The Battle of Heligoland Bight

The first naval encounter between the British and

German fleets, in the North Sea off the North German coast
Date: 28th August 1914

The British Fleet sailing through the Narrow Seas
between the East Anglian Coast and the Dogger Bank
Place: In the North Sea, to the West of the Island of Heligoland, which guards the entrances
to the main German naval bases.
War: The First World War, also known as The Great War.

British post card commemorating the Battle of Heligoland Bight
Contestants: The British Royal Navy against the Imperial German Navy.
Ships involved:
The British Royal Navy
Note: In the Royal Navy, the class of ship originally termed torpedo boat destroyer, by the
Great War, was abbreviated to destroyer. The German navy did not have an equivalent
term. The smaller vessels were referred to as torpedo boats, whether they were what the
Royal Navy would have classed as torpedo boats or destroyers. Smaller vessels in the
Imperial German Navy were given an initial and a number and not a name, as with Royal
Navy submarines.
8th Oversea Submarine Flotilla, comprising the destroyers, HMS Lurcher (Commodore
Keyes) and Firedrake (both 2 X 4 inch guns), and submarines: D2, D3, E4, E5, E6, E7, E8
and E9.

British destroyer HMS Firedrake, one of the two destroyers that acted as flotilla
leaders for the submarines of 8th Oversea Submarine Flotilla, and took part in the
Heligoland operation on 28th August 1914
1st Flotilla, comprising HMS Fearless (8 X 4 inch guns) (Captain Blunt), light cruiser, and
destroyers: Division 1; Acheron, Attack, Hind and Archer (all 2 X 4 inch guns): Division 2;
Ariel (2 X 4 inch guns), Lucifer and Llewellyn (3 X 4 inch guns): Division 3; Ferret,
Forester, Druid and Defender (all 2 X 4 inch guns): Division 4; Badger, Beaver, J ackal and
Sandfly (all 2 X 4 inch guns): Division 5; Goshawk, Lizard, Lapwing and Phoenix (all 2 X 4
inch guns).

British light cruiser HMS Arethusa, Commodore Tyrwhitts
flagship in the Heligoland operation on 28th August 1914
3rd Flotilla, comprising HMS Arethusa, light cruiser (3 X 6 inch and 4 X 4 inch guns)
(Commodore Tyrwhitt), and destroyers:
Division 1; Lookout, Leonidas, Legion and Lennox (all 3 X 4 inch guns)
Division 2; Lark, Lance, Linnet and Landrail (all 3 X 4 inch guns)
Division 3; Laforey, Lawford, Louise and Lydiard (all 3 X 4 inch guns): Division 4; Laurel,
Liberty, Lysander and Laertes (all 3 X 4 inch guns).
Light Cruiser Squadron, comprising Division 1; HMS Southampton, (8 X 6 inch guns)
(Commodore Goodenough) and Birmingham (9 X 6 inch guns): Division 2; Falmouth (8 X 6
inch guns) and Liverpool (2 X 6 inch and 10 X 4 inch guns): Division 3; Nottingham and
Lowestoft (both 9 X 6 inch guns).
Cruisers: HMS Euryalus (2 X 9.2 and 12 X 6 inch guns) (Admiral Christian) and Amethyst,
light cruiser, ( 2 X 6 inch and 8 X 4 inch guns): HMS Bacchante (Rear-Admiral Campbell),
Cressy, Hogue and Aboukir (all 2 X 9.2 inch and 12 X 6 inch guns).
Battle Cruisers: HMS Invincible and New Zealand (both 8 X 12 inch guns) from the Humber
(Hull) and HMS Lion (Admiral Beatty), Queen Mary and Princess Royal (all 8 X13.5 inch
guns).

Map of the Battle of Heligoland Bight by John Fawkes
German ships:
Outer Patrol Line
I Torpedo Boat Flotilla
V187 (Commander Wallis), V188, V189, V190, V191, G197, G196, G193 and G194.

Inner Patrol Line
III Minesweeping Division
D8 (Lieutenant-Commander Wolfram), T25, T29, T31, T33, T34, T35, T36, T37, T49, T71
and S73.

