Dongbu Fine Chemicals

Inductance of Wound Cores

The inductance of a core and the number of turns can be calculated by using the following formula.
AmperesLaw: The law is the magnetic equivalent of Gausss law. It relatesthe circulating magnetic field in aclosed loop to theelectric current
passing through the loop
FaradaysLaw: The law that defines the relationship of thevoltageinduced acrossthewinding of acoreto theflux density within the core
Magnetic Design Formula
L =
Where L = induntance ( H)
= core permeability
N = number of turns
A = core cross section area (cm
2
)
= mean magnetic path length (cm)
L
N
= inductance for Nturns ( H)
A
L
= nominal inductance(nH/N
2
)
Where H = magnetizing force (Oersteds)
N = number of turns
I = peak magnetizing current (A)
= mean magnetic path length (cm)
Bmax = maximum flux density (Gauss)
Erms = voltage across coil (V)
A = core cross section area (cm
2
)
f = frequency (Hz)
= material permeability
N = 10 turns (our standard wound turns for M040-066A)
A = 0.100cm
2
(please see the page 56)
= 2.380cm(please see the page 56)
L
N
= 6610
2
10
-3
= 6.60( H)
0.4 N
2
A10
-2

Required N =
desired L(nH)
A
L
(nH / N
2
)
0.4 NI

L
N
=
A
L
N
2
10
6
L
1
N
1
Example) M040066A
L = = 6.60( H)
0.412510
2
0.10010
-2
2.380
The relations of Permeability-Flux Density(B)-Magnetizing Force(H)
H = (Amperes Law)
(Faradays Law)
Erms 10
2
4.44fAN
Bmax =
B
H
=
2
L
2
N
2
2
=

( )
1/2
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Core : M040066A
Applied current : 3A
The total core losses are made up of three main
components : Hysteresis, eddy current and residual losses.
1) Inductance Calculation at 0A
Inductance calculation by Permeability vs. DC bias curves Specification
L = = 6.60( H)
N = 10 turns (our standard wound turns for M040-066A)
A = 0.100cm
2
(please see the page 56)
= 2.380cm(please see the page 56)
L
N
= 6610
2
10
-3
= 6.60( H)
Where Rac = effective resistance (Ohm)
a = hysteresis loss coefficient
c = residual loss coefficient
e = eddy current loss coefficient
= same as before mentioned
L = inductance
Bmax = maximum flux density
f = frequency
Eddy current loss
Residual loss
Hysteresis loss
Total loss factor
0.412510
2
0.10010
-2
2.380
Rac
L
2) Magnetizing force (H : Oe) is calculated by Ampere law to achieve the roll off
H = = = 15.8(Oe)
0.4NI

0.4103
2.38
3) When the magnetizing force(H) is 15.8 Oe, yielding 85% of initial permeability.
Therefore, the Inductance at 3A is
L(3A)=6.60.85=5.6( H)
Core loss
= aBmaxf + cf + ef
2
Dongbu Fine Chemicals
WindowArea =
The Q factor is the ratio of reactance to the effective resistance and is often used as measure of performance. So, the Q factor
represents the effect of electrical resistance.
