SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part I)

by BERRYBERRYTEACHER
in BERRY REFERENCE (NOTES)
Nutrition is the all-important process which is why all Berry Readers are still alie an!
chec"in# o$t o$r we%site& 't is a process o( o%tainin# the )materials* ((oo!) to sustain life and
growth& +hile st$!ents will most li"ely only thin" o( h$man-e!i%le (oo!, the s$%topics coerin#
S-. Biolo#y Form / is more than that& So this -art 0 o( the new series on N$trition (orSPM
Form 4 Biology %y Berry Berry Easy is (oc$sse! on the types o( n$trition an! some %asic
!e(initions& Here, yo$1ll learn a%o$t sel(-s$stainin# a$totrophs an! the more reliant heterotrophs&
2Tips3 Sometimes students make the mistake of not considering photoautotroph and
chemoautotroph as a subset of autotrophs. Similarly, some students also fail to acknowledge
that saprophyte, holozoic, carnivourous plants, parasites are subset of heterotrophs as they do
not contain the word 'hetero' or 'trophs'. This is wrong and it'll be useful to draw a family tree
inclusive of examples to properly categorise the categories.4
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part !
Photoautotrophs
Type of Nutrition
N$trition 5 process %y which or#anisms o%tain ener#y an! n$trients (rom (oo!, (or
#rowth, maintenance an! repair o( !ama#e! tiss$es&
N$trients 5 the important s$%stances which are re6$ire! (or no$rishment o( an
or#anisms&
7iin# or#anisms are !ii!e! into two #ro$ps (%ase! on the n$tritional ha%its)3
a$totrophs an! heterotrophs&
(i! "utotroph
A$totrophs 5 or#anisms that are a%le to synthesise comple8 or#anic compo$n!s (rom
raw, simple inor#anic s$%stances (water an! air) %y $sin# li#ht or chemical ener#y& These
or#anisms man$(act$re their own (oo! %y photosynthesis or chemosynthesis&
-hotoa$totrophs 5 chlorophyll containin# or#anisms that $tilise solar ener#y (or %$il!in#
or#anic s$%stance&
-hotoa$totropic n$trition 9 holophytic n$trition&
Chemoa$totrophs 5 or#anisms synthesise or#anic s$%stances %y $tilisin# chemical
ener#y&
Autotrophs Example
Photoautotroph Trees
Chemoautotroph Bacteria
(ii! #eterotroph
Heterotrophs 5 or#anisms that are not a%le to synthesise their own n$trients %$t they
o%tain the n$trients (rom other or#anisms&
Holo:oic n$trition 5 or#anisms (ee! %y in#estin# soli! or#anic matter that !i#este! an!
a%sor%e! into the %o!ies&
Saprophytism 5 or#anisms (ee! on !ea! an! !ecayin# or#anic matter&
-arasitism 5 or#anisms o%tains n$trients (a%sor%s rea!ily !i#este! (oo!) %y liin# on ; in
the %o!y o( another liin# or#anisms (the host)
Heterotrophs Example
Saprophyte Fungi
Holozoic nutrition Carnivores
Carnivorous plants
(Holozoic nutrition)
Venus traps and pitcher plants
Parasites Lice and leas
This en!s Part $ o( the series o( st$!y notes %y Berry Berry Easy on Nutrition for SPM
Biology Form 4 st$!ents& 'n the ne8t part, Berry Readers will learn a%o$t %alan&ed
dietan! the seen important &lasses of food (or SPM'le(el %iology& So !o stay t$ne!&
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part II)
by BERRYBERRYTEACHER
in BERRY REFERENCE (NOTES)
A %alan&ed diet is the most important step to maintain one1s #oo! health& 't is the "ey to reach
a %alance %etween hain# eno$#h ener#y (or !aily actiities an! also to maintain a healthy
wei#ht& There is also a misconception that a #oo! !iet consist o( no (at, no s$#ar, no salt an!
other e8treme meas$res& This is wron# as a %alance! !iet is more important than the !eoi! o(
any important classes o( (oo!& This post, Part o( study notes (rom Berry Berry
Easy onNutrition (or SPM Biology Form 4 st$!ents will %e (oc$se! on %alance! !iet an! the
important &lasses of food& So !o rea! on& 't is a simple topic that is mo!erately pop$lar in
e8ams&
2Tips3 n view of the topic, the following tips will not be study tips but nutritional tips instead.
nstead of avoiding sugar and salt completely, it is advisable to !ust limit the intake of simple
sugar and limit salt consumption "while ensuring that the salt is already iodised#. $lso, if you
intend to go vegetarian, make sure that you take in all the essential amino acids too. $vocado
and pumpkin seeds are useful to provide all the essential amino acids, which are typically only
available in animal%based diet.4
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part !
&uman Teeth
Balan&ed )iet