Reinforcement
V Torpedo Boat Flotilla
G12 (Commander von dem Knesebeck), V1, V2, V3, V6, S13, G7, G9, G10 and G11.
(V187 and the other destroyers probably all 2 X 8cm guns),
Light Cruisers: SMS Stettin (10 X 10.5 cm guns), Frauenlob (10 x 10.5 cm guns), Stralsund
(12 X 10.5 cm guns), Mainz (12 X 10.5 cm guns), Cln and Ariadne (10 X 10.5 cm
guns). (10.5cm =4.1 inches).

The German light cruiser SMS Cln, flagship of Admiral Maass in the
Battle of Heligoland on 28th August 1914, sunk by Admiral Beattys battle cruisers
All ships were equipped with ancillary armaments, including anti-aircraft guns and torpedo
tubes. With engines powered by coal, or, in the case of the more modern ships, oil, speeds of
around 25 to 29 knots and more were achievable. Communication was by radio, known then
as wireless. Guns were capable of firing up to several miles, but gun control was by sight.
Admirals: There was no clear command structure for the British ships. Commodore
Tyrwhitt commanded the force of destroyers that conducted the sweep. Commodore Keyes
commanded the decoy submarines from his destroyer, HMS Lurcher. Rear Admirals
Christian and Campbell commanded the supporting cruisers, which took no active part. Rear
Admiral Beatty commanded the battle cruisers, with Commodore Goodenough commanding
the light cruisers, from the Grand Fleet.

Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt RN, commander of 1st and 3rd Destroyer
Flotillas in the Heligoland operation on 28th August 1914
The German Guard Flotilla was commanded from V 187 by Commander Wallis.
Rear Admiral Leberecht Maass commanded the supporting light cruisers from SMS Cln.

The German Admiral Maass, commander of the German light cruiser squadron in the
Battle of Heligoland on 28th August 1914. Maas went down with SMS Cln, sunk by
Admiral Beattys battle cruisers
Winner: While several British ships were damaged by gunfire, none were sunk; 3 German
ships were sunk; a British victory.
Background:
In the years preceding the First World War, as it became clear that the likely British
adversary would be Germany, not, as in previous wars, France or Spain, the Royal Navy
changed its home focus from facing south-west and west to facing south-east. The next naval
war would primarily be fought against Germany in the North Sea.
The Royal Navy established presences in several east coast ports: Harwich, Hull, Rosyth, and
built a new fleet base at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands. A fleet refuge for the Grand Fleet
was constructed at Gairloch on the west coast of Scotland.
The German Imperial High Seas Fleet based itself in the group of ports situated on the
German North Sea coast, to the south west of Denmark, in a number of estuaries; the main
ports being Emden, Wilhelmshaven, Bremerhaven and Cuxhaven. Access to the Baltic Sea
from these ports was established by building the Kiel Canal.
Various islands provided protection for the network of German naval bases, the most
important being the heavily fortified Heligoland. The recessed area of German coastline, in
which several of the bases lay, is known as the Heligoland Bight. The Island of Heligoland
lies mid-way across the opening to the Bight, 50 miles out to sea.

Fortifications on the Island of Heligoland
The German North Sea coast is relatively short, around 150 miles in length, along the west-
east stretch, where these harbours lie, and then another 150 miles up the south-north stretch to
the Danish border. Wilhelmshaven is on the same latitude as Manchester. British naval
forces approaching from Harwich had to sail for around 250 miles north-north-east, to reach
the German coast. Ships from Scapa Flow, base to the British Grand Fleet, and Scotland
faced a voyage of around 500 miles, travelling south-east, to reach the German coast.
With Britains declaration of war on Germany at midnight on 4th/5th August 1914, and the
despatch of the 4 divisions of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) to France between 12th
and 17th August, the Royal Navy was required to mount a substantial operation, to shield the
ships conveying the troops across the English Channel from German attack.
At the end of the month, it became necessary to extract the Royal Marine brigade, sent to
Ostend, to evade the advancing German army. Again substantial Royal Navy cover was
required for the operation.
The plan for the Heligoland Bight attack was already under consideration, with the additional
reasons for the attack being that a diversion would be useful to dissuade the German Fleet
from intervening in the Ostend operation, and then the operation to cover the Channel
crossing of the 4th Division of the BEF (joining the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th and Cavalry Divisions),
followed by additional army reinforcements.
From the outset of the war, a routine of patrolling the area outside the German fleet bases was
established by the British Royal Navys 8th Oversea Submarine Flotilla, commanded by
Commodore Keyes (HMS Lurcher), and operating from Harwich. The German Imperial
Navy responded with submarine and destroyer patrols.

