization In the case of self-polarization K2 is equal to !L13/41.23. Inserting the Equations (6-11) for the faulted phase currents and phase voltages into Equation (5) for K?, gives the following: Difference between phasors K, and K 1 : K. ,~,,j_ -:Et =ZL J? / 2 -(ZIL + RF I2-Z 1 l,,) =Zlse (14) Figure 3 illustrates the phasors K, and K, in the impedance plane (left). The phasor ZLR represents the line replica impedance. It is for phase-to-phase impedance elements: ZLR1 = Ziset (15) and for phase-to-earth impedance elements: ZLR1 = ZIiset + ZNset = Ziset + (Zoslet - Ziset)/ 3 Figure 3: Phasor diagram illustrating phasors K~~ ~, &Zu I and Zev Lf:Sl-polarized mho circle, right: healthy voltage polarized mho circle. ZLR = Line replica impedance, Zseq, = Equivalent source impedance (see chapters 2.1.2, 2.1.3 and 2.2.2, 2.2.3). As the phasor difference Kz - K, is equal to Zl, the equivalent source impedance Zs,. ieqatozrin the case of a self-polarized mho circle. This means that the mho circle will not expand during the fault. The mho circle is fixed in the impedance plane and is explicitly defined by the line replica impedance. 2.1.2 Cross-polarization In the case of cross-polarization K? is equal to j3U1/U3 When inserting Equations (6-11) for the phase currents of the faulty phases and phase voltages into Equation (5), the following is obtained: K2 _--p.1K ZL + RFI/2 + Z, (17) As the phasor difference Kz - K, is equal to Zie,+Z 15 s, the equivalent source impedance Zs,,q is equal to Zjs in the case of a cross-polarized miho circle. The mho circle expands by Zis during the fault as illustrated in Figure 3 (right). 2.1.3 Positive-sequence polarization In the case of positive-sequence polarization K2 equals +4-j.U 1 411, 23 - Inserting Equations (6-11) for the phase currents of the faulty phases and phase voltage into Equation (5), gives: AK2_p.-=q p. ZII +R, / 2+Z, / 2 (18) As the phasor difference K2 - K, is equal to Ziset+Zis/2, the equivalent source impedance Zseq, is equal to Zjs/ 2 in the case of a cross-polarized mho circle. The mho circle expands by Zjs/2 during the fault as illustrated in Figure 3 (right). (16) 158 ReQ~ IMQ 2.2 Phase-to-earth fault The following analysis is based on the symmetrical component equivalent circuit of a single phase-to-earth fault illustrated in Figure 4. L6 I ; - 3,R, and X 1 ,,, = XIL+XN. The set loop impedance ZiI,,+ZN,, defines the zone reach. 2.2.1 Self-polarization In the case of self-polarization, K? is equal to !Iuf/LI. Inserting Equations (19-22) for the faulted phase current and phase voltage into Equation (5), gives: (24) Difference between phasors K, 2 and:K equivalent circuit for a The following notations are used in Figure 4: Zs= Zero-sequence source impedance ZOL = Zero-sequence line impedance from substation to fault point Z = Neutral earthing impedance 10= Zero-sequence voltage measured at the substation 10 = Zero-sequence current measured at the substation 4.= Fault component current at the fault point RF = Fault resistance between phase and earth We assume that there is a fault between phase LI and earth and, for reasons of simplicity, that the healthy phase currents (L2 and LU) are equal to zero. Based on Figure 4 the faulted phase current is given by: LI - _ fE (19) 2-ZI, +ZOS +2.ZIL+-ZO, +3-RF +3-Z, Similarly for the phase voltages: 2.4I+Zo+2 Z.+Z), 3*R, 3-ZE f, (Z 1 , Zos 2.I + Z,~ +3.R, 4-.Z, )a 2 n*-41 flE( UL2 I ~ .