Paper 3 Set B Key

Regn No: _________________

Name: ___________________
(To be written by the candidates)
12
th
NATIONAL CRTI!ICATION "A#INATION $ October% 2&11
!OR
NR'( #ANA'R) * NR'( A+,ITOR)
PAPER 3: Energy Efficiency in Electrical Utilities
,ate: 1-.1&.2&11 Timings: &/0&1120& 2R) ,3ration: 0 2R) #a4. #ar5s: 16&
Section II: SHORT DESRIPTI!E "UESTIO#S $ar%s: & ' ( ) *+
,i- Ans.er all Eig/t 01estions
,ii- Eac/ 01estion carries 2i3e 4ar%s
S56
An energy a17it of a fan .as carrie7 o1t8 It .as o9ser3e7 t/at t/e fan .as 7eli3ering 6:;+++ #4
3
</r of air .it/
static press1re rise of (( 44 =8 T/e po.er 4eas1re4ent of t/e 35p/ase in71ction 4otor co1ple7 .it/ t/e
fan recor7e7 68> %=< p/ase on an a3erage8 T/e 4otor operating efficiency .as assesse7 as &:? fro4 t/e
4otor perfor4ance c1r3es8 =/at .o1l7 9e t/e fan static efficiency@8
Ans
7 8 1-%&&& Nm
0
9 hr.8 :.::: m
0
9sec %
); 8 66 mm<C%
)t 8 =%
;ower in>3t to motor8 1./4086.? 5<
;ower in>3t to @an sha@t86.? 4&.A-8:./&2 5<

!an static 8 BoC3me in m
0
9sec 4 ;st in mm<c
1&2 4 ;ower in>3t to sha@t

8 :.::: 4 66
1&2 4 :./&2
8 &.:AAA
8 :A.AAD

S5A A 6( %=; 3 p/ase; *6( ! in71ction 4otor 7ra.s A( A an7 6A %= inp1t po.er at *++ !8 alc1late t/e Apparent
an7 Reacti3e Po.er 7ra.n 9y t/e 4otor at t/e operating loa7@
Ans
A>>arent >ower 8 1.?021 4 &.:&& 4 26 8 1?.02 EFa

ReactiFe >ower 8 sG3rt (a>>arent >ower
2
1 actiFe >ower
2
)

ActiFe >ower 8 12 5<
There@ore reactiFe >ower 8 sGrt (0&&.& 11::)
8 sGrt (1?1.2) 8 12.:A 5BAr

S53
Bist any fi3e energy conser3ation opport1nities in a fan syste48
Ans
#inimiHing demands on the @an.
1. #inimising e4cess air CeFeC in comb3stion systems to red3ce !, @an and I, @an Coad.
2. #inimising air in1Cea5s in hot @C3e gas >ath to red3ce I, @an Coad% es>eciaCCy in case o@ 5iCns% boiCer
_______________________
I3rea3 o@ nergy @@iciency
1
Paper 3 Set B Key
>Cants% @3rnaces% etc. CoCd air in1Cea5s increase I, @an Coad tremendo3sCy% d3e to density increase o@ @C3e
gases and in1@act cho5e 3> the ca>acity o@ @an% res3Cting as a bottCenec5 @or boiCer 9 @3rnace itseC@.
0. In1Cea5s 9 o3t1Cea5s in air conditioning systems aCso haFe a maJor im>act on energy e@@iciency and
@an >ower cons3m>tion and need to be minimiHed.
The @indings o@ >er@ormance assessment triaCs wiCC a3tomaticaCCy indicate >otentiaC areas @or im>roFement% which co3Cd
be one or a more o@ the @oCCowing:
1. Change o@ im>eCCer by a high e@@iciency im>eCCer aCong with cone.
2. Change o@ @an assembCy as a whoCe% by a higher e@@iciency @an
0. Im>eCCer derating (by a smaCCer dia im>eCCer)
:. Change o@ metaCCic 9 'Cass rein@orced ;Castic ('R;) im>eCCer by the more energy e@@icient hoCCow !R;
im>eCCer with aero@oiC design% in case o@ a4iaC @Cow @ans% where signi@icant saFings haFe been re>orted
6. !an s>eed red3ction by >3CCey dia modi@ications @or derating
-. O>tion o@ two s>eed motors or FariabCe s>eed driFes @or FariabCe d3ty conditions
?. O>tion o@ energy e@@icient @Cat beCts% or% cogged raw edged B beCts% in >Cace o@ conFentionaC B beCt systems%
@or red3cing transmission Cosses.
A. Ado>ting inCet g3ide Fanes in >Cace o@ discharge dam>er controC
/. #inimiHing system resistance and >ress3re dro>s by im>roFements in d3ct system