<iet 5 the (oo! an! !rin" that we cons$me&

Balance! !iet 5 !iet contains the correct proportions o( all the !i((erent classes o( (oo!s
(or the re6$irement o( %o!y&

.eta%olisms 5 the s$m o( all %iochemical reactions that occ$r in the cells o( liin#
or#anisms&

.eta%olic rate 5 a meas$re o( the ener#y !eman!s o( the liin# %o!y oer a speci(ie!
perio! o( time& =nit 5 "ilo>o$le ("?)

Ener#y al$e ; calori(ic al$e o( (oo! 5 the 6$antity o( heat pro!$ce! when one #ram o(
(oo! is completely o8i!ise!& =nit 5 ?o$les per #ram (? #
-0
) or calories&

Ener#y al$e 9 (.ass o( water 8 'ncrease in temperat$re 8 /&@ ) ; .ass o( (oo!

Ener#y al$e 9 (#)(AC)(? #

-0
AC
-0
) ; (#) 9 ? #
-0
Se(en mportant *lasses of Food
0& Car%ohy!rates (proi!e ener#y)
@& -roteins (B$il! new tiss$es ; important in #rowth an! repairin# !ama#e! tiss$es)
B& Fats (proi!e ener#y ; stora#e o( e8tra (oo!s)
/& +ater (act as me!i$m (or %iochemical reaction ; transportation o( s$%stances)
C& Ditamins (preent !iseases ; e((icient meta%olism ; important (or normal #rowth)
E& .inerals (important (or normal #rowth an! !eelopment o( teeth, %ones an! m$scles)
F& Ro$#ha#e ; <ietary (i%er (preent constipation ; stim$late peristalsis)
This mar"s the en! o( Part + o( notes (rom Berry Berry Easy on N$trition (or S-. Biolo#y Form
/ st$!ents& 'n the ne8t part, -art ''', Berry Readers will learn a%o$t the many (actors
a((ectin# daily energy re,uirement an! the %asics o( food energy &ontent
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part
III)
by BERRYBERRYTEACHER
in BERRY REFERENCE (NOTES)
)aily energy re,uirement simply means the ener#y re6$ire! per !ay (or actiities& Typically,
it can %e calc$late! $sin# yo$r %asal meta%olism rate (BMR), which is the least amo$nt o(
ener#y re6$ire! to ens$re that yo$r %o!y or#ans are ($nctionin# well an! also to maintain yo$r
%o!y temperat$re aro$n! BE&G !e#ree Celci$s& The !aily ener#y re6$irement is !epen!ent on
many (actors which is state! in this Part - o( Berry Berry Easy SPM Biology Form 4 notes
on Nutrition& 'n this post, Berry Readers will also %e e8pose! to the concept o( (oo! ener#y
content&
2Tips3 Students often make the mistake of confusing calories and !oules. 'ost of the time it is
due not converting the units when solving calculation%based (uestions. Sometimes it is the use
of multiplication instead of division, and vice versa during the conversion. )ust remember that
a calorie is *.+ !oules, so to convert calorie to !oule, you'll multiply *.+. To convert !oule to
calorie, you divide by a factor of *.+. So make sure that you do all the necessary conversions of
calories to !oules in a correct manner.4
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part !
,utrition Tag
Fa&tors "ffe&ting )aily Energy Re,uirement
Balance !iet is essential (or healthy #rowth an! !eelopment o( the %o!y&
0& A#e 5 chil!ren an! teena#ers nee! more ener#y !$e to their hi#h meta%olic rate&
@& Se8 5 male a!$lt nee!s more ener#y !$e to in males hae hi#h meta%olic rate&
B& -re#nancy an! lactation 5 pre#nant women nee! more ener#y !$e to s$pport the
#rowin# (oet$ses an! pro!$ce mil" (or their %a%ies&
/& Occ$pation 5 an actie person re6$ires hi#h ener#y !$e to the person !oes a lot o( heay
wor"&
C& Si:e or %o!y wei#ht 5 a person smaller in si:e has a lar#er s$r(ace area per $nit ol$me&
Th$s, the rate o( heat loss is hi#h&
E& Climate 5 people liin# in col! co$ntries nee! more ener#y to maintain %o!y
temperat$re&
F& Henetics 5 #enetics !isposition in certain person may !eci!e !i((erent meta%olic rate&
