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where the various and a terms are used to convert from wind speed measured at dierent condi-
tions at the meteorological station (airport) to the actual site (urban environment).
Flow Caused by Thermal Forces Only: Q = C
D
A
2gH
NPL
(T
i
T
0
)/T
i
where C
D
is a discharge coecient for opening, and H
NPL
is the height from the midpoint of
lower opening to NPL, and T
i
and T
o
are indoor and outdoor temperatures, respectively.
3 Natural Ventilation Assumptions Appendix
All temperature distributions made use of the trigonometric function described in last years (2009)
HVAC report for quantifying daily average temperatures.
As a reference comfort indoor temperature, 70 F was chosen.
The mean airspeed used was 14 mph, based on the Boston data in the PsyCalc98 program.
There was no attempt to determine windward versus leeward specic natural ventilation, since that
level of specicity it best handled using computer software (such as DesignBuilder).
The height of the bottom of the rst oor window was estimated at 1.5 m, or roughly 5 ft. Windows
on subsequent stories were assumed to be 10 ft. above that, up to the fth oor.
All window sizes were assumed to be uniform at having 38.5 x 23.5 (6.3 sq. ft.) open-able
area.
For calculating the adjusted wind speed from the 14 mph, the parameters for meteorological data
were assumed to be terrain category 3, with a = 0.14 and delta = 900 ft., and the site terrain was
category 2, with a = 0.22, = 1200 ft. (Outlined in section 24.3 in 2009 ASHRAE Fundamentals,
and 16.3 in 2005 ASHRAE Fundamentals).
The overall height of Winthrop was estimated at 50 ft., with maximum chimney height being at 60
ft.
3
All formulas in this section from AHSRAE Fundamentals 16.13 (2009) unless otherwise stated
C
v
for windows was 0.5, on the lower end of ASHRAE guidelines for perpendicular wind (2009
Fundamentals 16.13). C
v
for chimneys was 0.25, on the low end of the ASHRAE guidelines for
diagonal wind (Ibid.).
NPL of Winthrop was .6 of the height. Based on the arguments from the literature, the NPL is
usually at the midpoint of the structure or higher, and with the chimneys that should push the
NPL a bit higher as well. Though the higher the NPL the better, it was reasoned that .6 was likely
to be within the right regime, and if anything underestimate stack eects.
C
D
was chosen as 0.65 for both windows and chimneys. There is a wealth of literature about
the complexities of determining this properly, and it was determined that if a natural ventilation
strategy is pursued, the standards in ASHRAE 16.13 (2009 Fundamentals) would be satised,
namely that there would be other openings, and unidirectional ow could be assumed.
Each entryway is estimated to have 50 people (based on assuming 500 total occupants and counting
10 entryways). Requiring 20 cfm/person equates to 1000 cfm per entryway.
4 Geothermal Well Appendix
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