C.

OToole Coliste na hInse

Titration Procedures
Pipette
Rinse with deionised water - to wash out any impurities
Then with the solution it is going to contain - to wash out the deionised water.
Fill using a pipette filler - the solution may be poisonous or caustic.
Read from the bottom of meniscus
level with the ring on the stem
eye level with this.
Empty into the conical flas and touch tip against the side or surface.
!"#$T %&"' it is calibrated to allow for the drop at the tip.
Burette
Rinse with deionised water
Then with the solution it is going to contain.
Fill using a funnel and
Remove funnel as drops may fall from it or it may dip into the li(uid giving a false level.
Remove the air bubble from the tip by opening tap (uicly
Read from the bottom of meniscus - with eye level with this point.
)*n"
+
- read from the top of the meniscus (or from the bottom with a light behind)
!on$t put #a", in burette it may react with glass of burette or bloc tap [not really valid
now]
Conical flask
Rinse out with deionised water only.
Place on white tile - to see colour change more easily.
*i- continuously.
.dd only a few drops of indicator (They are weak acids or bases and may upset the results)
'ash down drops on the side of the flas with deionised water.
(This wont affect amount of reactant in flask or change the result.)
Volumetric Flask
&ong thin nec to mae it accurate.
*ae up to mar with deionised water use a dropper near end
Read from bottom of meniscus at eye level/
0et bottom of meniscus level with calibration mar.
*ae sure it is at room temperature - it is calibrated at !o".
*i- by inverting 12 times to ensure solution is homogeneous - long thin neck makes this
necessary.
Titration
3se the correct indicator [#$%&'(]
"nly 4 - + drops of indicator [weak acids or bases may affect result if too much added]
"ne rough and 1 accurate titres
Two accurate should be within 2.5 cm
4
.verage the 1 accurate titres
*i- well by swirling
.dd from burette drop by drop near the end point.
End Point Point at which reaction is complete shown by colour change
6dentify the standard solution [one given the concentration of] - for calculations to follow.
5
C.OToole Coliste na hInse
Indicator
!u"stance that chan#es colour with p$ or at the endpoint of a titration
Indicator Colour in %cid Colour in %lkali
Phenolphthalein 7olourless Pin
&eth'l oran#e Red 8 pin 9ellow
(itmus Red %lue
!tarch %lue when iodine :6
1
; present 7olourless when iodine absent
&nO
)
*
Pin when present 7olourless when absent :all turned to *n
1<
;
Eriochrome
Black
'ine red when 7a
1<

present %lue when 7a
1<
gone
Indicator Choice
!%!B%+, =trong .cid =trong %ase - .ny indicator
!%-B&O - =trong .cid 'ea %ase - *ethyl "range
-%!BP$ - 'ea .cid =trong %ase - Phenolphthalein
-%-B+O+E 'ea .cid 'ea %ase - #one
!tron# . weak acids and "ases
!tron# acids !issociates :splits up; fully in a(ueous solution e.g. ,7l/ ,#"
4
/ ,
1
="
+
-eak acids "nly dissociates partly in a(ueous solution e.g.7,
4
7"",/ ,7# etc.
!tron# "ases !issociates :splits up; fully in a(ueous solution e.g. #a",/ )",
-eak "ases "nly dissociates partly in a(ueous solution e.g.#,
+
",
&akin# a !tandard !olution /012 ml of 2.* & +a
0
CO
3
4
'eigh out >.5?g of #a
1
7"
4
.52,
1
" on cloc glass :1?285222 of 2.5 of 1@A BR**
#a
1
7"
4
.52,
1
"C; --- vol)*!!! + molarity + ,'' including water of crystallisation
!issolve in deionised water in beaer with washings using deionised water from cloc glass
Pour into 1?2 ml volumetric flas with washings using deionised water through funnel
*ae up to mar with deionised water
%ottom of meniscus and eye level with mar
=topper and invert 12 times to mae solution homogeneous :long thin nec maes this necessary;
$'drochloric acid standardisation
Pipette 1? cm
4
dil. ,7l into a 1?2cm
4
volumetric flas
*ae up to the mar with deionised water Bdilutes acid to a factor of 52C
*i- well to mae homogeneous
Pipette 12ml ,7l into a conical flas
.dd methyl orange indicator :=.'%*"; and note the colour
.dd #a
1
7"
4
:standard solution; from burette
*i- constantly
'ash any drops from side with deionised water :doesnDt affect amount acid in flas;
#ote volume on burette as indicator changes colour Bred E yellowC
!o one rough and two accurate titres and tae the average of two accurate
3se F
a
*
a
8n
a
G F
b
*
b
8n
b
to solve
*ultiply answer by 52 to allow for dilution
1
C.OToole Coliste na hInse
Concentration of Ethanoic acid in Vine#ar
Pipette 12 ml #a", into conical flas/
.dd a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator :'.=%P,;/ turns pink.
Put ethanoic acid vinegar in burette Bremove air bubbleC.
.dd to #a", in flas
'hen pin turns colourless note volume (adding drop by drop near end).
!o one rough and two accurate titres and tae the average of two accurate
3se F
a
*
a
8n
a
G F
b
*
b
8n
b
to find *
a

