El ect r i cal Engi neer i ng i n J apan, Vol . 111, No.

6 , 1991
Translated from Denki Gakkai Ronbunshi, Vol. 111, No. 1, January 1991, pp. 9-16
Analysis of Lightning Surge Overvoltages at Substation
Using Steady-State Solution
AKI HI ROAMETANI
Do s hi sha Uni ver si t y
and HI RONORI OHNI SHI
Osaka Gas Company
SUMMARY
The present paper pr oposes a met hod f or
anal yzi ng l i ght ni ng sur ge over vol t ages at a
subst at i on by means of st eady- st at e sol ut i ons.
The l i ght ni ng cur r ent i s assumed to be per i o-
di c and r epr esent abl e by a Four i er seri es.
The f requency r esponses of t he l i ne and sub-
st at i on i mpedances as seen f romt he subst a-
t i on ent r ance and t he r esponse of t he st eady-
i nsul at i on coor di nat i on i n an exi st i ng syst em
usi ng ZnOar r est er s [l - 41. But , t ransi ent
anal ysi s at a subst at i on r equi r es l ar ge num-
ber s of cal cul at i ons because t he subst at i on
ci r cui t s ar e ver y compl i cat ed and t he number
of par amet er s i nvol ved i s l arge. As a conse-
quence, i t i s di f f i cul t t o t est t he accuracy
of t he cal cul at i ons t o f i nd a physi cal i nt er-
pr et at i on of t he resul t s.
st at e sol ut i on f or t he open- end l i ne vol t age The pr esent paper pr oposes a newmet hod
wi t h t he subst at i on removed ar e t hen easi l y
obt ai ned. The st eady- st at e vol t age at t he ni ng over vol t ages at a subst at i on whi ch i s
subst at i on ent r ance i s eval uat ed f r omt he based on t he wel l - known st eady- st at e vol t age
above f r equency r esponses by means of The- and cur r ent sol ut i ons f or an ac ci rcui t [ 5 ] .
veni n' s t heorem. The t r ansi ent vol t age i s The har moni c component s of t he t ransi ent vol -
expressed as t he sumof Four i er ser i es of t age wavef or mar e f i r st obt ai ned by Fouri er
t he st eady- st at e vol t ages. The l i ght ni ng ser i es expansi on, t r eat i ng t he t ransi ent wave-
( st eady- st at e anal ysi s) of anal yzi ng l i ght -
sur ge over vol t ages cal cul at ed by t he pro-
posed met hod ar e i n sat i sf act or y agr eement
wi t h t he t ransi ent sol ut i ons cal cul at ed by
t he EMTP t echni que, and t he comput at i on
t i me and memor y r equi r ement s ar e f ar smal l er.
Because t he proposed met hod eval uat es
t he l i ght ni ng sur ge over vol t age onl y i n t er ms
of st eady- st at e sol ut i ons, i t i s conveni ent l y
used to eval uat e t he ef f ect of t he ci r cui t
par amet er s of a subst at i on i n t er ms of ac
t heory and t hus may be usef ul i n i nvest i gat -
i ng t he r el at i onshi p bet ween bus l engt h and
over vol t age, i n est i mat i ng t he opt i muml oca-
t i on of an ar r est er i nst al l at i on, and so on.
1. I nt r oduct i on
Li ght ni ng sur ge anal ysi s i s an i mpor t ant
subj ect because i t i s t he pr i nci pal f act or
t hat i s consi der ed when choosi ng t he i nsul a-
t i on l evel s of subst at i ons. Such anal yses
recent l y became necessar y i n connect i on wi t h
t he const r uct i on of an 1100 kV t r ansmi ssi on
syst emand i n at t empt s to achi eve ef f i ci ent
58
f or mas per i odi c (i . e. , as di st ort ed wave).
The st eady- st at e sol ut i ons f or t he vol t age
and cur r ent cor r espondi ng to each har moni c i n
t he ci r cui t are t hen easi l y obt ai ned f r omac
ci r cui t t heory. Fi nal l y, t he t ransi ent re-
sponse i n t he ci r cui t i s expressed as t he sum
of t he sol ut i ons f or t he i ndi vi dual harmo-
ni c component s. Si nce t r ansi ent wavef or ms
ar e i n gener al nonper i odi c; t he use of t he
Four i er t r ansf or mi s not , st ri ct l y speaki ng,
correct . But t he maxi mumobser vat i on t i me
f or l i ght ni ng sur ge anal ysi s i s usual l y of
t he or der of 10 us or l ess, and t he l i ght ni ng
sur ge wavef or mcan be assumed peri odi c over
t hi s t i me i nt er val , t hus enabl i ng us to use
t he Four i er expansi on. I f t he obser vat i on
t i me i s much l onger t han t he dur at i on of t he
i nput wavef or m, e. g. , t wi ce t he t ai l l engt h
of t he cur r ent or vol t age wavef or m, t hen t he
proposed met hod cannot be appl i ed.