Q Factor
Q =
Where Q = quality factor
= 2f (Hz)
L = inductance (H)
Rdc = DC winding resistance (Ohm)
Rac = resistance due to core losses (Ohm)
Rd = resistance due to winding dielectric
losses (Ohm)
Le = effective mean magnetic path length (cm)
Ae = effective core cross section area (cm
2
)
Ve = effective core volume (cm
3
)
OD = core outer diameter before coating (cm)
ID = core inner diameter before coating (cm)
HT = core height before coating (cm)
L
Rdc + Rac + Rd
=
Reactance
Total Resistance
HT
Le =
( OD-ID)
Physical constant of core
In
OD
ID
ID
2
Ve = e Ae
CGS (unit) By To obtain (unit) Factor
Magnetic Flux Density (B) Gauss (G) 10
-4
Tesla (T) 1T=10
4
G
Magnetizing Force (H) Oersted (Oe) 79.58 Amperes per Meter (A/m) 1A/m=4 /10
3
Oe
Conversion Table
( )
2
( )
Ae =
OD-ID
2
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The increase in surface temperature of a component in free-standing air due to the total power dissipation (both copper and core
loss). The following formula has been used to approximate temperature rise:
Total Power Loss = Copper Loss + Core Loss
Surface Area means in case of wound core
Nominal DC Resistance, in ohm/mH, at any given winding factor can be calculated by using the following equations:
Temperature Rising Calculation
Temperature Rise(
o
C) =
Where /mhwf = mh for chosen winding factor
/mhu = unity value, listed for each core size
wf = chosen winding factor
Kwf = length/turn for chosen wf
*
Ku = length/turn for unity(100%) wf
*
*
see Winding Turn Length on core size pages
Total Power Loss (milliwatts)
Surface Area(cm
2
)
/mhu
wf
Kwf
Ku
Nominal DC Resistance
/mhwf =
The value of Rdc for any given winding factor can be computed as follows:
Where Rdcwf = Rdc for chosen winding factor
Rdcu = unity value, listed for each core size(ohms)
wf = chosen winding factor
Kwf = length/turn for chosen wf
*
Ku = length/turn for unity(100%) wf
*
*
see Winding Turn Length on core size pages
Kwf
Ku
Rdcwf = Rdcu wf
( )
0.833
Dongbu Fine Chemicals
Permeability vs. Frequency
MPP
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 1000 10000 10
10
14
26
60
147
173
200
14
26
60
125
High Flux
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 1000 10000
Frequency (kHz)
Frequency (kHz)
160
125
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Permeability vs. Frequency
Sendust
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
82
80
100 1000 10000
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Frequency (kHz)
Power Flux
60
90
14
26
35
60
75
125
90
100 1000 10000
Frequency (kHz)
Dongbu Fine Chemicals
MPP
Normal Magnetizing curves
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
High Flux
1 10 100 1000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1 10 100 1000
Magnetizing Force (Oersteds)
Magnetizing Force (Oersteds)
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Normal Magnetizing curves
Sendust
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1 10 100 1000
Magnetizing Force (Oersteds)
Magnetizing Force (Oersteds)
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Power Flux
1 10 100 1000
Dongbu Fine Chemicals
MPP
Permeability vs. AC Flux Density
4
3
2
1
0
-1
10 100 1000 10000
AC Flux Density (Gauss)
147 160 173
125
60
26
High Flux
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
10 100 1000 10000
AC Flux Density (Gauss)
Sendust
4
3
2
1
0
-1
10 100 1000 10000
AC Flux Density (Gauss)
147 60
125
90
75
60
26
125
60
26
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Permeability vs. DC Bias Curves
MPP
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 100 1000