Potassium man#anate5VII6 . %mmonium iron5II6 sulphate
.mmonium ironB66C sulphate standard solution
.cidified using ,
1
="
+
to prevent air o-idising Fe
1<
to Fe
4<
)*n"
+
in burette read from top of meniscus dar colour
Pipette 1? ml ammonium ironB66C sulphate into conical flas
.dd 52 ml dil. ,
1
="
+
to mae sure doesnDt stic at brown pptte. of *n"
1
but goes on to *n
1<
*n
1<
autocatal'st - product of reaction catalyses reaction
.cts as own indicator
End point when pin colour remains
7alculation - useH F
o
*
o
G F
r
*
r
n
o
n
r
&nO
)
*
7 1 Fe
07
7 8 $
7
9 &n
07
7 1 Fe
37
7 ) $
0
O

%mount iron in iron ta"let.
Find the mass of the five iron tablets.
7rush with pestle and mortar in dilute ,
1
="
+
easier to dissolve stops Fe
1<
to Fe
4<
Transfer the paste with washings to beaer and stir to dissolve the paste.
Transfer solution into 1?2cm
4
volumetric flas with washings
*ae up to mar with deionised water. Eye8meniscus level with mar. 6nvert 12 times.
Pipette 1?cm
4
of tablet solution into conical flas.
.dd 12cm
4
of dilute sulphuric acid to ensure full reaction
Titrate with )*n"
+
from burette until a faint pin colour remains
&nO
)
*
7 1 Fe
07
7 8 $
7
9 &n
07
7 1 Fe
37
7 ) $
0
O

*n
1<
autocatal'st - product of reaction catalyses reaction
End point when solution sta's pink
"ne rough and two accurate. .verage 1 accurate
7alculation - useH F
a
*
a
G F
b
*
b
n
a
n
b
*ass G molarity I R** G * I 5?1 G :Fe="
+
G ?A< 41<+B5AC G 5?1;
*ultiply by 5222 to change g to mg
!ivide by ? to give mass of each tablet
4
C.OToole Coliste na hInse
-ater of cr'stallisation
weigh out ?g washing soda crystals :#a
1
7"
4
;
dissolve in 522cm
4
deionised water/ stir
transfer to 1?2 cm
4
flas with washings/ mae solution up to mar/ invert 12 times
pipette 01cm
3
of +a
0
CO
3
solution into conical flas
add 4 drops of meth'l oran#e indicator goes yellow :=.'%*";
fill "urette with $Cl solution
titrateH colour change from 'ellow to pink
do one rough and 1 accurate average of 1 accurate
7alculation - useH F
a
*
a
G F
b
*
b
n
a
n
b

*ass of anhydrous #a
1
7"
4
G * I 52A
mass of water G mass of crystals - mass of anhydrous #a
1
7"
4
G
: anh'drous +a
0
CO
3
G mass of anhydrous #a
1
7"
4
: water G mass of water
mass of crystals mass of crystals
J anhydrous #a
1
7"
4
H J water
52A 5@
:mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate and water can be used instead of J;
Iodine.Thiosulphate Titration
*ae up 2.2?* solution of iodine
The iodide then reacts with the sodium thiosulphate/ which is added from a burette.
I
0
7 0 !
0
O
3
0
9 !
)
O
;
0
7 0I