Bel owwe pr esent t he pr i nci pl es of t he
proposed met hod, t oget her wi t h i l l ust r at i ve
exampl es, and compar e t he r esul t s wi t h t hose
obt ai ned by convent i onal t r ansi ent anal ysi s.
I n addi t i on, we exami ne t he l i mi t s of appl i -
cat i on of t he met hod.
1SSN0424-7760/91/0006-0058$7.50/0
0 1991 Scr i pt a Techni ca, I nc.
2. The St eady- St at e Anal ysi s Techni que
2.1 Fouri er ser i es expansi on of l i ght -
ni ng current wavef or ms
Let us consi der t he wavef or mwi t h f r ont
l engt h T and t ai l l engt h Tt i l l ust rat ed i n
Fi g. 1. Fouri er ser i es expansi on cannot be
appl i ed to such a nonperi odi c wavef or m, but
si nce t he t i me peri od i n whi ch we ar e i nt er-
est ed i n l i ght ni ng sur ge anal ysi s at a sub-
st at i on i s a maxi mumof 10 ps, whi ch i s f ar
short er t han t he t ai l l engt h Tt of t he l i ght -
ni ng cur r ent , t he assumpt i on t hat t he wave-
f ormof Fi g. 1 i s per i odi c, wi t h a peri od
To = 2Tt - Tf, does not resul t i n maj or er-
r or s; i n ot her wor ds, Fouri er ser i es expan-
si on can be appl i ed t o t he nonper i odi c l i ght -
ni ng current wavef or mof dur at i on To i f To i s
much great er t han t he maxi mumobser vat i on
f
t i me Tm.
The wavef ormof Fi g. 1 i s def i ned as
f ol l ows :
The Fouri er coef f i ci ent s are then:
The ori gi nal wavef or mt(t) i s t hus expressed
as a sumof Fouri er seri es:
i(t)= 5 (an sin(nwt)+ bn cos(not)) +b~
n=!
=5 I ( nw)
n -n
wher e
Z n = Z + Z , pn=tan-Ybn/an)
I(no)=Zn sin(nwt+ pn), Z(O)=1/2
Equat i on ( 3) i s an i nf i ni t e ser i es, but
the l i ght ni ng current i(t) i s approxi mat ed as
t he sumof a f i ni t e number (N) o f t erms.
Thus t he surge over vol t ages generat ed at t he
subst at i on ar e approxi mat ed by t he sumof
st eady- st at e vol t ages t hat resul t when si nu-
soi dal ac current s of ampl i t ude I,, and angu-
l ar f requenci es nu ( where u = 1, ..., N) ar e
appl i ed.
of t he t ransi ent r esponse i s obt ai ned f r om
I n t hi s way an appr oxi mat e sol ut i on
Fi g. 1. Li ght ni ng current ramped wave-
f orm.
st eady- st at e sol ut i ons. Thi s i s t he pri nci -
pl e of t he proposed met hod, whi ch i s an ap-
pl i cat i on of t he super posi t i on l aw. The su-
perposi t i on l awi s appl i cabl e to a ci rcui t
wi t h no di scont i nuous or nonl i near el ement s,
and any such el ement s must t her ef or e be ap-
proxi mat ed by a l i near model .
Al t hough Eqs. (1) t o ( 3) appl y to l umped
waves, doubl e- exponent i al and (1-cos8) waves
ar e t reat ed i n t he same manner. Measured
wavef or ms ar e numeri cal l y expanded as Fouri er
seri es.
2.2 St eady- st at e sol ut i on f or vol t age
at a subst at i on
St eady- st at e sol ut i ons f or t he vol t ages
and cur r ent s at t r ansmi ssi on l i ne nodes and
subst at i ons can be obt ai ned by appl yi ng al -
t ernat i ng- current t heory, to t he case i n
whi ch t he ac current sour ce descri bed i n t he
previ ous sect i on i s appl i ed t o t he syst em.