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 100 1000
DC Mangnetizing Force (Oe)
DC Mangnetizing Force (Oe)
200
160 125 60 26 14
173
160
147
125 60 26 14
147
High Flux
Dongbu Fine Chemicals
Permeability vs. DC Bias Curves
Sendust
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 100 1000
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 100 1000
DC Mangnetizing Force (Oe)
DC Mangnetizing Force (Oe)
90 60
Power Flux
125 90 75 60 35 26 14
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Factors of Permeability vs. DC bias Fit Formula
14 -3.5204E-05 -1.8222E-08 -3.5714E-05 5.1020E-08
26 -4.7041E-05 -2.2758E-09 -4.6154E-05 2.9586E-08
60 -8.2917E-05 1.8519E-09 -5.8333E-05 2.7778E-08
125 -7.2890E-05 1.3824E-09 -9.0400E-05 3.2000E-08
147 -6.7333E-05 1.1333E-09 -7.1429E-05 2.7766E-08
160 -7.4336E-05 1.4404E-09 -8.3125E-05 3.1250E-08
173 -7.6087E-05 1.4485E-09 -8.6705E-05 3.3412E-08
200 -7.4578E-05 1.3375E-09 -8.2000E-05 4.5000E-08
a b c d
14 -7.6531E-06 -3.2799E-09 1.4286E-06 5.1020E-09
26 -2.4556E-05 -1.7069E-09 1.1538E-05 5.9172E-09
60 -2.8972E-05 -4.6296E-10 -2.5000E-05 8.3333E-09
125 -3.4861E-05 3.0720E-10 -3.5200E-05 6.4000E-09
147 -4.5981E-05 5.6666E-10 -4.5578E-05 9.2554E-09
160 -4.9000E-05 6.1035E-10 -4.1250E-05 1.1719E-08
a b c d
MPP
High Flux
0
0
a
1
c d
b
2
0
3
0
2
0
2
0
4
0
2
e
f f
Dongbu Fine Chemicals
Factors of Permeability vs. DC bias Fit Formula
14 -3.6735E-05 -7.2886E-09 -2.1429E-05 3.0612E-08
26 -9.1716E-05 2.2758E-09 8.4615E-05 1.4793E-08
35 -1.0522E-04 2.3324E-09 4.8571E-05 1.6327E-08
60 -7.4250E-05 1.8519E-09 1.3333E-05 1.3889E-08
75 -9.1058E-05 2.1333E-09 3.4667E-05 1.0667E-08
90 -8.2457E-05 1.7833E-09 1.0000E-05 2.4691E-08
125 -9.1155E-05 1.9456E-09 -9.6000E-06 2.5600E-08
a b c d
60 -3.5444E-05 -1.8519E-10 6.6667E-07 8.3333E-09
90 -5.4914E-05 8.2305E-10 -4.4444E-06 8.6420E-09
a b c d
Sendust
Power Flux
0
0
a
1
c d
b
2
0
3
0
2
0
2
0
4
0
2
e
f f
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Factors of Percentage Permeability (x100) calculation
14 -4.9286E-04 -3.5714E-06 -5.0000E-04 1.0000E-05
26 -1.2231E-03 -1.5385E-06 -1.2000E-03 2.0000E-05
60 -4.9750E-03 6.6667E-06 -3.5000E-03 1.0000E-04
125 -9.1112E-03 2.1600E-05 -1.1300E-02 5.0000E-04
147 -9.8980E-03 2.4490E-05 -1.0500E-02 6.0000E-04
160 -1.1894E-02 3.6875E-05 -1.3300E-02 8.0000E-04
173 -1.3163E-02 4.3353E-05 -1.5000E-02 1.0000E-03
200 -1.4916E-02 5.3500E-05 -1.6400E-02 1.8000E-03
k l m n
14 -1.0714E-04 -6.4286E-07 2.0000E-05 1.0000E-06
26 -6.3846E-04 -1.1538E-06 3.0000E-04 4.0000E-06
60 -1.7383E-03 -1.6667E-06 -1.5000E-03 3.0000E-05
125 -4.3576E-03 4.8000E-06 -4.4000E-03 1.0000E-04
147 -6.7592E-03 1.2245E-05 -6.7000E-03 2.0000E-04
160 -7.8400E-03 1.5625E-05 -6.6000E-03 3.0000E-04
k l m n
MPP
High Flux
0
0
k l 1
Ratio of Perm
U
2
m n 1
2
Dongbu Fine Chemicals
Factors of Percentage Permeability (x100) calculation
14 -5.1429E+00 -1.4286E-02 -3.0000E-04 6.0000E-06
26 -2.3846E+01 1.5385E-02 2.2000E-03 1.0000E-05
35 -3.6829E+01 2.8571E-02 1.7000E-03 2.0000E-05
60 -4.4550E+01 6.6667E-02 8.0000E-04 5.0000E-05
75 -6.8293E+01 1.2000E-01 2.6000E-03 6.0000E-05
90 -7.4211E+01 1.4444E-01 9.0000E-04 2.0000E-04
125 -1.1394E+02 3.0400E-01 -1.2000E-03 4.0000E-04
k l m n
60 -2.1267E-03 -6.6667E-07 4.0000E-05 3.0000E-05
90 -4.9422E-03 6.6667E-06 -4.0000E-04 7.0000E-05
k l m n
Sendust
Power Flux
0
0
k l 1
Ratio of Perm
U
2
m n 1
2
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Typical Core Loss of MPP
10000
MPP 14
Flux Density (Gauss)
P
L
=2.33F
1.31
B
2.19
1000
100
10
1
0.1
10 100 1000 10000
10000
MPP 26
Flux Density (Gauss)
P
L
=1.39F
1.28
B
1.29
1000
100
10
1
0.1
10 100 1000 10000
10000
