MEDI CAL

I MAGI NG
Primary purpose is to identify pathologic
conditions.

Requires recognition of normal anatomy
and physiology.

Create image of body part

Disease Monitoring
Medical imaging is the technique and process used
to create images of the human body or its parts for
clinical purposes .

Non-invasive visualization of internal organs, tissue,
etc.



Projection X-ray (Radiography)

Ultrasound

X-ray Computed Tomography (CT)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)




X-rays: AformofElectromagneticEnergy
travellingatthespeedoflight.

Properti es

No mass
No charge
Energy

Wavelength Range of 0.01 to 10
nanometer


X-rays that pass through the body to
the film render the film dark (black).

X-rays that are totally blocked do not
reach the film and render the film
light (white).

Air = low atomic no. = x-rays get through
= image is dark

Metal = high atomic no. = x-rays blocked
= image is light (white)
Creation Of Image
Ul trasound
Ultrasound
Sound whose frequency is
greater than that
perceivable by humans
(>20kHz)
Medical Ultrasound
Imaging
1-12MHz
1.5 mm 0.125 mm

Means of interrogation:
High-frequency sound is transmitted into the body, usually in
very short pulses.
Returning echoes are analyzed to create an image


Principle Of Ultrasound Imaging
Launch short (0.2-2 s) ultrasound pulse into
tissue

Listen for sound reflected and scattered by
tissues
Reflections due to variations in acoustic
impedance

Display gray-scale image
CT SCAN
What is COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ?
Digital geometry processing is used to
generate a three-dimensional image of
the internals of an object from a large
series of two-dimensional X-ray images
taken around a single axis of rotation.

It creates cross-sectional images, e.g. of
the brain and shows the structure of the
brain, but not its function

CT scans use a series of X-ray beams

Phases of CT imaging

1. Scanning the patient
2. Data Acquisition
I. Tube and detector
move
II. Multiple attenuation
measurements are
taken around object.
3. Image reconstruction
4. Image Display
5. Image archival (recording)
Scanning Methods
Conventional CT
Axial
Start/stop

1.X-ray tube and detector rotate 360
2.Patient table is stationary with X-rays on
3.Produces one cross-sectional image
4. Once this is complete patient is moved to
next position
Process starts again at the beginning
1.X-ray tube and detector rotate 360
2.Patient table moves continuously
With X-rays on
3.Produces a helix of image information
4.This is reconstructed into 30 to 1000 images

Volumetric CT
Helical or spiral CT
Continuous acquisition

Basic Principle

Hydrogen nuclei(protons) under a strong magnetic field in
phase with one another and align with the field

Relaxed protons induce a measurable radio signal

1952
+Main modality for image guided surgery.

+Ability to discriminate between subtle
surfaces.

+Very safe.

--Not effective for bone scanning.





Basic Steps for image processing
Acquisition of Image

oMedicalimagedataisacquiredonesliceatatime.

oResultingdatasetcomprisesnslices,eachcontainingwxh
pixels.

Data Storage
Array starts with the rst row of the rst slice and so on until the end of the rst
slice.

Next, the array continues with the rst row of the second slice, then the second
row of the second slice, and so on.




A single slice corresponds to a k space
plane acquired in real-time


The K-Space undergoes an Inverse
Fourier Transform.

Following this mathematical step, we
finally have an image

Image Formation
Data visualisation

Medical image data is commonly visualised by two methods.
1.Reslicing
2.Surface rendering