The ac t heory i s not ef f ect i ve when i nvest i -
gat i ng t he ef f ect of var i at i ons i n ci r cui t
paramet ers: f or exampl e, det ermi ni ng t he ef -
f ect of bus l engt h on t ransi ent behavi or and
i dent i f yi ng t he opt i muml ocat i on of an ar r es-
t er i nvol ves excessi ve cal cul at i ons and l arge
amount s of comput at i on ti me.
i t i s conveni ent to di vi de t he syst emi nt o
t he t ransmi ssi on l i ne and t he subst at i on; t he
vol t ages i n t he subst at i on under var i ous con-
di t i ons ar e t hen eval uat ed f r omt he open-
ci r cui t vol t age ?' at t he end of t he t rans-
mi ssi on l i ne. Accordi ng t o Th6veni n' s t he-
or em, t he vol t age V8 at t he subst at i on en-
t rance (= l i ne end) when t he subst at i on i s
connect ed to t he l i ne i s
I n such cases,
0
59
Busbar Zo
I-?
+z S
La: arc-horn flashover inductance
53
Fi g. 2. Si ngl e- phase model of a UHV
syst em.
where z z i s t he l i ne- si de i mpedance seen f r om
t he subst at i on ent r ance, Zs i s t he subst at i on
i mpedance seen f romi t s ent r ance, Vo i s t he
vol t age at t he open- ci r cui t ed end of t r ansmi s-
si on l i ne, V i s t he vol t age at t he subst a-
t i on ent r ance (= t r ansmi ssi on l i ne end) when
t he t r ansmi ssi on l i ne i s connect ed, and I i s
t he current at t he subst at i on ent r ance.
8
S
The above equat i on shows t hat t he vol -
t age Vs and t he current I
ent r ance are f unct i ons of t he l i ne- si de i mpe-
dance Z l and t he subst at i on i mpedance 2
the open- ci rcui t vol t age Vo at t he end of t he
t ransmi ssi on l i ne i s known. I n addi t i on, t he
above equat i ons can be used f or a qual i t at i ve
anal ysi s of V
act er i st i cs of Z and 2 whi ch wi l l be use-
f ul f or pr edi ct i ng t he vol t age V
ous ci rcui t condi t i ons.
at t he subst at i on
S
i f
S
i n t erms of t he f r equency char -
S
1 S'
under var i -
S
3 . Anal ysi s of a Si ngl e- Phase Ci r cui t
Model
We i l l ust r at e t he appl i cat i on of t he
proposed met hod to l i ght ni ng sur ge anal ysi s
by means of t he si ngl e- conduct or ci r cui t model
shown i n Fi g. 2. Thi s model , devel oped by
si mpl i f yi ng t he t wo- conduct or ci r cui t model
proposed by Nagaoka et al . [7], i s conveni -
ent f or anal yt i cal i nvest i gat i on. I n Fi g. 2 ,
L i s t he equi val ent ground- wi re (GW) i nduc-
t ance wi t h al l owance f or coupl i ng wi t h t he
phase wi r e (PW). Resi st ance R whi ch r epr e-
S'
sent s t he PWand GWsur ge i mpedances on t he
l ef t - hand si de of t he t ower st r uck by l i ght -
ni ng ( f i rst tower), i s eval uat ed f r omt he
paral l el ci r cui t cont ai ni ng t he PWand GW
9
sur ge i mpedances. The er r or of t he si ngl e-
phase model r el at i ve to t he t wo- phase model
i s about 10% f or t he vol t age at t he subst a-
t i on ent r ance, whi ch i s a sat i sf act or y appr o-
xi mat i on.
3 . 1 Fr equency r esponse of l i ne- si de
i mpedance Z l
The l i ne- si de i mpedance Zz i s easi l y ob-
t ai ned as t he r at i o of t he st eady- st at e vol -
t age and cur r ent at node S (Fi g. 2) when a
si nusoi dal cur r ent sour ce wi t h ampl i t ude 1 pu
i s appl i ed t o node S.
t er i st i c of Z i s obt ai ned by varyi ng t he
f requency of t he current source. An anal yt i -
cal sol ut i on f or Z i n Fi g. 2 i s obt ai ned by
r epl aci ng t he phase wi r e ( di st ri but ed- parame-
t er l i ne) by an equi val ent L-C ci rcui t .
