9.

fiurf

isahL ngho btbgW

mD L Udh. mt jh f
kl xU Mnuha ghdJl
mtis tuntwh.
mD : mkh! J vd?
jh : JcDilaMnuhaghd.
cDila Jzfhf
gHrhW kW rfiuah
jahfgl fiur.

nta

fiurf e mwhl th f
aikahjJ. kj cl cz
jkakhj fiur (k) Kiwnyna
eilbgWwJ.
kj
mwhl
clbrafSnfg uj, z
Mait k iynyna csd.

fiubghU
(c)

+
+

uL myJ mjF nkgl

bghUf nrj xUgojhd fyitna
fiur MF.
xU fiur vgJ fiubghU
fiughfsh Md xU gojhd
fyitahF.
uL myJ mjF nkgl
bghUf xnu iyik xU
fyit
Ujh
miy
xUgojhd iyahF. xU fiur
uL bghUf fyUjh, mJ
Ukofiur vW miHfgL.
jF
wj
cfiur.
c
fyitna cfiur.

fiugh
()

=
=

vLJfhL
U
nrj

fiur
cfiur

gl. 9.1 xUfiur vgJ fiubghU fiughfsh Md xU gojhd fyitahF

144

fiurf
9.1. fiubghU kW fiugh

2) Tk fiurf:

xU
fiur
vj
bghU
Fiwj ms iw csnjh mJ
fiubghU. vj bghU mf ms
iw csnjh mJ fiugh.
bghJthf fiugh vgJ fiuF
Clf. J fiubghU Jffis
NJ bfhtjh fiur cUthF.

J if iyik kW if
Clf vD uL gFfsh Md
fyitahF. Jffshf fgl
bghU if iyik vdgL. Tk
Jff us bjhl iyik
if Clf vdgL.

(xU fiur vJ fiuwnjh mJ

fiubghU, vJ fiuwnjh mJ
fiugh)
fiur
vgjid
Flyh.

if iyik + if Clf
Tk fiur

tUkhW

(fiubghU + fiugh fiur)

9.2. fiurf tiff

9.2.1. Jff msit bghWJ
bfhG, itl, uj

bghUf
cs
Jff
cUtsit bghWJ, fiurf _W
tifgL.

1) cik fiurf: J xU
xUgojhd fyit. fiubghU
Jff
eF
fiugh
fiuUF. (v.fh) rfiu fiur.

rfiu
fiur

gh

gl. 9.2. rfiu, U fyJ

cUthd cik fiur

gl. 9.3. bfhG, itl, uj, , gh)

145

myF-9

rfiu

bjhff

bra 9.1

fiugh fiuahk UF
W Jff gygojhd fyitna
bjhff vdgL.
kJff cUts bgjhf
fhzgLtjh mit fydhFgit.
v.fh. Rzh fyit.

Rzh

khztfis
tFgiw
cs #d tna Na x
tU nghJ mj ghijia
fhzbrJ xjw (olh
is)
fhL
cikia
czubrayh.

bjhf

gl 9.5 aif fG olh is

nkY mJbfhnth
bjhlJ xGyh iy
aF TkJf afnk
bus af.

gl. 9.4 Rzh, U

fyJ cUthd bjhf

kfuj
Jff
afij MuhnghJ fit
uhg bus vw ma
mP
fljh.
mjdh
f bus af vd
miHfgL.

nta

nkY mJbfhnth
Tk Jff J xahdJ
gL jW iyna olh is
vdgL.
xahdJ
cik
fiur
tna
brYjgL
nghJ
y
xfiwf
cuf
gLwd.
y
fiwf bt mDggLwd.
cik fiur cs Jff
xfiwia jwoF tz
bgjhf iy. Mdh xahdJ
Tk tna brYjgLnghJ,
ms bgjhf cs Tk
Jffsh jwofgL fQ
F bjwJ. Jnt olh is
vdgL.

gl 9.6 bus af

146

fiurf
cik fiur, Tk fiur kW bjhff gfis xLj

Jff
cUts (A0)
1A0=10-10m

cik fiur

Tk fiur

bjhf

1 A0 Kj 10A0
tiu

10 A0 Kj
2000A0 tiu

njhw

xF jik
bfhlJ

gFas
xF jik
bfhlJ

xfh jik
bfhlJ

Jfis
ghfToa
w

Enzh
_yK
bjtiy

Enzhah
kLnk ghf
aY

fzh ghf
aY

fiur jik

xUgojhdit

gygojhdit

gygojhdit

v gu

bkJthf gu

guthJ
gu
mwJ.

Jf
jik

gu

jw is

xia
brahJ

jw xia
br

2000A0 nk

myJ
jik

jw xia jw
brahJ

jikia

9.2.3. fiubghU ms bghUJ

fiugh aig bghUJ

fiurfis Utifahf fyh.

fiugh
fiuJs
fiu
bghU msit bghUJ, fiurf
_W tifgL. mit,

9.2.2 fiugh
bghUJ

(m) fiur: vj xU fiur,

fiubghUis fiuF fiughdhf
bragLwnjh, mfiur j
fiur vdgL. (v.fh) rfiu
fiur.
(M) uw fiur: vj xU fiur,
iu
ju,
w
utkhdJ
fiughdhf
bragLwnjh,
mfiur, uw fiur vdgL.
bg, <j, CS2 Kjyhdit uw
fiughDF wj cjhuzf.

(m) bjlhj fiur, (M) bjoa

fiur, () m bjoa fiur
(1) bjlhj fiur
fiughndhL
xL
nghJ
Fiwj ms fiubghUis bfhl
fiur bjlhj fiur vdgL.
fiur bjL iy mil
tiu fiubghUis nrf Ko.
v.fh. 5 uh, myJ 10 uh myJ
20 uh c, 100 uh j fyj
fiur.
147

myF-9

gf

(2) bjoa fiur

nkY mJbfhnth

vj xU fiur xU Fl
ms fiugh, nkY fiubghU
fiua Koahnjh, mfiurny bjoa
fiur vdgL.
(v.fh.) 1) fhg-ilMirL
fiuJ cUthd bjoa fiur.
2) 36 uh nrhoa FnshiuL c,
100 uh fiufgl bjoa
fiur.

fyJs
bjoa
fiurYF
fhL cjhuz.

ieu#,
aif

(3) m bjoa fiur

Fl btgiy bjoa
fiuriyl mfkhd fiubghUis
bfhl fiur m bjoa fiur
vdgL.

bra 9.2
ff bfhLfgl fiur, bjlhj fiuryh? bjoa fiuryh? myJ
m bjoa fiuryh? vgij vthW nrhf?
ff xU Kfit 100 .. vLJ bfhs d 20 uh c, 16
uh c kW 1 uh c vd 3 bghlyfis, xU fyia
vLJ bfhs.
ff bfhLfgl c bghlyfis xw
fiuLnghJ eilbgW khwfis ftf.

xwhf

9.2.4 a iyia bghUJ

fiubghU, fiugh a iyia bghUJ fiurfis 9 tiffshf
fyh. mtiw flthW mltizgLjyh.

fiubghU
k

nta

k
k
k
k
k
th
th
th

fiugh
k
k

v.fh.
cnyhf fyitf
rfiu fiur

th
k
k
th
k

if
ghyhil fo
gh
nkf
jif

k
th

nrhlh
a - M# thfyit
(Mfl _Fj gagLwJ)
148

fiurf
9.3 fiuw
fiubghU fiuw vgJ vjid uh fiubghU, 100 uh fiugh
xU Fl btgiy fiuJ xU bjoa iyia milwnjh mJnt
mbghU fiuwvnwh.
200 C btgiy fhg rngo fiuw 20.7 uh.

bra 9.3
ff  c (bghlha FnshiuL - KCl) fiu wid, miw btg iy
fzLj.
ff Kfit 30 .. bghlha Fnshiuil nrJ, bjoa fiuriy
cUthf. mJ bjoa fiuryh vgij cW brJbfhs mfiur
nkY bghlha Fnshiuil nrf. d js fiuahk mo
c jFwjh vd ftf.
ff mfiuriy tojh _y, tofo k KCl cig mf l. btg
iykh _y btgiyia FJ itf.
ff cig cyiyF tUtiu fiuriy Mah l.
ff wF va <ugjij mfw, c cs z uw fha
FnshiuL bfhl cR fy J neu itf.
ff d mzij vLJ mj iwia fhz.
ff flj cikfS, fzLfS tUkhW:fzL
z iw

= W

z + bjoa fiur t iw = W1
z + cyj KCl t iw

= W2

bjoa fiur iw

= (W1 - W)

KCl iw

= (W2 -W)

bjoa fiur cs iw

= [( W1 -W) - ( W2 -W)]

= (W1 -W2)
c fiuw

KCl c iw
= _______________x 100
fiugh iw
=

(W2 - W)
(W1 - W2)

x 100

gl. 9.7. c fiuwid fzLj

149

myF-9

bghlha FnshiuL

bjJbfhf
100uh
j
36
uh nrhoa Fnshiuil
250C btgiy fiuJ
bjoa fiuriy cUthF

y ma cf fiuwid
cs mliz fhf.

fiuw
(/100 )

ma c
NaCl

36 uh

NaBr

95 uh

NaCI

184 uh

NaNO3

92 uh

9.4. fiuwid
fhuf

v.fh. rhjhuz
vjhf fiu.

3) mGjjh is
mGjjh, fiu wDF VgL
isit, thiy fiubghU
kL czuKo.
thua kfiur mGj
mfgh fiujik mfF.
v.fh. CO2 th ua Fghd.

ghF

(1) btgiy
(2) fiubghU myJ fiugh
jik
(3) mGj
btgiy is
(1) btgiy mfkhdh btg
bfh id fiujik mfkhF.
v.fh.
KNO3
c
fiujik,
btgiy mfgh mfkhwJ.
khwhf
(2) btg cid, fiujik
FiwwJ.

nta

v.fh. RlRzh fiujik

btgiy mfgh FiwwJ.
fiugh,
fiubghU
jikia bghUJ

ma
cghdJ,
Kidw
fiugh v fiu. Mdh mJ
Kidtw fiugh fjsnt
fiu.
150

gl. 9.8 CO2 th ua Fghd

nkY mJbfhnth
mGj mf, thf
fiujikia
mfF
xU
Fl
btgiy,
xU
Fl
gUkds
k
fiuJs th iw mj
J
brYjgl
mGjF
nej bghUjKilaJ. Jnt
bA vwiHfgL.

fiurf
fzL .1
10 uh rhjhuz cig 40uh fiuLnghJ cUthd fiur br
iw rjjij fzLf.
fiubghU iw

: fiur br iw rjj =

fiubghU iw + fiugh
iw
10
10 + 40

x 100

x100= 20%

fzL: 2 2 uh bghlha rngil 12.5 fiuJ ilj fiur, 600C

btgiy c goffis jjbj, bghlha rngo fiuwid

fzLf.
: 12.5 iw = 12.5 uh
12.5 uh fiuj bghlha rngo iw = 2
~1 uh fiuj bghlha rngo iw = 2/ 12.5
vdnt, 100 uh fiuj bghlha rngo iw = 2/ 12.5 x 100 = 16
~bghlha rng c fiuw 60C btgiy = 16

fzL: 3

30C btgiy nrhoa FnshiuL(NaCI) fiuj bjoa

fiur 50 iws fiuriy MahFnghJ, 13.2 iws uw NaCI
cUthwJ, v NaCI fiuwid 30C fzLf.
: fiur cs iw = 50 13.2 = 36.8
NaCI iw
x 100 = 13.2/36.8 x 100 = 36
NaCI fiuw =
iw
NaCI fiuw = 36

fzL: 4 xU fzho z iw 20. nrhoa ienu(NaNO3)

NaNO3 fiuj bjoa fiur iw =(66.0 - 20.0) = 46

= (41.5 20.0) = 21.5
NaNO3 goff iw
bjoa fiur cs iw
= (46.0 21.5 ) = 24.5
NaNO3 fiuw =

NaNO3 gof iw
iw

x 100 = 21.5/24.5 x 100 = 87.7

NaNO3 fiuw 20C btgiy = 87.7

151

myF-9

bjoa fiuriy vLjnghJ, bkhj iw 66. cyiyF MahFnghJ

41.5 iws NaNO3 goff iljd v NaNO3 fiuwid 20C
btgiy fzLf.

kL
- m
1. X cikfiuir vgJ, fiubghU fiughdh Md xU gojhd fiur.
rh Jff j fyj fiur gy gojhd fyitahF. J cik
fiuryh?
2.
 iu fiugdhf bfhl fiur fiur MF. fhgilrigil
fiughdhf bfhl fiur _________ MF. ( fiur, uw fiur )
3.c fiuw 100uh j 36uh MF. 20uh c fiufglh
bjoa iyia mila D vjid uh c njitgL.
4.
 uL utf xbyhW fiukhdh mutf _________ vdgL.
( ulw fygit, ulw fythjit )
5. N
 a x E tF rd tna tUnghJ, mj ghij bjtj fhuz
x _________( uggh, jwyh )
 U fiur Jff Enzh tna bjtjdh mfiur _________
6. x
vdgL. ( cik fiur, Tk fiur )
7. Uko fiur cs cWf vif. ( xW / uL )
8. Mfl KJ Fgtf RthfgagLJ thfyit _______________
( a- M#, M# - ieu#).
9.  kzgu xU Fl msF nk ieu#id jD
bfhsKoahiy _________ vdgL. ( bjoa iy, bjlhj iy )

- M
10.
ntbghU

fiuw 25C btgiy

NaCl

36

NaBr

95

NaI

184

nkfl mltizUJ czU cikfis vGJf.

11. b
 joa fiurYF bjlhj fiurYF cs ntWghLfis
bfhLfgLs Ff _y vGJf.
m) 16 NaCl 100 M) 36 NaCl 100

(F - NaCl fiuw 36)

nta

12. rfiuia, fiuJ, miwbtgiy bjoa fiuriy cUtha

nkbfhL rfiuia fiuf Kokh? E vzij jUf.
13. 20 rika cig 50 fiuUjh mfiur br rjj iwia
fzLf.

nkY ma
: 1. Physical Chemistry by : Puri & Sharma - Vishal Publication
izajs : www.chemistry explained.com / www.sparknotes.com

152

10. mQfS _yTWfS

Mg IO

uh xU rh Jil thl
fhJ W Wshf cilf
brhwh. f Koyhk
bjhlu mW Jf fQFbjahj
mQf bjhFng vw KoF
mU njhaU tUwd. mij
ga Mit nkY bjhlwd.

xU bghU iwia Mwyhf

khW rkghil fLojt.

mQfUid eilbgW nghJ

id isbghU iw, id
gLbghU iwial FiwJ
fhzgL.
jfhd
it
Mg IO vD b#k
ehL
mayh
fbgw
2
E = mc , vw rkgho _y
sf Ko.
E = btahd Mw m =
iw, c= x ntf.

mQitga M

nta

mQ bghU
mQ vgj My brh
Ml vgjhF. mj My
brh
mlhk
vw
nuf
brhUJ tJsJ. mlkh
vgj
bghU
fKoahjJ
vgjhF. #h lhl vw ma
mP TWgo mQf vgit
fKoahj fodkhd nfhsfshF.
t
mQbfhif
W
MLfF nkyhf vj thj
VWbfhsgl xwhf UjJ.

154

UD, 19M who KoY

20M who bjhlfY
eilbgw ouh, bArg
iyyh nfhghL gy mQit
ga ed mQ bfhifia
tiuaWf fhuzkhd.

gl 10.1. mQ csik

mQfS _yTWfS
10.1 ed mQbfhif

jkf mQf Inrhghf

vdgL.
v.fh. 18Ar40, 20Ca40

ed mQbfhif wTWf
ff mQ vgJ ntid <LgL
fa JfshF.

Inrhnlhf

ff mQf sf Toait.

xj uh vif
ntWgl
mQ
vfis,
ntWgl iw vfis bfhl
btntW jkf mQf
Inrhnlhf vdgL .

ff xU jk midJ mQ
fS midJ gfY xUf
ntoa njitiy.

v.fh. Inrhnlhf ( 17Cl 35, 17Cl 37 )

ff btntW jkfis nrj
mQf y gf xUF.

v.fh.

C13, 7N14

10.2 mnthbfnuh fj bfhif

v.fh. Inrhghf ( 18Ar 40, 20Ca 40 )

ff xU
_yT
cs
mQf j KGikahdJ,
zfglJ MF. Mdh
mJ va jkhf Uf ntoa
mtaiy. v.fh. C 12H22O 11 Rnuh
ff xU jk mQfis kbwhU
jk mQfshf khW jk
khf Kiw khw Ko.
ff xU jk iwia,
mj
Mwyhf khw Ko. J E = mc2
vw
IO
rkghogo
mikjjhF.
J
E = Mw m = iw
c = xntf vgjhF.
Inrhnlhf
xj mQ vfis ntWgl
iw vfis bfhl xU
jk btntW mQf,
Inrhnlhf vdgL.
v.fh. 17Cl35, 17Cl 37
Inrhghf
xj iw vfis ntWgl
mQ vfis bfhl btntW

mnthbfnuh
xnu btgiy, xnu mGj
bfhl rkgUkDs thf rkms
vif cs _yTWfis
bgUF.

