organization of human body

The organization goes from the tiniest part of the life form that can be studied, to
the largest:
The atom is a basic unit of matter consisting of a dense, central nucleus surrounded
by a cloud of negatively charged electron.
Molecules,
the smallest portion of compounded atoms or elements that carries the form's
characteristics;
Cells, the smallest unit of living tissue that can function as an independent
entity (form of life
Tissues, !hich are made up of cells and other matter, are !hat animal and plant
organ are made of;
"rgans, a structure of a plant or animal !hich performs a specific and essential
function;
#n organ is a structure that contains at least t!o different types of tissue
functioning together for a common purpose
The human body is very organized. $pecialized groups of cells form tissues,
tissues form organs, and organs form systems.
"rgan systems, a group of organs that !or% together to perform a function, such
as the digestive system;
"rganisms, a living thing and&or its structure ' a human being is a comple(
organism, so is a dog, a cat and a tree;
)ach cell in our body is specialized for a specific role. Many cells have the same
constituent parts, but radically divergent functions.
BASIC CELL TYPES OF HUMA BO!Y
NERVE CELLS
*erve cells, also %no!n as neurons, are e(cited by chemical signals, transmitting
an electrical impulse to other neurons in neural path!ays.
These are the main components of the brain, responsible for all of our autonomous
systems as !ell as conscious thought.
There are a fe! types of nerve cells, including: sensory neurons !hich respond to
stimuli from the sense organs, motor neurons cause muscle contractions and affect
glands, and inter'neurons connect to other neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
Muscle Cells
Muscle cells contain fibers that assist in the contraction and rela(ation of muscles.
There are three types of muscle cells: s%eletal, cardiac, and smooth.
Epithelial cells
)pithelium is a tissue composed of cells that line the cavities and surfaces of
structures throughout the body. Many glands are also formed from epithelial
tissue. +t lies on top of connective tissue, and the t!o layers are separated by
a basement membrane. +n humans, epithelium is classified as a primary body
tissue, the other ones being connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.
,unctions of epithelial cell include
$ecretion,
$elective absorption,
-rotection, transcellular transport and detection of sensation.
)pithelial tissue can be structurally divided into t!o groups depending on the
number of layers of !hich it is composed. )pithelial tissue that is only one cell
thic% is %no!n as simple epithelium. +f it is t!o or more cells thic%, it is %no!n as
stratified epithelium.
.egardless of the type, any epithelium is separated from the underlying tissue by a
thin layer of connective tissue %no!n as the basement membrane. The basement
membrane provides structural support for the epithelium and also binds it to
neighbouring structures.
(The basement membrane is a thin sheet of fibers that underlies the epithelium, or
the endothelium, !hich lines the interior surface of blood vessels.
Epithelial (Skin) Cells
$%ins cells are s/uare and flat, and provide protection for the internal organs and
other vital systems. 0eing the only barrier bet!een the sensitive inner systems and
the outer environment, s%in is crucial to protect from infections, chemicals, and
other pathogens and pollutive agents.
)pithelial cells lining the s%in serve the follo!ing functions: insulation,
temperature regulation, sensation, synthesis of vitamin 1.
Adipocyte (Fat) Cells
#dipocytes ma%e up adipose tissue, !hich are efficient at storing fat. There are t!o
types of adipose tissue, %no!n as 2hite #dipose Tissue (2#T, and 0ro!n
#dipose Tissue (0#T, !hich are also %no!n as !hite and bro!n fat, respectively.
,at material composed mostly of triglycerides and cholesterol ester is stored in a
semi'li/uid state inside the !hite adipose cells.
0ro!n fat cells have a polygonal shape, and have considerably more cytoplasm
and mitochondria relative to !hite fat cells. The lipid droplets are scattered
throughout the cytoplasm. This bro!n adipose tissue is also called baby fat, and is
used to generate heat, because the mitochondria in it have uncoupling protein, that
ma%e the energy released by o(idation of food stuff (Through electron transport
chain unavailable for o(idative phoshophorylation, !hich uses this energy to
produce #T-.
GAMETE (SEX) CELLS
There are t!o types of se( cells, namely, sperm and eggs. $perm are male se( cells
and are composed of a head, midsection, and a tail. The head of a sperm cell
contains the nucleus, !hich holds genetic material and enzymes that are used to
penetrate the egg. The midsection has many spiraled mitochondria to produce #T-
for the long 3ourney. 4astly, the tail provides the s!imming ability by lashing.
$tri%ing feature: sperms are produced after puberty and it is continued throughout
the life,
,emale se( cells are called ova, or singularly ovum. The ova of all viviparous
animals (including humans, after being fertilized inside the body by a sperm cell,
develop as embryos inside the uterus and receives nutrients from the mother.
$tri%ing feature: ova are produced before birth itself and there is no ne! generation
ova after birth.
There are technically many more distinct types of cells inside the body, but the
cells discussed above are the most fundamental building bloc%s of our bodies.
The followi! a"e the #asic tissue types of the hu$a #ody
a. Connective tissue
b. Muscular tissue
c. *ervous tissue
d. #dipose tissue
C%NNECT&VE T&SS'E
Connective tissue typically has cells scattered throughout an e(tracellular matri(.
Connective tissue (5cellular glue6 is the material (cellular and non cellular
compartment bet!een the cells of the body that serves as connecting function and
gives tissues form and strength. Connective tissue surrounds many organs. +t has 7
main components; cells, fibers, and e(tracellular matri( (matri(. Connective tissue
ma%es up a variety of physical structures including, tendons, blood, cartilage, bone,
adipose tissue, and lymphatic tissue.
Connective is made up
on"#$%%u%ar C$%%u%ar
co$poets (lood cells
)* Colla!e fi#e"s Fi#"o#last
+* Elasti fi#e"s Mac"opha!es
,* Reticula" fi#e"s Mast cells
-* G"oud su#stace .las$a cells
(Mat"i/) Adipose tissue cells