The f requency char ac-
1
1
wher e
and R i s t he sur ge i mpedance of t he l i ght -
ni ng st r oke, [Yt] i s t he admi t t ance paramet er
of t he t ower , R ar e t he f oot i ng i mpe-
dances of t he t ower and t he subst at i on en-
t r ance st r uct ur e, I i s t he phase- wi re i nduc-
t ance, C i s t he phase- wi re capaci t ance, and
L i s t he i nduct ance f or ar c- hor n f l ashover .
1
f' "9
P
P
a
3.2 Fr equency r esponse of subst at i on
i mpedance Z
S
The subst at i on i mpedance Z i s obt ai ned
6
i n t he same manner as t he l i ne- si de i mpedance.
The anal yt i cal sol ut i on f or Z whi ch i s a
6 ,
si mpl e di st r i but ed- par amet er l i ne i n t he case
of Fi g. 2, i s:
wher e y =a +jS i s t he pr opagat i on const ant ,
2 i s t he sur ge i mpedance, and 3: i s t he bus
l engt h.
0 S
Assumi ng t hat a = 0, i . e. , t hat R =0,
t he above equat i on becomes:
Z*( nw) =- iz, cot( wx*/cn) (8)
60
Frequency [MHzl
Frequency responses of Zt,
zS
Fig. 3.
and Vo.
- 1.0- rr
a 1.1.
L
where co is the speed of light in free space.
( c ) I V S l
3.3 Steady-state solution for voltage
Vo at open-circuited line terminal
node S in Fig. 2 and a sinusoidal ac source,
representing lightning is applied to node 1,
the steady-state voltage v
analytically by the equation
When the substation is disconnected from
mode S is given
0
where E
lightning current source I, given by
is the equivalent voltage source of
0
Eo(nw)=K, I( no) (10)
The current I ( m) in the above equation
is given by Eq. (3).
3. 4 Calculation examples
Figure 3 showsplotsof the calculated
line-side impedance a t , the substation impe-
(a) E M P
4 '
(b) Steady-state analysis
Fig. 5. Transient waveform of Vs .
dance 2, and the open-circuit voltage Vo as a
function of frequency.
sponse of the voltage V, at the substation
entrance is obtained from the above results
by means of Eq. (5). Figure 4(a) shows the
calculated values of ( Zt +Z8) , Figs. 4(b)
shows the values of l / ( Zz +2,)' and Fig. 4
The frequency re-
61
Table 1. Maximumovervol tages V8 (Fi g, 2)
~~ ~~
r (111) I KM' II' I Steady-state method
:I11 I 11. 144 I 0. 147
150 I 0.087 I 0.108
ZIH1 I 0. U7H I U . l M
Distance from substation entrance [ mi
(a) Volt. distrib. along bus (f = f2 = 3.3 MHz)
Table 2. Maximumovervol tages (Fig. 6)
xr (m) I EMI'I' Ibteady-state method
9) I (I. W7 I 11. IIM
150 I I). 08 I I U . lm4
ZIWI I 11.075 I O.OX4
DO0 I 11.07R I 0.071
Fi g. 6. Two-conductor model of a UHV
system
( c ) shows the frequency response V It is
cl ear from (b) and (c) that frequenci es f,
and f2 at which V8 has its maximumampl i tude,
correspond to the frequenci es at which the
response of l f ( Z +Z ) is at its maximum.
Frequenci es f, and f2 al so correspond to the
frequenci es at which (ZI +Z ) reaches a
minimum and are sl i ghtl y lower than the f re-
quenci es f
maximumval ues (see Fig. 4(a)). Frequenci es
f, and f correspond to the frequenci es at
which Z and Z have thei r respecti ve maximum
val ues, as i s clear from Fi gs. 3(a) and (b).
8'
2 s
S
and f 2 at which (Zz +Z ) has its
1 8
2
1 6
From the above observati on, i t shoul d be
noted that the frequenci es at which the
Xa- 0. 7 . 5 1 151 22.51 30.
(b) Maxi mum voltages for each frequency
Fig. 7. Effect of arrester posi ti on x
a
eval uated by the proposed method.
Distance from substation entrance [ml
(corresponds to Fig. 7)
(a) Result for substation circuit alone
-
a
c Y
4J rl
0 >
I
1.7 ' !