MPP 125
Flux Density (Gauss)
P
L
=1.02F
1.40
B
2.03
1000
100
10
1
0.1
10 100 1000 10000
10000
MPP 60
Flux Density (Gauss)
P
L
=0.64F
1.41
B
2.20
1000
100
10
1
0.1
10 100 1000 10000
Dongbu Fine Chemicals
Typical Core Loss of MPP
10000
MPP 147,160,173,200
Flux Density (Gauss)
P
L
=1.08F
1.40
B
2.04
P
L
=C X F
a
X B
b
(F
:
kHz - B
:
kG)
1000
100
10
1
0.1
10 100 1000 10000
Perm C a b
14 2.33 1.31 2.19
26 1.39 1.28 1.29
60 0.64 1.41 2.20
125 1.02 1.40 2.03
147 1.08 1.40 2.04
160 1.08 1.40 2.04
173,200 1.08 1.40 2.04
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Typical Core Loss of High Flux
10000
HIgh Flux 14
Flux Density (Gauss)
P
L
=7.26F
0.95
B
1.91
1000
100
10
1
0.1
10 100 1000 10000
10000
HIgh Flux 26
Flux Density (Gauss)
P
L
=3.19F
1.22
B
1.08
1000
100
10
1
0.1
10 100 1000 10000
10000
HIgh Flux 125
Flux Density (Gauss)
P
L
=1.62F
1.32
B
2.20
1000
100
10
1
0.1
10 100 1000 10000
10000
HIgh Flux 60
Flux Density (Gauss)
P
L
=3.65F
1.15
B
2.16
1000
100
10
1
0.1
10 100 1000 10000
Dongbu Fine Chemicals
Typical Core Loss of High Flux
10000
HF 147,160
Flux Density (Gauss)
P
L
=1.74F
1.32
B
2.10
P
L
=C X F
a
X B
b
(F
:
kHz - B
:
kG)
1000
100
10
1
0.1
10 100 1000 10000
Perm C a b
14 7.26 0.95 1.91
26 3.19 1.22 1.08
60 3.65 1.15 2.16
125 1.62 1.32 2.20
147 1.74 1.32 2.10
160 1.74 1.32 2.10
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Typical Core Loss of Sendust
10000
Sendust 14
Flux Density (Gauss)
P
L
=3.18F
1.21
B
2.09
1000
100
10
1
0.1
10 100 1000 10000
10000
Sendust 26
Flux Density (Gauss)
P
L
=2.27F
1.26
B
2.08
1000
100
10
1
0.1
10 100 1000 10000
10000
Sendust 60,75,90,125
Flux Density (Gauss)
P
L
=2.00F
1.31
B
2.15
1000
100
10
1
0.1
10 100 1000 10000
P
L
=C X F
a
X B
b
(F
:
kHz - B
:
kG)
Perm C a b
14 3.18 1.21 2.09
26 2.27 1.26 2.08
60,75,90,125 2.00 1.31 2.15
Dongbu Fine Chemicals
Typical Core Loss of Power Flux
Perm C a b
60, 90 4.79 1.25 2.05
10000
Power Flux 60, 90
Flux Density (Gauss)
P
L
=4.79F
1.25
B
2.05
1000
100
10
1
0.1
10 100 1000 10000
P
L
=C X F
a
X B
b
(F
:
kHz - B
:
kG)
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Temperature Stability
MPP
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Temperature (
o
C)
147 160 173 200
128
60
26
14
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
160
60
26
14
147
125
High Flux
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Temperature (
o
C)
Dongbu Fine Chemicals
Temperature Stability
Sendust
125
90
75
90
60
14,26
60
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
-5.0
-6.0
-7.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
Power Flux
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Temperature (
o
C)
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Temperature (
o
C)
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Symbol and Units
Symbol Discription Unit
Ae effctive cross section area of a core cm
2
AL apparent inductance nH/N
2
B magnetic flux density T
Br remanence flux density T
Bmax maximum flux density T
Erms sinusoidal rms voltage across winding V
H magnetizing force A/m
Hc coercive force A/m
Hmax maximum magnetizing force A/m

e
effective magnetic path length cm
L inductance H
N number of turns -
PL core loss of a core mW/cm
3
Q quality factor -
V volume of a core cm
3
Rdc DC winding resistance
absolute permeability -
e effective permeability -
i initial permeability -
r relative permeability -
Dongbu Fine Chemicals
Glossary of Terms
AC flux density
Number of fl ux l i nes per uni t of cross-secti onal area
generated by an alternating magnetic field; Gauss
Air Gap
A non-magneti c di scontinui ty i n a ferro-magnetic ci rcuit.
