Chapter # 37 Magnetic Properties of Matter

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example 37.1 A bar magnet made of steel has a magnetic moment of 2.5 Am
2
and a mass of 2.5 Am
2
and a
mass of 6.6 10
3
kg. If the density of steel is 7.9 10
3
kg/m
3
, find the intensity of magnetization of the
magnet.
Sol. The volume of the bar magnet is
V =
density
mass
=
3 3
3
kg/m 10 9 . 7
10 6 . 6

kg
= 8.3 10
7
m
3
.
The intensity of magnetization is
I =
V
M
=
3 7
2
m 10 3 . 8
m - A 2.5

~ 3.0 10
6
A/m.
Example 37.2 Find the magnetic intensity H at the centre of a long solenoid having n turns per unit length and
carrying a current i (a) when no material is kept in it and (b) when a long copper rod is inserted in the
solenoid.
Sol. (a) When there is no rod, the magnetic field at the centre of the solenoid is given by
B =
0
ni.
The magnetic intensity is
H =
0

B
= ni.
(b) As the solenoid and the rod are long and we are interested in the magnetic intensity at the
centre,the end effects may be neglected. There is no effect of the rod on the magnetic intensity at the centre.
Its value in both cases are the same. Thus H = ni.
Example 37.3 Find the per cent increase in the magnetic field B when the space withhin a currentcarrying toroid
is filled with aluminium. The susceptibility of aluminium is 2.1 10
5
.
Sol. In absence of aluminium , the magnetic field is
B
0
=
0
H.
As the space inside the toroid is filled with aluminium, the field becomes ]
B = H =
0
(1+_)H.
The increase in the field is
B B
0
=
0
_ H.
The per cent increase is
0
0
B
B B
100 =
H
H
0
0

_
100
= _ 100
= 2.1 10
3
.
QUESTIONS FOR SHORT ANSWER
Objective - I
1. A perpendicular material is place in a magnetic fields. Consider the following statemetns;
(A) If the magnetic field is increased, the magnetization is increased.
(B) If the temperature is increased, the magnetization is increased
(A) Both Aand B are true (B*) A is true but B is false
(C) B is true but A is false (D) BothAand B are false
2. A paramagnetic material is kept in a magnetic field. The field is increased till the magnetization becomes
constant. If the temperature is nowdecreased, the magnetization
(A) will increase (B) decrease (C*) ramain constant (D) may increase of decrease
Chapter # 37 Magnetic Properties of Matter
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3. A ferromagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field. The magnetic domains
(A) increase in size (B) decrease in size (C*) may increase or decrease is size
(D) have no relation with the field
4. A long, straight wire carries a current i. The magnetizing field intensity H is measured at a point P close to
the wire. Along, cylindrical iron rod is brought close to the wire so that the point P is at the centre of the rod.
The value of H at P will
(A) increase many times (B) decrease many times (C*) remain almost constant
(D) become zero
5. The magnetic susceptibility is negative for
(A) paramagnetic materials only (B*) diamagnetic material only
(C) ferromagnetic materials only (D) paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials
6. The desirable properties for making permanent magnets are
(A*) high retentivity and high coercive force (B) high retentivity and lowcoercive force
(C) lowretentivity and high coercive force (D) lowretentivity and lowcoercive force
7. Electromagnets are made of soft iron because soft iron has
(A) high retentivity and high coercive force (B) high retentivity and lowcoercive force
(C) lowretentivity and high corecive force (D*) lowretentivity and lowcoercive force
Objective - II
1. Pick the correct options
(A*) All electrons have magnetic moment (B*) All protons have magnetic moment
(B) All nuclei have magnetic moment (D) All atoms have magnetic moment
2. The permaent magnetic moment of the atoms of a material is not zero. The material
(A) must be paramagnetic (B) must be diamagnetic
(C) must be ferromagnetic (D*) may be paramagnetic
3. The permanent magnetic of the atoms of a material is not zero. The material
(A) must be paramagnetic (B*) must be diamagnetic
(C) must be ferromagnetic (D) may be paramagnetic
4. Which of the following pairs has quantities of the same dimension ?
(A) magnetic field B and magnetizing field intensity H
(B) magnetic field B and intensity of magnetization I
(C*) magnetic field intensity H and intensity of magnetization I
(D*) longitudinal strain and magnetic susceptibility
5. When a ferromagnetic material goes through a hysteresis loop, the magnetic susceptibility
(A) has a fixed value (B*) may be zero (C*) may be infinity (D*) may be negative
6. Mark out the correct options.
(A*) Diamagnetism occurs in all materials
(B) Diamagnetism result from the partial alignment of perpmanent magnetic moment.
(C) The magnetizing field intensity H is always zero in free space
(D*) The magnetic field of induced magnetic moment is opposite to the applied field.
WORKED OUT EXAMPLES
Chapter # 37 Magnetic Properties of Matter
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1. Atighty-wound , long solenoid having 50 turns/cm , carries a current of 4.00A.Find the magnetic intensity H
and the magnetic field B at the centre of the solenoid. What will be the values of these quantities if an iron
core is inserted in the solenoid and the magnetization I in the core is 4.00 10
6
A/m ?
Sol. The magnetic intensity H at the centre of a long solenoid is
H = ni
= 50 10
2
m
1
4A = 2 10
4
A/m.
The magnetic field B =
0
H
= 4t 10
7
T-m/A 2 10
4
A/m = 8t 10
-3
T ~ 25 mT.
The value of H does not change as the iron core is inserted and remains 2 10
4
A/m. The magnetic field
B becomes
B =
0
(H+I)
= (4t10
-7
T-m/A) (2 10
4
+ 4 10
6
) A/m = 5.05 T.
It should be noted that the magnetic intensity H is very small as compared to the magnetization I in
presence of the iron core.
2. A long cylindrical iron core of cross-sectional area 5.00 cm
2
is inserted into a long solenoid having 2000
turns/m and carrying a current 2.00 A . The magnetic field inside the core is found to be 1.57 T.
Neglecting the end effects , find the magnetization I of the core and the pole strength developed.
Sol. The magnetic intensity H inside the solenoid is
H = ni = 2000 m
1
2A = 4000 A/m.
Also B =
0
(H+I)
or , I =
0
B

