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Satoru Takahashi EC5104/EC5104R

Department of Economics Mathematical Economics


National University of Singapore Semester 1, AY2014/2015
Problem Set 4
due on September 8 (Monday)
Part A
1. Consider the following subspaces of R (with the topologies induced by the usual
topology on R):
R, Q, Z, [0, ), (0, ),
[0, 1], [0, 1), (0, 1), [0, 1] Q, {1, 2, 3}.
(a) Which of them is compact?
(b) Which of them is connected?
2. Show that a set X with the discrete topology is compact if and only if X is nite.
3. (a) Show that a topological space X is compact if and only if every family {F

of closed subsets of X has the nite intersection property, i.e., whenever every
nite subfamily {F

k
}
n
k=1
has a nonempty intersection:
F

1
F

2
F

n
= ,
the entire family {F

also has a nonempty intersection:

= .
(b) Show that X R
d
is compact (i.e., bounded and closed in R
d
) if and only if every
weakly decreasing sequence of nonempty closed subsets of X has a nonempty
intersection.
4. (a) Let x R
n
. Let Y R
n
be nonempty and compact. Show that there exists
y

Y that minimizes the distance to x, i.e., x y

x y for any y Y .
(b) Does this hold if Y is nonempty and closed, but unbounded in R
n
?
5. Show that every polynomial equation with odd degree and real coecients has at
least one real root.
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Part B
1. We say that a topological space (X, ) is Hausdor if for every x, y X with x = y,
there exist open sets U, V such that U x, V y, and U V = . Show that
every metric space induces a Hausdor topology.
2. Let X be a compact Hausdor space. Show that a subset Y X with the subspace
topology is compact if and only if Y is closed in X.
3. Let X and Y be topological spaces, and f : X Y be a continuous and bijective
function.
(a) Is f
1
: Y X always continuous?
(b) Show that f
1
is continuous if X is compact and Y is Hausdor.
4. Let (X, d) be a metric space. Show that the following are equivalent.
(a) X is compact under the topology induced by d.
(b) (X, d) is complete and totally bounded with respect to d.
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(c) (X, d) is sequentially compact.
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5. In what follows, you will show that (b) does not imply (a) in the previous question if
dierent distance functions are used for completeness and for total boundedness. Let
d(m, n) = |mn| and d

(m, n) = |1/m1/n| for m, n N = {1, 2, . . .}.


(a) Show that both d and d

induce the discrete topology on N.


(b) Show that (N, d) is complete.
(c) Show that (N, d

) is totally bounded.
(d) Show that N is not compact under the discrete topology.
6. A topological space is said to be separable if it admits a countable dense subset.
(a) Show that R
n
is separable.
(b) Show that every totally bounded metric space (e.g., every compact metric space)
is separable.
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We say that (X, d) is totally bounded if for every > 0, there exists a nite subset Y of X such that,
for every x X, there exists y Y such that d(x, y) < . Note that if X R
n
and d is equivalent to the
Euclidean metric, (X, d) is complete if and only if X is closed in R
n
, and total boundedness is equivalent to
boundedness. In more general metric spaces, total boundedness implies boundedness, but not vice versa.
For example, any innite set with the discrete metric is bounded, but not totally bounded.
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We say that (X, d) is sequentially compact if every sequence on X has a convergent subsequence with
respect to d.
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7. Recall that [0, 1]
N
denotes the set of all sequences on [0, 1]. Let
d

({x
n
}, {y
n
}) = sup
nN
|x
n
y
n
|,
d({x
n
}, {y
n
}) =

n=0
2
n
|x
n
y
n
|.
(a) Show that both d

and d are distance functions on [0, 1]


N
.
(b) Consider a sequence {x
k
n
} on [0, 1]
N
, i.e., a sequence of sequences on [0, 1]. Show
that {x
k
n
} {x

n
} as k in ([0, 1]
N
, d) if and only if x
k
n
x

n
as k
pointwise for every n N, i.e., for every > 0 and n N, there exists k
,n
N
such that
k > k
,n
|x
k
n
x

n
| < .
(c) Show that {x
k
n
} {x

n
} as k in ([0, 1]
N
, d

) if and only if x
k
n
x

n
as
k uniformly in n, i.e., for every > 0, there exists k

N such that
k > k

n, |x
k
n
x

n
| < .
(d) Show that ([0, 1]
N
, d

) is complete but not separable (and hence not compact).


(e) Show that ([0, 1]
N
, d) is compact.
8. Fix 0 < K < . Let X be the set of functions f : [0, 1] [0, 1] that are Lipschitz
continuous with Lipschitz constant K:
|f(x) f(x

)| K|x x

|
with the distance function
d(f, g) = max
x[0,1]
|f(x) g(x)|.
Show that (X, d) is compact.
9. Let

R = R {, +} be the set of extended real numbers. We say that a subset
X

R is open if all the following conditions hold:
X \ {, +} is open in R in the usual sense;
if X, then there exists K > such that x < K x X;
if + X, then there exists K < + such that x > K x X.
Let be the family of all such open sets.
(a) Show that (

R, ) is a topological space, i.e., is closed under the operations of


nite intersections and innite unions.
(b) Show that (

R, ) is metrizable, i.e., is generated by some distance function.


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(c) Show that (

R, ) is compact.
10. (a) Show that a function f : R R is continuous if and only if the graph of f

f
= {(x, y) R
2
: y = f(x)}
is connected and closed in R
2
.
(b) Show that a function f : [0, 1] R is continuous if and only if
f
is compact.
11. Let (X, d) be a metric space. We say that a function f : X R is upper semicontin-
uous at x if for every > 0, there exists > 0 such that
d(x

, x) < f(x

) < f(x) + .
f is upper semicontinuous if it is upper semicontinuous at every point in X.
(a) Show that f is upper semicontinuous at x if and only if
limsup
n
f(x
n
) f(x)
for every sequence {x
n
} that converges to x.
(b) Show that f is upper semicontinuous if and only if f
1
((, )) = {x X :
f(x) < } is open for every R.
(c) Show that f is upper semicontinuous if and only if the hypograph of f
{(x, y) X R : y f(x)}
is closed in X R.
(d) Show that if X is nonempty and compact, and f is upper semicontinuous, then
f has a maximum, i.e., there exists x

X such that f(x

) f(x) for every


x X.
(e) Does an upper semicontinuous function on a nonempty and compact domain
have a minimum?
12. Let (X, d) be a metric space. We say that a preference relation on X is upper
semicontinuous if
{x X : x y}
is closed in X for any y X, lower semicontinuous if
{y X : x y}
is closed in X for any x X, and continuous if it is upper and lower semicontinuous.
(a) Show that is continuous if and only if
{(x, y) X X : x y}
is closed in X X.
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(b) Suppose that there exists u: X R that represents , i.e.,
x y u(x) u(y).
Show that is (upper semi)continuous if and only if u is (upper semi)continuous.
(c) Show that if X is nonempty and compact, and is upper semicontinuous, then
has a maximum, i.e., there exists x

X such that x

x for every x X.
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