For example, the space between the pol es of a magnet,
al though fi l l ed wi th brass of wood of and other non-
magnetic material, is nevertheless called an air gap.
Breakdown Voltage
(1)The voltage at which an insulator or dielectric ruptures,
or at which ionization and conduction take place in a gas or
v apor. ( 2) The rev erse v ol tage at whi ch av al anche
breakdown occurs in a semiconductor. (3) Maximum AC or
DC voltage that can be applied from the input to output (or
chassis) of a converter without causing damage.
Choke
An i nductor whi ch i s intended to fi l ter, or 'choke', out
unwanted signals.
Copper Loss
The power lost by current flowing through the winding. The
power loss is equal to the square of the current multiplied
by the resi stance of the wire ( I
2
X R). Thi s power l oss i s
transferred into heat.
Core Losses
Core losses are caused by an altering magnetic field in the
core material. The losses are a functi on of the operati ng
frequency and the total magnetic flux swing. The total core
losses are made up of three main components: Hysteresis,
eddy current and resi dual l osses. These l osses v ary
consi derabl y from one magneti c materi al to another.
Applicati ons such as hi gher power and hi gher frequency
switching regulators require careful core selection to yield
the hi ghest i nductor performance by keepi ng the core
losses to a minimum.
Core Saturation
The DC bi as current fl owi ng through an i nductor whi ch
causes the inductance to drop by a specified amount from
the initial zero DC bias inductance value. Common specified
inductance drop percentages include 10% for ferrite cores
and 20% for i ron powder cores i n energy storage
applications. Also referred to as saturation current.
Curie Temperature
The temperature at whi ch a ferri te materi al l oses i ts
magneti c properti es. The core's permeabi l i ty typi cal l y
increases dramatically as the core temperature approaches
the curi e temperature, whi ch causes the i nductance to
increase. The permeability drops to near unity at the curie
temperature, whi ch causes the i nductance to drop
dramati cally. The curi e point is the temperature at which
the initial permeability (i) has dropped to 10% of its value
at room temperature.
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Glossary of Terms
DC Bias
Direct current ( DC) appl i ed to the wi ndi ng of a core i n
addi ti on to any ti me-varying current. Inductance wi th DC
bi as i s a common speci fi cati on for powder cores. The
i nductance wi l l 'rol l off' gradual l y and predi ctabl y wi th
increasing DC bias.
DCR
Direct Current Resistance - The resistance of the inductor
winding measured with no alternating current. The DCR is
most often minimized in the design of an inductor. The unit
of measure i s ohms and i t i s usual l y speci fi ed as a
maximum rating.
Distributed Capacitance
(1) In the construction of an inductor, each turn of wire or
conductor acts as a capacitor plate. The combined effects of
each turn can be presented as a single capacitance known
as the di stri buted capaci tance. The capaci tance i s i n
paral lel wi th the i nductor. This parallel combi nati on will
resonate at some frequency, whi ch i s cal l ed the sel f-
resonant frequency (SRF). Lower distri buted capaci tance
for a given inductance will result in a higher SRF and vice
v ersa. ( 2) Capacitance that i s not concentrated withi n a
l umped capaci tor, but spread ov er a ci rcui t or group of
components.
Eddy Current Losses
Core losses associated with the electrical resistivity of the
magnetic material and induced voltages within the material.