British submarine HMS E4, one of the vessels from 8th Oversea Submarine Flotilla,
based in Harwich, that routinely patrolled in the Heligoland Bight, and that acted as
bait in the Heligoland operation on 28th August 1914. E4 was commanded by
Lieutenant Commander Leir (see Anecdotes). She rescued the crew from HMS
Dolphins whaler
The British submarines established that the German navy mounted a patrol by destroyers,
moving out from Heligoland each evening to the west and north-west, and returning at
dawn. These destroyers were led out and met by light cruisers. A daytime patrol covered the
same area, with much the same pattern. There was further routine German ship movement
around dawn.
Commodore Keyes devised a plan to attack the German night patrol as it returned in the
morning, using significantly larger forces to overwhelm the German ships.

Commodore Roger Keyes RN as Rear Admiral RN in 1918. Keyes commanded the 8th
Oversea Submarine Flotilla, based at Harwich. Keyes oversaw the patrolling of the
German North Sea naval bases and devised the plan for the Heligoland operation on
28th August 1914. Keyes was present during the Battle of Heligoland Bight, in HMS
Lurcher
Keyes plan was accepted by the British Admiralty, except that it was decided to carry out the
operation against the German day patrol of destroyers and light cruisers. These German ships
were to be lured out to sea by a small number of British submarines, and then attacked by a
large formation of British destroyers and light cruisers, supported by battle cruisers, the
whole force coming from the east coast English bases.
British submarines were to take position off the German coast. More submarines were to
show themselves and lure the German destroyer patrols out to sea. The British 1st and 3rd
Flotillas (15 and 16 destroyers), each led by a light cruiser, based in Harwich, would carry
out the attacks on these German vessels. The submarines would attack any German ship that
left harbour during the operation and returned to harbour at the end.
The 2 battle cruisers from the Humber, HMS Invincible and New Zealand, would provide
immediate support to the 1st and 3rd Flotillas.

The British battle cruiser HMS Invincible, one of the 2 battle cruisers initially allocated
to support the light cruisers, destroyers and submarines conducting the sweep in the
Heligoland Bight on 28th August 1914
Two supporting cruiser squadrons (Rear Admirals Christian and Campbell) would lie off
Terschelling on the Dutch coast, and intervene if needed.
On 25th August 1914, the Ostend evacuation was ordered and it was decided to carry out the
attack on the German naval patrols in the Heligoland Bight on 28th August.

Rear Admiral David Beatty RN
On 27th August, when the British naval units were at sea, and moving into position for the
attack, the Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Fleet at Rosyth decided to send Admiral Beatty
with his 3 battle cruisers, HMS Lion, Queen Mary and Princess Royal, and Commodore
Goodenough with his 6 light cruisers, HMS Southampton, Birmingham, Falmouth,
Liverpool, Nottingham and Lowestoft, to support the British attack.
Beattys battle cruiser squadron was despatched by the Commander-in-Chief of the Grand
Fleet, to provide support for the Heligoland operation on 28th August 1914. Beattys ships
were crucial in winning the battle, sinking the German light cruisers Cln and Ariadne.
The radio messages giving this late decision reached Admiral Christian, but did not reach the
commodores commanding the destroyers and submarines, with the result that the Grand Fleet
ships were nearly attacked by the British force, when they arrived at the rendezvous, and the
submarines could not be contacted to be warned of the additional British ships in the area at
any stage in the operation. This led to considerable difficulty and constrained the use of the
Grand Fleet ships.

A British destroyer at sea; photographed from an RNAS aircraft
Account:
By 4am on 28th August 1914, the British submarines were in position: E6, E7 and E8 on a
north-south line 30 miles west of Heligoland Island; D2 and D3 on a north-south line south-
west of Heligoland and E4, E5 and E9 around the island. All were on the surface to act as
bait, to lure the German ships from harbour.
The plan was that the 2 British destroyer flotillas, after the approach to the area north of
Heligoland, would turn south and steam to a point 12 miles to the west of Heligoland, with
the battle cruisers to their starboard, reaching this point at 8am on 28th August 1914, and then
turn west and begin the sweep to catch the German destroyers, lured out to sea by the British
submarine line.
The Germans were warned of the presence of a significant British force off their coast, by the
increased radio traffic late on 27th and early on 28th August. The German navy implemented
its own plan, which was the converse of the British; to deploy destroyers to lure any
approaching British ships nearer the German shore and attack them with light cruisers. This
plan clearly did not anticipate the presence of British ships of the force of battle cruisers, as
the Germans were unable to put their own battle cruisers to sea until after the battle was over,
and the British had retired.
The weather was calm and misty, causing problems with observation and identification.
Commodore Tyrwhitt led the British approach in HMS Arethusa, a modern light cruiser, with
the 3rd Flotilla (16 destroyers), followed, a mile astern, by the destroyers of 1st Flotilla (15
ships), headed by the light cruiser HMS Fearless.

