Chapter 10

Projection of solids
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
(TA C111)
Contd
Contd

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Last class
Classification of solids
Projection of solids (in simple positions)
Axis perpendicular to one reference plane
Transfer of points from one view to the other view
Axis inclined to one reference plane and parallel to
the other
Projections drawn in two stages:
STAGE I: Solid is assumed to be in simple position i.e. its
axis perpendicular to one of the planes
STAGE II: Alteration of axis orientation i.e. the orientation of
the axis is altered as required and the other view projected
from it
The 1
The 1
st st
stage should be such that we should be
stage should be such that we should be
able to draw the
able to draw the
true views
true views
from the top and
from the top and
front easily
front easily
Axis perpendicular w.r.t. which plane??
If the axis is inclined to the ground i.e the H.P.
It is assumed to be perpendicular to the H.P. in STAGE I
If the axis is inclined to the V.P.
It is assumed to be perpendicular to the V.P. in STAGE I
While drawing the TS of the base (STAGE I) consider the given
rest condition in the problem. If it is resting on:
Base-edge: Draw that base-edge perpendicular to x-y line.
Base-corner: Draw the line joining the base-corner and center of
base parallel to XY line.
Slant face (PYRAMID)/rectangular face (PRISM): Draw the base-
edge of that slant face perpendicular to x-y line.
Slant/vertical edge: Draw the line joining the base-corner of that
slant/vertical edge and center of base parallel to x-y line.
Orientations of the base (rest condition)
Visibility of points
The highest parts of the object are visible in the view
from TOP. The view from the front gives a clue
regarding this.
The front faces, the front edges and the front corners
nearest to the observer are visible in the view from
front. These can also be determined from the view
from TOP.
Example:
When the object is resting on BASE EDGE
A hexagonal pyramid, A hexagonal pyramid,
base 100 mm and height base 100 mm and height
175 mm, has an edge of 175 mm, has an edge of
its base on the ground. its base on the ground.
Its axis is inclined at 30 Its axis is inclined at 30
to the ground and to the ground and
parallel to the V.P. Draw parallel to the V.P. Draw
its projections. its projections.
1 1
2 2
4 4
3 3
6 6
5 5
View OK?
Example:
When the object is resting on BASE EDGE
A hexagonal pyramid, A hexagonal pyramid,
base 100 mm and height base 100 mm and height
175 mm, has an edge of 175 mm, has an edge of
its base on the ground. its base on the ground.
Its axis is inclined at 30 Its axis is inclined at 30
to the ground and to the ground and
parallel to the V.P. Draw parallel to the V.P. Draw
its projections. its projections.
Example:
When the object is resting on a BASE CORNER
Draw the projections of a Draw the projections of a
cube of 100 mm long cube of 100 mm long
edges resting on the edges resting on the
ground on one of its ground on one of its
corners with a body corners with a body
diagonal passing through diagonal passing through
that corner perpendicular that corner perpendicular
to the H.P. to the H.P.
b
b
Example:
When the object is resting on SLANT
FACE/RECTANGULAR FACE
Draw the projections Draw the projections
of a pentagonal of a pentagonal
prism, base edge prism, base edge
100 mm and height 100 mm and height
175 mm, resting on 175 mm, resting on
one of its one of its
rectangular faces on rectangular faces on
the ground, with the the ground, with the
axis inclined at 45 axis inclined at 45
to the V.P. to the V.P.
Example:
When the object is resting on SLANT
FACE/RECTANGULAR FACE
Draw the projections Draw the projections
of a pentagonal of a pentagonal
prism, base edge prism, base edge
100 mm and height 100 mm and height
175 mm, resting on 175 mm, resting on
one of its one of its
rectangular faces on rectangular faces on
the ground, with the the ground, with the
axis inclined at 45 axis inclined at 45
to the V.P. to the V.P.
Example:
When the object is resting on SLANT/ VERTICAL
EDGE
A hexagonal A hexagonal
pyramid, base 100 pyramid, base 100
mm and height 175 mm and height 175
mm, has one of its mm, has one of its
slant edges on the slant edges on the
ground. A plane ground. A plane
containing that containing that
edge and the axis edge and the axis
is perpendicular to is perpendicular to
the ground and the ground and
also perpendicular also perpendicular
to VP. Draw its to VP. Draw its
projections when projections when
the apex is nearer the apex is nearer
to the observer. to the observer.
Example:
Projections of a cylinder
Example:
Projections of a cone