Periodic

Trends
Periodic Trends
Moving across the Periodic Table from left to right, the elements
chemical and physical properties change from those of metals to those
of metalloids (or semi-metals) and finally to those of non-metals:

Metals Metalloids Non-metals
Magnesium Silicon Sulphur



Periodic Trends
Question:
What are the typical chemical and physical properties of metals?

Good conductors of heat and electricity.
Tend to have high melting points and boiling points.
Tend to be hard and strong.
Tend to have a high density.
Have a metallic lustre (are shiny).
Malleable and ductile (shape can be changed without breaking).
Sonorous (ring when struck).
React by losing their valence electrons.
Oxides are basic.
Periodic Trends
Question:
What are the typical chemical and physical properties of
non-metals?

Poor conductors of heat and electricity (insulators).
Tend to have low melting points and boiling points.
Tend to be soft.
Tend to have a low density.
Surface is dull (unless crystalline).
Tend to be brittle.
Not sonorous.
React by gaining valence electrons.
Oxides are acidic.
Periodic Trends
Question:
What are the typical chemical and physical properties of
metalloids?

Semiconductors (electrical conductivity varies greatly depending
upon the conditions that they are subject to).
Oxides are amphoteric (oxides can be either acidic or basic
depending upon the conditions that they are subject to).
1 2 Group 3 4 5 6 7 0
1
H He
2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
4
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7
Fr Ra Ac
P
e
r
i
o
d

Periodic Trends
The dividing line
between metals (left)
and non-metals (right).
1 2 Group 3 4 5 6 7 0
1
H He
2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
4
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7
Fr Ra Ac
P
e
r
i
o
d

Periodic Trends

Metals!
1 2 Group 3 4 5 6 7 0
1
H He
2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
4
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7
Fr Ra Ac
P
e
r
i
o
d

Periodic Trends

Metalloids!

1 2 Group 3 4 5 6 7 0
1
H He
2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
4
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7
Fr Ra Ac
P
e
r
i
o
d

Periodic Trends

Non-metals!
1 2 Group 3 4 5 6 7 0
1
H He
2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
4
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7
Fr Ra Ac
P
e
r
i
o
d