The British light cruiser HMS Fearless. Fearless led the 1st Destroyer Flotilla in the
Heligoland operation on 28th August 1914
8 miles astern of the destroyers were Goodenoughs 6 light cruisers.
The 5 battle cruisers, led by Beatty, steamed on the starboard flank of the destroyers.
At 7am, a German destroyer appeared 3 miles to the south east of the British. It turned
and headed into the Heligoland Bight, pursued by the 4 destroyers of Tyrwhitts 4th Division,
where more German destroyers appeared. The two groups fired on each other at extreme
range.
All the ships involved, British and German, were at this point to the north-west of the Island
of Heligoland.
More German destroyers appeared and Tyrwhitt, at 7.40am, turned 2 points to port and
pursued both groups with his 2 British destroyer flotillas, firing at extreme range, although
observation was hindered by the mist.
Operations throughout the day were hampered by the patches of mist, ships appearing and
disappearing in the changing conditions.
This pursuit continued for around an hour, when at 8am, 2 German light cruisers, SMS Stettin
and Frauenlob, came up on Tyrwhitts port side, converging with the British ships.

The German light cruiser SMS Frauenlob, one of the German ships that attacked the
British destroyers in the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28th August 1914
Tyrwhitts ship Arethusa engaged the German light cruisers, supported by the destroyers, but
quickly received damage from the gunfire of the 2 German ships.
At around 8.15am, Blunt, in the British light cruiser, HMS Fearless, came up with the British
1st Destroyer Flotilla and engaged Stettin, which turned away towards Heligoland, pursued
by Blunts ships

The German light cruiser SMS Stettin, one of the German ships that attacked the
British destroyers in the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28th August 1914
Tyrwhitt continued to engage Frauenlob, which steamed away to the south. Tyrwhitts ship
Arethusa suffered significant damage, with most of her guns out of action.
Some of the British destroyers engaged a tramp steamer, attempting to lay mines in front of
the Arethusa, and others shot up a German torpedo boat.
At around 8.10am Tyrwhitt signalled the 1st Flotilla to begin the sweep to the West. Blunt
took Fearless and his destroyers off on the sweep, while Tyrwhitt continued to engage
Frauenlob.
Frauenlob received a hit under the fore bridge, and made off towards Heligoland, heavily
damaged. Tyrwhitt turned to join the westward sweep at around 8.30am.

The British Destroyers rescuing the surviving crew of the
German Destroyer V 187, come under fire from the German Light Cruiser
SMS Stettin during the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28th August 1914
Both British destroyer flotillas were now steaming west, away from the Island of
Heligoland. Blunts 1st Flotilla, led by the light cruiser Fearless, was 15 minutes into the
sweep, further north and to the west of Tyrwhitts 3rd Flotilla.
Soon after beginning the sweep, the 1st Flotilla encountered the German destroyer V
187. Blunts ships fired on V 187, but then fearing the ship might be Commodore Keyes in
HMS Lurcher, Blunt permitted V 187 to steam away to the south-west.
V 187 then appears to have seen the 2 British light cruisers, Nottingham and Lowestoft, and
turned back to the north, where she encountered the 8 British destroyers of 1st Flotillas 3rd
and 5th Divisions. The British destroyers opened fire on V 187, and after putting up a
strenuous resistance, V 187 was sunk.

The German destroyer V 187, sunk by Blunts destroyers during the westward sweep in
the Heligoland operation on 28th August 1914
At this point, Admiral Beatty with the battle cruisers was in a position some 50 miles to the
West-North-West of the Island of Heligoland. Commodore Goodenough with his light
cruisers was in position West-South-West of Heligoland. Goodenough had detached HMS
Nottingham and Lowestoft, to assist Tyrwhitt in the fight with Stettin and Frauenlob. The
rest of his squadron saw and pursued a number of German destroyers, all of which escaped in
the mist.

