Q.1= Write down the condition of Equilibrium?

A.1= the necessary and sufficient condition for a system of coplanar force acting on a
rigid body to keep it in equilibrium is!
"a# $he algebraic sum of the resol%ed parts of the forces acting along & a'is is (ero.
)*' = +
"b# $he algebraic sum of the resol%ed parts of the forces acting along , a'is is (ero.
)*y = +
"c# $he algebraic sum of the moments all the forces about any point in the plane is
(ero. )- = +. this condition can also be said as for a body in equilibrium the
sum of the clockwise moment is equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moment.
Q./= What is the deference between 0entroid 1 center of gra%ity?
A./= Center of Gravity:-0enter of gra%ity of a body may be defined as the point at
Which whole weight of the body assumed to be concentrated.
A body can ha%e only one center of gra%ity in respecti%e of all its orientation. $he
point through which the resultant of all such parallel force passes . in all position of
the body . is called as the center of gra%ity " 0.2.#.
Centroid: - $he plane areas such as triangle. Quadrilateral. 0ircle. etc.. ha%e
only areas. but no mass. $he entire area of such plane figure may
assumed to be concentrated at a point. which is known as centroid of the area .
Q.3= What are the %arious type of Equilibrium?
A.3= $here are following three type of Equilibrium!
1. Stable Equilibrium -A body is said to be in stable equilibrium. if it returns
4ack to its original position. after it is slightly disturbed from its position of rest.
/. Unstable Equilibrium: - A body is said to be in unstable equilibrium. if its
does not returns to its original position of rest .
3. Neutral Equilibrium: - A body is said to be in neutral equilibrium. if it
occupies a new position. and remain at rest in this new position . after it is
slightly disturbed from its original position .
Q.5= What is 6erfect and imperfect truss?
A.5= Perfect Truss: - A perfect truss is that. which is made up of member 7ust
8ufficient to keep it in Equilibrium. when loaded. without destroying its shape
$he perfect truss is 7ust rigid.

Imperfect Truss: - A imperfect truss in which the number of member are less
then " /9 : 3 # . ;mperfect $russ is under rigid and get distorted when loaded.
Q.<= Write down all the assumption used in sol%ing the problem of $russ?
A.<= *ollowing assumption are made. while calculating forces in member of the truss!
1. All member of the truss are connected at the 7oints by friction less pins.
/. $russ are only loaded at the 7oints and line of the action of the loads .lie in
$he plane of the truss.
3. All member of truss lie in the common plane ie. 6lane truss.
5. $he weight of the member is regarded negligible as compared to other
E'ternal force or loads acting on truss. unless stated otherwise.
<. $he truss is rigid and does not deform or change its shape due to application
=f E'ternal load.
Q.>= ?escribe methods of 7oints and method of section?
A.>= et!ods of "oints : - ;n this method. firstly reaction are determine and then
Each and e%ery 7oint is treated as a free body in equilibrium. $he force in
@arious members can be determining by applying condition of Equilibrium.
;.e. )@=+ and )A=+ or by applying BamiCs theorem. $he 7oint should be
8elected in such a away that at any time. it should not contain more than two
-ember. in which force are unknown
ET#$% $& SECTI$N: -;n this method an imaginary section is drown which
?i%ides the truss in two parts .this method is also based on the principle of
Equilibrium of the system .if the system is in equilibrium under the application
=f loads. then any parts or section of the system will also in the equilibrium
8ection line should be drown in such a way that it does not more than three
$hree members with unknown force in them.
Q.7= what do you mean by point of contra flexure on a beam.
A.7= the point on the beam where the bending moment will changes its sign form
negative to positive or vice versa. such apoint where bending moment
become zero is known as point of contra flexur this point is also known as
point of inflexion..
Q.8= escribe all types of beam with types of load..!
A.8= (a) simply supported beam- a beam whose both end is supported over the
supports are known as simply supported beam.
(b) Cantilever beam - a beam which is fixed at one end and free at other
end is called cantilever beam
over hanging beam- a beam having its end portion extended in form of
cantilever beyond its support is known as over
hanging beam
TYPES OF O!"-
(a) PO#$T O!" - A load acting at a point on a beam is known as point load .
(b) %ni&ormly distributed load- a load which is spread over on a beam in
such a way that each unit length is loaded
to the same extent is known as "#.
Q.D= E'plain the following.
"1# Ender rigid "/# 7ust rigid "3# o%er rigid truss
A.D= $russes can be classified on the basis of their rigidity. A 7ust rigid trusss is an
ideali(ed term.in which no.of members are 7ust sufficient to maintain the sturucture under
e'ternal loading.;f any of its member is remo%ed.its rigidity get destroyed.A triangle with
3 member is an elementary 7ust rigid trusss.A simple plane truss is built up from a
triangle by adding / members at each 7oint.