1 10 a 38
Distance from substation entrance [ml
(b) Result for full circuit of Fig. 6 ( 1 / 7 0 us, 250kA)
Fi g. 8 . Ef f ect of arrester posi ti on xa
eval uated by the proposed method.
62
subst at i on ent r ance vol t age Vo has i t s peak t ers on l i ght ni ng over vol t ages i n a subst a-
a
t i on wi l l nowbe i nvest i gat ed. I t i s con-
veni ent t o cal cul at e t he f requency r esponses
of t he subst at i on and t he overhead l i ne i n
ar e est i mat ed f r omt he f r equenci es at
whi ch t he l i ne- si de i mpedances Zt and t he
subst at i on i mpedance Z
peak val ues. Because t he f r equenci es f or Z8
and Zz are cl earl y di st i ngui shed, t he var i a-
t i on i n Z8 due to changes i n ci r cui t condi -
t i ons i s easi l y est i mat ed, and as a r esul t ,
t he behavi or of t he vol t age V, as a f unct i on
have t hei r r espect i ve t he mul t i phase case by usi ng t he EMTP st eady-
st at e sol ut i on pr ocedur e r at her t han t he ana-
l yt i cal cal cul at i on descri bed i n t he previ ous
sect i on.
8
4.1 Ef f ect of bus l engt h
v
Fi gur e 6 i l l ust r at es a t wo- conduct or
model of a UHV syst em[ 7 ] . Tabl e 2 shows t he
maxi mumover vol t ages at t he subst at i on en-
of f requency i s easi l y predi ct ed f r omt hat of
Z8.
Thi s f act wi l l be very usef ul i n i nves-
t i gat i ng t he opt i mumi nsul at i on of a subst a-
t i on. t he proposed met hod (Eq. (12)) wi t h N = 50
t rance cal cul at ed by t he EMTP met hod and by
when t he t ot al bus l engt h t- (Fi g. 6) i s
S
vari ed wi t h no ar r est er present s.
i s anal ogous to Tabl e 1, whi ch appl i es to a
si ngl e- conduct or ci rcui t . A compar i son of
Tabl es 1 and 2 cl earl y i ndi cat es t hat t he
The t abl e
Because t he ampl i t ude of t he l i ght ni ng
current vari es wi t h t he f requency (see Eq.
( 3 ) ) , t he ampl i t ude of t he open- ci rcui t vol -
t age o (nw) (and t hus t he vol t age V8(nw) at
0
the subst at i on ent r ance (Fi g. 4(c)) wi l l al so
vary. As a r esul t , t he t ransi ent vol t age curacy as an appr oxi mat e met hod. The error
~ ( t ) at t he subst at i on ent r ance i s gi ven by of t he proposed met hod i n t he t wo- conduct or
si ngl e- conduct or model has a sat i sf act ory ac-
-
ci r cui t - case (Tabl e 2) i s a maxi mumof about
12 percent rel at i ve to t he EMTP r esul t , whi ch
8 ' -
the sumof t he vol t ages V8(nw) f or n =0, ...,
.,
1v :
i s l ess t han t he error i n t he si ngl e- conduc-
tor ci rcui t case ( Tabl e 1). The l i ght ni ng
(11) overvol t age at t he subst at i on ent rance t ends
to decrease as t he bus l engt h x8 i ncreases i n
The wavef or ms of o,(t) cal cul at ed by t he bot h cases ( Tabl es 1 and 2). Thi s t endency
i s expl ai ned i n t he f ol l owi ng manner.
EMTP method [ 8] and by t he above equat i on
Fr omt he st eady- st at e sol ut i on i n Eq.
wi t h N =50 are compared i n Fi g. 51
f requency osci l l at i on t hat appear s i n t he
EMTP resul t does not appear i n t he resul t s
The hi gh-
(5), we obt ai n:
obt ai ned by t he proposed met hod; t hi s i s be-
cause hi gh- f requency component s above 360 kHz
are f i l t ered out by t runcat i on of t he ser i es
Al so, i n gener al , l yxn(<l i n Eq. ( 7) so that
at N =50.
(b), however , i s qual i t at i vel y t he same as
The over al l wavef or mi n Fi g. 5
that cal cul at ed by t he EMTP t echni que (Fi g. 5
(a)).