'eigh A.1?g of sodium thiosulphate crystals onto cloc glass

Transfer crystals to beaer containing 522cm
4
of de-ionised water
=tir and when dissolved transfer to 1?2cm
4
volumetric flas with washings
*ae up to mar with de-ionised water. 6nvert 12 times.
Pipette 01cm
3
of potassium iodate
3se graduated cylinder to add 12cm
4
of dilute sulphuric acid/ followed by 52cm
4
of 2.?*
potassium iodide solution to the conical flas. #ote a reddish8brown colour of liberated iodine.
.dd a few drops of starch indicator when solution straw coloured if added too early will
comple- with the iodine and ruin e-periment
Blue colour seen.
.dd thiosulphate solution until solution in flas becomes colourless.
"ne rough and two accurate titres. .verage two accurate
F
o
I *
o
8 n
o
G F
r I
*
r
8 n
r
+
C.OToole Coliste na hInse
Percenta#e 5w.<6 of sodium h'pochlorite +aOCl in "leach
Pipette 01 ml concentrated "leach into 012 ml volumetric flas
Fill up to the mar with deionised water/ invert it 12 times.
=iluted "' factor *2
Pipette 1? ml

bleach into conical flas/ add 12 ml

sulphuric acid and 52 ml

of 2.?* potassium
iodide B)6C solution. #ote reddish8brown colour
Titrate until a pale 'ellow colour
.dd a few drops of starch indicator/ note blue colour
.dd thiosulphate drop by drop until colour change from blue to colourless.
#ote titration figure.
!o one rough and two accurate readings. Tae average of two accurate
7alculate molarity of sodium hypochlorite #a7l"
4
V
o
> &
o 9
V
r
> &
r

n
o
n
r
&ultipl' "' *2 for dilution
7alculate mass of hypochlorite in 5 litre :mass 9 molarit' > ?&& of h'pochlorite;
!ivide by 52 to get mass in 522g
%mount of =issol<ed O@'#en "' -inkler &ethod
Rinse bottle with water to stop bubbles forming
Fill and stopper under water
.dd *cm
3
of conc. &n!O
)
and *cm
3
of conc. alkaline AI :so not to upset volume;
Brown precipitate forms if white precipitate forms no o@'#en present.
.dd 5cm
4
of conc. $
0
!O
)
.
Brown !olution due to the liberated iodine.
Put 522 cm
4
of iodine solution into conical flas.
2.22? * !odium thiosulphate in "urette is standard solution
Titrate until a pale straw coloured
.dd a few drops of starch indicator
7ontinue titrating until colourless :blue colour disappears;
!o one rough and 1 accurate average 1 accurate
7alculate the concentration of "
1
in water e-pressing your results in p.p.m.
&et dissolved o-ygen G a and &et thiosulphate G b
?atio of dissol<ed o@'#en to thiosulphate 9 *B) therefore n
a
9 ) and n
"
9 *
Calculate molarit' of the o@'#en
*ultiply by 41 to convert to grams per &
*ultiply by 5222 to convert grams to mg8& :p.p.m.;
?
C.OToole Coliste na hInse
Total $ardness of water usin# Eth'lenediaminetetraacetic acid
Place ?2 ml of hard water in conical flas
Place 2.2* & E=T% in burette
.dd * cm
3
of "uffer solution :p, 52; to eep alaline so indicator wors properly
.dd ? drops of Eriochrome "lack gives wine red colour
.dd E!T. from burette until solution turns "lue
Tae 5 rough and 1 accurate titres - average 1 accurate
* cm
3
of 2.2*& E=T% C * m# CaCO
3
*ultiply average titre value by 12 to find mg &
-5
: p.p.m.;
Dn"oiled 9 permanent 7 temporar'
Boiled water 9 permanent onl'
Temporar' 9 Dn"oiled <alue E "oiled <alue
=efinitions
!tandard !olution is one whose concentration is nown accuratel'
Primar' !tandard is one that can be made up directl' using a measured amount of pure solid.
7an$t use following as Primar' !tandards
*n"
+
-
as because it cant be got pure.
6odine :6
1
; because it sublimes.
)", or #a", they absorb 7"
1
and moisture
!econdar' !tandard *ae up a solution and then standardise this solution using a primary
standard.
!tandardise means to find the concentration of a solution using titration
A