I& Health 5 'n s$((icient secretion o( thyro8ine hormone may ca$se lower in meta%olic rate&
G& 7i(estyle 5 An actie person re6$ires hi#her ener#y than a passie person
Energy *ontent of Food
Bom% calorimeter 5 $se! to calc$late the ener#y al$e o( ario$s types o( (oo! samples&
One calorie (cal) 9 /&@ >o$les (?)
Ener#y al$e o( (oo! ("? #
-0
) 9 (/&@ 8 mass o( water 8 increase in temperat$re) ; (mass o(
(oo! sample 8 0JJJ), speci(ic heat capacity o( water, C 9 /&@ ? #
-0
AC
-0
K mass o( water in #K
temperat$re in AC an! mass o( (oo! sample in #&
This represents the en! o( the Part - o( the short notes on the topic o( Nutrition (or SPM
Form 4 Biology students %y Berry Berry Easy& 'n the ne8t post in this series o( s$mmarise!
notes, yo$1ll learn a%o$t the &lasses of food nutrient& So !o chec" %ac"&
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part
IV)
by BERRYBERRYTEACHER
in BERRY REFERENCE (NOTES)
*lasses of food nutrient is the %asic classes $se! in the (orm$lation o( a healthy !iet& The
classical si. %asi& &lasses of
food incl$!es3 *ar%ohydrates, Protein, Fat, /itamins,Minerals an! 0ater& This Part
4 in the series o( s$mmarise! st$!y notes %y Berry Berry Easy on Nutrition (or SPM
Biology Form 4 st$!ents is (oc$sse! on the classes o( (oo! n$trients& Howeer, this part won1t
e8plain in !etail the classes on (oo! %$t rather %e e8plainin# on the #eneral tests con!$cte! in
school la%s to test the content o( (oo!s& Berry Readers will %e e8pose! to the name o( tests,
rea#ents $se!, o%seration e8pecte! an! concl$sions re#ar!in# the i!enti(ication o( classes o(
(oo! n$trient& So !o rea! on&
2Tips3 'ost food contain more than one of the classes of basic nutrient. To understand this, you
may look at the contents section of your slice bread's packaging. -ou'll see that it contains
protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, minerals and even water "although water might not be
stated#. So please remember that, chicken meat isn't all protein and rice isn't all carbohydrate.
.at healthy, stay healthy and study hard.4
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part /!
/lasses of 0ood ,utrients
*lasses of Food Nutrients
Test Reagent Observation Conclusion
Benedict!s
test
Food sample "
Benedict!s solution
(Place in #oiling
$ater #ath)
The solution turns
rom blueto green % yellow % brick-
red precipitate ormed (depend on
sugar concentration)&
Food sample
contains
reducing sugar
Benedict!s
test
Food sample "
Benedict!s solution
" 'ilute
hydrochloric acid
(Place in #oiling
$ater #ath) "
neutralise #y
sodium hydrogen
car#onate po$der
The solution turns
rom blueto green % yellow % brick-
red precipitate ormed (depend on
sugar concentration)&
Food sample
contains non(
reducing sugar
)odine %
Starch test
Food sample "
)odine solution
The solution turns rombrownish-
yellow to blue-black&
Food sample
contains
starch
*mulsion
test
Food sample "
ethanol
The at droplets ormed on the
surace and the solution #ecome
cloudy&
Food sample
contains oil
(lipid)
Sudan )))
test
Food sample "
Sudan ))) stain
+ red-stained oil layer separates
out and loat on the $ater surace
Food sample
contains oil
(lipid)
Fat test Food sample " ilter
paper
+ translucent mar, ormed Food sample
contains oil
(lipid)
-illon!s test Food sample "
-illon!s reagent "
./ sodium nitrite
(Place in #oiling
$ater #ath)
The solution turns brick-
redprecipitate&
Food sample
contains
protein
Biuret test Food sample " 01/
sodium hydro2ide
solution and ./
copper())) sulphate
solution
The solution turns
rom blueto purple colour&
Food sample