S5*
A .ater p14p of a process plant is analyse7 for efficiency an7 follo.ing 7ata is collecte7:
2lo. 5 (+ 4
3
</r; S1ction /ea7 53 4eters; Disc/arge /ea7 5 AC 4eter; 4eters; Po.er 7ra.n 9y 4otor C8( %=;
$otor efficiency >A?
Deter4ine t/e p14p efficiency
2ydra3Cic >ower 7 (m
0
9s) 4 totaC head (m) 4 1&&& 4 /.A1 91&&&

(6&90-&&) 4 2: 4 1&&& 4 /.A191&&&
2ydra3Cic >ower 0.2? 5<

;ower in>3t to >3m> ?.64 &./2
-./ 5<

;3m> e@@iciency 0.2?9-./
:?.0/D

S5(
Disting1is/ 9et.een #PSH a3aila9le an7 #PSH re01ire7 in case of a centrif1gal p14p@
Ans
N;)2 ReG3ired (N;)2R): The minim3m >ress3re reG3ired at the s3ction >ort o@ the >3m> to 5ee> t/e p14p fro4
ca3itating8
N;)2A is a @3nction o@ >3m>ing system and m3st be caCc3Cated% whereas N;)2R is a @3nction o@ the >3m> and m3st
be >roFided by the >3m> man3@act3rer. #PSHA 41st 9e greater t/an #PSHR for t/e p14p syste4 to o>erate
witho3t caFitating. ;3t another way% yo3 m3st haFe more s3ction side >ress3re aFaiCabCe than the >3m> reG3ires.

S5:
A DD set is operating at :++ %= loa7 .it/ *(+
O
e'/a1st gas te4perat1re8 T/e DD set generates & %g of
e'/a1st gas< %=/ generate78 T/e specific /eat of gas at *(+
o
is +8A( %al< %g
O
8 A /eat reco3ery 9oiler is
installe7 after ./ic/ t/e e'/a1st te4perat1re 7rops to A3+
O
8 Ho. 41c/ stea4 .ill 9e generate7 at 3 %g< c4
A
.it/ ent/alpy of :(+8(C %al< %g8 Ass14e 9oiler fee7 .ater te4perat1re as 3+
o
8
Ans
8 -&& 5<h 4 A 5g gas generated9 5<h o3t>3t 4 &.26 5CaC9 5g
o
C 4 (:6&
o
C120&
o
C) 82%-:%&&& 5CaC9hr

)team generation 8 2%-:%&&& 5CaC9hr 9 (-6&.6? $ 0&) 8 :26.:1 5g9 hr.

_______________________
I3rea3 o@ nergy @@iciency
2
Paper 3 Set B Key
S5C Briefly e'plain transfor4er losses an7 /o. t/e total transfor4er losses at any loa7 le3el can 9e co4p1te78
Ans Trans@ormer Cosses consist o@ two >arts: No1Coad Coss and Load Coss
1. No1Coad Coss (aCso caCCed core Coss) is the >ower cons3med to s3stain the magnetic @ieCd in the trans@ormerKs steeC
core. Core Coss occ3rs wheneFer the trans@ormer is energiHedL core Coss does not Fary with Coad. Core Cosses are
ca3sed by two @actors: hysteresis and eddy c3rrent Cosses. 2ysteresis Coss is that energy Cost by reFersing the
magnetic @ieCd in the core as the magnetiHing AC rises and @aCCs and reFerses direction. ddy c3rrent Coss is a
res3Ct o@ ind3ced c3rrents circ3Cating in the core.

2. Load Coss (aCso caCCed co>>er Coss) is associated with @3CC1Coad c3rrent @Cow in the trans@ormer windings. Co>>er
Coss is >ower Cost in the >rimary and secondary windings o@ a trans@ormer d3e to the ohmic resistance o@ the
windings. Co>>er Coss Faries with the sG3are o@ the Coad c3rrent. (;8I
2
R).