155

myF-10

mnlh mnthbfnuh vw jha

Ph (1766-1856) th gUkD
F, Jff vifF cs
bjhlig tUjt.

nkY mJbfhnth

10.2.1 mQfL v
xU jk xU _yT cs mQf vif mJnt,
mjk mQfL v MF.
mQfL v

xU _yT cs
mQf vif

XuQ _yTW

v.fh

a, ah, cnyhff

iAu# (H2), Fnsh (Cl2),

M# (O2)

_tQ _yTW

Xnrh ( O3)

gk mQ _yTW

>3

ghgu ( P4), rg ( S8)

<uQ _yTW

mQfL viz fhQ rkgho _y tUfyh.

_yTW iw

mQfL v =

mQ iw

rkghL xj mQ _yTWfSF kL bghUJ

_yT cs mQf vifia bghWJ cs tiw xuQ
_yTW, <uQ _yTW, _tQ _y TW kW gk mQ _y TW vd
tifgLjyh.
E j wid nrhJghf
m. Fnsh mQiw 35.5 mj _yTW iw 71 v mQfL v
vd?
M. Xnrh mQiw 16, _yTW iw 48 v mj mQfL v vd?

xU _yT vjid mQf csd? vgij flj.

mnthbfnuh gF.
mnthbfnuh _y, thf gUkUJ _yTWf
vif, _yTWf vif UJ thf gUkid
fzlyh.
N2

O2

2 NO

nta

ieu# + M#
xU gUk

xU gUk

ie Mi[L
U gUk

nkfl rkgho, mnthbfnuu ia gagLa wF

N2
xU _yTW

O2

xU _yTW

2 NO
U _yTW

UJ, 2 _yTW ie Mi[o, 2 ieu# mQfS 2 M#

mQfS Ugij mayh.
156

mQfS _yTWfS

uL ieu# mQfS, uL M# mQfS xU _yTW

ieu#UJ xU _yTW M#UJ tJsij czu Ko.
Mifah ieu#, M# Matiw <uQ _yTWf vnwh.
UJ ieu#id N2 vW M#id O2 vW vGjyh. j,
mnthbfnuh _y th jkf mQfL viz fzl
Ko.

xU th M mlF x _yTW iwF cs bjhl

x _yTW iw
x _yTW iw vgJ th myJ M cs xU _yT iwF,
xU iAu# mQ iwF cs j MF.
th myJ M XU _yTW iw
th x _yTW iw =
xU iAu# mQ iw
M ml
M ml vgJ khwh btgiy kW khwh mGj, Fl gUkDs
xU M myJ th iwF, mjF rkgUkDs iAu# iwF
cs jkhF.
M ml =

xU _yTW M myJ th iw
xU _yTW iAu# iw

mnthbfnuh FgLJ nghJ

M ml =

xU _yTW M myJ th iw
xU _yTW iAu# _yT iw

iAu# <uQ _yTW Mjyh

2x M ml =

xU _yTW M myJ th cs xU _yTW iw

2 x 1 iAu# mQ iw
xU _yTW M myJ th cs xU _yTW iw
1 iAu# mQ iw

2 x M ml = M myJ th x _yTW iw
(myJ)
2 x M ml = x _yTW iw

157

myF-10

M ml =

10.3.2 _yTW

mnthbfnuh gaf

xU jk myJ nrk
f va mik myF _yTW
MF. xW myJ mjF
nkgl mQf fhzgL. xU
jk _yTW mYs jkf
gfis bgUF. xU nrk

mQfL
1. thf
viz fzl cjwJ.
2. thnrkf
thghil
cjwJ.

_yTW
fzl

3. _yTW
iwF,
M
bjhlig
mlFKs
cUthFwJ.
4. STP
th
nkhyh
gUkid fzl cjwJ.
STP
th
nkhyh
gUk k = 22.4 l
(myJ) 22400 f.br.

gl. 10.2. _yTW

_yTW
mYs
gfis
bgUfhJ.

5. nfr ia bjthf
sFwJ.

xU _yTW
jJ F
jikilaJ. J izfgl
mQ bjhFghF. mnj rka mQ
vgJ izwhj JfshF.

nkY mJbfhnth
nfr

cf MF

btgiy
kW
xj
mGj thf xnwhblhW
id
nghJ
idgL
bghU gUkD, idis
bghU gUkD va jij
bgUF.

fl
_yTWf
cs
mQfismtvifia
Muhf.
m) ieu#
M)
) mnkhah <) fjf my

10.3 mQfS _yTWfS

gUbghUf
flikig
zF f Ea Jff
mQfS _yTWfS MF.
e

nta

10.3.1 mQ

xU jk mogilahd Jf
mQ vdgL. J jnjh myJ
nrnjh
fhzgL.
iAu#,
M#, ieu# Mat mQ
f jJ Ugiy. Mdh He,
Ne, Ar Kjyhdit jJ UF.
vyh
Mdit.

jkfS

mQfsh

158

10.3.3 mQF _yTWF

cs ntWghL
mQ

_yTW

ntid
<LgL xU
jk
fa Jf
mQthF.

xU jk
myJ xU
nrk f
a Jf
_yTwhF.

mQ vgJ
izwh
Jf

_yTW vgJ
izw
Jf

mQ vgJ
jnjh,
nrnjh
fhzgL.

_yTW
jJ
fhzgL.

mQfS _yTWfS
_yTWfis, xj mQ _yTW ntW mQ _yTW vd Utifahf
fyh.
1. xj mQ _yTW
_yTW Xnu jk mQfsh MdJ. mnef th jkf
tifia nrjd. rhwhf iAu# th uL iAu# mQf
csd. M# th, uL M# mQf csd. _yT
UF mQf vifia bghWJ XuQ _yTW, <uQ _yTW
_tQ _yTW vd gytifahf fyh.
2. ntW mQ _yTW
_yTWf btntW jkf mQf fhzgL. tiw
_yTWf UF mQ vifia bghWJ XuQ _yTW <uQ
_yTW _tQ _yTW vd gytifahf fyh. , mnkhah, nj
nghwit ntwQ _yTWfSF vLJ fhLfshF.
uh nkhyh gUkid fzl
uh nkhyh gUk =

uh nkhyh iw
th ml STP

M# uh nkhyh gUk =

M# uh nkhyh iw
M# th ml STP

= 32 / 1.429 = 22.4 l
~ uh nkhyh gUk = 22.4 l STP

10.4 x mQ iw
10. 4. 1 x mQiw (iAu# mQ iwia rhJ)
xU jk x mQ iw vgJ mjk X mQ iwF,
xU iAu# mQ iwF cs jkhF.
jk X mQ iw
XU jk x mQ iw =

xU iAu# mQ iw

xU jk x mQiw vgJ mjk X mQ iwF

fhg 12 mQ 1/12 ghf iwF cs jkhF.
xU jk x mQ iw =

jk x mQ iw
1/12 ghf fhg C12 mQ iw

159

myF-10

10.4.2 tiuaiw (fhg C12msnfh go)

xU jk x mQ iw vgJ j vgjh mjF myF iy.

xU jk mQ iw uh vw myfh FLnghJ mJ uh mQ
iw vdgL.
iAu# uh mQ iw
=
1 uh
fhg uh mQ iw
=
12 uh
ieu# uh mQ iw
=
14 uh
=
16 uh
M# uh mQ iw
nrhoa uh mQ iw
=
23 uh
mQiwahdJ mQiw myfh (m..m myJ amu) FfgLwJ.
xU mQ iw myF vgJ fhg xU mQ iw 1/12 ghf MF.

10.5. x _yTW iw
tiuaiw (iAu# msnfh go )
xU jk myJ xU nrk x _yTW iw vgJ xU jk myJ
xU nrk cs xU _yT iwF xU iAu# mQ iwFKs
jkhF.
x _yTW iw =

xU jk myJ nrk _yTW iw

xU iAu# mQ iw

10.5.1. x _yTW iw ( fhg msnfh go)

xU jk myJ xU nrk x _yTW iw vgJ xU jk myJ
xU nrk cs xU _yT iwF 1/12 ghf fhg-12 mQ
iwF cs jkhF.
fzL wid nrhfyhkh?
uh _yTW iwia fla

H2O = 2[H] + 1[0]

= [2x1+1x16] uh
uh _yTW iw= 18 uh
CO2 th uh _yTW iwia fla
[CO2]
= 1[C] + 2 (0)]
= [1x12 + 2 x16] uh
CO2 uh _yTW iw= 12 + 32 = 44uh

nta

10.6. nkh fUJ

xU ntid <LgL mQf vifia Fl nkh fUJ
mKfgLjglJ. xU nkh vgJ nta Kiwgo fzoF gagL
myF MF.

NA = 6.023X 1023
NA = mnthbfnuh v = 1 nkh
160

mQfS _yTWfS
vif 6.023 X 1023 ms mQf,
_yTWf
myJ
mafis
bfhl bghU msthF. bghU
xU uh _yTW iwna xU nkh
vdgL.

180uh M

18 uh

342 uh Rnuh

58.5 Nacl

v.fh. xU nkh M# mQf

vgJ 6.023 X 1023 M# mQfis
FF. 5 nkh M# mQf
vgJ 5 X 6.023 X 1023 M#
mQfis FF.

201 uh bkF
254 uh

mnthbfnuh v. J xU nkh
bghU cs mQf myJ
_yTWf myJ maf tiw
FF vzhF.

mnaho
55.9 uh U

gl. 10.3. nkh btntW totf

10.6.1. nkh tiuaiw

xU

nkh

vgJ

j k 6.023 X 1023.

mnthnfnuh

nkhf vifia fzl fhQ rkghLfis gagLjyh.

nkhf vif =

nkhf vif =

nkhf vif =

nkhf vif =

bghU iw
mQ iw
bghU iw
_yTW iw
mQf vif
6.023 x 1023
_y TWf vif
6.023 x 1023

10.6.2. nkh fzL

nt bghU iw bfhLfgL nghJ
nkhf vif =

iw
mQ iw
161

(m)

iw
_yTW iw

myF-10

cf ftdF nkh vw gjij gagLJnghJ mJ FgJ mQth,

_yTwh myJ maah vd bj brUf ntL.

m. nkhf vifia fzL.

1) 81 uh mYa, 2) 4.6 nrhoa, 3) 5.1 NH3, 4) 90 H2O, 5) 2 NaOH
bghU iw

nkhf vif =

mQ iw

= 81/27 = 3 nkh mYa

bjhlghf vs dhfSF nkhfis fzLf.
M. 0.5 nkh U iwia fzLf

jk iw =

mQ iw x nkhf vif
55.9 x 0.5 = 27.95

bjhlghf 2.5 nkh M# iwia fzL.

2. iw bfhLfglh _yTW vifia fzL Kiw
_yTW vif =

mnthnfnuh v x bghU iw
uh _yTW iw

m. 11 CO2 cs _yTWf vifia fzLf.

CO2 uh _yTW iw = 44
_yTW vif =

6.023 x 1023 x 11
44

= 1.51 x 1023 _yTW

bjhlghf: 360 FSnfh cs _yTWf vifia.
fzLf
3. _yTWf vif bfhLfglh jk iwia fzLtJ vgo.

nta

iw =

uh _yTW iw x _yTWf vif

6.023 x 1023

m. 18.069 x 1023 _yTWf bfhl SO2 iwia fzLf.

SO2 uh _yTW iw = 64

162

mQfS _yTWfS
64 x 18.069 x 1023

SO2 iw =

6.023 x 1023

= 192 uh

M. 2 x1024 _yTWfis bfhl FSnfh iwia fzLf

FSnfh uh nkhyh iw = 180 uh
FSnfh iw =

180 x 2 x 1024
6.023 x 1023

= 597.7,uh

4. _yTWf 3.0115 x 1023 _yTWf bfhl xU th nkhf

vifia fzLf.
_yTWf vif

nkhf vif =

6.023 x 1023
3.0115 x 1023

6.023 x 1023
0.5 nkh

M. 12.046 x 1022 mQf bfhl jhu cs nkhf vifia

fzLf.
nkhf vif =

=
=

8
7
6

2
3

nkh

mnthnfnuh v
12.046 x 1022
6.023 x 1023
0.2 nkh

nkY mJbfhnth
nkhyh gUk: STP xU nkh
ththdJ
milJ
bfhS
gUknd nkhyh gUk vdgL. j
k 22.4 l.
22.4 l gUk cs vj xU
th 6.023x1023 _yTWfis
bgUF.
ilf 1) 162.4 FeCl3 , 2) 159.6 CuSO4

3) 27 Al, 4) 56 Fe, 5) 58.5 NaCl,

6) 32 S, 7) 12 C, 8) 200.6 Hg

gl 10.4. nkh btntW totf

163

myF-10

bjhlf : 24.092 x 1022 _yTWf

bfhl nkhf vifia
fzLf

mQf vif

kL
- m
1. Gs vLJfhLfUJ Inrhnlh, Inrhghfis milahs fhf.
Ar 40, 17Cl 35,

18

Ca 40 , 17Cl 37

20

2. ieu# _yTW iw 28. mj mQ iw 14. ieu# mQfL

viz fhf.
3. M# uh _yTW iw 32 mj ml 1.429/f.br. M#
uh _yTW gUkid flf.
4. Cl vgJ Fns mQit, Cl2 vgJ Fnsh_yTiw Fgit v
mQfSF, _yTWfF cs ntWghLfis mltizgLJf.
5. iAu# uh mQiw 1 . M# uh mQiw 16 v
uh _yTW iwia fzLf.
6. x
 U nkh mss vj ntbghUS 6.023 x 1023 Jffis bgUF
3.0115 x 1023 Jff bfhl CO2 nkhf vifia fzLf.

- M
7. xU mQit ga bjthd sfij mfToa ed mQbfhifahdJ
miy bfhif, iyyh nfhghL kW jnghija fLofis
bfhL cUthdjhF t _y ed mQbfhif nfhghLfis
tf.
8. x
 U gUkM# iw, xU gUkiAu# iw ckF
bfhLfgLss. mnthbfnuh go _yTW iwF M mlF
cs bjhlig tUf.
9. fltF nkhf vifia fzl.

m. 12.046 x 1023 mQfis bfhl jhu.

M. 27.95 U.

. 1.51 x 1023 _yTWfis bfhl CO2.

nta

nkY ma

1. Frame work of Science - P

 addy Gannon, Oxford University
Press, New Delhi
izajs

http://www.kidastronomy.com, http://www.khanacademy.org
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/phys/html
164

11. nt idf
mHfhd j cyf thG
vyh
cdfS,
jknf
cjhd thifKiwfis tFJ
itJsd. f xU ntayh
ghit cf mwhl thifia
cWneh MuhJ Ufsh?
nt idf ekJ clY, eik
R vbghGJ fJ bfhnl
Uwd.
vj xU khwij aa
myJ
nta
khw
vd
Utiffshf fyh. aa
khwf
v
fHToa
idfshF.
Mdh, nt
khwfis

idfshFtJ
fod. J V? nt khwf
a bghUf cUthwd. tiw
L _ybghUfshf khw brtJ
fod.
nt khwf aa
khwfisl iyahdit. vyh
nt khwfS nt idfSl
fwd.
xU
ntid,
fJsij
eh vgo ma KowJ?
j
nffhd
ilF
y
braghLfis brJ ghfyh.

bra 11.1

nta

cfSila
mkh
rnfhj
a
bfhYid ghf.

gl 11.1. bt bfhYR
gsgsghd
btis
w
bfhYrhdJ bkJthf fUik wkhf
khWwJ. mjhtJ, bt bfhY
w kFwJ. jfhd fhuzij
f Kowjh?
J, bt, fh cs
iAu# rigL idJ bt
rigL (Ag2S) cUthjyh MF.

bra 11.2
fha ienu fiuriy xU
Kfit vLJ bfhs.
xU nrhjid FHh bghlha
mnahilL
fiuriy
vLJ
bfhs. ( uL fiurfS
wkwit.)
bghlha mnahilL fiuriy,
fha ienu fiurYl J
jhf nrf.

myJ
bt

bfhY wij ftf.

f vd fhf?

giHa bfhYR x wij cW

nehf.

x mlj kr w goit
fhf myth?

vd khwij fhf?

166

nt idf
bra 11.4
js fha fhgnd is
xU nrhjid FHh vLJ
bfhs.
j iAnuhFnsh myij
nrf.
nrhjid
FHh
khwfis ftf.

fG

fha
mnahilL

gl 11.2 fha mnahilo

kr w go

EiuJ
bghFj

J fha mnahilL (PbI2) MF.

gl 11.3 j iAnuh Fnsh
myJl fha
fhgndo id

bra 11.3
5 uh Rl Rzhig xU
Kfit vLJ bfhs.

Kfitia bjhL ghf.

f vd czf?
Kfit btgkhf csJ myth?
vd fwJ vW ghfyh.
Rl Rzh Ul idJ
j
Rzhig
(fha
iAuhiril)
cUthFwJ.
J xU btg c id.
j
id nghJ 'cZ' vw rjJl
Ff cUth mf ms btg
btlgLwJ.