The British light cruiser HMS Lowestoft, part of Commodore Goodenoughs
light cruiser squadron in the Heligoland operation on 28th August 1914
During this period, 8 to 9am, an incident occurred that might have been disastrous for the
British force. Commodore Keyes in the destroyer HMS Lurcher (Keyes commanded the
submarine flotilla) was checking the area over which the battle cruisers HMS Invincible and
New Zealand were due to pass, for German submarines. Keyes was unaware that battle
cruisers and light cruisers from the Grand Fleet had joined the British force. Keyes saw 2
ships in the mist, which were probably Nottingham and Lowestoft. Keyes followed them and
signalled the presence of German ships to the 2 battle cruisers. Goodenough also heard
Keyes signal, and steamed up to assist Keyes. Keyes saw Goodenoughs approaching ships
in the mist and, being unaware of their presence in the force, reported that there were 4
German cruisers, and that he was pursued and attempting to lure them towards Invincible and
New Zealand.

The British battle cruiser HMS New Zealand during the
Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28th August 1914
Goodenough turned away to the West, where he encountered a British submarine in the
screen, which he attempted, unsuccessfully, to sink.
By about 9.05am, all the British ships, whether aware of each others presence or not, had
turned west and joined the sweep, except for Nottingham and Lowestoft, which failed to
receive the radio message.
There was then another hitch, at around 9.45am, when Tyrwhitt received a further message
that HMS Lurcher was being chased. He stopped his destroyers progression west and
headed back towards the East, to look for Lurcher, with 1st and 3rd Flotillas.

The British destroyer HMS Lurcher, flagship of
Commodore Keyes RN in the Heligoland operation on 28th August 1914
SMS Stettin appeared from the East, was pursued by Tyrwhitt, and disappeared into the mist.
Approaching Heligoland, Tyrwhitt was rejoined by 3rd and 5th Divisions of his flotilla, with
reports that they had sunk V 187 at around 9am. During this action, a German light cruiser,
probably the Stettin, had appeared and intervened. The effect of this intervention, although
too late to save V 187, already sinking, was to force the British destroyers hastily to leave the
area, abandoning many of the German survivors still in the sea. In addition HMS Defender,
under heavy fire from Stettin, was forced to leave her whaler, which was rescuing German
seamen. The British crews of two small boats were later recovered by HMS E4, which had
been watching the fight. E4 made an unsuccessful attempt to torpedo the Stettin.
E4 surfaced at 10.10am took off the British seaman and 3 prisoners, treated the German
wounded, supplied them and gave them the correct course for Heligoland, before
submerging.
Tyrwhitt despatched his 1st flotilla, now complete with the 3rd and 5th Divisions, to resume
the sweep to the west, retaining the 3rd Flotilla, while he carried out emergency repairs to his
own ship, HMS Arethusa.
Goodenough and Keyes had, by this time, sorted out the muddle over the presence of
Goodenoughs light cruiser squadron and Beattys battle cruisers. There was however no
way of informing the British submarines of the presence of the British light cruiser squadron
and it was decided that Goodenoughs ships should withdraw from the area, rather than risk
an attack upon them by British submarines.
At around 10.40am, Commodore Tyrwhitt had completed sufficient repairs on Arethusa to
bring several of her guns back into commission. Arethusa, Fearless and the destroyers of the
3rd Flotilla re-commenced the sweep to the West, away from Heligoland, to which they were
dangerously close.
Within 10 minutes, a German cruiser was spotted sailing up from the South-East towards the
North. It proved to be SMS Stralsund, which opened accurate and heavy fire on the damaged
Arethusa, now, due to the damage received, capable of only 10 knots.

