Solution for problem 6).

a). According to the continuity equation (two-d ow,

()
y
= 0)
u
x
+
w
z
= 0
we have
w
z
=
u
x
=

x

U
0

2z
C

x

z
2
C
2
x

=
2U
0
z
C

+
U
0
z
2
C
2

1
x

=
U
0
z
C
x

3
2

U
0
z
2
C
2
x
2
Solving the above partial dierential equation we have
w(x, z) =
U
0
x

3
2
z
2
2C

U
0
x
2
z
3
3C
2
+C
1
(x)
Due to the no-slip boundary condition, w(x, z = 0) = 0. Subsitute it into the above general solution we have
C
1
(x) = 0, hence the expression for vertical velocity is
w(x, z) =
U
0
x

3
2
z
2
2C

U
0
x
2
z
3
3C
2
b). As assumed by this question, we have (x = 1) = 0.011 m, thus
0.011 = C 1
1/2
=C = 0.011 m
1/2
At x = 1 we can dene w
1
(z) = w(x = 1, z), such that
w
1
(z) =
U
0
z
2
2C

U
0
z
3
3C
2
Thus we have
dw
1
dz
=
U
0
z
C

U
0
z
2
C
2
d
2
w
1
dz
2
=
U
0
C

2U
0
z
C
2
and
dw
1
dz
= 0 =
U
0
C
z

1
z
C

= 0
Therefore w
1
(z) have maximum or minimum values at z = 0 and z = C. Since we have
d
2
w
1
dz
2

z=0
=
U
0
C
> 0
d
2
w
1
dz
2

z=C
=
U
0
C
2
U
0
C
=
U
0
C
< 0
Thus the maximun value of w
1
(z) is w
1
(z = C), hence
w(x = 1, z)
max
= w(x = 1, z = C) =
U
0
C
2

U
0
C
3
=
U
0
C
6
=
3 0.011
6
= 0.0055 m/s
1

Solution: There is atmospheric pressure all along the surface at y = h, hence cp/cx = 0.
The x-momentum equation can easily be evaluated from the known velocity profile:
2
x
u u p
u v g u, or: 0 0 gsin + ( 2C)
x y x
c c c
u
c c c
| |
+ = + + V = +
|
\ .

Solve for . (a) Ans
g sin
C
2
u

=
The flow rate per unit width is found by integrating the velocity profile and using C:
h h
3
0 0
2
Q udy Cy(2h y) dy Ch per unit width . (b)
3
Ans = = = =
} }
3
gh sin
3
u

P4.37 A viscous liquid of constant
density and viscosity falls due to gravity
between two parallel plates a distance 2h
apart, as in the figure. The flow is fully
developed, that is, w = w(x) only. There
are no pressure gradients, only gravity. Set
up and solve the Navier-Stokes equation
for the velocity profile w(x).
Solution: Only the z-component of Navier-
Stokes is relevant:

Fig. P4.37
2
2
0 , : , ( ) ( ) 0 ( )
dw d w g
g or w w h w h no-slip
dt dx

= = + '' = = + =
The solution is very similar to Eqs. (4.142) to (4.143) of the text:
. w Ans =

2 2
g
(h x )
2


P4.38 Show that the incompressible flow distribution, in cylindrical coordinates,
0 0 = = =
z
n
r
v r C v v
u
Chapter 4 - Differential Relations for a Fluid Particle 363
Red = Vd/ = (891 kg/m
3
)(4.3 m/s)(0.09 m)/[0.29 kg/(ms)] = 1190 < 2000 Laminar Ans. (a)
(b) With average velocity known, the volume flow follows easily:
Q = AV = [(t /4)(0.09 m)
2
](4.3 m/s)(3600 s/h) = 98.5 m
3
/h Ans. (b)
(c) The manometer measures the pressure drop over a 2.5 m length of pipe. From
Eq. (4.147),
2 2
(0.045 )
4.3 , 12320
8 2.5 8(0.29 / )
m p R p m
V solve for p Pa
s L m kg m s
A A
= = = A =

12320 ( ) (13550 891)(9.81) , Solve
mano merc oil
p gh h A = = = h 0.099 m = Ans. (c)

P4.88 The viscous oil in Fig. P4.88 is set
into steady motion by a concentric inner
cylinder moving axially at velocity U
inside a fixed outer cylinder. Assuming
constant pressure and density and a purely
axial fluid motion, solve Eqs. (4.38) for the
fluid velocity distribution vz(r). What
are the proper boundary conditions?

Fig. P4.88
Solution: If vz = fcn(r) only, the z-momentum equation (Appendix E) reduces to:
2 z z
z z
dv p d dv
g v , or: 0 0 0 r
dt z r dr dr
c

c
| |
= + + V = + +
|
\ .