Thus t he proposed met hod i s a sat i s-
Fromt he above t wo equat i ons, V8 i s appr oxi -
f act ory approxi mat i on and i s al so usabl e i n
qual i t at i ve i nvest i gat i ons. The maxi mumover-
vol t age i s approxi mat ed by t he sumof t he
ampl i t udes V, (no) :
mat el y gi ven by:
I/, +(Z/ Z, ) K / Y * X 6 =V,/(ZP Y d J (13)
wher e Yc i s t he bus shunt admi t t ance per uni t
l engt h.
I t i s cl ear f romt he above equat i on that
(12) vsrn=5 1 ri,( nw)l
n=O
The maxi mumover vol t ages cal cul at ed by
t he EMTP t echni que and by t he proposed met hod
wi t h N =50 ar e compared i n Tabl e 1. I t wi l l
be seen t hat t he maxi mumerror of t he pro-
posed met hod i s about 20%r el at i ve t o t he
EMTP r esul t s; t hus t he proposed met hod i s
sat i sf act ory f or appr oxi mat e cal cul at i ons.
t he great er t he bus l engt h, t he smal l er t he
vol t age at t he subst at i on ent rance. Thi s i s
hard t o expl ai n i n t erms of t he char act er i s-
t i cs of t he t ransi ent vol t age v8(t) (4).
4.2 Ef f ect of ar r est er l ocat i on
4. Appl i cat i on to Paramet ri c Anal ysi s
We nowi nvest i gat e t he vol t age di st r i bu-
t i on al ong t he bus as t he di st ance xa f r om
t he sendi ng end t o an ar r est er i s vari ed.
The appl i cat i on of t he proposed met hod
to det ermi ni ng t he ef f ect of ci rcui t parame-
63
Because the arrester, which is a nonl i near
element, cannot be handled i n a steady-state
anal ysi s, i t i s represented by a resi stance
R = 10 ohm which i s the operati ng resi stance
of the arrester. Because the vol tage at the
substati on entrance i s hi ghest when the total
bus l ength x
thi s case. The natural resonant frequency
f or x = 30 m i s as fol l ows:
a
is 30 m, we shal l i nvesti gate
S
S
I
bus-end open-ci rcui ted: /n=1/4r=2.5 MHz
short-ci rcui ted : f . =I/ Zr=5. 0 MIIz
(14)
where r=. t , / co=0. 1 ps is the propagati on ti me
of the t i me of the travel i ng wave.
The ci rcui t condi ti ons at the substati on
af f ect pri mari l y the vol tage component i n the
neighborhood of the frequency at which the
substati on impedance has i ts peak val ue, as
expl ai ned i n secti on 3. Thi s means that the
ef f ect of the arrester l ocati on can be ana-
lyzed qual i tati vel y by obtai ni ng a steady-
state sol uti on i n the abovementioned f re-
quency range. Thus, we cal cul ate the steady-
state vol tages al ong the bus when uni t si nu-
soi dal ac vol tages wi th frequenci es f, = 2.5,
Fig. 9. Ef f ect of branch busbar.
I n general , when Eq. (15) i s sati sf i ed, the
arrester i s not ef f ecti ve and l arge vol tages
appear at the bus termi nal s.
The ampl i tude of the l i ghtni ng surge
vol tage enteri ng the substati on tends to de-
crease wi th i ncreasi ng frequency f or f 2 1
MHz, as is evi dent from Fi g. 3(c).
ampl i tudes of the source vol tages f or source
frequenci es f,, f2, and f
f 0 l l ows :
Thus, the
are rel ated as
3
f2 = 3.3 and f 3 = 5.0 MHz are appl i ed to the V( / , ) > V(/d> V( h )
Thus, the vol tages i n Fi g. 7(b) must be ad-
j usted accordi ngl y, i .e., the vol tages f or
source frequenci es f, and f, must be made
substati on entrance i n Fi g. 6 through a re-
si stance RZ = 350 ohm, which represents the
surge impedance of the overhead l i ne. Fi gure
L d
smaller than that for f,. Thus, the resul t
7 shows the cal cul ati on resul ts. Part (a)
shows the vol taze di stri buti on characteri sti c
-
al ong the bus f or vari ous val ues of x the f or source frequency f, is most important
a'
di stance from the sending end to the arrester,
wi th f = 3.3 MHz. It w i l l be seen that the
vol tages al ong the bus are kept below 0.22 pu
by the arrester when x > 7.5 m. When x =
a - a
22.5 m, the vol tage al ong the bus remains
suf f i ci entl y smal l when f or x 2 22.5 m, but
i s uncontrol l ed when 0 .Sx< 10m. Fi gure 7(b)
shows the maximumvol tage generated on the
bus f or vari ous val ues x and vari ous source
frequenci es. I t is cl ear that when x < 7.5
m, the maximumvol tage on the bus i s kept be-
low 0.22 pu by the arrester regardl ess of the
source frequency. But when x > 15 m, a
a -
rather l arge vol tage i s generated. A t the
hi ghest source frequency (f =5 MHz) that was
tested, the hal f wavelength of the standi ng
wave becomes:
a
a &
A/ Z=c ol f =30 m=2xa (15)
When xa = 15 m, wi th the arrester at a
node of the standi ng wave, it cannot be ex-
pected to control the vol tage, because both
ends of the bus are at i nternodes of the
standi ng wave and l arge vol tages appear there.