H
=
m/A - T 10 4
T 55 . 1
7
t
4000
m
A
= (1.25 10
6
4000) A/m ~ 1.25 10
6
A/m.
Note again that the magnetization I >> H for iron core.
The pole strength developed at the ends is
m = IA
= (1.25 10
6
A/m) (5 10
4
m
2
) = 625 A-m.
3. An ideal solenoid having 40 turns/cm has an aluminimum core and carries a current of 2.0 A. Calculate
the magnization I developed in the core and the magnetic field B at the centre, The susceptibility
_
of
aluminimum = 2.3 10
5
.
Sol. The magentic intensity H at the centre of the solenoid is
H = ni = 4000 turns/m 2.0 A
= 8000 A/m.
The magnetization is I =
_
H
= 2.3 10
5
8000 A/m = 0.18 A/m.
The magnetic field is B =
0
(H +I)
= (4p 10
7
T-m/A) [800 + 0.18] A/m ~ 3.2t 10
4
T..
Note that H >> I in case of a paramagnetic core.
4. Find (a) the magnetization I , (b) the magnetic intensity H and (c) the magnetic field B at the centre of
a bar magnet having pole strength 3.6 A-m , magnetic length 12 cm and cross-sectional area 0.90 cm
2
.
Sol. (a) Magnetization I =
A
m
=
2 4
m 10 90 . 0
m - 6 . 3

= 4 10
4
A/m.
The direction will be from the south pole to the north pole at the centre of the magnet .
(b) Magnetic intensity H
n
due to the north pole is
H
n
=
t 4
1
2
d
m
=
2 2
) m 10 6 ( 4
m A 6 . 3

t

= 79.6 A/m.
The direction will be towards the south pole. The magnetic intensity H
s
at this point due to the south
pole is also 79.6 A/m in the same direction. The resulatant magnetic intensity is
Chapter # 37 Magnetic Properties of Matter
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H = H
n
+ H
s
= 159.2 A/m towards the south pole.
(c) The magnetic field
B

at the centre is
B

= m
0
( ) I H

+
or , B =
|
.
|

\
|
t

A
m T
10 4
7
(4 10
4
159.2)
m
A
The field is towards the north pole.
5. The maximum value of the permeability of m-metal (77% Ni , 16% Fe , 5% Cu , 2% Cr) is 0.126 T-m/A.
Find the maximum relative permeability and susceptibility.
Sol. Relative permeability is

r
=
0

=
A / m T 10 4
A / m T 126 . 0
7
t

Susceptibility
_
=
r
1 ~ 1.00 10
5
.
6. A toroid has a mean radius R equal to 20/t cm, and a total of 400 turns of wire carrying a current of
2.0A. An aluminimum ring at temperature 280 K inside the toroid provides the core. (a) if the magneti-
zation I is 4.8 10
2
A/m , find the susceptibility of aluminimum at 280 K. (b) If the temperature of the
aluminimum ring is raised to 320 K. What will be the magnization ?
Sol. (a) The number of turns per unit length of the toroid is
n =
R 3
400
t
The magnetic intensity H in the core is ]
H = ni
=
m 10
20
2
A 0 . 2 400
2