EiuJ bghFj VgLtij

fhf myth? J fhgilMirL th btnaWtjh MF.
nkTait
vyhnk
xU
ntid bghJthf fhgit.
nkTa
braghLf
_y
ntidf iyahd xU khwij
cUth a is bghUfis
jUwd vgJ bjthwJ.
ntid
gFbgW
bghUfis
idgLbghUf
vW, mjdh cUthF bghUfis
idis
bghUf
vW
TWnwh.
167

myF-11

mjDl iu J jhf
nrf.

nkY mJbfhnth

(v
bka
ffisL rW
oJbfhs.)

bra11.3- cUthd j
Rzh
btisaogjF
gagLwJ. fha iAuhirL
fh cs fhg -il-MirLl
bkJthf idJ Rt bka
glykhf fha fhgndil
cUthFwJ. btis moj 2
myJ 3 eh fha fhgnd
cUthtjh Rtf gsgsghf
fhzgLwd.
ryit f
nt thghL CaCO3 vgJ xU
jft.

ehlhit
bjhiy

rhgiy nrff.

bka
ehlh

11.1. nt idf tiff

nt idf Vuhskhf Ugjh
mtiw
tifgLJtj
_y
mtiw
g
v
mJ
bfhsyh.
idis bghU
cUtht
tia
bghUJ
ntidfis MW bgU fshf
fyh.
ntidf
btntW
tiffis g nH fhngh.
1. TLif id

A, B l idJ AB vw
a bghUis cUthF id,
TLif idia vjhf FF.

nta

bra 11.5

gl 11.4 bka ehlhit vj

nkTa bragho bka
M#Dl
nrJ
bka
MirL
vw
xU
idis
bghUis cUthFwJ.
thW
uL
myJ
mjF
nkgl
idgLbghUf
nrJ
xU
idis
bghUis
cUthF
idia TLif id vnwh.
2Mg + O2 2MgO
braghL 11.3- TwgLsij
Ug brJ ghf. J TLif
idF
X vLJfhL MF.
jFa rkghil vGj.

TLj idfhd
vLJfhLf

xU a bka ehlh Jil

vLJ bfhs.

nkY

yf vj

x Ldh ehlhit oJ

bfhs.

C + O 2 CO2

iAu# vj

fh Kiy bka

ehlhit r Rl vf.

2H2 + O2 2H2O
168

nt idf
2. ijWj id

AB vw bghU, A kW B vd uL
bghUfshf ntidia
ijWj id vnwh.

bra 11.6
2
 uh jhu fhgnd is xU
cyj nrhjid FHh vLJ
bfhs.
jhu fhgndo wij
ftf.
nrhjidFHhia
Rl
NLgLj.
NLgLJnghJ
fG
khwfis ftf.

brgG
w
th
(NO2)
btnaWtij fhzyh. J fha
ienu ijtilJ fha MirL,
ieu#
ilMirL
kW
M# cUthtjh MF.

2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

nkTa braf (bra11.6
kW 11.7) _y xU nrk, uL
myJ mjF nkgl bghUfshf
wJ
vgij
maKowJ.
jifa idia ijWj id
vnwh.
ntW y vLJfhLf
1. Rzh f ijWj

CaCO 3 CaO + CO 2
2. mnkha ilFnuhnk ijWj

(NH4)2Cr2O7
Cr2O3 + N2 + 4H2O

jhu
fhgnd

nkY mJbfhnth

jhu (II)
MirL

f
mf
btgiy
mnkha-il-Fnuhnk
cldoahf ijW, uhl
gir w th cUthwJ. X vkiy
btogij ngh njhwkgjh
J nt vkiy vdgLwJ.

gl 11.5 jhu fhgnd cs

nrhjid FHhia NLgLJj

3. l bga id

bra 11.7
xU nrhjidFHh J fha
ienuil vLJ bfhs.
mij Rl NLgLj.
fG khwfis ftf.

A C

A-F,
BC-F
ilna
VgL id A, BC-UJ
B-I lbga brJ AC-ia
cUthFwJ. A, B-ia fhoY,
mf id w cilaJ
vgij J fhLwJ.

169

myF-11

gir w fUik wkhf khWtij

fhf. J jhu fhgnd,
jhu(II)Mirlhf
ijWtjh
fwJ.

CuO + CO2)
( CuCO3

kbwhU vLJfhL:

bra 11.8

Pb + CuCl2 PbCl2 + Cu
fha, jhuij mj c
fiurfUJ lbga bra
ToaJ.
jhu
Jjehfijnah,
fhaijnah
mt
fiur
fUJ lbga bra Kokh?
KoahJ. Vbd, Jjehf kW
fha tiw fhoY jhu
Fiwj idw bfhlJ.

xU Kfit 20 jhu rng

fiuriy vLJ bfhs.
X U Mia Kfit
nghl.
y eh mgona L itf.
jhu rng fiur kW U
M t wij ftf.

jhu
rng
fiur

jhu

xU idw f jk
idw
Fiwj
jkij
mj nrkUJ lbga
br idia lbga id
vnwh.

bgu
rng
fiur

4. uil ij id
lbga id)

gl 11.6 U, jhu rng fiur

UJ jhuij lbga brj

nta

yw jhu rngfiur, gir

wkhf khWwJ, kW MahdJ
gG
wkhf khWwJ. J xU
Fljf khwkyth?
j
khw U jhuijl idw
fJ vgij %wJ, j
bragho Gs id fwJ.
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
j id U, jhu rng
fiur UJ jhuij lbga
brwJ. U MF gyhf
Jjehf jL bfhL bra 11.8
-I brJ ghf. Jjehf jL
kW jhu rng fiur wkhw
vd? jFa rkghil vGj.

A B

C D

A D

(uil
C B

AB kW CD tWilna VgL
id uL idgLbghUfS
ijW AD kW CB vw idis
bghUfis maf lkhwjh
jUwd.

bra 11.9
5 nrhoa rng
fiuriy
xU nrhjidFHh vLJ
bfhs.

nga
rng
gl 11.7 nga rng cUthj

170

nt idf
kbwhU nrhjid FHh
5
nga FnshiuL fiuriy
vLJ bfhs.
uL fiurfis nrf.
vd ftij fhf?

fiuahj
btis
w
bghU BaSO4 nrhjid FHh
cUthtij fhzyh. fiuahj
j bghUSF go vW bga.
vj id goit cUthFwnjh
mjF gothf id vW bga.
btis w go cUthtJ SO42kW Ba2+maf lkhwjh
fwJ. cUthF kbwhU Jiz
bghU nrhoa FnshiuL MF.
F nrhoa FnshiuL vD
kbwhU bghU cUthwJ.
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl
bra 11.2 TwgLsij
Ug brJ ghf. J uil
ij idF X vLJfhL
MF. jFa rkghil vGj.

cznth nuh yhk Tl gy

eh thH Ko. Mdh, M#
yhk xU ehTl cthH KoahJ.
e mwhl th Jf w
kFj, rika vth, wF kW
yf vj, U rhkhf
JUoj
Kja
ffis
fhnwh. j vyh ffS
M#ndw - xLf vw Fl
nt
idfshnyna
elwd.
bjhrhiyf eilbgW R
kW mYa nghw cnyhffis
bjLj Mait M#ndw
xLf idf mogilnyna
fwd.
M#ndw
xU
ntid
M#
nrfgLjnyh
iAu#
f
gLjnyh vyuhf fgLjnyh
fGnghJ mj id M#ndw
vdgLwJ.
2Mg + O2 2MgO
(M# nrfgLwJ )
H2S + Br2 2HBr + S
(iAu# fgLwJ )
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e(vyuh fgLwJ )

kbwhU vLJfhL :

xLf
xU nt id iAu#
nrfgLjnyh
M#
f
gLjnyh
vyuh
VfgLjnyh
fGnghJ mj id xLf
vdgLwJ.
2Na + H2 2NaH
(iAu# nrfgLwJ )
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
( M# fgLwJ )
Fe3+ + e- Fe2+
( vyuh nrfgLwJ )

CuSO4 + H2S CuS + H2SO4

5. M#ndw kW xLf
eh cthH njitahd f
Kakhd jk M# vgJ
eh vyhU mj xW. xU kj

171

myF-11

uL
idgLbghUf
mafSilna lkhw fJ
ntW uL idisbghUfis
jU idfis uil lbga
id vnwh.

M#ndw - xLf idf

M#ndwK, xLfK xnu rka fHToa idia M#ndw
- xLf id vnwh.
Zn + CuSO4 Cu + ZnSO4
ntW VjhtJ X M#ndw xLf idfhd rkghil vGj.

xLf

jhu (II)
Mi[L
jhu

M#ndw
gl 11.8 M#ndw xLfid
jhu (II) Mi[L, jhukhf khW id jhu (II) Mi[L M#id
Hgjh
xLfkilwJ.
nf,
iAu#
M#id
Vgjh
M#ndwkilwJ. mjhtJ, xU idbghU M#ndwkilwJ kwJ
xLfkilwJ. vdnt, khahd idf M#ndw xLf idf
vdgLwd.

nta

nkY mJbfhnth

M#ndw
vgJ
M#id Vw
iAu#id
Fj
vyuhid(fis)
Hj

M#ndw eh rhL cz
bghUfY X vkiw isit
clhFwJ.
bfhG kW
vbz cs cz bghUfis
mf neu itUFnghJ mit
bfL Lwd.
it bfl
Ritia Jehwij jUwd.
J Fghf nfhil fhy
j, kW btbz Mat
fhzgLwd.
vbz kW
bfhGf
M#ndwkilJ
JehwKs bghUfshf khWwd.

xLf
vgJ
M#id
Fj
iAu#id Vw
vyuhid(fis)
Vw

M#ndwK, xLfK nrnj

ftjh, j id M#ndw
xLf id vd miHfgLwJ.

172

nt idf
kW

btg

ntidfnghJ
bghJthf
fG xU khw btg khw
MF.
Jfis JitgjF
ikahia
(ryitbghUf)

fiuFnghJ
btg
btnaWwJ.
Fqnfhi[ e
eh
itFnghJ
byw
cz
clhwJ.
j
ff
RWwUJ
btg
btnaWjyhnyh
cbfhsgLjyhnyh
fwJ.
Jnghynt gy nt idf btg
btnaWjnyh
cbfhsgLjnyh
fwJ.

[A] - idbghU A - br
[B] - idisbghU B - br
v (-) FpL neuij bghUJ A
- br Fiwtij, ne(+) FpL
neuijbghUJ B -
br
mfgij fhLwJ.

11.2.1. n
 t idf ntfij
ghF fhuf
1. idbghUf a

bra 11.10
A kW B vw uL nrhjid
FHhf bka ehlhit
vLJbfhs.

m. btg c idf

nrhjidFHh
A-
j
iAnuh Fnsh myij
nrf.

btg Mw btnaWjYl fG
idfis btg c idf
vnwh.

nrhjidFHh B-
myij nrf.

N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + btg

vj idfS btg c
idf MF.
j idf
fGnghJ btg btnawgLwJ.
M. btgbfh idf

btgij VW fG idfis
btgbfh idf vnwh.
2NH3 + btg N2 + 3H2

11.2. ntid ntf

X myF neu idgLbghUf
myJ idis bghUf t
VjhtJ x br VgL khw
idntf vd tiuaWfgLwJ.
AB

mo

U nrhjidFHhfY VgL
khwfis ftf.
iAnuhFnsh my kW
mo my uoY bka
id jhY mo myij
l
iAnuhFnsh
my
ntfkhf id ftij fhzyh.
Vbd,
iAnuhFnsh my
mo myijl idw
fJ. J idgLbghU a
idntfij ghwJ vgij
fhLwJ.
2 . idgLbghUf br

bra 11.11

j id ntfij Gs
thW Flyh.

3 uh Jjehf Jffis
jjahf A kW B vw
nrhjidFHhf
vLJ
bfhs.

d[A]
d[B]
idntf = - ------- = + ------
dt
dt

173

myF-11

6. btg
c
bfhidf

iuthf idtij
vd fhuz?

nrhjidFHh A 5 1M
iAnuhFnsh
myij
nrf.

shfgl fha fhgndo

nkgu mfs Ugjh id
ntfkhf fwJ.
J nkgu
mfFnghJ
idntf
mfgij fhLwJ.

nrhjidFHh B 5 2M
iAnuhFnsh
myij
nrf.
t
VgL
ftf.

fhzyh.

khwfis

4. btgiy

bra 11.13
Jjehf
Jff
1M
iAnuhFnsh my kW 2M
iAnuhFnsh my tWl
id wJ.
Mdh, nrhjid
FHh B btnaW iAu#
th ms nrhjidFHh A
btnaWtijl mfkhf Ugij
fhz KowJ.
Vbd,
2M
iAnuhFnsh my br 1M
iAnuhFnsh my brit
l mf. J idgLbghUf
br mfFnghJ idntf
mfgij fhLwJ.
3. idgLbghUf nkgu

bra 11.12
shfgl fha fhgndil
(ryitf) Kfit- A vLJ
bfhs.

nta

ryitf JLfis (fha

fhgnd) Kfit - B vLJ
bfhs.

3 uh ryit f JLfis xU
Kfit vLJ bfhs.
5
1M iAnuhFnsh
myij nrf.
fG khwfis ftf.
Kfitia NLgLj.
fG khwfis ftf.
miw btgiy ryitf
JLfYs fha fhgnd
iAnuhFnsh
myJl
id bkJthf eilbgW
Fiwj idntf fhg -ilMi[il btnaWwJ. Mdh,
NLgLJnghJ fhg- il-Mi[L
mf
ntfJl
btnaWtij
fhzyh. J btgiy caUnghJ
idntfK
catij
fhLwJ.
5. id

uL KfitfY (A kW
B) iAnuhFnsh myij
nrf.

bra 11.14

xU
nrhjidFHh
bghlha Fnshnuil vLJ
bfhs.

fG khwfis ftf.

nrhjid FHhia NLgLj.

ryitf
shfgl

JLfisl
fha
fhgnd

174

vd
fwJ
ftf.

vgij

nt idf
khfR
il
Mi[il
idahf nrf.

: J vjdh
bjkh?

fG khwfis ftf.

: ijg vdF vJ bjahJ.

bghlha
Fnshnuil
NLgLJnghJ
M#
f
Fiwthd ntf btnaWwJ.
Mdh,
khfR-ilMi[il
idbghUSl nrj wF M#
btnaW
ntf
mfwJ.
J khfR -ilMi[L xU
idahf
bragL
id
ntf mfgij fhLwJ.

nkY mJbfhnth
j
iy
iw
kW
jhrhu
t
vjj
iyahd
khwK
milahk
id ntfij khW bghUis
id vd miHnwh.

vW

cdF

: vYr gH my Ugjh
mJ ghf csJ. ij g
nkY eh bjJ bfhnth.
myf, fhuf, cf e
mwhl
th
gagLwd.
gHrhWf, ikahf (ryit
bghUf), kUJf e mwhl
th Ka gF twd. e
cl tsij khw, e t
RuF iAnuhFnsh my
_ykhfnt eilbgWwJ.

11.3. myf
fiu bghGJ H+mafisnah
H3O+ mafisnah jU bghUfis
myf vnwh. myf xW
myJ mjF nkgl lbga
brajf iAu# mQfis
bfhlit.

FG bra
fhiy Kj khiy tiu cfis
R fG gJ nt khwfis
ftJ mtiw tifgLj.
m nkha-il-Fnuhnkil
gagL nt vkiyia
jah bra. ( wkhd vkiy)
rika nrhlhit gagL
nt vkiyia jah bra.
(mikahd vkiy ).

myf, fhuf, cf
: v
 d f fisghf
bjwh?
j vYr
gHrhiw gUfyhnk.
: ntlh, J f
UF.

gl 11.9 myf y k jhis

tghf khWj

ghf

175

myF-11

y
k
jh

M vw Mybrh ml
vw
y
bkhUJ
bgwglJ. ml vw y
bkhUJ bgwgl M vw
My brhYF Rit vgJ
bghU.
Ritia
bfhl
vYr rhW, fho kW uhir
rhW Kjad myjik cilait.
it y k jhis tghf
khWwd. myJl dhj
nrFnghJ wkwjhf, bk
MuR nrFnghJ
st
wkhf csd. bgUghyhd fk
myf
aifahfnt
cz
bghUf csd.
_yf

UfToa
myf

11.3.1. myf tiff

1. _yf mogil myf
myf fk myf kW
fk myf vd U tifahf
fgLwd.
fk myf
jhtuf
kW
yFf
(cdf)
fhzgL
myfis
fk
myf
vnwh. v.fh. HCOOH, CH3COOH
(tik Fiwj myf)
fk myf
ghiwf kW fk bghUf
UJ bgwgL myfis fk
myf vnwh. v.fh HCl, HNO3,
H2SO4 (tikF myf)
2. fhuJt mogil myf

kh my

vYir

my

uhir

lhlh my

jfh

M[h my

J fiur xU _yTW
myF xU iAu#maia
jUwJ. v.fh. HCl, HNO3

fho

mo my

U fhuJt my

yho my

it fiur xU _yTW
myF U iAu#mafis
jUwd. v.fh. H2SO4, H2CO3

xU fhuJt my

nta

nkY mJbfhnth
myfSF
fhuJt
vw gjij gagLJnwh.
fhuJt vgJ xU _yTW
my
cs
lbga
braToa iAu# mQf
vifia
FgjhF.
v.fh. mo my ehF
iAu# mQf UjhY
xnu xU iAu#id kLnk
lbga bra Ko. vdnt,
J xU fhuJtKilaJ.

t cs my vJ?