- 2- ZI,+ , +2.Z,, +Z,, +3.R, + 3 .Z, E, -(4I +Z., +2.4I +Z.1. +3R, + 3 -Z,)-a a'-. -ft +(-3. tLL3 2-Z,, +Z,, +2.Z,, Z, +3.R, +3- Z Inserting Equations (19-22) for the faulted phase cu phase voltage into Equation (4) for KI gives: K, =Z,, Z, +R,. -(91,+Z,_ The term ZIL+ZN+RF represents the measured f, impedance ZLO = RLp+ j-Lp where RL,,, = R 2K 2 _efp1 - KI ! IZL + ZNX + RF, ( 11 . + 4Z + R, +( Z&,)) U,+ _ZN-, (25) As the phasor difference K? - Ki is equal to Zl,, + Z~t the equivalent source impedance ZSeq, is equal to zero in the case of a self-polarized mho circle. This means that the mho circle will not expand due to the fault. The mho circle is fixed in the impedance plane and is explicitly defined by the line replica impedance. 2.2.2 Cross-polarization In the case of cross-polarization K, is equal to jK'jU-L 3 /(l3 .-LI). Inserting Equations (19-22) for the faulted phase current and phase voltage, gives the following: K 2 -- _o, pot 411 +ZN +R, +(Z 1 1 + 4 SN +-Z) (26) As the phasor difference K2 - K, is equal to -Zist+ZN.+Zls+Z~s+ZF, the equivalent source impedance Zseq, is equal to Zis+Z~s+ZF in the case of a cross-polarized mho circle. The mho circle expands by Zjs+ Z~s Z during the fault, as illustrated in Figure 3 (right). 2.2.3 Positive-sequence polarization In the case of positive-sequence polarization fJ/IL. Inserting Equations (19-22) for the (20) current and phase voltage gives the following: 2 jK2_M-q._po=ZIL +ZN +RF +(--Z Is+sZ 3-+N Z-E faulted phase (27) (21) As the phasor difference K? - Kij is equal to ZI.,ZNt+2/3+.Zls+Z~s+ZFe, the equivalent source impedance Z4 0 )'El Zevis eult 2 AZls+Z4s+ZE in the case of positive- (2) sequence polarized miho circle. As illustrated in Figure 3 (2) (right), the mho circle expands by %*Zis+Z4s+ZF during the rrent and fut Based on Figure 3 the mho circle can now be defined using the phasors K, and K?: " Radius, r * Midpoint, m! r=I(K, -KI)/21 (28) 159 Figure 4: Symmetrical component single-phase-to-earth fault. L2_MfPW 11. +ZN +RF nt = dir -(Z, + (KI - K2) / 2) (29) where dir = +1, if the operation direction is forward, -1, if the operation direction is reverse. In the case of a self-polarized mho circle, the equations are reduced to the form: * Radius, r * Midpoint, m r = Z,,, /21 m=dir-Z,R 1 12 E 0 (30) (31) 3 2 1 0 -1 The calculated fault ioop impedance ZL~ LO + j XL~ will be inside the mho circle, if the following equation is true: (L, - Re(g!)) 2 + (X" IM(aJ) 2 - r < 0 (32) Fulfilment of the Equation (32) results in activation of the operate signal. Calculation of the radius r and the midpoint mn should not be released before the initial transients of the fault have been decayed. Otherwise the calculation of radius and midpoint will be affected, which results in fluctuation of the characteristic. 3 Simulation results Next the behaviour of the Equations (28-32) was analyzed using computer simulations. The PSCADIEMTDC transient simulation program was used to generate test data for phase- to-phase faults. A 33 WV, 50 Hz, network with the following parameters was simulated: * Positive-sequence source impedance Zjs = l.5Z85 0 ohm * Zero-sequence source impedance Zos = 4.5-/85" ohm * Source impedance ratios SIR = s/L: Case#l1: SIR = 10, Positive-sequence line impedance setting: ZLRI = ZIt= Zjs/1O = 0. 15Z85- ohm Case #2: SIR = 0.5, Positive-sequence line impedance setting: Zu~u = Zise, = Zis/0. 5 = 3/85' ohm The results are shown in Figures 5 and 6. Also the activation of the operate signal is shown. This operate signal is the output of the algorithm itself and does not include the delay of the output relay of the actual feeder terminal. As can be seen from Figures 5 and 6, cross-polarization provides the greatest expansion of the mho circle. This matches the theory presented in Chapter 2. In this simulation example, the increase of the SIR from 0.5 to 10 leads to a slightly longer operate time. In order to further analyze the performance of the algorithm the authors will conduct full-scale tests in a playback simulation environment (PSCAD/RTP), where e.g. isochronous contour curves will be determined. .E20 CL 0 !