The German light cruiser SMS Stralsund, passing through the Kiel Canal. Stralsund
was one of the German ships that attacked the British destroyers in the Battle of
Heligoland Bight on 28th August 1914
Tyrwhitt called Blunt to his aid, and Fearless and the 1st destroyer flotilla turned to assist in
the attack on the Stralsund. Stralsund was hit and sheered off towards Heligoland. Tyrwhitt,
fearing a trap, did not follow the German light cruiser.
While the action involving Stralsund was in progress, the 3rd Flotilla turned back towards the
sound of gunfire. Tyrwhitt came up with Fearless and the sweep to the West was resumed by
both flotillas.
At this point, SMS Stettin re-appeared from the East, and opened fire on Fearless. The 2
British light cruisers turned back and the 3 cruisers began to fight it out, the British destroyers
continuing to the West.
At 11.15am, the destroyers of the 3rd Flotilla decided to support the 2 British cruisers, and
turned back towards Heligoland, heading for the sound of gunfire. As they approached,
Tyrwhitt signalled them to attack the Stettin with torpedoes. Tyrwhitt also radioed to Beatty
for assistance.
At 11.30am, the Stettin withdrew from the fight, but was replaced by Stralsund, which re-
appeared from the North and opened a heavy and accurate fire on Arethusa, damaging her
further. Tyrwhitt repeated his call to Beatty for assistance.
The destroyers of the 3rd Flotilla raced to attack Stralsund with torpedoes. Although they did
not achieve any hits, Stralsund turned away and again broke off action.

Severely damaged, HMS Arethusa limps into Harwich
after the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28th August 1914
At 11.15am, the 1st Flotilla, which was continuing to the West, saw a ship approaching from
the South-West. This was the German light cruiser, SMS Mainz, which had been seen by the
British submarine D2, to leave Borkum in the Ems Estuary, and make off at high speed to the
East, heading towards Heligoland. During the course of this voyage, Mainz was ordered to
go to the assistance of Stralsund, and turned to the North-East, meeting the British destroyers
of the 1st Flotilla, heading westwards.
The divisions of the 1st Flotilla turned to the North to put themselves in line ahead for an
attack on Mainz, now sailing North. Before this attack could develop, Commodore
Goodenoughs 4 light cruisers appeared from the West, and opened fire on Mainz. Heavily
outnumbered, Mainz turned to the South, to make her escape.
The 3rd Flotilla had formed up on Arethusa to resume the westward sweep, when the Mainz
appeared, heading across their front to the South, to escape from the fire of the British light
cruisers of Goodenoughs squadron, which were closing in from its starboard quarter on a
converging course.

The British destroyer HMS Liberty; one of the destroyers of 4th
Division of 1st Destroyer Flotilla, heavily damaged by gunfire from
SMS Mainz during the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28th August 1914
Arethusa and Fearless turned towards the South, and opened fire on the Mainz, signalling to
the destroyers to engage the German ship. The British destroyers turned to attack. The
position of the 4th Division put it nearest to the Mainz, and the 4 destroyers of that division
received a destructive fire from the Mainz: Laurel fired 2 torpedoes and was then hit by a
salvo, Liberty was hit and her captain killed, Lysander was not hit and Laertes was hit by
every shell from a salvo, bringing her to a complete stop.

The British destroyer HMS Laertes; one of the destroyers of 4th Division of
1st Destroyer Flotilla, heavily damaged by gunfire from SMS Mainz during the
Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28th August 1914
Mainz avoided the torpedo attack from the destroyers, but was suffering badly from the
gunfire from Arethusa and Fearless.
Mainz turned towards the British destroyers, but was met with a heavy fire and a further
torpedo attack, with one or possibly two hits. Mainz turned back towards the South to get
away, but was now heading towards the closing British light cruisers of Goodenoughs
squadron.

HMS Lapwing attempting to take HMS Laertes, both destroyers of 3rd Flotilla,
in tow, during the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28th August 1914
The fire from Arethusa, Fearless and the destroyers was proving decisive and Mainz engines
failed, bringing her to a halt. Tyrwhitt signalled his ships to resume the sweep to the West,
leaving the Mainz to Goodenoughs light cruiser squadron.
Goodenoughs ships opened fire on the German light cruiser. In a few minutes Mainz was a
blazing wreck and at 12.50pm she struck her colours.

The sinking of the German light cruiser, SMS Mainz;
photograph taken from the deck of a British light cruiser
After leaving Mainz, Tyrwhitts ships began to receive fire from the North. Arethusa caught
sight of Stralsund, through gaps in the mist, returning to the attack, and fired on her. Fearless
moved across Arethusas stern to assist the destroyers of her 4th Division, after the pounding
they had received from Mainz. As she did so, Fearless saw a further 2 German light cruisers
coming down from the North-East, SMS Cln , flying the flotilla admirals flag, followed by
Stettin. Further to the rear was the German light cruiser, SMS Ariadne.
Arethusa and Fearless, with the destroyers of the 3rd Flotilla and the 4th Division of the 1st
Flotilla, were now in serious difficulty, under attack by the 3 German light cruisers.