176

nt idf
KfhuJt my

11.3.2. myf ntgf

it fiur xU _yTW
myF
_W
iAu#
mafis jUwd. v.fh. H3PO4

1. cnyhffSl my id

bra 11.15
5 uh Jjehf Jffis nrhjid
FHh vLJ bfhs.

3. maW mogil myf

maW mogil myfis
U tifahf fyh.
tikF myf

xU d tahf 10 j
iAnuhFnsh
myij
nrf.

it

KGtJkhf
maWwd. v.fh HCl

myij Jjehf JfSl

nrFnghJ vd fhf?

tik Fiwj myf

it

gFasnt
maWwd. v.fh CH3COOH

iAu# th

4. br mogil myf

j
HCl

fiuJs
myf
rjjij bfhL myf br
F myf kW j myf
vd U tifahf fgLwd.

Jjehf Jf

gl 11.10 Jjehf Jff j

iAnuhFnsh myJl id

brF myf

j myf
it myf rjjij
Fiwj ms bfhLsd.

nkY mJbfhnth
brF myij F
nghJ ftdkhf braglntL.
vbghGJnk myij D J
jhf nrJ fy bfhnl
UfntL. thW brahk
br Fj myD iu
nrjh mf ms btg
btna my btna bjJ
cl fhaid VgLJ.

Jjehf
Jff
j
iAnuhFnsh myJl id
J
Jjehf
Fnshiuil,
iAu#
thit
jUtij
mayh.

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
nrhjidFHh mU X v
bkGFtia bfhL brYnghJ
mJ `gh' vw xl mizwJ.
j nrhjidUJ cnyhf j
myfSl idJ iAu#
th btnaWtij cW brwJ.
cnyhf + my c + iAu#
kWbkhU v.fh
Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2

177

myF-11

it myf rjjij
mf ms bfhLsd.

nrh
fiur

nkY mJbfhnth

vd fwJ?

vyh cnyhffS
j
myfSl
idJ
iAu#id btnaWtiy.
v.fh Cu, Ag.

uL
nrhjidFHhf
UJ
bttU
thit
bjj Rzh brY
cDila fljiy (fig)
g bra.

Rzhf,
Rzfo,
ryitf Mad
fha
fhgndo gntW aa
cUtfshF. J myfSl
idJ c, kW
fhg-il-MirL thit
jUwJ.

nrhjidFHh I
Na2CO3 + 2 HCl 2 NaCl + H2O + CO2

2. cnyhf fhgndLf kW cnyhf

igfhgndLf
myfSl
id

bra 11.16
I kW
II vw milahsl
U
nrhjidFHhfis
vLJbfhs.

NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2

bttU
fhg-ilMirL
thit bjj Rzh D
brYJnghJ mJ ghnghy khWwJ
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O

(ghnghy)
nkny Fl braghoid nH
csthW Flyh.

nrhjidFHh I- js
ryit
nrhlhit
(Na2CO3)
nrhjidFHh II- js
rika nrhlhit (NaHCO3)
vLJbfhs.

cnyhf fhgnd
myJ + my
cnyhf igfhgnd

uL
nrhjidFHhfY
j iAnuh Fnsh myij
nrf.

c
+

+
fhgilMirL

ntW y vLJfhLf :
MgCO3 + 2 HCl MgCl2 + H2O + CO2

Rzh

Mg(HCO3) 2 + 2 HCl MgCl2 + 2H2O + 2CO2

nkY mJbfhnth

j
HCl

nta

nrhjidFHh II

cnyhf fhgndLf myJ

cnyhfigfhgndLf fhujik
bgUgjh, myJl id
J
fhg-il-Miril
btna
cig
iu
jUwd.

ryit
nrhlh

gl 11.11 fhg-il-Mi[L
thitR nrhjid brj

178

nt idf
3. cnyhf MirLfSl myf
id

bra 11.17
2 uh jhu (II) Miril xU
fzho wf vLJbfhL
mjDl j iAnuhFnsh
myij bkJthf nrf.
c wij ftf.
jhu (II)
khaJ?

MirL

vdthf

4. Ul myf id :
X my Ul nrJ iAu#
mafis jUwwd.
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl

iAu#
maf
jJ
fhzgLtJ iy. it Ul
nrJ iAnuha(H3O+) mafshf
csd. yhjnghJ my
cs iAu# maia jahf
f KoahJ.

11.3.3. myf gaf

1. fjf my (ntbghUf
mur)
fh fyf kW gy
nrkfis jahg gagLwJ.
j HCl

2. ie my trha cukhf

gagL mnkha ienu vw
nrkij jahf gagLwJ.

gl11.12 j iAnuhFnsh
myJl jhu (II) Miro
id

ikgLJ
3. ftiwfis
bghUshf iAnuhFnsh my
gagLwJ.

CuO

CuCl2

4. lhlh
mykhdJ
buho
nrhlh xU gF bghUshF.
5. bgrh my c(nrhoa
bgnrhna)
czbghUfis
gjgLj gagLwJ.
6. fhW
milfgl
ghdf
fhgh my gagLwJ.

nkY mJbfhnth
btnfh tkly
mlj btis kW kr
wKs fjf myjh cUthd
nkf fhzgLwJ. uf
cdf
cthH
Kokh?
f.

nkny Ta braghogo :
cnyhf MirL + my c +
vw KoF tuyh.
kbwhU v.fh.
CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O
179

myF-11

fW w jhu (II) MirlhdJ

girw jhu (II) Fnshiulhf
khWwJ.
cnyhf
MirLf
fhujik
bgUgjh
myfSl idJ cig
iu jUwd.
CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O

11.4. fhuf

tik Fiwj fhuf:

fiuJ
iAuhirL
mafis
jUgit
fhuf
vdgLwd.
fhuf
fr
Ritia nrhnghw tGtG
jikia
bfhLsd.
v.fh.
ryitnrhlh, vnrhlh, vbghlhZ.
it t k jhis ykhf
khWwd. it dhjDl
st
wij,
bk
MuRl kr wij jUwd.

it

gFasnt
maWwd. v.fh. NH4OH, Ca(OH)2

t
k jh

2. myJt mogil fhuf:

X myJt fhu:
it maW xU _yTW
fhuF xU iAuhirL maia
jUgit. v.fh NaOH, KOH
< myJt fhu:
it

maW
xU
_yTW
fhuF
U
iAuhirL mafis jUgit.
v.fh Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2
_W myJt fhu:
it

maW
xU
_yTW
fhuF
_W
iAuhirL mafis jUgit
v.fh Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3.

nkY mJbfhnth
myJt vgJ xU fhu
xU _yT cs lbga
braToa iAuh bjhF
f vif MF.
3. br mogil fhuf:

fiuJs
fhuf
rjjij bfhL fhuf br
F fhuf kW j fhuf vd
U tifgL.

nta

gl 11.13 fhuf t k jhis

ykhf khWj

brF fhuf:

11.4.1. fhuf tiff

it fhuf rjjij
mf ms bfhLsd.

1. maahj mogil fhuf :

j fhuf :

tF fhuf :
it

KGtJkhf
maWwd. v.fh. NaOH, KOH.

180

it fhuf rjjij
Fiwj ms bfhLsd.

nt idf
11.4.2. fhuf ntgf
1. cnyhffSl fhu id:
Jjehf, nrhoa iAuhirLl
idJ
iAu#
thit
btL
nrhoa
nfil
jUwJ.
Zn + 2 NaOH Na2 ZnO2 + H2
cnyhf + fhu c + iAu#
kbwhU vLJfhL:

NaOH
fiur
+
dhj
+
HCl fiur
gl11.14 nrhoa iAuhirL j
iAnuhFnsh myJl id
NaOH
fiur

2 Al + 2 NaOH + 2 H2O 2 NaAlO2 + 3 H2

2. mnyhf MirLf fhuJl id:

2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O

nkny Ta id_y mJ
bfhtJ :
fhu + mnyhf MirL c +
kbwhU v.fh.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O
3. Ul fhuf id:

fiuFnghJ fhuf
iAuhirL
(OH-)
maia
jUwd.
NaOH Na+ + OH4. fhuf myfSl id:

bra 11.18
uh
xU
TFLit
20 0.1 N nrhoa iAuhirL
fiuriy vLJbfhL m
y J dhjid nrwh.
mt vd wij fhwh?
mnj T FLitD 20,
0.1 N iAnuhFnsh myij
JJahf nrwh.
mt
VjhtJ
wkhwij
fhwhsh?

nkny fl bra xU fhu

jikia my Ftij uh
fhwh.
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
nkny
Fl
myF,
fhuF ilna VgL idia
eLiyahf id vnwh
fhu + my c +

11.4.3. fhuf gaf

1. nrhoa
iAuhirL
nrh
jahf gagLwJ.
2. fha
iAuhirL
fll
fSF btisaogjF gagLwJ.
3. bka iAuhirlhdJ tW
nehfSF kUjhf gagLwJ.
4. mnkha
iAuhirL
Jf cs vbz fiw
kW Rid f gagLwJ.

nkY mJbfhnth
vyh
cnyhffS
nrhoa
iAuhirLl
idtJ
iy. v.fh. Cu, Ag, Cr.

181

myF-11

nrhoa iAuhirL, fhgil-MirLl idJ nrhoa

fhgndil iu jUwJ.

NaOH
fiur
+
dhj

11.5. myf, fhufis flj

bra 11.19
v
 Yir rhW, ryitnrhlh fiur, nrh fiur kW Fghdf
Matiw nrfJ itJbfhf.
n
 kTa fiurf xbthY 2 ms xU nrhjidFHh
vLJbfhL kjh myJ wfhoia bfhL nrhjid bra.

 t k, y k, dhj kW bk MuR tWl VgL

w khwfis ftf.
f fhgij mltizgLj.

kh fiur

t
k

y
k

dhj

bk
MuR

vYir rhW
ryit nrhlh
fiur
nrh fiur
F ghdf

njnghw braghil cdJ Ma JizbfhL j

iAnuhFnsh my, j r~ my, nrhoa iAuhirL
fiur kW bghlha iAuhirL fiur Matiw bfhL brJ
ghf.
wfho

my fhzgL w

fhu fhzgL w

dh~j

wkwJ

st

bk MuR

MuR

kr

nta

11.6 pH msL
xU fiur my myJ fhu tikia, mfiur iAu#
maf br mogil msLjny pH msL vdgLwJ. pH kf,
xU fiur jik mykh, fhukh eLiyah vgjid khwJ.
S.P.L.rhur vgt j pH msil mKfgLdh.
pH- kig GsthW fzlyh.

182

nt idf
pH = -log10 [H+ ]

pH = log10 [H+]

eLiy fiur [H+] = 107M; pH = 7

pH = log10 (1.0 x 10-9 )

my fiur [H+] > 107M ; pH < 7

[H+] < 107M pH > 7

OH-

mafis fU bfhlh
OH
p
fzil
GsthW
Flyh.

pOH = -log10 [OH- ]

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
p

OH

pH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

m) myjik mfwJ
M) fhujik mfwJ
) eLiy

fzLf
1. xU fiur iAu# ma
br 0.001M v, mfiur pH
kig fLof.

pH = log10 [H+]

pH = (log101.0 + log1010-9 ) [ log10 1 = 0]

pH = (0 9) = 9
pH = 9
pH- k 7I l mfkhf
Ugjh fiur fhujik cilaJ.
3. xU
fiur
iAuhirL
ma br 0.001M.
v,
H
fiur p kig fLof.

pOH = log10[OH]

pOH = log10 (103)

pOH = 3
pH = 14 pOH
pH = 14 3 = 11

2. xU fiur iAu# ma

br 1.0 x 10-9 M fiur pH
kig
fLof.
cdJ
ilUJ fiur mykh, fhukh,
eLiyah vgij Tw.

pH = 14 pOH

pOH = -log10[OH]

pOH = log10 (1.0 x 10-9)

pOH = 9
pH = 14 pOH

= (3) log10 10
p =3

pH + pOH = 14

4. xU
fiur
iAuhirL
ma br 1.0 x 10-9 M. v,
fiur pH kig fLof.

pH = log10 (0.001)
pH = log10 (10 3)
H

= (09 log10 10)

pH = 14 9 = 5

11.6.1. pH jh
g
Mtff
pH
jh
H
bfhL
p
fzlgL
Kiw
gagLjgLwJ.
J
wfhof fyitahF. j
_y vyh pH kfis, mJ fhL

183

myF-11

fhu fiur

btntW wfis bfhL mayh. btntW fiurf pH- k nH

cs mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.

pH jh bfhL pH kig mj
fiur

pH- njhuha k
2.2 2.4

vYir rhW

4.1

jfh rhW

4.4 5.5

fh

6.5 7.5

kj c

12.0

o gagLJ mnkhah

gl 11.15 pH jh

bra 11.20
vYir rhW, MuRgH rhW,1M NaOH,1M HCl, a kW fho
tiw vLJbfhs
pH jh xU Kidia j fiur EiHf.
VgL khwfis ftf.
t. v
1.
2.

pH-
njhuha k

MuRgHrhW
1M NaOH

4.

1M HCl

6.

pH jh
w

vYir rhW

3.
5.

nta

kh fiur

a
fho

[H+] = 1 x 10-7 ; pH = 7

pH = log10 [H+]
1
pH = log10
H+
[H+] = 10- pH

[H+] = 1 x 10-2 ; pH = 2
[H+] = 1 x 10-14 ; pH = 14

184

fiur
jik

nt idf

1. kj cl p

pH-

pH-
kig
bfhL
kj
cley
ffgLwJ. pH- k
6.9 MFnghJ kj cl F,
Uk kW q t
jhfF MshwJ. kj
cl pH 5.5Mf UFnghJ
Wneh cUthF brf
cl
njh
cthH
VJthwJ.
xU
cleyf
kj
H
clYs njh p 4.5 UJ
6 Mf UF. ey cl
wij bgWtjF Fl pH
k njit.
e
 t RuF ut
pH k ljl 2 MF.
J czit brkhd bra
cjwJ.
kj uj pH 7.35UJ
7.45Mf UF. j msitl
Tlnth, Fiwthfnth Ujh
nehf cUthwd. uj
pH k 7.4 MF.
pH
c
rhjuhzkhf
6.5UJ 7.5F UF.
e gfYs vdhk vD
btisglykhdJ
e
clnyna
f
fodkhd
gFahF. J fha ghng
vw
nrkdhyhdJ.
J
fiutiy. c pH
5.5-F
nH
FiwnghJ
j vdhk mfgLwJ.
gfis RjgLj gagL
ggirf bghJthf fhujik
bgUgjh, mit mfgoahd
myij
eLiyah
gijit jLwd.

2) k pH
trha k pH f
KakhdjhF.
u
gHf
fhujikila kY, m
myjik bfhl kY,
fU eLiy jik bfhl
kY mfkhf iswd.

3) kiH pH
kiH pH ljl 7 MF
J kiH ikia, eLiy
jikia fhLwJ. Mdh SO2,
NO2 nghw thfdh khRgLnghJ
j pH k 7I l FiwJ
mykiH cUthwJ.

11.7. c
c
vwhny
tWtf
nrfgL xU btikahd nrk
cf idF tuyh. Mdh,
mJ rhjhuz c vdgL X c
MF. nkY, gy cf gy tiff
gagLwd.
myfSF fhufSFilna
fG eLiyahF id_y
ilF isbghUfns cfshF
(myf,fhuft
idfis ghf.) cf
fiuJ ne kW v mafis
cUthFwd.

11.7.1 cf tiff
1. rhjhuz cf:
x my kW fhu t
KGikahd
eLiyahfnghJ
rhjhuz c ilwJ.
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
2. my cf:
it cnyhfkhdJ myYs
iAu# mQf gFasit
185

myF-11

11.6.2. mwhl th
KaJt

btnaWtjh cUthwd. gy
fhuJt myij xU fhudh gF
ms eLiyah bgwgLwd.
NaOH + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + H2O
3. fhu cf:
it U myJt myJ
_W
myJt
fhufYs
iAuhirL
mafis
X
myjh gFas btnaw brJ
bgwgLwd.
xU fhu c, nkY myJl
nrJ rhjhuz cig cUthFwJ.
Pb(OH)2 + HCl Pb(OH)Cl + H2O
U myJt fhu c
fhu

2. J Lf RjgLJ bghUshf
gagLwJ.
rika nrhlh (NaHCO3)
1.
 J
buhonrhlh
jahf
gagLwJ. buhonrhlh vgJ
rika nrhlh lhlh myK
nrj fyitahF. J nf kW
buhofis bkikahf khWwJ.
2.
 J my cs xU
gFbghU.
j
fiur
fhujik
bgUgjh
tYs mfgoahd myij
eLiyahFwJ.
ryit (CaOCl2)
1. J
FoYs
ghOahfis
mf gagLwJ.