and makes the pri nci pal contri buti on to the
l i ghtni ng surge overvol tage i n the substa-
ti on. We conclude that an arrester wi th x >
a -
22.5 m is less ef f ecti ve i n control l i ng over-
vol tages.
Fi gure 8 shows the ef f ect of arrester
l ocati on as eval uated by EMTP transi ent cal-
cul ati ons. A nonl i near arrester model is
used. Part (a) shows the resul ts obtai ned
f or the same ci rcui t condi ti ons as i n Fig. 7
(a). A comparison of Fi g. 7(a) wi th Fig. 8
(a) i ndi cates that the former (the steady-
state sol uti on) gi ves a sati sf actory appro-
xi mati on of the transi ent sol uti on of Fig. 8
(a). Thus, we conclude that transi ent char-
acteri sti cs can be i nvesti gated by usi ng a
steady-state sol uti on obtai ned by treati ng
the appl i ed vol tage waveform as a si nusoi dal
wave. I n addi ti on, it is clear that the ar-
rester can be approximated by a l i near resis-
tance equi val ent to the operati ng resi stance
of the arrester.
Fi gure 8(b) i s the resul t cal cul ated by
the EMTP method f or the f ul l ci rcui t of Fi g.
6 wi th a l i ghtni ng current of 200 kA appl i ed
64
to the t ower t op f or 1/70 us. I t wi l l be
seen that al l over vol t ages al ong t he bus ar e
sat i sf act ori l y cont rol l ed by t he arrest er
when x 15 m, but not when xu 2 22. 5 m.
The resul t i s qual i t at i vel y consi st ent wi t h
Fi g. 7 , demonst r at i ng t hat t he proposed met h-
od i s ef f ect i ve f or qual i t at i ve anal ysi s of
l i ght ni ng sur ge overvol t ages.
a -
4. 3 Ef f ect of bus branch
We nowi nvest i gat e t he vol t age di st ri bu-
f romt he sendi ng
t i on al ong a bus when a branch of l engt h x
i s present at a di st ance x
end. Fi gur e 9 shows t he resul t obt ai ned f or
a si nusoi dal ac sour ce of f requency f =f2 =
3. 3 MHz, appl i ed under t he same condi t i ons as
i n Fi g. 7. I t i s evi dent t hat t he vol t ages
at t he subst at i on ent rance and at t he bus end
are smal l est when t he branch i s at xu = 15 m.
Thi s resul t can be expl ai ned qual i t at i vel y i n
t erms of st andi ng waves and i s usef ul f or
i nvest i gat i ng bus conf i gurat i ons i n subst a-
t i ons.
b
a
4. 4 Li mi t s of appl i cabi l i t y of st eady-
st at e anal ysi s
The st eady- st at e anal ysi s met hod i s
based on the assumpt i on t hat t he l i ght ni ng
source i s peri odi c.
l engt h of observat i on of t he t ransi ent i s
l onger t han t he dur at i on of t he source wave,
t he method i s not appl i cabl e.
source wave i s composed of sever al peri odi c
wavef orms or i f t he ci r cui t i mpedance has
several resonant f r equenci es, a st eady- st at e
sol ut i on at each f requency i s requi red. Thi s
i ncreases comput at i on t i me and decr eases t he
advant ages of t he met hod over t he convent i on-
al t ransi ent anal ysi s met hod.
qual i t at i ve anal ysi s of t he phenomena becomes
too compl i cat ed i n such cases.