The solution is vz = C1 ln(r) + C2, subject to vz(a) = U and vz(b) = 0
Solve for C1 = U/ln(a/b) and C2 = C1 ln(b)
The final solution is: . Ans =
z
ln(r/b)
v U
ln(a/b)



P4.89 Modify Prob. 4.88 so that the outer cylinder also moves to the left at constant
speed V. Find the velocity distribution uz(r). For what ratio V/U will the wall shear stress
be the same at both cylinder surfaces?
Chapter 4 - Differential Relations for a Fluid Particle 367
Solution: For water at 20C, = 998 kg/m
3
and = 0.001 kg/ms. Each microtube of
diameter D sees the same pressure drop. If there are N tubes,
3 4 4
4
1 (1500 )
1.47 5
3600 128 128(0.001 / )(0.25 )
tube
m D p D Pa
Q NQ N N E N D
s L kg m s m
t t

A
= = = = =

2
2
0.0006
At the same time, /
( /4)
bundle tube
m
N A A
D t
= =
Combine to find D
2
= 2.47E6 m
2
or D = 0.00157 m and N = 310 Ans.(a, b)
With D known, compute V = Q/Abundle = Qtube/Atube = 0.462 m/s and
ReD = VD/ = (998)(0.462)(0.00157)/(0.001) = 724 (laminar) Ans. (c)

P4.94 A long solid cylinder rotates steadily
in a very viscous fluid, as in Fig. P4.94.
Assuming laminar flow, solve the Navier-Stokes
equation in polar coordinates to determine the
resulting velocity distribution. The fluid is at rest
far from the cylinder. [HINT: the cylinder does
not induce any radial motion.]

Solution: We already have the useful hint that v
r
= 0. Continuity then tells us that
(1/r)cv
u
/cu = 0, hence v
u
does not vary with u. Navier-Stokes then yields the flow. From Eq.
D.6, the tangential momentum relation, with cp/cu = 0 and v
u
= f(r), we obtain Eq. (4.139):

R
r
O
Fig. P4.94
,
u
368 Solutions Manual - Fluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition

Rotating a cylinder in a large expanse of fluid sets up (eventually) a potential vortex flow.
________________________________________________________________________
`P4.95 Two immiscible liquids of
equal thickness h are being sheared
between a fixed and a moving plate,
as in Fig. P4.95. Gravity is neglected,
and there is no variation with x.
Find an expression for (a) the velocity at the
interface; and (b) the shear stress in each fluid. Assume steady laminar flow.

Solution: Treat this as a Ch. 4 problem (not Ch. 1), use continuity and Navier-Stokes:
This tells us that there is no velocity v, hence we need only consider u(y) in Navier-Stokes:
. , Finally ; ; , At
0 hence , 0 , As
: Solution , ) (
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
Ans
r
R
v R C
R
C
R v R r
C v r
r
C
r C v
r
v
dr
dv
r
dr
d
r
O
= O = = O = =
=
+ = =
u u
u
u
u u
h
h
V
Fixed
x
y

1
,
1

2
,
2

Fig. P4.95
walls the at slip no for 0 thus ; 0 0 : Continuity = = =
c
c
+ =
c
c
+
c
c
const v
y
v
y
v
x
u
y b a u
dy
u d
y
u
x
u
x
p
y
u
v
x
u
u
+ =
+ + = +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
Thus
) 0 ( 0 0 0 : or ) ( ) (
2
2
2 , 1
2
2
2
2
2 , 1 2 , 1

364 Solutions Manual - Fluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition


Solution: We merely modify the boundary conditions for the known solution in 4.88:
vz = C1 ln(r) + C2, subject to vz(a) = U and vz(b) = V
Solve for C1 = (U + V)/ln(a/b) and C2 = U (U + V)ln(a)/ln(a/b)
The final solution is + +
z
ln(r/a)
v U (U V)
ln(a/b)
Ans.
The shear stress t = (U + V)/[r ln(a/b)] and is never equal at both walls for any ratio of
V/U unless the clearance is vanishingly small, that is, unless a ~ b. Ans.

P4.90 It is desired to pump ethanol at 20C through 25 meters of straight smooth
tubing under laminar-flow conditions, Re
d
= Vd/ < 2300. The available pressure drop
is 10 kPa. (a) What is the maximum possible mass flow, in kg/h? (b) What is the
appropriate diameter?
Solution: For ethanol at 20C, = 789 kg/m
3
and = 0.0012 kg/m-s. From Eq. (4.138),

4 4
laminar
8 128
R p d p
Q
L L
t t

A A
= =
Clearly, flow increases with diameter, so maximum mass flow requires the maximum
diameter consistent with the maximum Reynolds number. The Reynolds number may be
written out:

3 4
2
2 2
3 3
max
4 4
Re ( )( ) 2300
128
32
2300(32) 2300(32)(0.0012) (25)
Or : 3.36 7
(789) (10, 000)
0.00695 .( )
d
d p Vd Q d p
d d L
L
L
d E m
p
Solve for d m mm Ans b
t
t t

A A
= = = = <
= = =
A
= ~ 7

The maximum mass flow is
4
max max
3
(0.00695 ) 10, 000
(789 )[ ]( ) 0.0151 .( )
128(0.0012 / ) 25
kg m Pa kg kg
m Q Ans a
kg m s m s h
m
t

-
= = = = 54