4. uil cf:
rkkhd
_yTW
vilj
msf uL va cf
iww
fiurfis
nrJ
gofkhFnghJ
uil
cf
cUthwd.
v.fh. bghlhZ gofhu

11.7.2. cf gaf

2.
 J gU kW d Jfis
btSf gagLwJ.
gh rhJ(CaSO4.H2O)
J Kj vYfis xlitf
kW iyfSfhd thfis
bra gagLwJ.

rhjhuz c ( NaCl)

FG braghL

J e mwhl czY, czit

ghJfhgY gagLwJ.

fl
jahf.

ryitnrhlh( Na2CO3)
bkuhf

khw

nta

1. J fod iu
gagLwJ.

186

cfis

1. rhjhuz c
2. bghlhZ gofhu

Mtf

nt idf

kL
gF - m
1. Zn +2 HCl ZnCl2+ H2
nkTa id vj tif idia rhjJ?
m) TLif id

M) uil lbga id

) lbga id <) ijWj id

2. brgG wKs X vw jkij fhWl btggLJnghJ Y vw
fW w nrkij jUwJ. X kW Y vgJ ________ (Cu, CuO / Pb, PbO).
3. xU khzt pH jhis bfhL a pHI nrhjh. pH jh gir
wij fhoaJ. vYr gHrhiw D l fhj ________ wkhf
khaJ (gir / t/ kr).
4. nt vkiy vgJ
(TLif id / ijWj id)
5. f
 ha ienu goffis mf ms btggLJbghGJ mJ ________
thit bfhLwJ kW mj th w ________.
6.
 t ienu kW nrhoa FnshiuL fiurfis fyFnghJ
________ go cldoahf ilwJ. (btis / kr)
7. m
 Ya, Jjehf rng fiurUJ Jjehfij lbga brwJ.
(Jjehf mYaijl idw fJ / mYa Jjehfijl
idw fJ.)
8. g
 ijit jLf eh ehS g Jyf ntL. bghJthf gagLjgL
ggir ________ jik bfhlJ.
9. m
 o my f csJ.
(yho my / lhlh my)

cs

my

________

10. p
 H = - log10 [H+]. xU fiur iAu# ma br 0.001M v, mj
pH k ________ (3 / 11 / 14).

11. (i) Rzh fiy NLgLJnghJ

(ii) bka ehlhit fh vFnghJ
vj tifahd ntidf fG?

187

myF-11

gF - M

12. eF bjj y bghUf pH k nH bfhLfgLsJ.

pH k

bghU
uj

7.4

rika nrhlh

8.2

2.5

LgaghL mnkhah

12

m) vbjj bghUf myjik cilait?

M) vbjj bghUf fhujik cilait?
) mltizia gFgh brJ nH cs nffSF ilaf.
 U Mia jhu rng fiurD itFnghJ jhurng V w
13.
khWwJ. c gYfhd sfij ju.
14. xU fiur iAouh ma br 1.0 x 10-8 M v, mj pH k
vd?
15. rk sKs bka ehlhit nrhjidFHh A kW B vLJbfhs.
nrhjidFHh A iAnuhFnsh myij, nrhjidFHh
B mo myij nrf. uL myf ms br
rkkhf csd. t vj nrhjid FHh id mf aJl
eilbgWwJ? V?

nkY ma
f
1.Text book of Inorganic Chemistry P.L. Soni - S.Chand & sons publishers
2. Principles of Physical Chemistry B.R. Puri, L.R. Sharma Vishal publishers
izajs

nta

www. ask.com
www.chem4kids.com

188

12. jkf Mtjd tifghL

f yfF brU
fsh? bga yf Mufz
fhd f csd. bghJthf, f
VjhtJ xU iy nfFnghJ mij
fLogJ fod. UjnghY
f VjhtJ Fl xU iy
nfFnghJ mj yf ntiy
br yf f vjhf vLJ
bfhLgh. J vgo KowJ? xU
yf fis mt F
cF
Vg
tifgL
itUghf. mit mykhf
mthnw mLfgoUF. vdnt,
Fl xU iy njo vLgJ
vjhwJ.

nta

Jtiu 118 jkf ma

gLsd.
mit
xbthiw
jjahf
J,
mt
gfis gafis g mtJ
fodkhd bra. vdnt, jkf
mt
xj
gfSnfg
tif
gLjgLwd.
xU
KfgLJtJ vgJ kj Ka
gghF. jkfis mt xj
gfSnfg tifgLJnghJ xU
bjhFYs VnjD xU jk
gf_y mj bjhF
cs kw jkf gfis
v Cf KowJ. vdnt,
tifgLJj ma mPfSF
f njitahd xwhwJ.
mf vif jkf
flaglnghJ mt gf,
af,
Fzf,
izw
Kjyhdt
mogil
jkfis tirgLj Vuhskhd
Kaf nkbfhsgld. (jk
tir mltizia jahj bgUik
bkl vw mPiuna rhU)

190

bA b#
nkhny vw My
aa tYe
(1887-1915) X-ffis
gagL
jkf mQ
vfis fljh.

12.1. a Mtjd
bkl
jk
tir
mltizYs Fiwfis fisa
Vuhskhd ma mPf Ka
brjd. 1912 M Mo nkhny
vw My aa mP X
cnyhfij mntf vyuhfis
bfhL
jhFnghJ
btnaW
X-ff mbtiz msj
jh. mt mbtf
tf
_yij, mQ vfis bfhL
tiugl
tiujh. ilfgl
tiugl
nenfhlhf
mikjJ.
UJ cnyhfjh btnawgl
X-ff mbtf
tf
_y mQ vfSF nej
UFnk ju, mj cnyhf mQ
mQ iwia rhuhJ.
nkhny
jkfis
mt
mQ vf (Z) mogilnyna
tifgLj ntLbkd Tdh.
j mogil ed Mtjd
ia tUkhW Tdh.
go
jkf
aa kW nta gf
mjkf mQ vfSF Vg
Mtjd Kiw khwkilwd.

jkf Mtjd tifghL

ed
Mtjd
go,
jkfis mt mQ vf
VWtir
mikjh
xj
gfSila
jkf
uhd
ilbtF mikwd.

vyuh
mik
mogil
mikfgLsJ. J ed Mtjd
mltiz vd miHfgLwJ.

12.2.1 ed
myJ
tot
jk tir mltizia
tj

nkY mJbfhnth
X mQ mQ v vgJ
cfU
cs
nuhlhf
myJ bttlghij R
tU vyuhf vif
ahF.

tot jk tir mltiz

jkf mt mQ vf
VWtir mikfgLsd. j
mltiz ilkl tirf,
bjhlf, tirf vW brFJ
tirf, bjhFf vW miHf
gLwd.

12.2 ed Mtjd mltiz

ed Mtjd mogil
Vuhskhd jk tir mltizf
mtnghJ
bfhL
tuglhY
vyhtF
mogilahdJ
bkl jk tir mltiz.
bghJthf gagLjgL tot
mltizahdJ
jkf

nkY mJbfhnth
ed
Mtjd
mltiz
ehF bjhFfshf Kiwna s,p,d
kW f vd fgLsd.

12.2.2 jk tir mltiz btntW gFf

tot jk
tir mltiz

lgF
bjhF 1 kW
2 (rhjhuz
jkf )

eLgF
bjhF 3-12

tygF
bjhF
13-18 (rhjhuz
jkf )

yhjidLf

MoidLf

jk tirmltiz nH jahf itfgLsd

191

myF-12

c iliy jkf

iliy jkf

192

bjh
l

nta

bjhFf

a Mtjd mltiz

jkf Mtjd tifghL

J MwhtJ tirianghynt
KguL
jkfis
bfhoUfyh. Mdh, Jtiu
UgjhW jkf kLnk
IUPAC-ah
mfhutkhf
VfgLsd.

12.2.3. bjhlf g mj

12.2.4 bjhFf g mj
Mtjd
mltiz
nkUJ Hhf mikfgLs
brFJ tirf, bjhFf
vdgL.
jk
tir
mltiz
18
bjhFf
csd.
Kj bjhF jkf fhu
cnyhffshF.
ulh bjhF jkf
fhuk
cnyhff
vdgLwd.
bjhFf 3-12
tius
jkf iliy jkf
vdgLwd.
bjhFf 1, 2 kW 13-18
tius jkf rhjhuz
jkf
myJ
Ka
bjhF jkf
myJ
uJt jkf vd
miHfgLwd.
bjhF 16 cs jkf
(bghnya ju) rhnfhb#
FLg vdgLwd.
bjhF-17
cs
jkf
nAnyh# FLg
vdgLwd.
18M bjhF jkf caa
thf myJ kjthf
vdgLwd.
193

myF-12

ilkl tirf, bjhlf vd

miHfgLwd.
jk tir
mltiz VG bjhlf csd.
Kj bjhl (mQ v 1 kW 2)
J f FWa bjhl.
uL jkf kL csd
(iAu# kW a ).
ulhtJ bjhl: (mQ v
3-10) J FWa bjhl.
vL
jkf
csd.
(aUJ ah tiu)
_whtJ bjhl ( mQ v 1118) J xU FWa bjhl.
Y vL jkf csd.
(nrhoaUJ Mfh tiu)
ehfhtJ bjhl (mQ v
19-36) J xU l bjhl.

gbdL
jkf
csd.(bghlha
UJ
lh tiu). vL va
jkfS gJ iliy
jkfS csd.
IjhtJ bjhl (mQ v 37-54)
J xU l bjhl Y
gbdL
jkf
csd
(UoaUJ brdh tiu)
vL va jkfS
gJ
iliy jkfS
csd.
MwhtJ bjhl (mQ v 5586) J f l bjhl.
KguL jkf csd.
(aUJ
nulh
tiu)
vL va jkfS
gJ iliy jkfS
gdhF
c
iliy
jkfS
(yhjidLf)
csd.
VHhtJ bjhl ( mQ v 87-118)

 bjhF 3 xU gFahf
sF yhjidLf kW
MoidLf
ciliy
jkf vd miHfgLwd.

xj izwid bgWsd.
xU bjhFYs jkf xj
ntgfis bgWsd.
xU bjhFYs jkf
cUFiy, bfhiy, ml
Kja aa gf uhf
khWgLwd.

12.3.a Mtjd ml
tiz w gf
12.3.1 bjhlf w gf

xU bjhFYs jkf
mQ MukhdJ nkUJ Hhf
tUnghJ mfwJ.

xU bjhl vyh jkfY

mt
xnu
izw
Tonyna
vyuhf
nrfgLwd.

12.3.3 a Mtjd
mltiz iwf

bjhl
cs
jkf
vyuh mik khWgLtjh
mt
ntgfS
khWgLwd.

j mltiz jkf
mogil gghd mQ viz
mogilahf bfhLsJ.
J
jkf
mt
mikig f
bjhlgLJwJ.

mQ cUt msthdJ xU
bjhl
lUJ
tykhf
brYnghJ FiwwJ.
xU bjhl jk cnyhf
jik FiwJ, mnyhf jik
mfJ fhzgLwJ.

12.3.2 bjhFf
gf

bjhFf 2 kW 18Ys
jkf
mQ
vf
8,8,18,18,32
Matwh
khWgLwd.

xbthU bjhF jJtkhf

csJ.
bjhFf

jfgLwJ.

nta

Inrhnlhf xnu mQ viz

bgUgjh mtF xnu l
vgJ rahwJ.

4-12 bjhFfYs jkf

mQ
vf
18,32,32
Matwh khWgLwd.

bkl vlhtJ bjhF

jkfSF j mltiz
ca l bfhLfgLsJ.
vyh
iliyjkf
gf
mtF
lJ
kW
tyJ
gFUF
jkf gfSilna

xU bjhFYs jkf
mt izw To xnu
vifs vyuhfis
bgWsd.
bjhFYs

xU
bjhl
mQ
v
catjnfg mt Mw
TLf
vyuhfsh xU
kjth
mik
tUtiu
Kiwahf uggLwd.
ij v id itJ
bfhs, Ug Tw KowJ.

13-17 bjhFfYs jkf

mQ
vf
8,18,18,32
Matwh khWgLwd.

xU

lij
vyuh
bjthf

jkf
194

jkf Mtjd tifghL

yhjidLf kW MoidL
f mltiz nH jahf
itfgLsd.

mikUgjh mtiw jk
tir mltiz eL
mikUgJ
bghUjkhf
csJ.

12.3.4. 
 a
Mtjd
mltiz Fiwf

j mltiz cnyhfij
mnyhfij
KGtJkhf
J itwJ. mnyhff
nk
tyJ
gf
_iy
itfgLsd.

iAu#DF D jFj l
jugliy.
yhjidLf
kW
MoidLfSF mltiz
cns l jugliy.

bkl mltiz l
khUj
y
jkf
lf mQ v mogil
itFnghJ
Kiwahf
itfgLsd.

y iliy jkf kW
c iliy jkf
vyuhf
mikig
ga
bjthd
sff
jugliy.

12.4 cnyhfa

nkY mJbfhnth
eh jh mYa
bt btikia
bfhlt, khdij
gilgt. mjdh, eh
jh bgat.

IUPAC-ah mfhut
khf
mfgLs
W jk mQ v
112 bfhl nfhbgua
(Cn112). UD, Jtiu
fL
ofgLs
jkf 118.

eh jh fhg

eh jh xU U kj.
fduf vufis, ghyfis
gilgt. mjdh eh jh
bgat.

cf ghit j
jna f bgatf.
midtU xwh
cnyhf fiyitahdh
f wghdt Mfyh
vgJ cik.
XWikna ca

195

myF-12

brgG wd.
ehzaij
cUthFgt. mjdh,
eh jh bgat.

mKf
cnyhffisga
e
Phd gHfhyUnj bjhlJ
tUtjhF.
cy
KjKj
gagLjgl cnyhf fhg myJ
jhu. j _y, ghufS,
MjfS kW ntiyghLs w
bghUfS bragld. xU eho
Kndw mJ bgUF fk
tsij bghUnj klgLwJ.
cnyhffshd
ilnla,
Fnuha, khfR, nfha
Kjyhdit
ghJfhfhd
gilfyfis
cUthf
gagLtjh
ngh
cnyhff
vdgL. nua vw cnyhf
Vuhskhd Mwiy btL. mQ
Mj cg gagLwJ. jhu,
bt kW jf Kjyhdit
ehza
jah
gagLtjh
ehza cnyhff vdgL. it
mfyf Mf gagLwd.

bghdhd cik
mfyf cUthf 22 nfu
jf gagLjgL. 22 ghf
jfK, 2 ghf jhuK csJ.
jf
ikia
`nfu'
vw myfh Fnwh. jf
ikia GsthW fzlyh.

nta

22/24 x 100 = 91.6%

mjhtJ, 91.67% ikahdJ. 1
uh jfij 2 nyhl uF
bka fahf lKo vgJ
aig VgLJ cik.

196

jkf Mtjd tifghL

eik Rs cnyhff
nkY mJbfhnth
cnyhff
y
Ea
ms ca braghoF f
aikahjit.
Fe- uj t w
(nkhFnsh)
Uig
bfhLsJ.
Ca- vY, gf f Ka
gF twJ.
Co itl B-12 cs
cnyhf MF.
Mg = jhtu gira
cs cnyhf MF.

12.4.1. cnyhfa gagL

fiy brhf
fkf
xU
fk
vgJ,
jj
nrkkhfnth myJ gy nrkf
TL
fyitahfnth

fhzgL.
vj xU Fl fk
UJ nrkiy cnyhf, vjhf
yhgfukhd
Kiw,
bgUks
bjLf Kojh mj fk jhJ
vdgL.
cjhuzkhf,

fk
(Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O)
kW
ghi[
(Al2O3,2H2O) Mait mYa
fkfshF. Mdh, mYa
ghi[
fkUJ
kLnk
yhgfukhf
bjLfgLwJ.
vdnt, mYa jhJ ghi[
MF. fk mj fkkhF.

fkf
cnyhf
Fiwj
rjjnk fhzgL. Mdh jhJf
cnyhf, mf rjj fhzgL.
fkfUJ
cnyhfij
v
f
ayhJ.
Mdh,
jhJfUJ
cnyhfij
yhgfukhf, va KiwY f
aY.
vyh fkfS jhJfsy.
Mdh, vyh jhJfS fkfns.
cnyhfa:
cnyhfij
mj
jhJUJ
bjLf,
btntW
goiyfis
mij
ikgLjiy tF gFna
cnyhfa vdgL.
197

myF-12

jhJf

12.4.2 fkfSF,
jhJfSF cs
ntWghLf

jhJTs
jhJbghUfSl fyJs k
myJ fk ghiw rgjgl
khRf jhJTs vdgL.

s
jhJl cs khRfis (fhF)
cUL nrkkhf kh mij l
jhJl nrF. bghUns s
vgjhF. v.fh. fha MirL

frL
cnyhfij
j
s
jhJTsJl idJ cUthF,
isbghUns frL vdgL.
jhJTs + s frL
cUj - M# XLf

cU j
tWj
cnyhf
Mi[il
cnyhfkhf cUa iy khW xU
xLfidna cU j MF.