t
t

= 2000 A/m.
The susceptiblity is
_
= I / H
=
m / A 2000
m / A 10 8 . 4
2

= 2.4 10
5
.
(b) The susceptibility
_
of a paramagnetic substance varies with absolute temperature as
_
= c/T..
Thus,
_
2
/
_
1
= T
1
/ T
2
.
The susceptibility of aluminimum at temperature 320 K is , therefore ,
_
=
320
280
2.4 10
5
= 2.1 10
5
.
Thus , the magnetization at 320 K is
I = _ H
= 2.1 10
5
2000 A/m.
= 4.2 10
2
A/m.
QUESTIONS FOR SHORT ANSWER
1. When a dielectri is placed in an electric field , it gets polarized. The electric field in a polarized material
is less than the applied field. When a paramagnetic substance is kept in a magnetic field , the field in
the substance is more than the applied field. Explain the reason of this opposite behaviour.
2. The property of diamagnetism is said to be present in all materials. Then , why are some materials
paramagnetic or ferromagnetic ?
3. Do permeability and relative permeability have the same dimensions ?
4. A rod when suspended in a magnetic field stays in east-west direction. Can we be sure that the field is
in the east-west direction ? Can it be in the north-south direction ?
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5. Why cannot we make permanent magnets from paramagnetic materials ?
6. Can we have magnetic hysteresis in paramagnetic or diamagnetic substance ?
7. When a ferromagnetic material goes through a hysteresis loop , its thermal energy is increased.
Where does this energy come from ?
8. What are the advantages of using soft iron as a core , instead of steel , in the coils of galvanometers
?
9. To keep valuable instruments away from the earths magnetic field , they are enclosed in iron boxes.
Explain.
EXERCISE
1. The magnetic intensity H at the centre of a long solenoid carrying a current of 2.0 A, is found to be 1500
A/m. Find the number of turns per centimeter of the solenoid.
Ans.7.5
2. A rod is inserted as the core in the current-carrying solenoid of the previous problem. (a) what is the
magnetization intensity H at the centre ? (b) If the magnetization I of the core is found to be 0.12 A/m,
find the acceptability of the material of the rod. (c) Is the material paramagnetic, diamagnetic or
ferromagnetic ?
Ans: (a) 1500 A/m (b) 8.0 10
5
(c) paramagnetic
3. The magnetic field inside a long solenoid having 50 turns/cm is increased from 2.5 10
3
T when an
iron core of cross-sectional area 4cm
2
is inserted into it .Find (a) the current in the solenoid ,(b) the
magnetization I of the core and (c) the pole strength developed in the core.
Ans: (a) 0.4A (b) 2.0 10
6
A/m (c) 800 Am
4. A bar magnet of length 1cm and cross-section a l area 1.0 cm
2
produces a magnetic field of 1.5 10
4
T at point in end- on position at a distance 15cm away from the centre. (a) Find the magnetic
moment M of the magnet. (b) Find the magnetization I of the magnet. (c) Find the magnetic field B at
the centre of the magnet.
Ans: (a) 2.5 Am
2
(b) 2.5 10
6
A/m (c) 1.2T
5. The susceptibility of annealed iron at saturation is 5500. Find the permeability of annealed iron at
saturation .
Ans: 6.9 10
3
6. The magnetic field B and magnetic intensity H in a material are found to be 1.6 T and 1000. A/m
respectively. Calculate the relative permeability
1
and the susceptibility x of the material.
Ans: 1.3 10
3
7. The susceptibility of magnesium at 300 K is 1.2 10
5
. At what temperature will the susceptibility
increase to 1.8 10
5
?
8. Assume that each iron atom has a permanent magnetic moment equal to 2 Bohr magnetons (1Bohr
magneton equals 9.27 10
24
A m
2
). The density of atoms in iron is 8.52 10
28
atom/m
(a) Find the maximum magnetization i in a long cylinder of iron. (b). Find the maximum magnetic field
B on the axis inside the cylinder.
Ans: 200K
9. The coercive force for a certain permanent magnet is 4.0 10 A/m. This magnet is placed inside a long
solenoid of 40 turns/cm and a current is passed in the solenoid of demagnetise it completely. Find the
current .
Ans: 10 A