!or a giFen trans@ormer% the man3@act3rer can s3>>Cy FaC3es @or no1Coad Coss% ;NO1LOA,% and Coad Coss% ;LOA,. The totaC
trans@ormer Coss% ;TOTAL% at any Coad CeFeC can then be caCc3Cated @rom:
;TOTAL 8 ;NO1LOA,M (D Load91&&)
2
4 ;LOA,
<here trans@ormer Coading is 5nown% the act3aC trans@ormers Coss at giFen Coad can be com>3ted as:
2
kVA Load
No load loss full load loss
Rated kVA

= +



S5&
Disc1ss in 9rief any t/ree 4et/o7s 9y ./ic/ energy can 9e sa3e7 in a 91il7ing air con7itioning syste4
Ans
a) CoCd Ins3Cation
Ins3Cate aCC coCd Cines 9 FesseCs 3sing economic ins3Cation thic5ness to minimiHe heat gainsL and choose
a>>ro>riate (correct) ins3Cation.
b) I3iCding nFeCo>
O>timise air conditioning FoC3mes by meas3res s3ch as 3se o@ @aCse ceiCing and segregation o@ criticaC areas @or
air conditioning by air c3rtains.
c) I3iCding 2eat Loads #inimisation
#inimise the air conditioning Coads by meas3res s3ch as roo@ cooCing% roo@ >ainting% e@@icient Cighting% >re1cooCing
o@ @resh air by air1 to1air heat e4changers% FariabCe FoC3me air system% ot>imaC thermo1static setting o@
tem>erat3re o@ air conditioned s>aces% s3n @iCm a>>Cications% etc.


-------- End of Section II ---------
_______________________
I3rea3 o@ nergy @@iciency
0
Paper 3 Set B Key
)ection $ III: LON' ,)CRI;TIB 7+)TION) #ar5s: - 4 1& 8 -&
(i) Answer aCC )i4 G3estions
(ii) ach G3estion carries Ten mar5s
B56
=rite s/ort notes on any t/ree of t/e follo.ing
,i- Effect of s1pply 3oltage on capacitor K!AR rating
,ii- P14p i4peller tri44ing
,iii- Affinity la.s for centrif1gal 4ac/ines
,i3- Trigeneration
,3- B1il7ing fenestration
Ans
i) IdeaCCy ca>acitor FoCtage rating is to match the s3>>Cy FoCtage. I@ the s3>>Cy FoCtage is Cower% the reactiFe 5BAr
>rod3ced wiCC be the ratio B1
2
9B2
2
where B1 is the act3aC s3>>Cy FoCtage% B2 is the rated FoCtage.
ii) Im>eCCer trimming re@ers to the >rocess o@ machining the diameter o@ an im>eCCer to red3ce the energy added to the
system @C3id.

Im>eCCer trimming o@@ers a 3se@3C correction to >3m>s that% thro3gh oFerCy conserFatiFe design >ractices or changes in
system Coads are oFersiHed @or their a>>Cication. The Caws with res>ect to im>eCCer trimming wiCC be
3
D P Power,
2
D H Head,
D Q Flow,

iii) The eG3ations reCating centri@3gaC machine >er@ormance >arameters o@ @Cow% head and >ower absorbed% to
s>eed are 5nown as the Affinity Laws:
3
N P Power,
2
N H Head,
N Q Flow,