MirL jhJ

12 .5. cnyhff _yf

mnefkhf 80jkf fkgothf
wgunyh gu monyh
fhzgLwd.
Fiwj
idw
cs
cnyhff jj iy aif
fhzgLwd.
jf,
bt,
shod Kjyhdit jjiy
ilF cnyhffF rhwh~F.
mfkhd w cnyhff, MirL
jhJfshf, fhgnd jhJfshf,
nAiyL
jhJfshf,
rigL
jhJfshf, rng jhJfshf
nrj iy fhzgLwd.

fhgnd jhJ

nAiyL jhJ

ghi[

fhyik (ZnCO3)

iunahiy

dgh

Fiu(Cu2O)

kh (CaCO3)

~gqgh

fdh (PbS)

(Al2O3.2H2O)

nta

Kiw fhF vdgL khRf,

jhJl
nrfgl
sah
fgLwJ. cnyhf MirlhdJ
cnyhfkhf
cUa
iy
xLfkilwJ.

nAkil(Fe2O3)
if(ZnO)

(Na3AlF6)

(CaF2)

bkdir

Ah t

(MgCO3)

(AgCl)

liu(FeCO3)

rigL jhJ
(HgS)

U igiu
(FeS2)

ghiw c (NaCl) sL
(ZnS)

198

jkf Mtjd tifghL

cnyhf bjLj cs btntW iyfis fhQ xGf tiugl
tahf mayh.
jhJ
p Kiw, Eiu jKiw,
fhj Kiw, nta Kiw.

brl

brlgl jhJ
mf idw
cs cnyhff

Fiwj idw
cs cnyhff

jkhd idw
cs cnyhff

dhgF xLf
ikahf

fhyh NH tWj
fhW NH tWj
xLf ikahf

fhWNH tWj

a cnyhf

a cnyhf
a cnyhf

12.6. mYa, jhu, U

ga cnyhfa

mYa KajhJ

12 . 6 .1 mYa cnyhfa

ghir jhJUJ mYa

bjLj
U
iyf
eilbgWwJ.

ghir( Al2O3.2H2O )

nga
Kiw
mYdhthf khWj
f
eilbgWwJ.

Gs

ghiril
gof

FpL : Al, w : btia nghw

btik, mQ v : 13, vyuh
mik : 2,8,3, izw : 3,
mQ iw : 27

ghir jhJit eF sh
vnrhlhl 1500C btgiy
Fl
mGjF
cgLj
nrhoa bklh mYnd cUthwJ.

jk tir mltiz tir

3, bjhF 13 IIIA f brJ
fhzgL
cnyhf
mYa
idgL w jF mf. Mjyh,
J nrj iy fhzgLwJ.
j KajhJfGsthW.

Al2O3.2H2O + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + 3H2O

NaAlO2 + 2H2O

thghL

ghi[

Al2O3.2H2O

iunahiy

Na3AlF6

bfhul

Al2O3.

NaOH + Al(OH)3

j goit, tofo, uh eF
fG
1000C
btgiy
cyl mYdh (Al2O3) cUthwJ.
2Al(OH)3 1000C Al2O3 + 3H2O

199

myF-12

jhJ bga

juh
nrhoa
bklh
mYndil
f
brtjh
mYa iAuhirL
go
cUthwJ.

2. Ah Kiwgo dhgF xLf brJ mYdhit mYakhf

khWj.
dh gFKiw mYdhit dhgFfy itJ xLf,
mYa nfnjhoY, M# MndhoY btahwJ.

uhig rgl
U bjho

uhig jLf

uhig jLf

gF

ikahd
mYa

gl 12.1. mYaij dh ikahf

nfnjhL

uhig rgl Ubjho

MndhL

cUa gF bjhflgl uhig JLf

gF

a mYdh
+ cUa iunahiy + ~qgh
(J gFia cUf njitahd btgiyia
FiwF.)

btgiy
mGj

900 - 950C
5 - 6V

nta

mYa bjLj nt
idia va rkghlh s
fyh.
2Al2O3

4Al + 3O2

a - yFthdJ. Fiw ml
bfhlJ
jflhf mofyh, fahf lyh.
,
btg,
flJwrhuij, btgij eF
flJ.

mYa gf
m. agf
w - bt btik bfhl
cnyhf
200

cUFiy 660C
gsgsgh, xU njhw bgW.

jkf Mtjd tifghL

mYndilj jUwJ.
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2+3H2

4. myfSl id:
j, ml,
myJl

iAnuh

Fnsh

2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2

j fjf myJl

gl 12.2 mYa flJj

Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2

M.ntgf

2Al + 3H2SO4

1. M#Dl id : va
btgiy mYa idahJ.
Mdh,
800C
btgiy
Miril, ieiuil jUwJ.

ml fjf myJl

nkY mJbfhnth

2Al2O3

j ml ie my,
mYaJl idtiy.
khwhf mYank MirL
gly cUth, mj idgL
Mwiy jLwJ.

2Al + N2 2AlN

2. Ul id
Ul mYa idnaJ
ilahJ.
Mdh,
uhl
idJ, brNL mYa
iAu# thit cUthFwJ.

xLf id:
mYa
wj
Mi#
xL, mYa glU, U
MirL
bfhl
fyitia
NlhFnghJ U MirL Ughf
XLfgLwJ. f, mYa
btg xLfid MF.

2Al + 3H2O Al2O3 + 3H2

brNL mYa + uh
mYdh + iAu# th

3. fhufSl id
fhuJl mYa id J

Fe2O3 + 2Al 2Fe + Al2O3

mYa gaf
gaf
Lghuf
brl

tot
mYa cnyhf

fhuz
mYa nyrhdJ, mig
jLgJ wj btg fl.

f cg

mYa ff wj fl

khd fLt ouhY

cnyhf fyitahf bkdha

mYa
cnyhf
fyitf nyrhdit Gir
csit. mig vgit.

btgjh xo
izj

mYa ey xL U
Miril Ugh xLF.

mYa gl

201

myF-12

4Al + 3O2

2Al + 6H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O

fhg jhJf

th}
(J mYa cnyhf fyit)

bjh Kiw gaz myJ

bjhrhiyia ghitl
E tF khztUl
Ma
JiznahL
cnyhffis btgjh
izj
eilbgW
bjhgliwF brW tUf.

12.6.2. jhu cnyhfa

thghL

1. fhg igiu

CuFeS2

2. Fiu myJ
% fhg

Cu2O

3. fhg sh

Cu2S

jhu myJ fhg KajhJ

fhg igiu
cyf fhg cg
UJ bgwgLwJ.

76%

jhuij
fhgigiuoUJ
bjLj
f
fhQ
eilbgWwJ.

gof

1. shfY brlY
shfgl
jhJ
Eiuj
Kiw mlfgLwJ.

2. tWbjLj

FpL

Cu

mQ iw

63.55

mQ v

29

vyuh mik

2, 8, 18, 1

izw

1,2

mlfgl
jhJthdJ
M# Kiy tWfgL
wJ.
tWjnghJ
<ugj
fgLwJ. MahF khRf
fgLwd.
rg, ghgu, Mr, Mok
Mait MirLfshf kh f
gLwd. fhgigiulhdJ fhg,
U rigLfshf khWwJ.
2CuFeS2 + O2

jk tir mltiz l

3. cUj

tir v = 4, bjhF =11

nta

Cu2S + 2FeS + SO2

cnyhf _y - nuhkhafsh J
Fu vdglJ. Vbd, iru
vD UJ vLfgljh,
mthW miHfglJ. J jJ
nrJ fhzgL.

202

tWfgl
jhJthdJ
sh
fgl fhg kW kzYlD
fyJ NnlWnghJ kho frL
cUthF. fril btna f ntL.
(kho = Cu2S + FeS)

jkf Mtjd tifghL

4. bgkuhFj

jhu gf

cUa khoia bgk khW

ciyL NnlWnghJ bfhs
fhg cUthF. kho cs U
rigL M#ndw milJ U
Mirlhf khWwJ. J fhl
nrJ frlhf khW.

agf
jhu brgG wKs cnyhf
MF. J gsgsghdJ mf ml
bfhlJ. j cUF iy 1356C

ntgf

2Cu2S + 3O2 2Cu2O + 2SO2

1. fhWlD, <ugjJlD id

2Cu20 + Cu2S 6Cu + SO2

jhu, <ugjfhWl idJ

gir w fhg fhgnd glyij
cUthF.

5. ikahf

2Cu + O2 + CO2 + H2O CuCO3.Cu(OH)2

98% fhgU, 2% khRfS cs

bfhs fhgiu dh gF
_y ik brayh.

2. NnlWid

dh gFKiw ik
Kiw
ilwJ.

fhg

jhu,
M#Dl
nrJ
F MirL (fW w - CuO),
Fu MirL (t w - Cu2O)
vw MirLfis btntW btg
iyf cUthF.
2Cu + O2

1. nfnjhL

a
bka
fhg jfL

2. MndhL

khR fyj fhg

3. gF

fjf
my
fyj
fhg
rng fiur

dh ikahf
gF tahf rhuij
brYJnghJ a fhg v
KidY, khRf neKid
moY gowd. ne Kid
mo go khRf MndhL khRf
vdgL.

<1370k

2CuO

F MirL (fW w)
4Cu + O2

>1370k

2Cu2O

Fu MirL (t w)

3. myfSl id
j iAnuhFnsh my,
fjfmy
kW
ie
myfSl fh Kiy
fhg idwJ.
2Cu + 4HCl + O2 2CuCl2 + 2H2O
2Cu + 2H2SO4 + O2 2CuSO4 + 2H2O
3Cu + 8HNO3 3 Cu (NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O

4. ml ie my kW fjf
myfSl id
Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

203

myF-12

FeO + SiO2 FeSiO3

Cu + 2H2SO4

CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

5. FnshDl id
FnshDl idJ
FnshiuL cUthwJ.
Cu + Cl2

fhg

CuCl2

6. fhufSl id
jhu,
iy

U cnyhf _yf

fhufSl

idt

gaf
ffis,
cgfuz
fis cUthf gagLwJ.
fnyh
ehzaf
gagLwJ.

l,
tiw

: Fe
FpL
: rhg
w
btik
mQ iw
: 55.9
mQ v
: 26
vyuh mik
: 2, 8, 14,
izw
: 2 , 3

ghuf,
cUthf

Kyh r gagLwJ.
jf,
bt
tnwhL
cnyhf fyitah ehzafis,
mfyfis cUthf ga
gLwJ.

mYaij mLJ bgUks

ilF ulhtJ cnyhf U.
J Mirlhf, riglhf kW
fhgndlhf aif ilwJ.
U
jhJfis
GsthW
mltizgLjyh.
U jhJf

thghL

1. nAkil

Fe2O3

2. nkdil

Fe3O4

3. U igiu

FeS2

nAkil jhJUJ Uig

bjLj Fe2O3
< Kiw mlj
nAkil xU MirL jhJ. J
pKiw
mlFnghJ
nyrhd
RfS,
khRfS
mfwgL, fdkhd Jff nH
gowd.

bra 12.1
mwhlth
jhu
gaghL vw jiy xU
Mtifia xgilf.

tWj kW Wj
fhWs
NHY,
fhyh
NHY
tWj
jhJ
V
gLJ f <ugj rg,
Mr, ghgu Kjyhd khRf
M#ndwkilJ
mfwgL
wd.

nta

12.6.3.U cnyhfa

CJ ciy cUj
tWfgl
Rzhf

204

jhJ
ff,
tiw 8:4:1 vw

jkf Mtjd tifghL

j vLJ ciy nkYs,
zT
mik
tahf
brYJnghJ
_W
gFf
khwf fwd.

C + O2

1500C

btg fhW
btnaW
Kid

Nlhd thf
U
jhJ, f
Rzh

CO2 + btgMw

idUJ btg Mw
btahtjh, J btg cid
vdgL.

frL
btnaW
Kid

m) eLgF myJ ka gF
(cUF kly) 1000C btgiy
gF eilbgW idf

U
btnaW
Kid

CO2 + C 2CO - btg Mw

M) Rzhf ijJ fha
Miril CO2 it jU.
CaCO3 CaO + CO2 - btg Mw

gl 12.3. btg ciy

thfgLtjh,
vdgL.

nkfl UidfS, btg

bfhidfshF
) fha MirL kzYl
nrJ fha nf vD
frlhwJ.
CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3

400 C

thU

nkY mJbfhnth
fhyh NH tWjYF
fhWs Niy tWjYF
cs braKiw ntWghLf.
fhyh NH tWj
Kiw jhJ, fhyh
NH tWfgLwJ. fhgnd
jhJit mj Mirlhf khw Vw
Kiw Jnt.

nkgF
(xLF
kly)
400oC
btgiy
gF
~bg MirL fhg nkhdhirL
_y Ughf FiwfgLwJ.

fhWs NH tWj

Fe2O3 + 3CO

Kiw jhJ, mf
fh tWfgLwJ. rigL
jhJit mj Mirlhf khw Vw
Kiw Jnt.

2Fe + 3CO2

fril a wF, cUa U,

ciy mo nrffgLwJ.
j
U
jj
mRf

205

myF-12

gF
myJ
mogF
1500C btgiy jhJfyit
btgfhWl (viy kly)
nrUnghJ ff, M#Dl vJ
CO2thf khWwJ.

T z mik

2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3

Uig g mJ bfhf.
fhg msit bghUJ Uig
_whf fyh
thU ( 2% - 4.5% ms fhg)
njU ( < 0.25% ms fhg)
v~F ( 0.25% -2% ms fhg)

gsgsghd
wKilaJ.

cnyhf.
cnyhf.

j H2SO4myJl idJ
~bgu rng cUthwJ.

Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2

rhg

j HNO3 myJl idJ

~bgu ienu cUthwJ.

Gir, jflhF jik,

fahF jik bfhlJ.
btgij, rhuij eF
flJ. fhjkhF jikilaJ

4Fe + 10HNO3 4Fe(NO3)2

+ NH4NO3 +3H2O
ml H2SO4 l id

ntgf

2Fe + 6H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3

+ 3SO2 + 6H2O

fhWl id

ml HNO3 myJl id

fhWl idJ
MirL cUthwJ.
3Fe + 2O2

id U MirL gly
cUthtjh U j idwid
HwJ.

nkzo

Fe3O4 (fW w)

gaf

<ufhWl id

thU
f
FHhf,
mLf, jlthsf, rhfil
_of bra gagLwJ.

U <ufhWl idJ
mj gu nua U (III) MirL
cUthwJ. Jnt JU vdgL.
f JUoj MF.

v~F - fllf, vuf,

bjhiyfh nfhuf flJ
ff bra gagLwJ.

4Fe + 3O2 + 3H2O 2Fe2O3.3H2O

uhl id

nta

j HCl myfSl idJ

th cUthwJ.
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2

agf
J
fdkhd
xgl 7.9

myfSl id

njU - fRU, fhj

kW eTu bra gagLwJ.

brNnlwgl U, uhl
idJ
nkzo
MirL
cUthwJ.

12.7. cnyhf fyit

uL myJ mjF nkgl
cnyhff Fl j fyJ
xnwhblhW cUFnghJ ilF
fyitna cnyhffyit MF.

3Fe + 4H2O(uh) Fe3O4 + 4H2

FnshDl id
id
cUthwJ.

~bgFnshiuL

206

jkf Mtjd tifghL

cnyhf fyitfis lfiur
vd miHfyh. vj cnyhf
br mfkhf Uwnjh mJ
fiugh vW, br Fiwj
cnyhf
fiubghU
vW
miHfgL.

nkY mJbfhnth
g ghJfh urfyit
J bkF, t, o Kja
cnyhff
fyitahF.
gFfis milf gagLwJ.

jis vw lfiur
Jjehf fiubghUshf, fhg,
fiughdhf fhzgL.

12.7.1. cnyhf fyitfis

cUthF Kiwf
ff cnyhffis cU nrj
ff eF cUfgl cnyhffis
mGjF cgLJj.

12.7.2. jhu cnyhf fyitf

jhu
cnyhffyitf

gf, fyitahf
fhuz

gaf

jis (Cu,Zn)

gsgs mf, cU
thfjFjJ,
fahf lyh, jflhf
mofyh.

btfy ( Cu,Sn,Zn )

fodkhdJ, gsgsghF
jikilaJ.
fodkhdJ, thF
jikilaJ.
fodkhdJ, gsgsghF
jikilaJ.

iz
bghUf
gjff, myfhu
bghUf, rika
ghuf.
iyf, ehzaf,
miH kf.
Mjf, ngh
jsthlf.
myfhu bghUf
bra.

Jgh btfy

(Cu,Zn,Sn,Pb)

b#k bt

(Cu,Zn,Ni)

12.7.3. mYa cnyhf fyitf

gf, fyitahf
fhuz

gaf

ouY
(Al,Mg,Mn,Cu )

nyrhdJ, tik
ahdJ, migjLgJ.

bkdha (Al,Mg )

nyrhdJ, tikahdJ, khd flik,

v mfglhjJ.
ma cgfuzf.
207

khd flik
gagLwJ.

myF-12

mYa
cnyhffyitf

12.7.4.U cnyhf fyitf

U cnyhf
fyitf
JUofhj v~F
(Fe,C,Ni,Cr)

gf, fyitahf
gaf
fhuz
gsgsghdJ, mig ghuf, btL
jLgJ, Gir mf. fUf, thfd
cghff
fodkhdJ, v
ff, khd
mfglhjJ, ir cghff, cf.
mf.
ffodkhdJ,
iuthf aF
mig vgJ.
vuf
cghff

f v~F
(Fe,C,Ni)

ll v~F

(Fe,W,C)

12.8 cnyhff mkhd

tkly cs M#, <ufhW kW khRfsh y cnyhff
gsgsig HJ, ij fF mkhd vgJ bghU. tkhd nghJ
cnyhf, cnyhfnrkkhf tklyJl elj ntidfsh khL.

nkY mJbfhnth
tklyYs
<ugjK,
w thfS U wgu
J gL, ntid fwJ.
id ikaw U
nfnjhlhf,
a
U
Mndhlhf
bragLwd.
tklyYs <ugjK CO2
nrJ H2CO3 gFah
Gs idia fJwJ.
ntidf GsthW
Fe

nta

Fe

cnyhf mkhdij
Kiwf

jLF

cnyhf gu L tz
Rf fhW kW <ugjij
beUflhk jLwJ.