N%N CELL'LAR C%M.%NENT0
8. Collagen fibers 9
Collagen belongs to a family of insoluble fibrous proteins synthesized
by a connective tissue cell fibroblast. +t is the ma3or component of the
e(tracellular matri(; indeed, it is the most abundant protein in the
body.
Collagen is a ma3or constituent of bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons,
dermis etc.
MA&O MIO

:. .eticular fibers are another form of collagen (Type +++. They are arranged as
a loose mesh!or% of thin fibers providing supportive scaffolding for the
specialized cells of various organs as !ell as blood vessels.
7. )lastin fibers ' The other ma3or fibrous protein in the e(tracellular matri( is
elastin. +t is found in those organs and tissues that are some!hat elastic and
must stretch or recoil (e.g., arteries, s%in, alveoli of lungs, etc.
;. <round substance (tissue fluid ' The space bet!een cells and fibers, and
inside 3oints, is filled !ith soluble, gel'li%e polymers %no!n as
proteoglycans ' large hydrophilic polysaccharide chains
(glycosaminoglycans covalently lin%ed to a core of protein. $pecific
glycosaminoglycans found in proteoglycans include hyaluronic acid,
chondroitin sulfate, dermatin sulfate, %eratan sulfate, and heparan sulfate.
-roteoglycans osmotically attract !ater to the e(tracellular matri( resulting
in s!elling (turgor. -ressure from turgor helps the e(tracellular matri( resist
compressive forces applied to tissues. Tissues rich in these molecules have a
spongy, cushion'li%e /uality and function li%e shoc% absorbers (e.g.,
cartilage, vertebral discs, s%in. The hydrated nature of these compounds
also contributes to the optical clarity of the lens and cornea. $ynovial fluid
and the vitreous of the eye are also rich in proteoglycans.
The major types of connective tissue are:
8 4oose connective tissue e(; blood : fibrous or dense connective tissue e(
cartilage = bone.
1iso"de"s of coecti2e tissue
8. $curvy is a disease resulting from a deficiency of vitamin C, !hich is
re/uired for the synthesis of collagen. symptoms include s%in changes !ith
roughness, easy bruising and petechiae, gum disease, loosening of teeth,
poor !ound healing
:. $ystemic lupus erythematosus ($4) autoimmune connective tissue disease '
a chronic, multisystem, inflammatory disorder of probable autoimmune
etiology, occurring predominantly in young !omen. #poptosis is increased
in monocytes and %eratinocytes.$4) most often harms
the heart, 3oints, s%in, lungs, blood vessels, liver, %idneys, and nervous
system.
7. %steo!eesis i$pe"fecta (brittle #oe disease is a genetic bone disorder.
-eople !ith "+ are born !ith defective connective tissue, or !ithout the
ability to ma%e it, usually because of a deficiency of Type'+ collagen and
hence bones becomes !ea%. The bones !ill get fractured even !ith minor
trauma (pathological fracture.
#n organ system is a collection of organs that perform a specific function' the
circulatory system or digestive system for e(ample. >ere is a list of human organ
systems and the organs they are made up of:
Circulatory system: the heart, blood, and blood vessels
1igestive system: the salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum, and anus
)ndocrine system: the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal body, thyroid,
parathyroids, and adrenal.
+ntegumentary system: the s%in, hair, and nails
4ymphatic system: the leu%ocytes, tonsils, adenoids, thymus, and spleen
Muscular system: the muscles
*ervous system: the nerves, brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
.eproductive system: the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary
glands, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis
.espiratory system: the pharyn(, laryn(, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and
diaphragm
$%eletal system: the bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons
?rinary system: the %idneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
"rgan systems may be closely intert!ined and called things li%e
the musculos%eletal system or neuroendocrine system.