<here%
Q 8 !Cow rate
H 8 2ead or resistance
P 8 ;ower absorbed
N 8 Rotating s>eed
iF) Trigeneration re@ers to sim3Ctaneo3s generation o@ steam (heat)% >ower and re@rigeration thro3gh integrated
systems. !or e4am>Ce in a ,' set besides >ower is generated% )team is >rod3ced with waste e4ha3st gases and
ChiCCed water is generated 3sing Jac5et cooCing water. Three di@@erent 3tiCities are created 3sing a singCe @3eC as energy
so3rce.
F) !enestration systems incC3de windows% s5yCights% FentiCators% and doors that are more than one1haC@ gCaHed. ACC
o>enings (incC3ding the @rames) in the b3iCding enFeCo>e that Cet in Cight. TotaC area o@ the @enestration meas3red 3sing
the ro3gh o>ening (incC3ding gCaHing% sash and @rame). !or gCass doors where gCaHed Fision area is Cess than 6&D o@
the door area% the @enestration area is the gCaHed Fision areaL otherwise% it is the door area.
r
_______________________
I3rea3 o@ nergy @@iciency
:
Paper 3 Set B Key
B5A
!iCC in the bCan5s @or the @oCCowing
1. The ratio o@ soCar heat gain that >asses thro3gh @enestration to the totaC incident soCar radiation that @aCCs on the
@enestration is caCCed ________
2. ;resenting the Coad demand o@ a cons3mer against time o@ the day is 5nown as______ c3rFe
0. The Fector s3m o@ actiFe >ower and reactiFe >ower is ____.
:. The ratio o@ isothermaC >ower to act3aC meas3red in>3t >ower o@ an air com>ressor is 5nown as111111:
6. The ty>e o@ main in>3t energy 3sed @or re@rigeration in Fa>or absor>tion re@rigeration >Cants is____
-. One ton o@ re@rigeration is eG3iFaCent to ______5<
?. )tray Cosses in an ind3ction motor generaCCy are >ro>ortionaC to the sG3are o@ the ________c3rrent
A. The ca>acitor 5BAR seCected @or ;! Correction at the ind3ction motor terminaCs % sho3Cd not e4ceed ____ D o@
the no1Coad 5BAR o@ the motor.
/. The ratio o@ C3mino3s @C34 emitted by a Cam> to the >ower cons3med by the Cam> is caCCed_________________.
1&. In an amor>ho3s core distrib3tion trans@ormer% ______ Coss is Cess than a conFentionaC trans@ormer
Ans
1. )oCar 2eat 'ain Coe@@icient ()2'C)
2. Load or ho3rCy Coad
0. A>>arent ;ower
:. IsothermaC e@@iciency
6. ThermaC energy (or steam or waste heat or gas or any energy reCated to thermaC energy)
-. 0.61
?. rotor
A. /&
/. L3mino3s e@@icacy
1&. No Coad or core

B53
A free air 7eli3ery test .as carrie7 o1t 9efore con71cting a lea%age test on a reciprocating air co4pressor in
an engineering in71stry an7 follo.ing .ere t/e o9ser3ations:
Recei3er capacity : &8+ 4
3
Initial press1re : +86 %g < c4
A
g
2inal press1re : C8+ %g < c4
A
g
A77itional /ol751p 3ol14e : +83 4
3
At4osp/eric press1re : 68+A: %g < c4
A
a9s8
o4pressor p14p51p ti4e : 38( 4in1tes
21rt/er t/e follo.ing o9ser3ations .ere 4a7e 71ring t/e con71ct of lea%age test 71ring t/e l1nc/ ti4e ./en
no pne14atic e01ip4ent< control 3al3es .ere in operation:
a- o4pressor on loa7 ti4e is A* secon7s an7 1nloa7ing press1re is C %g<c4
A
g
9- A3erage po.er 7ra.n 9y t/e co4pressor 71ring loa7ing is &C %=
c- o4pressor 1nloa7 ti4e an7 loa7ing press1re are C> secon7s an7 :8:
%g<c4
A
g respecti3ely8
2in7 o1t t/e follo.ing:
,i- o4pressor o1tp1t in 4
3
</r,neglect te4perat1re correction-
,ii- Specific Po.er ons14ption; %=< 4
3
</r
,iii- ? air lea%age in t/e syste4
,i3- lea%age 01antity in 4
3
</r
,3- po.er lost 71e to lea%age
_______________________
I3rea3 o@ nergy @@iciency
6
Paper 3 Set B Key
Ans
(i) Com>ressor o3t>3t m
0
9min3te :
( )
time Pumpup Pressure Atm.
Volume Total P P
1 2

:
( )
3.5 .026 1
8.3 1 . 0 0 . 7

8 16./:A2 m
0
9min3te
: /6-.A/ m
0
9hr

(ii)
o3t>3t : /6-.A/ m
0
9hr
>ower cons3m>tion : A? 5<
)>eci@ic >ower cons3m>tion : A?9/6-.A/ 8 &.&/&/ 5<9m
0
9hr