Eddy currents are i nversel y proporti onal to materi al
resisti vi ty and proporti onal to the rate of change of fl ux
densi ty. Eddy current l osses are present i n both the
magnetic core and windings of an inductor. Eddy currents in
the winding, or conductor, contribute to two main types of
losses: losses due to proximity effects and skin effects. As
for the core losses, an electric field around the flux lines in
the magnetic field is generated by alternating magnetic flux.
Thi s wi l l resul t i n eddy currents i f the magneti c core
material has electrical conductivity. Losses result from this
phenomenon since the eddy currents flow in a plane that is
perpendicular to the magnetic flux lines. Eddy current and
hysteresis losses are the two major core loss factors. Eddy
current l oss becomes domi nant i n powder cores as the
frequency increases.
Effective Permeability
For a magnetic circuit constructed with an air gap, or gaps,
the permeabi li ty of a hypotheti cal homogeneous materi al
that woul d prov i de the same rel uctance, or net
permeability.
EMC
Electromagneti c compatibi lity. The abi lity of an electronic
devi ce to operate i n i ts i ntended envi ronment wi thout its
performance being affected by EMI and without generating
EMI that will affect other equipment.
EMI
El ectro-Magneti c Interference - An unwanted el ectri cal
energy in any form. EMI is often used interchangeably with
'noise' and 'interference'.
Dongbu Fine Chemicals
Glossary of Terms
Flux Density (B)
The correspondi ng parameter for the induced magnetic
field in an area perpendicular to the flux path. Flux density
is determined by the field strength and permeability of the
medium in which it is measured.
Full Winding
A winding for toroidal cores that will result in 45% of the
core's inside diameter remaining.
Harmonics
Energy at i ntegral mul ti pl es of the frequency of the
fundamental si gnal . Normal ly expressed as THD ( Total
Harmonic Distortion) but can be specified for harmonics of
i nterest in either a percentage of or deci bels bel ow the
power level of the fundamental frequency signal.
Hysteresis Loss
Hysteresi s means to lag behind. Thi s i s the tendency of a
magneti c material to retain its magneti zati on. Hysteresi s
causes the graph of magneti c fl ux densi ty v ersus
magnetizing force (B-H curve) to form a loop rather than a
line. The area of the loop represents the difference between
energy stored and energy released per uni t of vol ume of
material per cycle. Thi s di fference is called the hysteresis
loss.
Hysteresis Loop
A cl osed curv e obtai ned for a materi al by pl otti ng
corresponding values of flux density for the ordi nate and
magnetizi ng force for the abscissa when the material is
passing through a complete cycle between definite limits of
either magneti zi ng force or flux density. If the material i s
not driven into saturation it is said to be on a minor loop.
High Q filters
A filter circuit (inductor and/or capacitor) that exhibits high
Q. It is very frequency-sensitive and filters out or allows to
pass, only those frequencies within a narrow band.
Magnetizing Force
Coercive
Force
Remanence
Flux Density
P
M
P
Maximum
Flux Density
Maximum
Permeability
Intial
Permeability
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Glossary of Terms
Impedance
The total opposition offered by a component or circuit to the
fl ow of al ternati ng or v aryi ng current at a parti cul ar
frequency, i ncl uding both the AC and DC component..
Impedance is expressed in ohms and is similar to the actual
resi stance i n a di rect current ci rcui t. In computati ons,
i mpedance i s handl ed as a compl ex rati o of vol tage to
current. The ohm i s the uni t of i mpedance. Impedance is
typically abbreviated as "z" or "Z". The frequency-invariant,
real component of impedance is resistance. The frequency-
variant, i magi nary component of impedance i s reactance.
The reciprocal of impedance is admittance.
Inductance Factor (AL)
The i nductance rati ng of a core i n nanoHenri es per turn
squared (nH/N
2
) based on a peak flux density of 10 gauss (1
mT) at a frequency of 10 kHz. An AL v al ue of 40 woul d
produce 400H of i nductance for 100 turns and 40mH for
1000 turns.
Initial Permeability
That value of permeabi lity at a peak AC flux density of 10
gauss (1 mT).
Magnetic Energy
The product of the flux density (B) and the (de)magnetizing
force ( H) i n a magnetic ci rcuit required to reach that flux
density.