2+

Fe2+ ma, Fe3+ maahf

M#ndwkilJ,
OH
mal
nrJ
JUthf
khW.
J
nua U (III)
Mirlhf khW. Jnt JU (Fe2O3.
xH2O) vdgL.

tzR Rj

Fe2+ + 2e_

O2

O2 + 2H2O + 4e_ 4OH-

JU

vbz kW gir Rf
cnyhf gu L vbz
kW gir Rf fhiw,
<ugjij
beUflhk
jLwd.

U
U JUoj
208

jkf Mtjd tifghL

bra 12.2
ug jif bghUjgl 3 nrhjid
FHhf A, B, C vW xLjhfis
xoitf.
xj
mss
xU
n#ho Mfis xbthU FHhY
vLJbfhs.
A nrhjidFHh rhjhuz U, B
nrhjidFHh
bfhfitfgl
JUojYfhd fhuzf
Ul
lgil
vbz
C
nrhjidFHh uw CaCl2 vLJbfhL, eilbgW khwfis y
eh bjhlJ ftf.
nrhjidFHh A cs Mf JUoJsd. B,C cs
Mf khw VJ iy. A cs Mf, fhW kW uh Md
ntid JU goJsJ. B cs Mfis viz NJsjh
fh bjhl nghdJ.
C cs Mfis uw fha FnshiuL Njikah <u KGJ
crgLsJ, jdh JUoj jLfgLwJ.

cnyhffyitahf

Kyh Rj

kw
cnyhffSl
nrJ
cUthF
cnyhf
fyitfsh
mkhd jLfgL.
v.fh. JUofhj v~F

xU
cnyhfij
knwh
cnyhfnk
rhu_y
RtjF Kyh Rj vgJ
bga.
Kiw
mkhdUJ
ghJfhgF. gsgsig mfF.
jm ghJfh
Unk LnghJ j
mf id brawdh tkly
thfSl bka idJ
Uig ghJfhwJ.

ehfKyh Rj
U J Jjehf Kyh
RtjF ehfKyh Rj vgJ bga.
J JUojiy jLF. Kyh
Rjyh Jjehf fhgnd vD
ghJfh gly j nk gowJ. J
mkhdij jLwJ.

kL
1. a jk tir mltiz bjhlfS, bjhFfS csd. tirfS,
bjhFfS Kiwna,
m. ilkl bjhlf, brFJ tirf (bjhFf)
M. brFJ tirf (bjhFf) ilkl bjhlf
2. _
 whtJ tir 8 jkf csd. mt vjid mnyhff
csd?
209

myF-12

gF - m

3. midJ fk nrkfSF mogilahd jk _______ bjhF

csJ. (14MtJ bjhF / 15MtJ bjhF)
4. j
 hJUJ
cnyhfkhdJ
yhgfukhdjhf
bjLfgLwJ.
mYakhdJ ghi[oUJ bjLfgLwJ. J _______ vd
miHfgLwJ. (jhJ / fk).
5. jf vw jkkhdJ nrkkhf ilgJ iy. J fhW myJ Ul
idtJ iy. J _______ iy csJ.( jjiy / nrj iy)
6. cWgLJj: jhu ghufis ikgLjgliy v, gir
w gok njhWwJ. fhuz: j gokfhd fhuz fhu jhu
fhgnd. m) cWgLJj fhuz uL r. M) cWgLJj r
fhuz r iy.
7. r~igL jhJit mlf gagL Kiw _______( Eiu j Kiw /
p Kiw)
8. U
cnyhf
guJ
ntW
cnyhfij
Rtjh
JUoj
UJ
jLfyh.
j
UJ
Jjehf
Jfis
bkajhf
dh
mjF
_______
vW
bga.
( Jjehf Kyh Rj / tzR moj / vKid ghJfhj )
9. vj cnyhf ghjurJl nrjhY mjF urfyit vW bga.
gFfis milgjF gagL urfyit _______( Ag-Sn urfyit
/ Cu-Sn urfyit )
10. cWgLJj: btgjh xo izj (bjik gwitgh)
mYaSl Fe2O3 gagLwJ.
fhuz: mYa xU tikahd xLF fu.
cWgLJjiy sF tif rahf csjh?

gF - m
11. U JUogJ thiy to elFkh? c gYfhd fhuzij
TWf.
12. m
 Ya Miril f bfhL xLF Kiw mYa cnyhfij
V bgw KoahJ?
13.
 U ml HCl kW ml H2SO4 cl idwJ. Mdh, ml HNO3
cl idtJ iy. ca fhuzJl c ilia vGJf.
14. m
 Ya cnyhf fyit, th} ghff jahf gagLwJ.
mjfhd fhuzfis Tw.

nta

15. X vw bt nghw btik w cnyhf M#Dl nrJ Y-I jUwJ. nj Y vw

nrkkhdJ X-uhl id nghJ iAu#id btL ilwJ. X kW
Y-I fLo.

nkY mf mtjF

1. Text Book of Inorganic chemistry P.L. Soni S.Chand Publishers

izajs

http://www.tutorvista.com, http://www.khanacademy.org
210

13. fhgD mj nrkfS

FpL

mQ v

mQ iw

: 12

izw

gl 13.1 fhg vyuh mik:

fhg vyuh mik: K =
2, L = 4 mjhtJ K Mw kl 2
vyuhfS mLJs L Mw
kl 4 vyuhfS csd.
ehF
vyuhf
fhg
izwid
idwid
khwd. fhg bjhF: IVA
myJ (bjhF 14).
mKf

nta

fhg,
vj
cdK
cthH ayhJ. kj clyik
fhg nrkfsh MdJ. fhg X
mnyhfkhF. aif itukhf,
uhiglhf
a
to
ilwJ. vbghUf vnghJ
mt cs fhg fh cs
M#Dl idJ fhg-ilMirlhf khWwJ. cs jhtu
kW ydf thifia
aL wnfh fhg MF.

Mfnt, fhg ntaiy th

nta vW miHfyh. fhW,
jhtu, yd, k t
_ykhf fhg va kW fyhd
idf _ykhf gujiy fhg
RH vnwh.

13.1 fhg nrkf

19 M who bjhlf,
ma
mPf
fhg
nrkfis Utifahf jd.
mit
fknrkf
(cuw
bghUfUJ ilF fhg
nrkf) fk nrkf (cUs
bghUfUJ ilF fhg
nrkf) vgd MF.
UD
tifgLj
KiwahdJ nAhy bjhFKiw
fLoF
wF
khwF
cshdJ.

gl 13.2 fhg nrkf mikf

212

fhgD mj nrkfS
th nta
thG vyh cdfS, fhg mQfsh Mdit. jbghU
cdf flik fhg mQfsh Mdit vgnj. j fhg
mQf w mQfSl nrJ, th cdf thit khwd.
Mfnt, fhg ntaiy thG nta vwiHfyh.

gl 13.3

gl 13.4

nkY mJbfhnth
fk nta
fk nta vgJ thtdtnwhL bjhlila
brhyhF. brhiy KjKj gagLat Rl
ehil nrj nta mP bga Mth.UD,
b#kia nrj nta mP nAhy vgt
mnkha randL vw fk nrkUJ, ah vw
fk nrkij KjKj nrhjidrhiy jahj
f bga aikah ir bfhifia
mjkwjhf MlJ.
~buo nAhy b#kha

13.2. fk ntaiyga fhy sf

fk nta vgJ iAnuhfhgfS mj tbghUfS bfhl
fknrkisg tF nta MF. J fk nrkf
izfis, cUthF Kiwfis, wafis, btntW Jiwf
t gaghLfis TW thF.

213

myF-13

ma mP

13.3. fhg
kW
mj
nrkf cs izf
fhg mQ v 6.
swh
iy
fhg
2
vyuh mik 1s
2s2 2p2.
btMw kl 4 vyuhf
Ugjh, fhg izw 4.
J kjth vyuh mikig
bgWtjF
ehF
vyuhfis
HJ C4+ maahf khwntL
myJ ehF vyuhfis VW C4 maahf khwntL.
m) fhg ehF vyuhfis
VW C4 vD v maahf
khWtJ ffod. Vbd, fhg
mQfU cs 6 nuhlhfsh
10 vyuhfis <J itJ
bfhsKoahJ. (mjhtJ, mfKs 4
vyuhfis)
M) fhg ehF vyuhfis
HJ C4+ vD ne maahf
khWtJ
ffod.
Vbd,
ehF
vyuhfis
fhg
mQUJ l f mf Mw
njitgLwJ.
W
fhg
mQfU cs 6 nuhlhf
vs 2 vyuhfis kL <J
itUF iy VgL.

nkY mJbfhnth
fiy caj itukhdJ gof
wntWik tot bfhl fhg
MF. nfh} itukhdJ 105 nfu
itu MF (21.68 uh). ij
Ha fbgah ifg,
l mukid l
gJsd. rhjhuz fahdhY,
iykyh
nfh}
itukhdhY, fhg wntWik
totfns vw cik itukhf
xU cikanwh!

bkUnfwgl itu
iAu# mQfS, ehF rftY
izfsh izJsd.

nta

fiy f jdJ 4 iz
w vyuhf _y fhg
mQthdJ kw mQfSl go
_y izig cUthFwJ.
btkl
cs
ehF
vyuhf
_y
ehF
rf
izig VgLJ fhg mQ
jjikia fhg ehiz
vwiHnwh.
xU _yTW nj (CH4)
cs xU fhg mQ, ehF

214

C
H

H
H

gl 13.5. fhg nrkf mikf

iz nrho vyuhfis
FgjhF

fhgD mj nrkfS

fhg wntWik njhw

xj
ntg,
ntWgl
ag, bfhl xU jk
xWF
nkgl
njhwfns
wntWik njhwfshF.
fhg _W j wntWik
totfis bfhljhF. mit gof
tot csit (itu, uhigL), gof
tot mwit (yf, kuf) kW
~ MF.
ituK,
uhigL
fhg
gofwntWik
totf.
it
iz
jikia
bghUJ
ntWgLwd.

gl 13.6 itu mik

itu
cs
xbthU
fhg mQ kw
ehF fhg
mQfSl
izW,
fod
Kgkhz mikig cUthFwJ.
uhigo
cs
xbthU
fhg mQ kw _W fhg
thlth ir

gl 13.7. uhig mik

mQfSl
xnu
js
izW mWnfhz mLFfis
cUthFwJ.
mtLFf
thlth irdh izW
UJjikia clhFwJ.
uhig
mnyhfkhF.
Mdh,
j izwh vyuhf _y
rhuij flJ jikaJ.
fhg kbwhU wntWik tot
~ MF. J fhgJ to
60 fhg mQfis bfhljhf
fhzgL (C 60). J nahbl
Fj Tiw mikig nghW
csJ. ij cUthat mbkf
g l ~y. Mth. mt
bgauhnyna tikghdJ g l
~ vwiHfgLwJ.

gl 13.8 ~

gl 13.9 fhgJ

13.5. fhg agf

xU fhg kw fhgfSl
nrJ r bjhl rfizig
cUthF jikia j rfiz
cUthj vnwh. fhg iz
w ehF vgjh, J ehF kw
fhg mQfSl nrJ izig
cUthf KowJ.
M#, iAu#, ieu#,
rg, Fnsh kW w jkfSl
nrJ
fhg
gntW
iyj
nrkfis cUthFwJ.
iy jikF
fhg
mQ
a

215

fhuz
ms,

myF-13

13.4. w ntWik totf

glbgw vyuh n#hofis j mQfUnthL g bfhStjhY

MF.
fhg nrkf khagf bgWsd: xnu _yTW thghL, btntW
flikfis, btntW gfS bfhl uL myJ uoF nkgl
nrkfns kha mikfshF.
v.fh. C2 H6 O vw _yTW thgho vjdhY (C2 H5 OH ) ilbk <jU
(CH3-O-CH3 ) kha mikfshF.
fhg nrkf rfizig bgwikah Fiwj cUF iy,
Fiwj bfhiy bgWsd. ntid fGnghJ fhg nrkf
idgLbghUf giHa izfis KJ idis bghUf a
izfis cUthFwd.
fhg nrkf v g vtd.

13.6. ntgf
fhgD mj nrkfS M#Dl idJ fhg-il-MirL,
btg kW xahwiy jUwd.
v.fh.

C + O2

CH4 + 2O2

CO2 + btg + xahw

CO2 + 2H2O + btg + xahw

C2H5OH + 3O2

2CO2 + 3H2O + btg + xahw

fhg nrkf, M#nd

fhgh myfis cUthFwd.

_y

KMnO4
v.fh. CH3CH2OH
vjdh
M#ndw

M#ndw

milJ

CH3COOH
vjdh my

iwwh iAnuh fhgf f myJ gnyoa id Kiy

iAu#ndw milwd.

nta

v.fh.
CH2 = CH2

H2

CH3 - CH3

<
Ni
<nj
fhg nrkf, Na btr Kiy gL idfis
fJwd.
v.fh. nj gL idJ btntW isbghUfis cUthFwJ.
MfAh Kja fhg nrkf nrhoaJl idJ H2 thit
btnaWwJ.
v.fh. 2CH3CH2OH + 2Na

2CH3CH2ONa + H2

216

fhgD mj nrkfS
13.7. gotir
gotir vgJ bghJthd xU _yTW thghil bfhL, xnu bjhF
myJ xnu tif cs fk nrkfis FgjhF. xj ntgf
bfhl nrkf CH2 vw bjhFah ntWgL. v.fh. xU iAnuh fhgDl
CH2 vw bjhFia nrFnghJ mjF mLj ca viz jha iAnuh
fhg cUthwJ.
CH4 + CH2

C2H6

nj

<nj

mJnghy, xU iAnuh fhgUJ CH2 bjhFia FnghJ, mjF

Kija Fiwj viz jha iAnuh fhg cUthwJ.
v.fh.

C4H10

-CH2

C 3H 8

nl

nuhng

13.7.1 gotirf waf

gotir cs mLjLj cWdf CH2 vw bghJ ntWghoY
_yTW iw 14 amu vw myfhY ntWgLwd.
gotir cs midJ nrkfS xnutif jkfis, id
bjhFfis bgUF.
gotir cs midJ cWdfis, xnu bghJthghodh Fl
aY.
v.fh.
mnf = CnH2n+2
m = CnH2n

mif = CnH2n-2

_yTWiw mfig bghUJ cWdfis agf X
xGfhd Kiw khWwd.
vyh nrkfS, xj ntidf <LgLwd.
vyh nrkfis, bghJthd Kiw jahfyh.

CH3OH + KBr

C2H5Br + KOH
(j)

C2H5OH + KBr

13.8. gotir KaJt

1. gotir cWdf gfis jahgjF Kdnu J ghf.
2. ntnrkfis ga Kiwahd MF gotir ttFwJ.
3. x
 U FLg cs vj XcWd gig mj Kj cWd
gUJ cW brayh.
217

myF-13

v.fh. CH3Br + KOH

(j)

13.9.2. iwwh iAnuhfhgf

13.9. iAnuh fhgf

it fhgD, iAu#D bfhl
fk
nrkf MF. tiw
iww, iwwh iAnuhfhgf
vd Utifahf fyh.

13.9.1 iww iAnuh fhgf

(mnff)
bghJthghL = CnH2n+2 bdhL
-na. it C - C il xiw
iz bfhl fk nrkfshF.
it
ghuf
vd
Kd
miHfglit (y bkh
:
a
ftirs
vW
bghU) it fFiwj ms
ntid jik bfhljh,
mbgauh miHfgLwd.
IUPAC
Kiwgo
mnff
vwiHfgLwd.
(fhg
vifia
FF
mogil
brhYl
na
vw bdhLbfhL bgaiu
bgWwd.

nta

bjhl
cs
cWdfis
mltizgLjyh.

btntW
GsthW

tif
iAnuhfhgf,
fhgDF
fhgDF
ilna
uiliz myJ fhgDF,
fhgDFil
Kiz
UF. tiw mf kW
miff vd UtifgLjyh.
13.9 (i) mf (bghJthghL :
CnH2n, bdhL : - p)
iAnuhfhgf

fhgDF,

fhgDF il uiliz
bfhlit

mf

vwiHfgL.
t
bghJ
thghL CnH2n. it xf vW
Kd miHfgld.
(nuf bkh: x (vw
brh vbzia cUthFw) vW
bghU.
Vbd,
FLg
cs Fiwbaif fhgid
bfhltf FnshDl idJ
vbz
nghw
bghUfis
cUthFtjh, bga tjJ. IUPAC
Kiw, m vD bgauhdJ.
mjF bjhlila mnf m
uil vW ul tjJ.
CH3 CH3 H2C = CH2

thghL

bghJ
bga

IUPAC

CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH3

nj
<nj
nuhng
n-nl

nj
<nj
nuhng
nl

bga

<nj
<
mf
fhg
vif
bfhl mf 1, 2, 3, 4, .. vD
vfsh,
uil
iz

gl 13.10 nuh nrhjid

(lJ) wkhw iy - iww iAnuh fhg
(tyJ) w kiwjJ - iwwh iAnuh fhg

218

fhgD mj nrkfS
lij FlntL. bt, mnrkij FF bga gFahf
UfntL.
m

IUPAC bga

bghJ bga

CH2 = CH2
CH3CH = CH2
CH3CH2 CH = CH2
CH3CH = CHCH3

v
buh
a- o
b- o

<
nuh
1 p
2 p

(ii) miff (bghJthghL : CnH2n-2 bdhL : m)

iAnuhfhgf,
fhgDF
fhgDFil
Kiz
bfhlit miff vdgL. m tKiwia g, miff
bgalgLwd. mnf - na vw bdhL fgL mif m vw bdhL bghUjgLwJ. mf fhg bfhltf 1, 2, 3, 4 .
vw vfsh Kiz lij Fl ntL. bt, mnrkij
FF bga gFahf UfntL.
mif
HC CH
H3C C CH
H3C C C CH3
H3C - CH2 C CH

IUPAC bga

bghJ bga

<ij
buhig
2 -il
1 -il

mo
bk mo
il bk mo
v mo

13.10. id bra bjhF

xU nrk w gfSF fhuzkhd X mQ myJ mQfsla
bjhFna m nrk id bra bjhFahF. xU fk nrk nt
gf midJ mj id bra bjhFah cWgLjgLwd,
kW mnrk aa gf _yT va gFah
cWgLjgLwd.

v.fh.