contains
protein
This mar"s the en! o( -art / o( the series o( notes on Nutrition (or Form 4
Biology st$!entsta1ing SPM in Malaysia& 'n the ne8t part, Berry Readers will learn all
a%o$t itamins& Rea! all a%o$t it to stay healthy&
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part V)
by BERRYBERRYTEACHER
in BERRY REFERENCE (NOTES)
/itamin (or#anic compo$n!) is commonly reco#nise! as one o( the (oo! cate#ory to maintain
health& =nli"e the %i# three o( )car%ohy!rate, protein an! (at*, itamin is only re6$ire! in small
amo$nt as n$trient& Ditamin is ital as it cannot %e a!e6$ately pro!$ce! %y o$r %o!y, hence it
m$st %e in#este! thro$#h o$r !aily !iet& At the moment, there are $- (itamins consi!ere! to %e
cr$cial to h$man health& They are Ditamin A, Ditamin B comple8 (ariant in B0, B@, BB, BC, BE,
BF, BG an! B0@), Ditamin C, Ditamin <, Ditamin E an! Ditamin L&
This Part 2 o( SPM Form 4 Biology notes on Nutrition %y Berry Berry Easy is all a%o$t
itamins, with heay emphasis on (at-sol$%le itamins& 'n this post, yo$1ll learn the %asics o( the
or#anic compo$n! calle! itamin an! the types o( (at-sol$%le itamins in !etail& .a"e s$re yo$
rea! it not only (or yo$r S-. e8aminations, %$t also (or !aily health& So it is %oth an SPM
e.amination tips an! also a !aily health tip&
2Tips3 1nly vitamin 2 and / are soluble in water. The rest are soluble in fat. 0or those who are
proficient in 'alay, you can easily remember the word $3.4, which sounds like $34
"younger brother#. 5itamin $, 3, . and 4 are the vitamins soluble in fat.4
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part /!
5itamin /od oil
/itamins
't is a #ro$p o( comple8 or#anic compo$n!s that are nee!e! in small 6$antities %y liin#
or#anisms %eca$se itamins can %e re$se! in %o!y meta%olisms&
Ditamins !o not proi!e ener#y to %o!y meta%olism an! itamins are non-protein
or#anic compo$n!s&
7iin# or#anisms cannot synthesise itamins&
Ditamins can %e only o%taine! (rom !iet&
't is essential to maintenance o( #oo! health, normal #rowth an! e((icient meta%olism&
There are two cate#ories in itamins3 (at-sol$%le itamins an! water-sol$%le itamins&
Fat'solu%le /itamins
Types o
!itamins
"ources #unctions Eect o deiciency
+ (retinol) -il,3
carrots3
tomatoes3
eggs3 ish
oil3 green
vegeta#les3
#utter
( Builds visual pigments
on retina or night vision
( )mmunity
( 4ro$th o epithelial
cells
( +ntio2idant
( Build #ody resistance to
diseases
( 5ight #lindness
( 6erophthalmia (cornea
#ecomes dry)
( Scaly s,in
' (calcierol) Formed
(s,in) during
the presence
o sunlight3
ish liver oil3
egg yol,3
cheese
( *nhances a#sorption o
calcium and phosphorus
( Build strong #ones and
healthy teeth
( 7ic,ets ($ea, #ones)
( 8steomalacia
(sotening o #ones)
* (tocopherol) Palm oil3
cereals3 nuts3
green
vegeta#les3
olive oil3
mil,(
( Preserves healthy
muscular system3 #lood
circulatory (red #lood
cells) and nervous system
( +ntio2idant
( -aintain healthy
unction o the
reproduction system
( Premature aging
( Lo$ ertility
( Slo$ $ound healing
9 (phyllo:uinone) 4reen
vegeta#le3
totatoes
( Helps in #lood clotting ( 'etective #lood
clotting
( +naemia
The ne8t post, Part 3 on the short series o( notes on Nutrition (or SPM Biology Form
4st$!ent %y Berry Berry Easy will contin$e on the s$%-topic o( itamin with emphasis %ein#
#ien on water'solu%le (itamins& So !o rea! on&
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part
VI)
by BERRYBERRYTEACHER
in BERRY REFERENCE (NOTES)
0ater'solu%le (itamins are itamins that are sol$%le in water& +hile it so$n!s o%io$s %$t its