-20 Self-pularization -2 -1 0 1 2 R (ohm, prim) IL2 1- 7Operate 0 0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 Time (sec) Figure 5: Analysis of the mho circle in the R-X plane, SIR = 0.5, phase-to-phase fault, E. 0L E. 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 -1.2 -1.4 20 0 Selt polarization .,oia ai o) -0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8 R (ohm, prim) ZL 1 Operate 00.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 Time (sec) Figure 6: Analysis of mho circle in the R-X plane, SIR = 10, phase-to-phase fault. 4 Field testing and experience In recent years, ABB Oy, Distribution Automation, Finland has made intensive field tests in co-operation with some Finnish power utilities to test and develop new protection algorithms and gather data from distribution networks. Below, one field test case was studied. The test was made in the 20 kV, 50 Hz rural distribution network of the utility of Suur-Savon Sdihk6 Oy, near the city of Juva in Finland. 160 110/20 kW Substation 0 2 Feeder data: *Total length: 153 km *Length of the main line: 43 km *Number of distribution transformers: 123 *Peak load: 1.1 MW *Z 1 ,.. = 26.8 + j. 18.0 ohm 10 krn iKANTTA LA Figure 7: Test feeder configuration. Test case: L23 short-circuit fault at Kanttala, approximately 42 km from the substation. The SIR equals to 0. 16. The behaviour of the algorithm is shown in Figure 8. The operating speed is approximately 32 milliseconds. 25 -~20 .- 15 E10 ? = 5 \ Self polalizationl 0 0t -5 -10 0 10 20 30 R (ohm, prim) The behaviour of the algorithm as a function of time has been analyzed in Figure 9. Both the radius r and the absolute difference between the estimated fault loop impedance Zj.,, and the calculated midpoint in are presented. As can been seen, the fault transients cause initial oscillations in the variables. After about one cycle the variables are stabilized to their final values and the dynamic expansion of the mho characteristic reaches its final form. It should be noted that the zone boundary comparison (Equation (32)) is started once the release signal from the starting function has been activated. 0.Q~7- 1 L2 -7 -L3 ~-500 24 ~ 2 3 a b s ( Z ,P-Mn ) *c. 22 ~ 21Calculated radius rfor -ro 20 cross-polarized mho circle ~19 0 c: 18 17 a) cL 16 E 1 - 15 1 Release-signal 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.7 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 Time (sec) Figure 9: Calculation of variables of Equations (28-29) as a function of time during a phase-to -phase fault. 5 Conclusions -~500 -~ *. 0 /1 L2[ _-500_Z 00.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.7 Time (sec) Figure 8: Analysis of mho circle in the R-X plane, phase-to- phase fault. The source impedance can be estimated using phasors K, and ZlS [i 2 _cross pot -11 -Ziset = 1.1 +j-5.0 ohm This closely matches the value obtained from the network database of the utility's DMS. This paper describes a novel way of implementing the mho characteristic so that it can be analyzed in the impedance plane in a similar way as the quadrilateral characteristic. The method enables the dynamic expansion of the mho circle as a result of the healthy voltage polarization during fault conditions. This has been validated through computer simulations and field tests. The algorithm will be implemented in the next generation feeder terminals targeted to global power distribution and sub-transmission markets. 6 Acknowledgemnents The authors thank the following persons for their support in the performance of the valuable field tests: Markku ViholainenlABB Oy, Hannu Rautio, Heikki Majanen/Suur- Savon Stibko Qy. 7 References [1] "Modem distance protection functions and applications", Cigre working group B5. 15 - Draft 7.0, October 2007. 161