(iii) D Lea5age in the system
Load time (T) : 2: secs.
+n Coad time (t) : ?/ secs
D Cea5age in the system : 100 x
) t T (
T
+
:
100
7! 2" #
2"
x
+
: 20.0D

iF) Lea5age G3antity : &.2004/6-.A/
:222./66 m
0
9hr

F) ;ower Cost d3e to Cea5age : Lea5age G3antity 4 s>eci@ic >ower cons3m>tion
: 222./66 4 &.&/&/
: 2&.2? 5<

B5*
a- In a T/er4al Po.er Station; stea4 inp1t to a t1r9ine operating on a f1lly con7ensing 4o7e is 66+
Tonnes<Hr8 T/e /eat reEection re01ire4ent of t/e stea4 t1r9ine con7enser is ((: %als<%g of stea4
con7ense78 T/e cooling .ater te4perat1res at t/e inlet to an7 o1tlet fro4 t/e t1r9ine con7enser .ere
4eas1re7 to 9e A&
o
an7 3&
o
respecti3ely8 2in7 o1t t/e circ1lating cooling .ater flo.8
9- An energy a17it .as con71cte7 to fin7 o1t t/e ton of refrigeration ,TR- of an Air Han7ling Unit ,AHU-8 T/e
a17it o9ser3ations are as 1n7er8
Para4eter AHU
E3aporator area ,4
A
- >8(
Inlet 3elocity ,4<s- 68>
Inlet air DBT ,F- A68(
RH ,?- C(8+
Ent/alpy ,%G<%g- (38+
_______________________
I3rea3 o@ nergy @@iciency
-
Paper 3 Set B Key
O1t let air DBT ,F- 6C8*
RH ,?- >+8+
Ent/alpy ,%G<%g- *:8*
Density of air ,%g<4
3
- 68A
2in7 o1t t/e TR of AHU8
Ans
a
$eat re%e&ted ' $eat pi&kup () &ooli*+ ,ater
-team flo, rate . /eat re%e&tio* ' &ooli*+ ,ater flo, rate . 0p . 1T

110 #TP$ . 1000 #k+2T . 556 ' 0ooli*+ ,ater flo, rate . 1 k0al2k+
o
0 . #38328
o
0

0ooli*+ ,ater flo, rate ' 6116 m
3
2/r

(
( )
302"
/ / 4 5
TR
out i*

=
6/ere7 5 is t/e air flo, i* m
3
2/
is de*sit) of air k+2m
3
h i* is e*t/alp) of i*let air k0al2k+
h out is e*t/alp) of outlet air k0al2k+

5 #m
3
2/r ' Area #m
2
8 9*let :elo&it) #m2s 8 3600 #s2/r
' !.5 8 1.! 8 3600 ' 6"!80 m
3
2/r
4 ' 1.2 k+2m
3
/i* ' 53.0 k;2k+ ' 12.667 k0al2k+
/out ' "6." k;2k+ ' 11.08! k0al2k+

TR ' 6"!80 8 1.2 8 #12.667 < 11.08! 2 302" ' "0.6! TR

B5(
a- T/e efficiency at 3ario1s stages fro4 po.er plant to en751se is gi3en 9elo.8
Efficiency of po.er generation in t/e po.er plant 5 3+ ?
T H D losses 5 A3 ?
Distri91tion loss of t/e plant 5 : ?8
E01ip4ent en7 1se efficiency 5 :( ?8
=/at is t/e o3erall casca7e syste4 efficiency fro4 generation to en751se@
9- T/e energy a17it o9ser3ations at a cooling to.er ,T- in a process in71stry are gi3en 9elo.:

ooling =ater ,=- 2lo. : 3+++ 43</r
= in Te4perat1re: *67eg8
= O1t Te4perat1re: 33 7eg
=et B1l9 Te4perat1re: A* 7eg8
2in7 o1t Range; Approac/; Effecti3eness an7 cooling to.er capacity in %al per /o1r of t/e T @