A relation between no. of 7oint "7# and no. of member "n#. for a 7ust rigid truss is
gi%en as
n '()-*
;f a no. of member are more than "/7!3#. the truss is said to be o%er rigid and if. that is less
than "/7!3# the trusss is known as under rigid.
n = "/7!3# nF "/7!3# nG "/7!3#
"UST +IGI% T+USS UN%E+ +IGI% T+USS $,E+ +IGI% T+USS
Q.1+= Aow will you find forces in members of a truss by method of sections? ;llustrate
with an E'ample.
A.1+= ;n this method an imaginary section is drawn which di%ides the truss in two parts.
$his method is also based upon the principle of equilibrium of a system. ;f a system
is in equilibrium under the application of loads. then any part of section of the
system will also be in equilibrium. 8ection line should be drawn in such a way that
it does not cut more then three members with unknown forces in them. 4ecause
there are only three equations of equilibrium "H*' = +. H*y = + and H-=+#. from
which only three unknowns can be determined. After di%iding the truss in two parts
any one part "left or right# can be analy(ed by applying conditions of equilibrium.
which is in equilibrium under the action of e'ternal loads and the forces e'erted
upon it by the members cut by the section.
$his is a simple and direct method. $his method is particularly useful. when the
forces in a few members are required. $his can be done %ery easily by passing a
section line through member or members in which forces ha%e to be determined.
without determining the forces in all the members. for e'ample consider a simple
truss as shown in fig. <.I in which forces in the members A4 and 40 ha%e to be
determined. @ertical reactions J4 and J0 can be determined by using equations of
equilibrium. ;n this case since truss is symmetrically loaded. thus reactions will
be. J4 = J0 = /K/ = 1 LM
A section line "1#!"1# cutting the members A4 and
40 and been drawn. Mow from two parts of the truss thus obtained the portion
ha%ing less numbers of forces. i.e. left part is selected for analysis. 4y using the
equations of equilibrium. i.e. H*' = H*y = + and H-= +. the forces in the members
A4 and 40 can be determined.
Q.11' writes the ad%antage of graphical method of analysis of a truss?
A.11' -%,-NT-GES $& G+-P#IC-. EN-./SIS! -ethod of 7oint in%ol%es a long
process a method of section of %ery much comple'. $hese difficulties can be o%ercome
by using the graphical analysis. ;t is a simple and comparati%ely fool proof method.
which gi%e reasonably accurate results.
Q.1/' Write short notes on -a'well diagram.
A.1/'Aow e%er. analytical method of truss analysis gi%es e'act results. but method of
7oints is a lengthy process and method of section is tedious one. $o o%ercome these
difficulties graphical method of analysis can be used. $his method is quite simple and
gi%es reasonably accurate result.
2raphical analysis of a truss is done in following two steps!
"1# 0onstruction of space diagram! *irstly. the truss is drawn on a suitable
scale with all e'ternal loads and reaction on it. Jeaction then can be
determined analytically for graphically. @arious forces are now named
according to 4owCs notation
"/# 0onstruction a %ector diagram or -a'well diagram! @ector diagram of
force polygon is also known as the -a'well diagrams. $o draw the
-a'well diagram a 7oint with not more then two unknown forces is
chosen and force polygon for that 7oint is drawn on a suitable scale. Mow
mo%e around the sides of the force polygon in order to determine the
nature of force in the members at that 7oint. Arrows are marked on the
member in spaces diagram to show the mature of forces. Mow select
another 7oint with not more than two unknown forces and draw the
corresponding forces polygon in continuation with the first polygon.
Mature of forces in members meeting at that 7oint are marked.
Jepeat the procedure for whole truss. Mow magnitudes of forces in
the members can be determined by measuring the side of a01ell
dia2ram3
Q.13= ?efine 8hear *orce and 4ending -oment?
A.13= "i#8hear *orce ! $he 8hear *orce at any point along a loaded beam may be defined
as the algebraic sum of all %ertical *orce acting on either side of the point on the
beam. $he net effect of shear force is to shear off the beam along the point at
which it is acting. 8hear force in taken the. if it produces a clockwise moment and
it is taken !%e when it produces a anticlockwise moment.
"ii#4ending -oment ! 4ending moment at any point along a loaded beam may be
define as the algebraic sum of the moment due to %ertical force acting on the
either side of the point on the beam. $he bending moment tries to bend the beam
clockwise moments due to loads acting to the left of the section are assumed to be
positi%e while anticlockwise moment are taken negati%e.