Commodore Goodenoughs Light Cruisers steam into action
during the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28th August 1914
Admiral Beatty, now commanding all 5 of the battle cruisers, had taken the decision to follow
the light cruisers of Commodore Goodenoughs squadron into the battle area, to provide
further support, in case it should be needed. It was a difficult decision, as it took his valuable
ships nearer to the German coast, and into an area where there were likely to be submarines,
both German ones and, unfortunately, British submarines that were unaware of the presence
of his ships and might well attack him.
When Beatty heard the firing further to the East, where Tyrwhitts ships, heavily outgunned
were combating the 4 German light cruisers. Beatty turned towards the firing, with
Goodenoughs ships, less Liverpool which was left to assist in recovering the survivors from
Mainz.

The British battle cruiser HMS Lion, Rear Admiral Beattys flagship. The 3 ships of
Beattys battle cruiser squadron, from the Grand Fleet, based at Scapa Flow in the
Orkneys, were sent to assist in the Heligoland operation on 28th August 1914. Their
presence proved decisive, the ships sinking the German light cruisers, SMS Cln and
Ariadne
As Arethusa and Fearless fought the 3 German light cruisers, Beattys 5 battle cruisers
loomed out of the mist from the West, followed by Goodenough and the rest of the 1st
Flotilla.
As soon as the leading British battle cruiser, HMS Lion, appeared, Cln and Stettin turned
and headed east. The 5 British battle cruisers pursued, and slowly overhauled the 2 German
ships. Course was altered and a devastating fire opened from the heavy British guns, hitting
Cln. Beatty was then notified by Arethusa of the presence of another German ship, the
Ariadne. Beatty could not divide his force, in view of their precarious position, so near to the
main German naval bases. Beatty altered course with the whole force, to intercept the
Ariadne, leaving Cln limping towards Heligoland.

The German light cruiser SMS Ariadne, sunk by Beattys battle
cruisers during the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28th August 1914
Ariadne was intercepted, and quickly sunk by salvos from the heavy guns of the British battle
cruisers. Beatty then returned to where Cln had last been seen. Cln had made little
progress. At 1.25pm, the mist lifted to reveal the badly damaged German light cruiser. 2
salvos were sufficient to sink the Cln . The British destroyers searched for survivors and
found only 1 stoker. The German flotilla admiral, Admiral Maass, was lost with 380 crew.

The German light cruiser SMS Ariadne under attack by Beattys battle cruisers,
and about to sink, during the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28th August 1914
The British destroyers attempted to rescue the German survivors from the Mainz. In the end
Keyes laid Lurcher alongside the German cruiser, in order to take off the wounded lying on
the deck. Mainz capsized and went down very suddenly, narrowly missing the Lurcher.

The German light cruiser SMS Mainz sinking during the Battle of Heligoland Bight on
28th August 1914. The ship on the left is HMS Lurcher, after taking off German
survivors. The boats are from HMS Liverpool
Aftermath: Once the battle was finished, the British ships withdrew from the area to their
home bases. Arethusa had to be taken in tow by the light cruiser Hogue.
German battle cruisers arrived in the area at some stage after the British withdrawal. The
survivors of the Ariadne were rescued from the sea by the battle cruiser Von der Tann.
It is thought that the loss of 3 light cruisers and a destroyer, as against no British ship losses,
caused the Kaiser to restrict the actions of the German High Seas Fleet.
The battle raised British naval morale and put in serious doubt the German claim that their
navy was the coming force, attacked successfully, as they had been, in their own back yard.
Winston Churchill wrote of the battle: Henceforward the weight of British naval prestige
lay heavy across all German sea enterprises .... the German Navy was indeed
muzzled. Except for furtive movements by individual submarines and minelayers not a dog
stirred from August to November. (this was an exaggeration as there was significant
submarine activity, which led to the loss of 3 British cruisers, sunk by 1 German U-boat).
The performance of the Royal Navys submarines was a disappointment. Although they were
involved with German destroyers, no German losses were inflicted by the submarines during
the action.