MfAh OH

MoiAL CHO

nlh

C= O

fhgh my COOH

1 MfAhf -OH bjhFia idbrabjhFahf bgWs fhg

nrkf MfAh vdgL. MfAh vw fk nrkf -OH
bjhFahdJ, mif bjhFl izfgLsJ. j bghJthd
thghL R-OH, R-vgJ mif bjhF, -OH vgJ id bra
bjhF. MfAhf IUPAC bgauhdJ, Mnf cs (Alkane) -e
vw vGF gyhf -ol (M) nrgjh ilwJ. vdnt, MfAhf
mfdh vd miHfgLwd.
219

myF-13

13.10.1 id bra bjhF mogil fk nrkf tifghL

_yTW thghL

IUPAC bga

bghJbga

CH3 OH

bk MfAh

bkjdh

CH3 CH2OH

v MfAh

vjdh

CH3 CH2 CH2OH

n- nuhig MfAh

1- nuhgdh

CH3 - CH - CH3
|
OH

Inrhnuhig MfAh 2- nuhgdh

CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 OH

n-il MfAh

1-ldh

CH3CH CH2 OH
|
CH3

Inrhil MfAh

2-bk 1-nuhgdh

2. MoiALf
MoiALf vgJ - CHO bjhFia bfhl fhg nrkfshF.
-CHO bjhF
X Mif bjhFlndh iAu# mQlndh
izfgLsJ. MoiALf bghJ thghL R-CHO MF. RvgJ Mif bjhF myJ iAu# mQ. -CHO vgJ id bra
bjhF. MoiAo IUPAC bgauhdJ, Mnf cs (alkane)- e vD
vGF gyhf -al (V) vd Ko vGJfis nrJ bgwgLwJ. vdnt,
J mfnd vd bgalgLwJ.
_yTW thghL

HCHO

ghkhoiAL

bkjnd

CH3CHO

mlhoiAL

vjnd

CH3 CH2CHO

nuhadhoiAL

nuhgnd

CH3 CH2 CH2CHO

n-ouhoiAL

lnd

3. nlhf

nta

IUPAC bga

bghJbga

fhgid bjhF, mjhtJ -CO- bjhFahdJ uL Mif bjhFfSl

izfgl fhg nrkf nlhf vdgLwd. nlhf bghJ
thghL R-CO-R MF. R kW R vgJ Mif bjhFf MF. -COvgJ id bra bjhF. nlh IUPAC bgauhdJ Mnf (alkane)
cs -e vw vGF gyhf one (X) vW Ko vGJfis nrJ
bgwgLwJ. vdnt, nlhf mfndh vd miHfgLwd.

220

fhgD mj nrkfS

_yTW thghL

bghJbga

IUPAC bga

CH3COCH3

ilbk nlh
(mnlh)

nuhgndh

CH3CH2COCH3

vbk nlh

lndh

CH3CH2COCH2CH3

il v nlh

3- bglndh

4. fhgh myf
fhgh myf vgJ -COOH bjhFahdJ, iAu# mQlndh
myJ Mif bjhFlndh izfgoUF fhg nrk MF.
j myf bghJ thghL R-COOH. R vgJ xU iAu# mQ
myJ Mif bjhF. COOH id bra bjhF. t IUPAC bga
Mnf (alkane)cs -e vw vGF gyhf -M my (oic acid) vw
vGJfis nrJ bgwgLwJ. vdnt, fhgh myf mfdh
my vdgLwd.
_yTW thghL

bghJbga

IUPAC bga

HCOOH

gh my

bkjdh my

CH3COOH

mo my

vjdh my

CH3CH2COOH

nuhnah my

nuhgdh my

CH3CH2CH2COOH

n- my

ldh my

y Ka fk nrkf

13.11 vjdh (C2H5OH)

vjdh myJ v MfAh myJ MfAh vgJ MfAhf
FLgnyna f Kakhd nrkf xwhF.
1. f ghUJ vjdh jahj
fghF vgJ br Fj fU rfiu fiurUJ rfiuia
221

myF-13

vyh nrkfS ekF gy tf gaDsitahf mikJsd.

vbghUf, kUJf, tzRf, bto kUJf, bjhF gygof,
thrid bghUf kW ikahf it vyhnk mogil fk
nrkfshF. cik, fk nta e thifia tz kakhf,
trahf itJsJ. bjh Kiw Ka nrkfshd vjdh kW
vjdh my Ma uL nrkfis g thf fhzyh.

gofkhFnghJ jKs Mj wKs T nghw utkhF. 30% Rnuh

csJ. ij gofkhf Kiw bjLf ayhJ. Gs gof _ykhf
fghF vjdhyhf khwgLwJ.
i) j : f ghYs rfiu br 8 UJ 10 rjjkhf Fiw
tiu dh fgLwJ.
ii) mnkha cf nrj : behjnghJ <oF njitahd ieu#
fyj czid fghF bfhLsJ. ieu# ms Fiwthf U,
mnkha rng myJ mnkha ghng nrgj _y cu_lgLwJ.
iii) < nrj : go- ii ilF fiur bga behj bjhof
nrffgLwJ. d < nrfgLwJ. fyit 303 k btg iy y
eh itfgLwJ. j eh <oYs tnl kW irnk Ma
behf rfiuia vjdhyhf khWwd.
C12H22O11

H2O

tnl

Rnuh

irnk

C6H12O6

C6H12O6 +
FSnfh

2C2H5OH

FSnfh (m) unlh

C6H12O6
unlh
2CO2

vjdh

behj k fG k vd miHfgLwJ.
iv) fG kij fh toj :15 Kj 18 rjj MfAhY gF uhf cs behj k jnghJ
d fh tojYF cgLjgLwJ. Ka d gFahf ilj
vjdh fiur 95.5% vjdhiy 4.5% iu bgWsJ. J v
rhuha vd miHfgLwJ. fyit Rkh 5UJ 6 k neu Rzh
fJ fh tofgL 12 k neuf itfgLwJ. fyit L
fh tofgLnghJ a MfAh (100%) ilwJ. j a MfAh
j MfAh vdgLwJ.

nkY mJbfhnth

nta

behj
behf _ykhf xU fk nrk
bkJthf
ntid
fJ
a
_yTWf cUthtnj behj vdgL.

222

fhgD mj nrkfS
2. aa gf:
i) vjdh wkw, v Rit bfhl xU k.
ii) j bfhiy 351 K. J, mj xj Mnffis fhoY mf.
iii) J Ul vyh jY KGtJkhf fywJ.
3. ntgf
i) f
m) _y TD fG f.
vjdhiy mf ms ml H2SO4 cl 443K F btggLJnghJ _y
TD f VgL <id jUwJ.
CH3CH2OH

ml H2SO4

CH2 = CH2 + H2O

443K
vjdh <
M) _yTWfSilna fG f :- mf ms vjdhiy ml H2SO4
cl 413 k btg iyF btggLJnghJ uL _y TWfSilna
f VgL il v <jiu jUwJ.
C2H5-OH + HO-C2H5

ml H2SO4
413K

C2H5-O-C2H5 + H2O

il v <j
ii) nrhoaJl id
vjdh nrhoaJl idJ nrhoa <jhi[il, iAu#
thit jUwJ.
2C2H5OH + 2Na
2C2H5ONa + H2
nrhoa <jhi[L
iii) M#ndw
bfhL

j idnghJ MuR wKila K2Cr2O7 girahf khWwJ. vdnt, J

MfAhfis fl nrhjidF gagLwJ.
iv) vluhFj
vjdh vjdh myJl mlH2SO4 ( id ) Kiy v
vjndhnail iu jUwJ. MfAh kW fhgh my t
idah cUthd nrk vl ( gHrh kz bfhlJ ) vdgLwJ. j
idia vuhFj vd miHnwh.
223

myF-13

vjdhiy fhufyj KMnO4 myJ my fyj K2Cr2O7

M#ndw brnghJ vjdh my cUthwJ.
M#ndw
CH3CH2OH
CH3COOH + H2O
vjdh my

C2H5OH

vjdh

ml H2SO4

+ CH3COOH

CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

vjdh my

v vjndhna

v) iAu# f
vjdh Mia Fiwfgl fhg id Kiy 573KF
btggLJnghJ iAu# fkilJ mlhoiAil jUwJ.
fhg
CH3CH2OH
573 K

CH3CHO + H2
mlhoiAL

4. gaf - vjdh
1. thfdfYs Fgh j ciwtij jLgY,
2. ca khfis ghJfhf,
3. kUJtkidf fhafis FzgLj,
4. kUJf, vbzf, bfhG bghUf, thridbghUf, rhaf
tiw fiuF fiughdhf,
5. bk MfAh fyj rhuha (95% vjdh kW 5% bkjdh),
vrhuha 95.5% vjdh kW 4.5% ), bgnuh kW vjdh fyj
fyit (Mw MfAh) a jik Hj MfAh (vjdh kW
o fyj fyit) it jahgY,
6. Uk kUJfY uzkhF kUJfY gagLwJ.

MfAh gUFtjh VgL a isf

vjdhiy gUFtjh tsij khw fG ntfij FiwwJ. nkY
J ka eu klyij ghwJ.
J kd mGj cUthf fhuzkhwJ.
J cliy ghJ mf ca mGj, tW t, Wneh, _is kW
fu gh tWF fhuzkhwJ.
Rkh 40% gJf FoJL thfdfis XLtjhnyna fwd.

nta

vjdhiy nghyyhk, bkjdhiy J ms gUFtjh kuz

fH thsJ.
bkjdh fu bkjndyhf (ghkhoiAL) M#ndw milJ
brfYs gFfSl ntfkhf id wJ.
bkjnd brYs nuhlhshrij NLgLJnghJ Kil
bfogLtij ngh bfoahf khWwJ. nkY bkjdh f eufis
ghJ FULjikia cUthFwJ.

224

fhgD mj nrkfS
13.12. vjdh my

(CH3COOH)

vjdh my vgJ mo my vw bgauh bghJthf vyhUF

bjj xU nrk. J fhgh my bjhFia nrjJ. mo my
bghJthf gytif gHfY fhzgLwJ. t Rit j
mydhnyna MF.
1. vjdh my jahj
vjdhiy fhufyj bghlha bgkhfnd myJ my fyj
bghlha-ilFnuhnk fiuriy bfhL M#ndw mila brJ
vjdh myij jahfyh.
M#ndw

CH3CH2OH
vjdh

CH3COOH + H2O
vjdh my

2. aa gf
i) vjdh my wkw, Rit bfhl xU k.
ii) J Ul vyh jfY fywJ.
iii) j bfhiy (391K). jid xj MfAhf, MoiALf,
nlhf Mat bfh iyia l mf.
iv) Fu itFnghJ a vjdh my gfo nghw goffis
cUthFwJ. vdnt, J nsa mo my vdgLwJ.
3. nt gf
i) vjdh my a Fiwj xU my. MdhY, J y k jhis
tghFwJ.
ii) cnyhfJl id
vjdh my Na, K, Zn Kja cnyhffSl idJ cnyhf
vjdhnail, iAu# thit jUwJ.
(CH3COO)2 Zn + H2

2CH3COOH + Zn

vjdh my fhgndLf kW ig fhgndLfSl idJ

bghFjiy fJwJ. J fhg ilMi[L th btnaWtjh MF.
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3

2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O

CH3COOH + NaHCO3

CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O

225

myF-13

2CH3COOH + 2Na
2CH3COONa + H2
iii) fhgndLf kW igfhgndLfSl id

iv) fhuJl id
vjdh my nrhoa iAuhi[Ll
vjndhnail, iu jUwJ.
CH3COOH + NaOH
v) fhgh f ( CO2 I f )

idJ

nrhoa

CH3COONa + H2O

vjdh my nrhoa cig nrhlh Rzhl ( 3 gF NaOH

kW 1 gF CaO lfyit) nrJ NLgLJnghJ nj th cUthwJ.
CH3COONa

NaOH / CaO

CH4 + Na2CO3

4. gaf
1. vjdh my fhoia (f) jahf gagLwJ.
bghUf kW gHurfis ghJfhf gagLwJ.

fho cz

2. Mtf fhuahf gagLwJ.

3. ug ghiy bfogLj gagLwJ.
4. rhaf, thrid bghUf, kUJf jahf gagLwJ.

kL
gF - m
1.

cWgLJj

fhuz

fknrkf cs izf rf rf izghdJ mQYs

iz jik bfhlit.
vyuhf glgLtjh
VwJ.
bfhLfgLs fhuz cWgLJtjF nghJkhdjhf csjh?
2.

fhuz

cWgLJj
itu vgJ fhg
wntWik tot MF.

fodkhd ituYs fhg ehKf

tot cilaJ.

bfhLfgLs cWgLJjYF fhuz rahf csjh?

nta

3.

cWgLJj

fhuz

Ra rfiz fhuzkhf f mf fhg nrkf wntWik

ms fhg nrkf cUthwd.
tot gfis bgWsd.
4.

j fhuz cWgLJjYF nghJkhdjhf csjh?

gl
yh
_________________
wntWik
(ieu# / fhg / r~g)

226

tot

fhgD mj nrkfS
5. uh~ig mnyhfkhf UjhY rhuij flJwJ. J _____ fhuzkhf
flJwJ (jj vyuhf / iz vyuhf).

6. nj thghL CH4. mjid bjhlU mLj C2H6 <nj. J

uoFKs bghJthd ntWghL __________ (CH2 / C2H2)
7. m
 if FLg cs Kj nrk IUPAC bga __________
(< / <ij)
8. nlh bjhF kW MoiAL bjhF vj idbra bjhF
W csJ.
9. nrhjidFHh itfgLs X vw lbghUis mo myJl
nrJ NLgLJnghJ Y vw wkw, kzkw th bttUwJ. j th
Rzh iu ghnghy khWwJ. X kW Y-I fLof (bga myJ
thghL)
10. cWgLJj
 jdh jaig Hjyh
v
mJ FogjF VwJ my.

fhuz
bkjdh nrgjh vjdh j
aig HwJ.

nkTa fhuz cW gLjYfhd ca sfkh vgij rghf.

gF - M
11. C4H10 vw _yTW thghL bfhl midJ khafis vG

mjFa IUPAC bgaLf.

12. i
 tufhgDilawntWiktotfSxwhF.mjfodjikfhd
fhuzij TWf.
13. C
 Wfh gjgLjYF gagL A vw fk nrk _yTW thghL
C2H4O2 nrk vjdhYl idJ a kzKila nrk Bia
jUwJ.
i) nrk A kW Bia fLof.
14. C
 2H6O vw _yTW thghLila A vw fk nrk fhu fyj KMnO4
Kiy M#ndw milJ, mnj fhg vifs B
vw myij jUwJ. nrk AahdJ, kUJtkidf fhafis
FzgLj gagLwJ. nrk A kW Bia fLof. Aia Bahf
khW ntrkghil jUf.

227

myF-13

ii) Kiw bgabuG, mj ntrkghil vGJf.

 -
15. bfhLfgLs

mltiz nfhol lfis jFj _yTW

thghlh ug.

t.v

mnf

1.

C 2H 6

m
______________

<nj

mif

C 2H 2
<ij

<
______________

2.

3.

______________

nuhng

C 3H 6

C4H10

C4H10

______________

nl

il

nuh

nuhig

16. gotirahdJ iAnuhfhgf gfis sF jikilaJ.

Tiw gotir waf _y sFf.
17. tUtdt bghJbga kW bgafis vGJf.
m) CH3 CH2CHO M) CH3 COCH3 ) CH3 CHCH3

OH
<) CH3 COOH
c) HCHO

nkY mf mtjF
f

1. 1.Oraganic chemistry - B.S. Bahl & Arun Bahl S.Chand Publishers

2.Organic chemistry - R.T. Morrision & R.N. Boyd - Practice Hall

Publishers.

izajs

http://www.tutorvista.com

nta

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