Consequent l y, when t he
When t he
I n addi t i on,
5 . Concl usi ons
The paper has pr oposed' a t echni que f or
st eady- st at e anal ysi s of l i ght ni ng surge
overvol t aees t hat makes use of Fouri er ser i es
expansi on and ThJ veni n ' s t heorem. Li ght ni ng
sur ge wavef or ms and maxi mumover vol t ages cal -
cul at ed by t he proposed met hod gi ve a sat i s-
f act ory appr oxi mat i on to t he r esul t s of EMTP
t ransi ent cal cul at i ons.
Aa exampl es of t he proposed met hod, t he
ef f ect of t ot al bus l engt h, ar r est er l ocat i on
and bus branchi ng on l i ght ni ng over vol t ages
wer e i nvest i gat ed; the r esul t s obt ai ned wi t h
t he proposed met hod ar e i n good agreement
wi t h EMTP t ransi ent sol ut i ons, i ndi cat i ng
that i s usef ul f or anal yzi ng l i ght ni ng surge
charact eri st i cs.
The st eady- st at e met hod i s based on
f ami l i ar ac ci r cui t t heory and provi des use-
f ul qual i t at i ve or physi cal expl anat i ons of
t ransi ent phenomena. I t i s al so wel l sui t ed
t o paramet ri c anal ysi s, whi ch r equi r es nume-
r ous t ransi ent cal cul at i ons, and i s l i kel y to
be appl i cabl e t o t he opt i mal i nsul at i on de-
si gn of compl ex subst at i ons.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The aut hor s ar e grat ef ul to Prof . T.
Kawamur a, Chai r man of t he I . E. E. J apan St udy
Commi t t ee onLi ght ni ng Sur ges and to t he mem-
ber s f or t hei r comment s and hel pf ul assi s-
t ance.
1.
2.
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
REFERENCES
UHV Speci al Commi t t ee. Report Z 82001,
CRI EPI , 1982.
I.E.E. J apan. Techni cal Repor t , No. II-
244, 1987.
ERA J apan. ERA Repor t , Vol . 44, No. 3 ,
1988.
I . E. E. J apan. Techni cal Report No. II-
301, 1989.
H. Ohni shi and A. Amet ani . I . E. E. J apan,
Annual Meet i ng, Paper No. 1216, 1990.
A. Amet ani and H. Ohni shi . I . E. E. J apan,
Kansai Branch Meet i ng, Paper No. G4-35,
1989.
N. Nagaoka and A. Amet ani . Trans. I . E. E.
J apan, Vol . B-106, pp. 403-409 ( 1986) .
W. Scot t - Meyer. EMTP Rul e Book, B. P. A. ,
Por t l and, 1986.
A. Amet ani . Theory of Di st ri but ed- Para-
met er Ci r cui t s, Cor ona Publ . Co. , Tokyo,
1990.
65
AUTHORS ( f roml ef t to ri ght )
Aki hi ro Amet ani was bor n i n Nagasaki , J apan on Febr uar y 14, 1944. He r ecei ved t he B. Sc.
and M. Sc. degr ees f romDoshi sha Uni ver si t y, Kyot o, J apan i n 1966 and 1968, r espect i vel y, and
t he Ph. D. degr ee f r omUni ver si t y of Manchest er , Manchest er . Engl and i n 1973. He was empl oyed
by Doshi sha Uni ver si t y f rom1968 t o 1971,by t he Uni ver si t y of Manchest er ( UMI ST) f r om1971 t o
1974, and by Bonnevi l l e Power Admi ni st r at i on i n t he summer s of 1976 t o 1981. He i s current l y
a Pr of essor at Doshi sha Uni ver si t y, wher e hi s t eachi ng and r esear ch r esponsi bi l i t i es i nvol ve
el ect r omagnet i c t heor y, t r ansi ent s, power syst ems, and comput er anal ysi s.
Fel l owof I . E. E. , and a member of I . E. E. E. , C. I . G. R. E. and I . E. E. of J apan and i s a Chart ered
Engi neer i n t he Uni t ed Ki ngdom.
Dr. Amet ani i s a
Hi r onor i Oni shi was bor n on J anuar y 10, 1965. He r ecei ved hi s mast er' s degr ee i n engi n-
eer i ng f romDoshi sha Uni ver si t y i n Mar ch 1990 and j oi ned t he Osaka Gas Company i n Apri l of t he
same year .
66