German map of the final stage of the Battle of Heligoland Bight on
28th August 1914, showing the sinking of the German light cruiser SMS Ariadne
Casualties:
British: Arethusa: Lieutenant Westmacott and 10 men were killed. 1 officer and 16 men
were wounded. The destroyer casualties were mainly in the 4th Division, shot at by
Mainz. Overall they were around 35 killed and 40 wounded. 2 destroyers in the 4th Division
of 3rd Flotilla were badly damaged; Liberty and Laertes.
German: The German light cruisers SMS Mainz, Cln and Ariadne were sunk: The whole
crew of Cln, less the one stoker picked up, were lost, including the admiral; 380 men. 348
crew of Mainz were rescued and made prisoner. 32 died. Ariadne: the captain and 2 officers
were lost with 70 men. The number of wounded is unknown. From V 187, the German
commodore, another officer and 26 men were taken prisoner. The remainder of the crew of
V 187 had to be left in boats to be picked up by German ships at a later time. German total
casualties are thought to have been around 1,000.

Rear Admiral Beattys Battle Cruisers sink SMS Cln during the
Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28th August 1914
Anecdotes:
Some of the German survivors from Mainz were found to have been shot in the back
by their own officers, presumably for attempting to leave the ship.
The British were struck by the very determined resistance put up by V 187, and by the
accurate shooting from all the German ships, particularly the Mainz.
The German tactics left a great deal to be desired. The light cruisers actions were ill-
co-ordinated and hesitant, advancing and withdrawing, then advancing again.
The British staffing of the action was un-impressive, in particular in the failure to
ensure that all ships taking part in the operation were aware that Admiral Beattys
battle cruisers and Commodore Goodenoughs light cruisers, from the Grand Fleet,
had joined the force, albeit at the last moment. Commodore Keyes commented, after
the action, It means so much to a ship to know that, if she falls in with another, it is
beyond the shadow of doubt a friend or an enemy; indeed it is the essence of good
Staff work to ensure that this is possible.
It is clear that without these additional powerful ships (Beattys 3 battle cruisers) the
force was inadequate for the task it was given. It was wholly foreseeable that German
re-enforcements would intervene. It was lucky that the immediate intervention was
only by 4 light cruisers.
Commodore Keyes was admonished by the First Sea Lord, after the battle, for
personally leading his submarines in HMS Lurcher. His role as commander of the
submarine flotilla required him to remain on land. It was hard to make Keyes stick to
his instructions. He was determined to lead his submarines from a ship. Keyes had
anticipated the war, by cancelling all leave for his submarine flotilla several days
before the formal mobilisation order for the Fleet, and ordering the submarines to
move from their peacetime stations on the South Coast, to their war stations at
Harwich on the East Coast. After a false start which saw the submarines ordered to
Grimsby, Keyes led his command to Harwich and prepared for war.
HMS Arethusa and Fearless were well handled. In turn, these 2 ships were closely
supported by the destroyers, which fought aggressively and resourcefully.
It is interesting to note that the approach of the British ships was given away by the
increased radio traffic. The technique of radio silence was in its infancy, if used at all.
The commander of HMS E4, the British submarine that rescued the seamen from
Defenders boat and assisted the wound German seamen from V 187, was Lieutenant
Commander Leir. Leir was notorious in the Royal Navy submarine service for
pinching stores, and had the nickname of Arch Thief. Leir was reputed to have
appropriated 300 tons of lead ballast while E4 was being built, leading the submarine
to adopt the motto We need no lead. Leir is reputed to have taken items, including a
fur lined leather flying jacket, from the stores at a Royal Navy Air Station, after
causing a diversion by setting off the fire alarm. Apparently the appropriation of
naval stores was considered acceptable, provided the purpose was to improve the
efficiency of the appropriators ship.
One of the surviving officers from SMS Mainz, rescued and taken prisoner by a
British ship, was Oberleutenant Wolfgang von Tirpitz, the son of Admiral von
Tirpitz. Winston Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty, sent notice to Admiral von
Tirpitz that his son was safe.
It was a German complaint that the British failed to rescue the crew of SMS Cln,
leaving them in the sea. German ships searched the area and, 3 days later, found the 1
survivor, Senior Stoker Olf Neumann.

Senior Stoker Olf Neumann, the sole survivor from the crew of the German light
cruiser, SMS Cln, sunk by Admiral Beatty's battle cruisers in the Battle of Heligoland
Bight on 28th August 1914