Magnetostriction
The expansion and contraction of a magnetic material with
changi ng magneti c fl ux densi ty. The saturati on
magnetostriction coefficient has the symbols. It is change of
length divided by original length (a dimensionless number)
and i s measured at the saturati on fl ux densi ty.
Magnetostri cti on causes audi bl e noi se i f the
magnetostriction is sufficiently large and the applied field is
AC and in the audible frequency range, e.g. 50 or 60 Hz.
Mean Length Turn
The average length of a si ngle turn i n the winding of the
device.
Oersted
The uni t of magnetizi ng force i n cgs units. One Oersted
equal s a magneto-moti v e force of one Gi l bert per
centimeter of path length. 1 Oersted = 79.58 A/m= 0.7958
A/cm
Percent Permeability (%)
Represents the percent change i n permeabil i ty from the
initial value.
Q factor
The Q factor or quality factor is a measure of the "quality" of
a resonant system. Resonant systems respond to
frequenci es cl ose to thei r natural frequency much more
strongl y than they respond to other frequenci es. The Q
factor indicates the amount of resistance to resonance in a
system. Systems wi th a hi gh Q factor resonate wi th a
greater amplitude (at the resonant frequency) than systems
with a low Q factor. Damping decreases the Q factor.
Dongbu Fine Chemicals
Glossary of Terms
Search Coil
A coil inductor, usually of known area and number of turns,
that is used with a fluxmeter to measure the change of flux
linkage with the coil.
Single-Layer Winding
A wi ndi ng for a toroi dal core whi ch wi ll result in the full
uti li zation of the i nside circumference of the core without
the overl apping of turns. The thi ckness of i nsulation and
tightness of winding will affect results.
Surface Area
The effective surface area of a typical wound core available
to dissipate heat.
Skin Effect
Ski n effect is the tendency for alternati ng current to flow
near the surface of the conductor i n l i eu of fl owi ng i n a
manner as to utilize the entire cross-sectional area of tile
conductor. The phenomenon causes the resistance of the
conductor to i ncrease. The magnetic fi eld associated wi th
the current in the conductor causes eddy currents near the
center of the conductor which opposes the flow of the main
current fl ow near the center of the conductor. The mai n
current fl ow i s forced further to the surface as the
frequency of the alternating current increasing
Stored Energy
The amount of energy stored, in microjoules (10
-6
joules), is
the product of one-half the inductance ( L) in mi crohenri es
(10
-6
Henries), times the current (I) squared in amperes.
Swing
A term used to descri be how i nductance responds to
changes in current. Example: A 2:1 swing corresponds to an
inductor which exhibits 2 times more inductance at very low
current than it does at i ts maximum rated current. This
would also correspond to the core operating at 50% of initial
permeability (also 50% saturation) at maximum current.
Switch Mode Power Supply
A power conversion techni que that i nvol ves breaking the
input power into pulses at a high frequency by switching it
on and off and re-combi ni ng these pulses at the output
stage. Usi ng this techni que, an unregulated i nput voltage
can be converted to one or more regulated output voltages
at relatively high efficiencies.
Switching Frequency
The rate at whi ch the DC input to a swi tching regulator i s
switched on and off.
Temperature rise
Change i n temperature of a termi nal from a no-l oad
condi ti on to full -current load. Also cal led T rise. (2) The
increase in surface temperature of a component in air due
to the power di ssi pati on i n the component. The power
di ssipation for an inductor includes both copper and core
losses.
Estored = LI
2
2
1
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Glossary of Terms
Temperature Coefficient
A factor whi ch descri bes the rev ersi bl e change i n a
magneti c property wi th a change i n temperature. The
magneti c property spontaneousl y returns when the
temperature is cycled to i ts ori gi nal poi nt. I t usuall y i s
ex pressed as the percentage change per uni t of
temperature.
Temperature Stabilization
After manufacture, many types of soft and hard magnetic
materi al s can be thermal l y cycl ed to make them l ess
sensitive to subsequent temperature extremes.
Winding Factor
The ratio of the total area of copper wire inside the center
hole of a toroid to the window area of the toroid.
Window Area
The area in and around a magnetic core which can be used
for the placement of windings.