implication is lar#e& Beca$se it is water-sol$%le, it has to %e replace! !aily as the %o!y !oes not
store them or a%sor%e! in the (at #lo%$les& Since it is replace! !aily, yo$ will nee! to in#est them
on a !aily %asis& Typical so$rce o( B-comple8 itamins are (o$n! in cereal, e##, (ish le#$me, meat,
mil", po$ltry an! others& +hile Ditamin C can nat$rally %e (o$n! in (r$its (citr$s %ase! are the
%est as most Berry Readers wo$l! alrea!y "now (rom yo$n#)&
So, let1s thin" a#ain, what the implication o( water-sol$%le itamin meansM 't also means that
these itamins can potentially %e washe! away !$rin# the preparation o( (oo! or een !$rin#
stora#e !$e to its sol$%ility in water& So it is ery !i((erent (rom the (at-sol$%le itamins learnt in
the earlier post& As yo$ wo$l! hae #$esse! it, this post, Part 3 o( notes on Nutrition (or SPM
Form 4 Biology student (rom Berry Berry Easy is all a%o$t water-sol$%le itamins&
2Tips3 0or those who wonder how fat%soluble is stored in the body. 5itamin 6$3.46 as
mentioned in the previous post is fat%soluble, in which they are absorbed in chylomicrons which
moves through the lymphatic system of small intestines, followed by circulation in the blood
stream and finally stored in body tissues. "This also implies the importance of fat in our body.
So do not remove too much fat from your body until you are unhealthy.
$s a health tip, make sure you don't ingest too much fat%soluble vitamins, as they can be stored
in your body. $ condition called hypervitaminosis can occur if you have too much vitamin
stored in your body, and that condition is potentially harmful to your body. So remember that,
moderation is the best way to go in life.4
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Nutrition (Part /!
/od fish oil
0ater'solu%le /itamins
Types o
!itamins
"ources
#unctions
Eect o deiciency
B. (thiamine) -il,3
legumens3
$heatgerm3
yeast e2tract3
nuts3 $hole
grains
( Precursor o a coenzyme
( Coenzyme or car#ohydrates meta#olisme
( Beri(#eri (muscle
$ea,ness3 nerve disorder)
( Fatigue
B0 (ri#olavin) -il,3
$heatgerm3
liver3 eggs
( Component o
coenzyme
( Healthy nervous system
( Sore eyes
( S,in lesions at the
corner o mouth3 nose and
ears
( )nlammation o tongue
and lips
B; (niacin) Liver3 rice3
legumes3 ish3
yeast e2tract
( Component o coenzyme
( Healthy nervous system3 s,in and intestines
( Pellagra (s,in and
gastrointestinal lesions)
B< (pantothenic
acid)
Fish3 egg
yol,3 liver3
meat
( Component o coenzyme or car#ohydrates3
protein and atty acids meta#olism
( -uscle cramps
( Fatigue
( 4rey hair
( Lo$ immunity
B= (pyrido2ine) Fish3 liver3
mil,3
potatoes
( Coenzyme in amino acid meta#olism
( For red #lood cell ormation
( 9idney stone
( -uscular t$itching
( 'iarrhea
B> (olic acid) 4reen
vegeta#les
( For '5+ and 75+
( For red #lood cells ormation
( 7egulating the unction o iron
( -iscarriage #irth
( Clet lips
( Lim# deects o #a#ies
B.0 (co#alamin) Cheese3 mil,3
egg3 meat
( Coenzyme in nucleic acid meta#olism
( For red #lood cells ormation
( Pernicious anaemia
( 5eurological disorders
H (#iotin) Legumes3
vegeta#les
( Coenzyme in the synthesis o at3 glycogen
and amino acid
( 5ausea
( Fatigue
( -uscular pains
C (ascor#ic acid) 8range3
tomatoes3
#roccoli3
caulilo$er
( Fats and protein meta#olism
( *nergy production
( Scurvy (#leeding gums
and #ruised s,in)
This is the en! o( Part 3 o( notes for SPM Biology on N$trition& <o rea! on the other %erry
essential notes (rom Berry Berry Easy& Stay healthy too, ta"e yo$r itamin %$t !on1t #o
oer%oar! %y hain# an oer!ose o( itamins&