Periodic Trends

Summary!
Periodic Trends
Question:
Lithium and sodium are both elements from Group 1 of the Periodic
Table.
Draw the electron configurations of lithium (atomic number = 3) and
sodium (atomic number = 11):
Periodic Trends
Question:
What do the electron configurations of the Group 1 metals have in
common?
Periodic Trends
Answer:
The Group 1 metals all have 1 electron in their valence shell.
Periodic Trends
Question:
How do the Group 1 metals react to obtain a complete valence
shell?
Periodic Trends
Answer:
The Group 1 metals all react by losing their single valence electron to
form an ion with a complete valence shell and a single positive
charge. Because the Group 1 metals all react in this way, they are
said to have similar chemical properties.
Periodic Trends
Question:
Sodium (symbol Na) and caesium (symbol Cs) are both in
Group 1 of the Periodic Table.
The formula of sodium chloride is NaCl. The formula of sodium
carbonate is Na
2
CO
3
. The formula of sodium sulphate is Na
2
SO
4
.
Using this information, predict the formulae of caesium chloride,
caesium carbonate and caesium sulphate.
Answer:
Caesium chloride CsCl.
Caesium carbonate Cs
2
CO
3
.
Caesium sulphate Cs
2
SO
4
.
Periodic Trends
Question:
Some information about the Group 1 metals is given in the table
below:
Element Melting Point / C Metallic Radius / nm
Lithium Li 180.0 0.152
Sodium Na 97.8 0.186
Potassium K ? ?
Rubidium Rb 38.9 0.244
Caesium Cs 28.7 0.262
Predict the melting point and metallic radius of potassium.
Periodic Trends
Answer:
Some information about the Group 1 metals is given in the table
below:
Element Melting Point / C Metallic Radius / nm
Lithium Li 180.0 0.152
Sodium Na 97.8 0.186
Potassium K 63.7 0.231
Rubidium Rb 38.9 0.244
Caesium Cs 28.7 0.262
Periodic Trends
Question:
Fluorine and chlorine are both elements from Group 7 of the
Periodic Table.
Draw the electron configurations of fluorine (atomic number = 9)
and chlorine (atomic number = 17):
Periodic Trends
Question:
What do the electron configurations of the Group 7 elements have
in common?
Periodic Trends
Answer:
The Group 7 elements all have 7 electrons in their valence shell.
Periodic Trends
Question:
How do the Group 7 elements react to obtain a complete valence
shell?
Periodic Trends
Answer:
The Group 7 elements all react by gaining a single valence electron to
form an ion with a complete valence shell and a single negative
charge. Because the Group 7 elements all react in this way, they are
said to have similar chemical properties.
Periodic Trends
Question:
Chlorine (symbol Cl) and astatine (symbol At) are both in
Group 7 of the Periodic Table.
The formula of sodium chloride is NaCl. The formula of magnesium
chloride is MgCl
2
. The formula of aluminium chloride is AlCl
3
. Using
this information, predict the formulae of sodium astatide,
magnesium astatide and aluminium astatide.
Answer:
Sodium astatide NaAt.
Magnesium astatide MgAt
2
.
Aluminium astatide AlAt
3
.
Periodic Trends
Question:
Some information about the Group 7 elements is given in the table
below:
Element Melting Point / C Covalent Radius / nm
Fluorine F 220 0.072
Chlorine Cl ? ?
Bromine Br 7.2 0.114
Iodine I 114 0.133
Astatine At 302 0.140
Predict the melting point and covalent radius of chlorine.
Periodic Trends
Answer:
Some information about the Group 7 elements is given in the table
below:
Element Melting Point / C Covalent Radius / nm
Fluorine F 220 0.072
Chlorine Cl 101 0.099
Bromine Br 7.2 0.114
Iodine I 114 0.133
Astatine At 302 0.140
Periodic Trends
Question:
Elements in the same Group of the Periodic Table have similar
chemical properties because they lose or gain the same number of
electrons to fill their valence shells. In what way do the elements in
the same Group of the Periodic Table differ from each other?
Answer:
The reactivity of the elements in the same Group varies. On
descending a Group of metals, the elements become more reactive.
On descending a Group of non-metals, the elements become less
reactive. In addition, the physical properties of the elements in the
same Group varies. On descending a Group of metals, their melting
points tends to decrease. On descending a Group of non-metals,
their melting points tends to increase.
Periodic Trends
Question:
Sodium and chlorine are both in the same Period of the
Periodic Table. Draw the electron configurations of sodium
(atomic number = 11) and chlorine (atomic number = 17) and
state in what way their electron configurations are similar to
each other.
Periodic Trends
Answer:
Sodium and chlorine are both in the third Period of the Periodic Table
and so both atoms have three electron shells:
Periodic Trends
Question:
Complete the table below to show how the properties of the elements
changes across the Periodic Table:
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Metal / Non-metal
Number of
Valence
Electrons
Number of
Electrons Lost /
Gained
Charge on Ion
Valency
Periodic Trends
Question:
Complete the table below to show how the properties of the elements
changes across the Periodic Table:
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Metal / Non-metal Metal Metal Metal
Semi-
metal
Non-
metal
Non-
metal
Non-
metal
Non-
metal
Number of
Valence
Electrons
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of
Electrons Lost /
Gained
1 Lost 2 Lost 3 Lost
4
Gained
3
Gained
2
Gained
1
Gained
0 Lost
or
Gained
Charge on Ion +1 +2 +3 4 3 2 1 0
Valency 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 0
Periodic Trends
Summary:
Moving across the Periodic Table from left to right, the elements
chemical and physical properties change from those of metals to
those of metalloids and finally to those of non-metals.
Elements in the same Group have the same number of valence
electrons and therefore have similar chemical properties.
Elements from the same Group form compounds with the same
formulae.
On descending a Group of elements, there is a gradual change in
their chemical and physical properties. Metals become more
reactive and their melting points decrease. Non-metals become less
reactive and their melting points increase.
Elements in the same Period have the same number of electron
shells.
Periodic Trends
Enrichment:
Consider the elements of the third Period, sodium to chlorine.

How does the size (atomic radius) of an atom vary from left
to right across the Periodic Table?

How does the ease with which an atom loses an electron
from its valence shell (first ionization energy) vary from left to
right across the Periodic Table?

Clue consider how atomic number changer across the
Periodic Table from sodium to chlorine. Remember what the
atomic number of an element represents.
Periodic Trends
Symbol
of
Element
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Atomic
Number
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Atomic
Radius /
nm
0.157 0.136 0.125 0.117 0.110 0.104 0.099
First
Ionization
Energy /
kJ mol
-1

494 736 577 786 1060 1000 1260
Periodic Trends
Symbol
of
Element
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Atomic
Number
Number of protons within the nucleus of the atom increases.
Positive charge within the nucleus of the atom increases.
Force of attraction between the positive nucleus and negative electrons orbiting
the nucleus increases.
Atomic
Radius /
nm
0.157 0.136 0.125 0.117 0.110 0.104 0.099
First
Ionization
Energy /
kJ mol
-1

494 736 577 786 1060 1000 1260
Periodic Trends
As the force of attraction between the positive nucleus and
negative electrons that are orbiting the nucleus increases, the
electrons are pulled in closer to the nucleus and the size of
the atom (atomic radius) decreases.

As the force of attraction between the positive nucleus and
negative electrons that are orbiting the nucleus increases, the
amount of energy required to remove an electron from the
valence shell of an atom (first ionization energy) increases.
Periodic Trends
A Note on First Ionization Energy

The ease with which an atom of a particular element
loses a single electron from its valence shell is given by
its first ionization energy. This is the energy required to
convert one mole of gaseous atoms to one mole of
gaseous ions, each with a single positive charge. It can
be summarised by the following equation:

E
(g)
E
+
(g)
+ e