_______________________
I3rea3 o@ nergy @@iciency
?
Paper 3 Set B Key
Ans
a) OFeraCC cascade system e@@iciency @rom generation to end13se 8
8 &.0&" (11 &.20)"(11 &.&-)"&.-6
8 &.1:1181:.11D

b) Range 8 (InCet 1O3tCet) CooCing <ater Tem>erat3re deg. C
A>>roach 8 (O3tCet CooCing <ater 1 Air <et I3Cb) Tem>erat3re deg. C
Range8 (:1 $ 00) 8 A deg. C
A>>roach 8 (00 $ 2:) 8 / deg C

D CT @@ectiFeness8 Range9(Range M a>>roach)"1&&
D @@ectiFeness 8 1&&"NRange9(A>>roach M Range)O
8 A9NAM/O"1&& 8 :?.&6 D

CooCing ca>acity% 5CaC9hr 8 heat reJected 8 C< @Cow rate in 5g >er ho3r " (C< inCet hot water tem. to CT% deg. C1
C< o3tCet coCd weCC tem> % deg. C)
CooCing ca>acity 8 0&&&"1&&&" (:1 1 00) 8 2:%&&&%&&& 5CaC >er ho3r 8 2: #iCCion 5CaC >er ho3r

B5:
D1ring energy a17it of a process plant; t/e electricity 9ills .ere analyse78 T/e plant /as a contract 7e4an7 of
(+++ %!A .it/ t/e po.er s1pply co4pany8 T/e a3erage 4a'i414 7e4an7 of t/e plant is 3&(+ %!A<4ont/ at a
po.er factor of +8>(8 T/e 4a'i414 7e4an7 is 9ille7 at t/e rate of Rs8:++<%!A<4ont/8 T/e 4ini414 9illa9le
4a'i414 7e4an7 is C( ? of t/e contract 7e4an78 An incenti3e of +8( ? re71ction in energy c/arges
co4ponent of electricity 9ill are pro3i7e7 for e3ery +8+6 increase in po.er factor o3er an7 a9o3e +8>(8 T/e
a3erage energy c/arge co4ponent of t/e electricity 9ill per 4ont/ for t/e plant is Rs86& la%/s8
T/e plant 7eci7es to i4pro3e t/e po.er factor to 1nity8 Deter4ine t/e po.er factor capacitor %!Ar re01ire7;
ann1al re71ction in 4a'i414 7e4an7 c/arges an7 energy c/arge co4ponent8 =/at .ill 9e t/e si4ple
pay9ac% perio7 if t/e cost of po.er factor capacitors is Rs866++<%!Ar8
Ans
5< drawn 0A6& 4 &./6 8
0-6?.6 5<
EFar reG3ired to im>roFe >ower @actor @rom &./6 to 1 5< ( tan 1 $ tan 2)
5< ( tan (cos
1
1) $ tan (cos
1
2)
0-6?.6 ( tan (cos
1
&./6) $ tan (cos
1
1)
0-6?.6(&.02/ 1 &)
12&0 4 11&& 5BAr
Cost o@ ca>acitors PRs.11&&95BAr Rs.10%20%0&&

#a4im3m demand at 3nity >ower @actor 0-6?.691 8 0-6?.6 5BA
?6 D o@ contract demand 6&&&4&.?680?6& 5BA
Red3ction in ,emand charges 0A6&10?6&8 1&&5Ba% as the >Cant has to >ay
#, charges on minim3m biCCabCe demand o@
0?6&% and not on the im>roFed #, o@ 0-6?.6
5BA in this case
1&&5BA9month 4 12 months 4 Rs.-&& 5BA9
month8 Rs.?%2&%&&&

;ercentage red3ction in energy charge @rom &./6 to 1
P &.6 D @or eFery &.&1 increase
2.6 D
#onthCy energy cost com>onent o@ the biCC Rs.1A%&&%&&&
Red3ction in energy cost com>onent 1A%&&%&&& 4 (2.691&&)
Rs.:6%&&&9month
Ann3aC red3ction Rs.:6%&&& 4 12
Rs.6%:&%&&&

)aFings in eCectricity biCC Rs.?%2&%&&&M 6%:&%&&&8 12%-&%&&&
InFestment Rs.10%20%0&&
;aybac5 >eriod 10%20%0&&912%-&%&&&
_______________________
I3rea3 o@ nergy @@iciency
A
Paper 3 Set B Key
1.&6 years or 12.- months

. End of Section III .


_______________________
I3rea3 o@ nergy @@iciency
/