CHAPTER REVIEW

QUESTION
SHEETS



For
Exam #1



Chapter 2 - Minerals
Chapter 3 - Igneous Rocks
Chapter 4 Volcanism





Essentials of Geology, Lutgens & Tarbuck, 11
th
edition
Questions for Review - Exam #1(A)
Introduction and Minerals (Part #1)

1. What are the two liquid environments that most minerals form in?


2. What is the definition of a rock?

3. What are the three main types of rocks?


4. How are they related by the rock cycle?


5. What are seven physical properties of minerals that are used for identification?


6. What is hardness?

7. What is Mohs scale of hardness?


8. What is the softest mineral according to Mohs scale? What is the hardest?

9. What tools are used to measure hardness in the lab?


10. What is the streak of a mineral? Why is it useful? Why do some minerals have no
streak?

11. Describe what is meant by luster in a mineral.


12. What does the term vitreous mean?


13. What are the two main lusters a rock will show?


14. Why does cleavage occur in certain minerals?


15. What is the difference between cleavage and fracture?


16. What is specific gravity?


17. What does the habit of a mineral refer to?


18. What is the difference between habit and cleavage?
Questions for Review - Exam #1(B)
Minerals (Part #2)

1. What is the definition of a mineral?



2. What is the difference between a mixture and a compound?


3. What is the definition of an atom? An element?


4. What are the 8 elements that make up most of the earths crust and what are their
element symbols?

5. What are the two elements that make up most of the earths crust in terms of weight
percent?

6. How much of the crusts weight percent do these minerals make up combined?

7. What is the name given to minerals composed of compounds of these two elements?

8. What is the difference between the atomic number and mass number of an element?


9. What is the basic building block of all silicate minerals?

10. What is the structure and chemical composition of a silicate tetrahedron?

11. Name the four basic silicate structures.



12. What type of silicate structures do the following minerals have? a) olivine b) amphibole
c) mica d) quartz e) pyroxene

13. What is the difference in composition and color between a ferromagnesian silicate and
non-ferromagnesian silicate?


14. What is the difference between silicate and non-silicate minerals?


15. What are the seven types of non-silicate minerals?



16. Be able to assign a mineral to a non-silicate group given its formula (i.e. NaCl, CaSO
4
)

17. What are native elements and know some examples.

Mineral Definition Exercise



Indicate which of the following substances are minerals and indicate the reason for your
decision. Make the decision based on the information given in the written description.

1. Solid Methane a crystalline solid formed in the laboratory at very low
temperatures.


2. Chrysocolla a copper carbonate formed by the natural alteration of other
copper minerals. It is characterized by a random arrangement of atoms.


3. DNA a naturally occurring material characterized by a highly ordered
arrangement of atoms and formed in the cells of plants and animals.


4. Stishovite a crystalline solid formed by high pressures and frequently found in
the area surrounding a meteorite impact crater.


5. Propane this molecule is one of the components of natural gas and is present
in great abundance within the first few kilometers of the surface of the earth.

Questions for Review - Exam #1(C)
Igneous Rocks (Part #1)

1. How do igneous rocks form?

2. What is the difference between an extrusive igneous rock and an intrusive igneous rock?

3. What are the four layers of the earth? What is the phase and composition of each?


4. What approximate depth and layer(s) does volcanic magma come from?

5. What is magma composed of?

6. What are three properties of magma?

7. What are some of the most common gases (volatiles) contained in magma?

8. What is viscosity?

9. What is the difference between mafic and felsic and how does this affect the viscosity of a
magma?



10. What is the general relationship between color of an igneous rock and its composition?



11. What are two different eruptive styles magma can exhibit and how does the eruptive style
generally relate to the magma composition?



12. Igneous rocks are classified according to what two criteria?


13. What is meant by the texture of a rock?


14. How does grain-size relate to the cooling history of a rock?


15. What is the cooling history of a porphyritic rock?


16. What is a vesicular texture?



Questions for Review - Exam #1(D)
Igneous Rocks (Part #2)

1. Compare and contrast the three main types of volcanoes we discussed. (Size, shape,
eruptive style, and composition of magma)










2. What type of volcanoes can be found in Hawaii? The Cascade range?



3. What is a pyroclastic flow (sometimes called a nuee ardente)?



4. What is a caldera and how does it form?




5. What is Ship rock, New Mexico, and how did it form?


6. How do pillow basalts form?


7. What is columnar jointing?


8. What is the difference between the surfaces of pahoehoe and aa lava?



9. What is the Ring of Fire?


10. What are three different tectonic scenarios that cause volcanism?


11. What type of volcanism is responsible for the following features:
a. Hawaiian islands
b. Cascade Range Mountains
c. Yellowstone
Questions for Review - Exam #1(E)
Igneous Rocks (Part #3)


1. Name and describe four intrusive igneous features that we discuss.





2. What is the largest of all intrusive igneous features?



3. Igneous rocks are named and classified according to their textures and compositions.
Complete the following chart with the correct name of the igneous rock:

Chemical
Composition
Felsic Intermediate Mafic Ultramafic
Texture
Coarse-grained
(Intrusive)

Fine-grained
(Extrusive)
---------------------




4. We sometimes call rocks with different textures but the same chemical composition
equivalent of each other. What rock is then equivalent to a:
(a) diorite?
(b) basalt?
(c) granite?


5. What minerals are in a granite?

6. What minerals are in an andesite?

7. What minerals are in a basalt?

8. What minerals are in a peridotite?

9. What is the order of crystallization of minerals according to Bowens reaction series?


10. What are the last two minerals to crystallize?